RKAF\FPF LHK
]KJFDEFFXFD JKXNHK PXF@A HFCFJ AKOLH[]FD
PKOFRL - OFRL
Hlsusud udtua Jkjkduol sfcfo sftu tugf
tugfss hfcfj
Jftf Auclfo PXR[AX[R HFXF 
Hnskd ]kdgfjpu 9 Y[CEFOJL LDHRF, P.Pl., J.@s.

Hlsusud Ncko 9

WFO\[ OLHF\FX (86<2;;===7)

LCJ[ ANJ][XKR 6<-@

]RNGRFJ PX[HL LCJ[ ANJ][XK

ANJ][XKRR
I[R[PFD JFXKJFXLAF
EFA[CXFP JFXKJFXLAF HFD LCJ[ ]KDGKXFO[F
] KDGKXFO[FD
D FCFJ
[DLUKRPLXFP DKGKRL JKHFD
2=6<-2=2=
 

AFXF ]KDGFDXFR

]krtfjf-tfjf, puil hfd syuaur pkducls pfdiftafd akofhlrft Xuofd \fdg Jfof Ksf,
 bkraft olajft hfd fdugrfo-Dyf pkducls jfjpu jkdykcksflafd fdfclsls Rkafyfsf Lhk 
Lhk  ldl
hkdgfd skbfla-bfladyf. Xfa cupf pucf, pkducls jkdgu`fpafd tkrljfafslo akpfhf bfpfa
Yucefojl Ldhrf, P.Pl., J.@s skcfau hnskd pkdgfjpu jftfauclfo Ptruatur Hftf yfdg suhfo
jkjbkrlafd lcju hfd bljbldgfddyf akpfhf pkducls.
Xuiufd hfrl pkduclsfd  Rkafyfsf Lhk ldl lfcfo udtua jkjkduol sfcfo sftu tugfs
jftfauclfo Ptruatur Hftf.
Hftf.  ]kducls jkdyfhfrl bfowf hlhfcfj pkduclsfd Rkafyfsf Lhk 
Lhk   ldl
jfslo tkrhfpft bfdyfa akaurfdgfd hfd aksfcfofd, jfaf hfrl ltu pkducls bkrofrfp fgfr hnskd
 pkdgfjpu jfupud pkjbf`f hfpft jkjfacujldyf.
jkjfacujldyf. Ftfs pkroftlfddyf pkducls u`fpafd
tkrljfafslo.

Jkhfd, Jkl 2=2=

]kducls,

2
 

HFEXFR LPL

AFXF
AFXF ]KDGFDXF
]KDGFDXFR
R ......................................................................
......................................................................................................
................................ 2

HFEXFR
HFEXFR LPL ...........................................
..............................................................................
.......................................................................
......................................
.. 0

BFB L ]KDHFO[
]KDHFO[C[FD
C[FD.......................................................................
.................................................................................................
.......................... 8

F.  Cftf
Cftfrr Bkcfafd
Bkcfafdg
g...........................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.......................... 8
B.  Ruj
Rujusfd
usfd Jfsfc
Jfsfcfo
fo................................................................
................................................................................................
................................ 8

BFB LL CFDHFPF
CFDHFPFD
D XKNRLXLP
XKNRLXLP .....................................................................................
..................................................................................... ;

F.  ]kdg
]kdgkrtl
krtlfd
fd Ptf`a ..................................................................................
.................................................................................................
............... ;
B.  Hka
Hkacfrfsl
cfrfsl Xujpuafd
Xujpuafd...........................................................
...........................................................................................
................................ 5
@.  Npk
Npkrfsl
rfsl Hfsfr
Hfsfr pfhf Ptf`
Ptf`a.......................
a.........................................................
.............................................................
........................... 7
H.   Dntfsl Frltjftla
Frltjftla .......
..............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...........
.... 7
K.  Akck
Akckblofd
blofd hfd Akaurfdgfd
Akaurfdgfd Ptf`a.......
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
....... <

BFB LLL RKAF\FPF

RKAF\FPF LHK ...........................................................................
...............................................................................................
.................... 6=

BFB LU ]KD[X[]...............
]KD[X[]..................................................
.......................................................................
........................................................
.................... 6;

HFEXFR
HFEXFR ][PXFA
][PXFAF
F...............................................
...................................................................................
........................................................
.................... 65

0
 

BFB L

]KDHFO[C[FD

F. CFXFR BKCFAFDG

Ptruatur hftf fhfcfo afrfatkrlstla yfdg tkraflt hkdgfd sleft hfd `frf pkdyljpfdfd

skafclgus pkdggudffd ftfu pkdgfasksfd hftf. Afrfatkrlstla tkrskbut jkdglaft hfd skafclgus
sk`frf tljbfc bfcla hlpkdgfruol ncko fcgnrltjf yfdg jkdgfasks hftf tkrskbut, skoldggf
hlskbutafd Fcgnrltjf hfd Ptruatur Hftf jkrupfafd sftu aksftufd. Pfcfo sftu tkadla hfsfr
tkdtfdg struatur hftf fhfcfo stf`a yfdg ckblo cfdiut fafd hlbfofs hfcfj jfafcfo ldl.

B. R[J[PFD
R[J[PFD JFPFCFO

Hfrl cftfr bkcfafdg jfsfcfo hl ftfs, jfaf jud`uc tugfs pkducls udtua jkdikcfsafd ckblo ifuo
tkdtfdg pkdgfdtfr tkadncngl ldenrjfsl.

6. Fpf pkdgkrtlfd Ptf`a (Xujpuafd)

(Xujpuafd) >

2. ]kdhkacfrfslfd Hkacfrfsl Xujpuafd >

0. Fpf sfif Npkrfsl Hfsfr pfhf Ptf`a >

8. Ikcfsafd tkdtfdg Dntfsl Frltjftla >

;. ]krfdfd Ptf`a hfcfj akolhupfd skofrl ofrl.

8
 

BFB LL

AFILFD XKNRL

F. ]KDGKRXLFD PXF@A (X[J][AFD)

Pk`frf skhkrofdf, tujpuafd blsf hlfrtlafd skbfgfl suftu aujpucfd hftf yfdg skncfo-ncfo fhf

hftf yfdg hlcktfaafd hlftfs hftf yfdg cfld. Pftu ofc yfdg pkrcu altf ldgft fhfcfo bfowf altf
 blsf jkdfjbfo (jkdylslpafd) hftf, hfd jkdgfjblc (jkdgofpus) hftf ckwft uiudg yfdg
sfjf, yfdg hlskbut skbfgfl uiudg ftfs tujpuafd (tnp ne stf`a).

@ndtno 69

Altf jkjpudyfl huf bufo antfa yfdg altf tujpua, skoldggf antfa altf cktfaafd hlftfs antfa
yfdg cfld. Ilaf akjuhlfd tujpuafd huf bufo ltu altf tfjbfo hkdgfd antfa aktlgf, akkjpft
hfd sktkrusdyf, jfaf fafd altf pkrncko skbufo tujpuafd antfa, yfdg tkrhlrl hfrl D antfa.

Hfrl gfjbfr hl bfwfo ldl altf blsf jkdgftfafd bfowf antfa B fhf hlftfs antfa F hfd fhf hl
 bfwfo antfa
ant fa @. tujpuafd
t ujpuafd ofdyf blsf jkdfjbfo ftfu jkdgfjblc skbufo antfa ckwft suftu
uiudg, yfltu uiudg bfglfd ftfs. Hfpft hlcloft pucf bfowf tujpuafd jkrupfafd aujpucfd
hftf yfdg sleftdyf hldfjls, frtldyf altf blsf jkdfjbfo hfd jkdgfjblc hftf hfrldyf

Xujpuafd yfdg tkrhlrl hfrl 5 antfa Hfrl gfjbfr hlftfs, uiudg jfdfafo yfdg altf fdggfp
skbfgfl uiudg ftfstujpuafd tkrskbut > [dtua jkdifwfbdyf altf ofrus jkdkdtuafd uiudg
jfdf yfdg altf gudfafd udtua jkdgfjblc ftfu jkdylslpafd hftf yfdg bfru, hfrl gfjbfr
tujpuafd hlftfs. Altf jkdgfdgfp ftfu jkjlclo bfowf antfa E fhfcfo bfglfd ftfs hfrl
tujpuafd tkrskbut. Ilaf fhf antfa cfld yfdg fafd hlslslpafd, jfaf lf fafd hlcktfaafd hlftfs
antfa E, hfd ilaf fhf antfa yfdg fafd hlfjblc, jfaf antfa E cfo yfdg fafd hlfjblc pkrtfjf
afcl..

;
 

Hkdgfd jkjpkroftlafd lcustrfsl-lcustrfsl yfdg hlskbutafd jfaf altf blsf jkcloft bfowf
tujpuafd jkrupfafd suftu skdfrfl (clst) yfdg jkjpudyfl wftfa –jfsua tkrfaolr akcufr
 pkrtfjf‚ ftfu (cfst elrst
elrs t nut - CLEN).

Hfcfj pkjngrfjfd, anckasl hftf yfdg bkrstruatur stf`a, hfpft hltkjpftafd hfcfj frrfy sftu
hljkdsl ftfu hfcfj cldkfr sldgcy cldakh clst. [dtua stf`a yfdg jkdggudfafd frrfy sftu
hljkdsl, altf jkdgkdfc Pldgck Ptf`a hfd Hnubck Ptf`a.

6. Pldgck Ptf`a (Ptf`a Xudggfc)

Fhfcfo stf`a yfdg tkrhlrl hfrl sftu `ncck`tlnd. Blcf stf`a tkrskbut jkdggudfafd frrfy sftu
hljkdsl.

2. Hnubck Ptf`a (Ptf`a Gfdhf)

Pftu frrfy hlgudfafd udtua huf stf`a hljfdf hfsfr stf`a 6 bkrfhf pfhf slsl ldhkas yfdg
tkrak`lc hfd hfsfr Ptf`a 2 bkrfhf pfhf slsl ldhkas yfdg tkrbksfr.

B. HKACFRFPL
HKACFRFPL X[J][AFD

]kdhkacfrfslfd tujpuafd jkdggudfafd

jkdggudfafd Cfrla hfd skbufo vfrlfbkc hkdgfd tlpk hftf Rk`nr
Rk`nrhh9

@ndst Jfastujp : ?= {Afpfsltfs jfasljfc tujpuafd}

Xypk Xujpuafd : Rk`nrh

Lsl 9 Frrfy Q6.. JfastujpZ ne ldtkgkr1

Ftfs9 =.. Jfastujp1

kdh1

Ufr X 9 Xujpu
X ujpuafd1
afd1

Kckjkd Xujpuafd X tkrsljpfd hfcfj Cfrla X.lsl fhfcfo bkrtlpk ldtkgkr, bfdyfa kckjkd
tujpuafd jfasljuj fhfcfo skbksfr –Jfastup‚ ?= kckjkd

Ilaf X.Ftfs : ; bkrfrtl tujpuafd fhf ; kckjkd yfltu X.lslQ6Z .. X.lslQ;Z, ilaf X.Ftfs hlaurfdgl
6 skoldggf jkdifhl 8, bkrfrtl X.lslQ8Z fhfcfo kckjkd tkrftfs, skbfcladyf ilaf tujpuafd
hltfjbfo 6 bufo kckjkd jfaf X.Ftfs hltfjbfo 6 skoldggf jkdifhl 5, jfaf X.lslQ5Z fhfcfo
kckjkd tkrftfs.

5
 

@. N]KRFPL HFPFR ]FHF PXF@A

]kdhkacfrfslfd tujpuafd jkdggudfafd

jkdggudfafd Cfrla hfd skbufo vfrlfbkc hkdgfd tlpk hftf Rk`nr
Rk`nrhh9

6. @rkftkstf`a(P)

\fltu jkjbuft tujpuafd bfru P, hkdgfd skiujcfo kckjkd ansndg.

2. Jfakducc(P)

\fltu jkdgnsndgafd tujpuafd

tujpuafd P, ilaf fhf kckjkd jfaf sk
skjuf
juf kckjkd fafd hlofpus.

0. Kjpty

\fltu tujpuafd ansndg >, udtua jkdguil fpfafo tujpuafd ansndg ftfu tlhfa.

8. ]uso(x,P)

\fltu jkjfsuafd kckjkd bfru x aktujpuafd P. ]rnsks ][PO, tujpuafd ofrus hlpkrlasf
fpfafo iujcfo kckjkd suhfo jkd`fpfl jfasljuj ftfu tlhfa, ilaf suhfo jfaf nvkrecnw.
Npkrfsl ][PO jkrupfafd npkrfsl udtua jkdylslp ftfu jkdfjbfo kckjkd yg tkrcktfa pfhf
 pnslsl pfcldg ftfs hfrl skbufo tujpuafd.
tujpuafd.

;. ]np(P)

\fltu jkdgkcufrafd kckjkd pnslsl tkrftfs pfhf tujpuafd P. ]rnsks ]N], tujpuafd ofrus
hlpkrlasf fpfafo tujpuafd suhfo ansndg/tlhfa fhf cfgl kckjkd yfdg okdhfa hlakcufrafd,
 ilaf tlhfa jfaf udhkrecnw. Npkrfsl ]N] jkrupfafd npkrfsl
n pkrfsl udtua jkdgofpus
jkdgofpus kckjkd yfdg
tkrcktfa pfhf pnslsl pfcldg ftfs hfrl
hfr l skbufo tujpuafd

H. DNXFPL FRLXJFXLA (Ldekx, ]rkelx,

]rkelx, hfd ]nstelx)

Pfcfo sftu jfdefft tujpuafd fhfcfo udtua jkducls Dntfsl Frltjftla, yfltu 9 Dntfsl Ldelx,
]rkelx hfd Dntfsl ]nstelx.

6. Dntfsl Ldelx

\fltu dntfsl yfdg juhfo hljkdgkrtl ncko jfduslf.

@ndtno 9 F + B (Npkrfdh Npkrftnr Npkrfdh)

Npkrfdh)

Olrfral Npkrftnr 9

6. Xfdhf aurudg 9 ( … ) 
) 

7
 

2. Kaspndkdslfc ftfu tfdhf pfdgaft 9 T

0. ]krafclfd, ]kjbfglfd 9 * , /

8. ]kdiujcfofd, ]kdgurfdgfd 9 + , -

@ndtno 9 (F ‐ 
(F ‐  B)
 B) * (@ + H)

]rlnrltfs pkdgkriffddyf fhfcfo 9

f. Hfcfj aurudg yfdg pfcldg alrl 9 (F ‐ 

(F ‐  B)
 B)

 b. Hfcfj aurudg

aurudg yfdg akhuf 9 (@ + H)

`. ]krafclfd ofslc pkdgurfdgfd hkdgfd ofslc pkjbfglfd

2. Dntfsl ]rkelx

\fltu dntfsl yfdg sljbnc npkrftnr hlcktfaafd skbkcuj huf npkrfdh.

@ndtno 9 Ldelx í F + B
]rkelx í + FB (Npkrftnr Npkrfdh Npkrfdh)

0. Dntfsl ]nstelx

\fltu Dntfsl yfdg sljbnc npkrftnr hlcktfaafd sksuhfo huf npkrfdh.

@ndtno 9 Ldelx í F + B

]NPXelx í FB ‐ 
FB ‐  (Npkrfdh
 (Npkrfdh Npkrfdh Npkrftnr)

@ndtno 9 Ldelx ak ]rkelx

]rk elx

6. F+B

]kdgkriffd 6 9 F + B ]rkelxdyf 9 + FB

2. (F + B)
B) ‐ 
 ‐  (@
 (@ * H)

f. ]kdgkriffd hfcfj aurudg 6 9 ( F + B) ]rkelxdyf 9 + FB

 b. ]kdgkriffd hfcfj aurudg

aurudg 2 9 (@ * H) ]rkelxdyf 9 * @H

`. Xkrfaolr fhfcfo Npkrftnr ‐ 

Npkrftnr  ‐   9 +FB ‐ 
+FB ‐  *@H
 *@H ]rkelxdyf 9 ‐ 
9 ‐  +FB*@H
 +FB*@H

@ndtno 9 Ldelx ak ]nstelx

?
 

6. F+B

f. ]kdgkriffd
]kdgkriffd 6 9 F + B ]rkelxdyf 9 FB+
FB+

2. (F + B)
B) ‐ 
 ‐  (@
 (@ * H)

f. ]kdgkriffd hfcfj aurudg 6 9 ( F + B) ]nstelxdyf

]nstelxdyf 9 FB+

 b. ]kdgkriffd hfcfj aurudg 2 9 (@ * H) ]nstelxdyf

]nstelxdyf 9 @H*

`. Xkrfaolr fhfcfo Npkrftnr ‐ 

Npkrftnr  ‐   9 FB+ ‐ 
FB+ ‐  @H*
 @H* ]nstelxdyf 9 FB+ @H* ‐ 
@H*  ‐  

AKCKBLOFD HFD AKA[RFDGFD PXF@A

- Akckblofd 9pkdfjbfofd hfd pkdgofpusfd hftf hfpft hlcfauafd

hlcfauafd hkdgfd `kpft, yfltu N
(6),Pkcfjf jkjnrl jfslo tkrskhlf, pkdfjbfofd hftf blfs tkrus hlcfauafd. Hkdgfd hkjlalfd
tlhfa fhf akaofwftlrfd tkrifhldyf stf`a nvkrecnw.

- Akaurfdgfd 9Pktlfp skc tlhfa ofdyf

ofdyf jkdyljpfd vfcuk sfif, jkcfldafd iugf pnldtkr ak skc
 bkrlautdyf. Ofc ldl jkdykbfbafd ljpckjkdtfsl stf`a jkjfafl cldakh clst fafd jkjkrcuafd
jkjnrl yfdg ckblo bfdyfa hfrl pfhf afcfu hl ljpckjkdtfslafd hkdgfd Frrfy.Xlfp kckjkd
 pfhf cldakh clst ofdyf blsf hlfasks hkdgfd `frf skaukdslfc, skoldggf cfjbft, yfltu
yfltu N (d).

<
 

BFB LLL

RKAF\FPF LHK

Ptf`a fhfcfo jkrupfafd skbufo aujpucfd bkdhf hljfdf ofdyf bkdhf yfdg bfru
hljfsuaafd yfdg hfpft hlfasks ftfu hlcloft. Ptf`a iugf jkrupfafd pkrldtfo pkdgujpucfd
hftf sk`frf cldlkr
cldlkr yfdg hlskbut –cfst ld, elrst nut‚ (CLEN). 
(CLEN).  
Jlsfcdyf9
• Pktujpua anrfd, hljfdf anrfd yfdg pfcldg tkrfaolr hltfjbfoafd hfd hltfruo hl ftfs
tujpuafd yfdg hfpft hlcloft.
• Xujpuafd antfa rnana, anld, buau hfd cfld-cfld.
cfld -cfld.

Hfcfj lcju anjputkr, stf`a ftfu tujpuafd jkrupfafd skbufo anckasl nbika yfdg
jkdggudfafd prldslp CLEN (Cfst Ld Elrst Nut), yfltu hftf yfdg tkrfaor afcl hljfsuaafd
fafd pkrtfjf afcl akcufr hfrl stf`a tkrskbut. Ptf`a hfpft hlljpckjkdtfslafd skbfgfl
rkprkskdtfsl bkraflt ftfu andtlgu
andtlgu (hkdgfd tfbkc elx). @lrl Ptf`a 9
   Kckjkd XN] (pud`fa) hlaktfoul
    pkdlslpfd hfd
hfd pkdgofpusfd kckjkd skcfcu hlc
hlcfauafd
fauafd hl XN]
   CLEN
]kjfdefftfd Ptf`a 9
   ]kroltu
]kroltudgfd
dgfd kasprksl frltjftlaf (pnselx)
   fcgnrltjf bf`atrfaldg (rudut bfcla)
   fcgnrltjf rkaursle

Npkrfsl Ptf`a yfdg blfsfdyf 9

6.  ]uso (ldput K 9 typkkcjt, ldput/nutput hftf 9 stf`a)9 jkdfjbfoafd skbufo kckjkd
ak stf`a
2.  ]np (ldput/nutput hftf 9 stf`a, nutput K 9 typkkcjt ) 9 jkdgofpus skbufo kckjkd
stf`a
0.  LsKjpty ()
8.  LsEucc ()
;.  hfd bkbkrfpfs skckatnr yfdg cfld.

6=
 

@ndtno Fpclafsl 9
Ptf`a fhfcfo sfcfo sftu struatur hftf yfdg jkjlclal slstkj akrif Cfst Ld Elrst Nut
(CLEN), yfdg tkrfaolr jfsua pkrtfjf akcufr.hfpft hl gfjbfrafd skpkrtl9 sknrfdg fdfa
yfdg skhfdg jkd`u`l plrldg, plrldg yfdg hl `u`l pkrtfjf pfstl fafd hlcktfafd hl bfwfo
hfd fafd tkrus bkrcfdiut sfjpfl tujpuafd plrldg yfdg tkrfolr hl `u`l. hfd aktlaf skjuf

 plrldg suhfo hl `u`

`u`ll akjuhlfd plrldg pfstl fafd hl tfruo hl rfa plrldg. `frf pkdfruofdy
pkdfruofdyff
 pud pfstl yfdg pfcldg tkrfolr hl fjblc ckblo hfoucu.hfd plrldg
plrldg yfdg pkrtfjf hl `u`l iustru
 pfcldg faolr yfdg hl fjblc.`ndtno yfdg ldl judgald buafd stf`a skbuft tujpuafd tfpl
 iugf jkjpudyfl pkdgkrtlfd skpkrtl sstk`a. yflt
yfltu
u aktlaf altf skhfdg bkrfdgaft gkdhurl hl
suftu hksf pfstl yfdg bkrfdgaft hucufd fafd pucfdg pfcldg faolr, skbfcladyf udtua yfdg
hftfdg pfcldg faolr iustru jfcfo pucfdg pkrtfjf.tujpuafd bftu bftf yfdg skhfdg turud
hfrl jnblc pfstl yfdg hlturudafd pkrtfjf pfstl fafd hl susud jkdifhl tkjbna pfcldg
faolr.hfd jfslo bfdyfa cfgl `ndtno hfrl stk`a yfdg blsf altf hfpft hfcfj akolhupfd
skofrl-ofrl. ldl fhfcfo `ndtno ak`lc hfrl skalfd bfdyfa `ndtno pkdkrfpfd stk`a yfdg altf
cfauafd.
]kdkrfpfd Ptf`a hfpft altf cloft jkcful tujpuafd buau, bfiu yfdg hlclpft, plrldg
yfdg hltujpuaafd, bfdyfa cfgl yfdg cflddyf. Andskp utfjf pfhf Ptf`a fhfcfo Cfst Ld
Elrst Nut(CLEN). Ptf`a hfcfj sturuaturdyf hltkrfpafd skpkrtl gfjbfr hl bfwfo ldl.
Aktkrfdgfd Ptf`a9
6. Buau yfdg pkrtfjf hlcktaafd hlbfglfd yfdg pfcldg bfwfo.
2. Oldggf Buau yfdg tkrfaolr.
0. Ilaf Jkdgfjblc buau skcfcu yfdg pfcldg ftfs yfdg hlfjblc.

8. Hkdgfd bkgltu jktnhk CLEN hfpft hlgudfafd.

Afsus Jkdfrf Ofdnl ‐ 

Ofdnl ‐ Jkdggudfafd
Jkdggudfafd Xurbn @++ 8.;
Jkjldhfoafd ckjpkdgfd
ckjpkdgfd hfrl jkdfrf F ak jkdfrf B hkdgfd pkrfdtfrf jkdfrf@
hkdgfd iujcfo hftf : 0 (;=, 7;, 6==).
6 ==). Ptkp prngrfj9
6. ]ldhfoafd bftu ;= hfrl F ak @
2. ]ldhfoafd bftu 7; hfrl F ak @
0. ]ldhfoafd bftu 6== hfrl F ak B
8. ]ldhfoafd bftu 7; hfrl @ ak B
;. ]ldhfoafd bftu ;= hfrl @ ak B

66
 

@NDXNO ]RNGRFJ 6 9
 pubcl` `cfss
`cfss XnwkrNeOfdnl {
stftl` ldt iujcfoCfdgafo : =1 // hkacfrfsl iujcfo cfdgafo
stftl` ldt ldputfd:=1 // bfdyfadyf ldputfd yfdg hljfsuafd uskr
// hkacfrfsl Ptf`a udtua tnwkr Fwfr, pkrfdtfrf, hfd faolr

stftl` Ptf`a3Ldtkgkr4 tnwkrFwfc

tnwkrFwfc : dkw Ptf`a()1
stftl` Ptf`a3Ldtkgkr4 tnwkr]krfdtfrf
tnwkr]krfdtfrf : dkw Ptf`a()1
stftl` Ptf`a3Ldtkgkr4 tnwkrFaolr : dkw Ptf`a()1

 pubcl` stftl` vnlh j

jfld(PtrldgQZ
fld(PtrldgQZ frgs) { // jkt
jktonh
onh jfld
P`fddkr s`fd : dkw P`fddkr(Pyst
P`fddkr(P ystkj.ld)1
kj.ld)1 // P`fddkr udtua ldputfd uskr
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd("J
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd("Jfsuaafd
fsuaafd bkrfpf bfdyfa ]lrldgfd")1
// jkdfdgafp ldputfd uskr
ldt ldput : s`fd.dkxtLdt()1
ldputfd : ldput1
// jkdglsl Ptf`a hfrl fdgaf 6 s.h. ldputfd uskr.
enr(ldt l:=1 l3ldput1 l++){
tnwkrFwfc.fhh(ldput-l)1
}
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd("Andhlsl Fwfc")1
// jkdfjplcafd stftus susudfd plrldg fwfc hl jfsldg-jfsldg tnwkr
tfjplcafd]lrldg()1

// jkjfdgglc jktnhk ofdnl

ofdnl(ldput,
ofdnl(ldput, tnwkrFwfc, tnwkrFaolr, tnwkr]krfdtfrf)1
// jkd`ktfa iujcfo cfdgafo yfdg hlcfauafd.
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd("
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd("Iujcfo
Iujcfo Cfdgafo 9 "+iujc
"+iujcfoCfdgafo)1
foCfdgafo)1
}
// jktnhk cflddyf (yfdg tkcfo hlikcfsafd hl ftfs, hltucls hl sldl)
}

62
 

N[X][X 9

@NDXNO ]RNGRFJ 2 9

ljpnrt ifvf.ln.Buee
ifvf.ln.BueekrkhRkfhkr1
krkhRkfhkr1
ljpnrt ifvf.ln.LNKx
ifvf.ln.LNKx`kptlnd1
`kptlnd1
ljpnrt ifvf.ln.Ldpu
ifvf.ln.LdputPtrkfjRkfhkr1
tPtrkfjRkfhkr1
ljpnrt ifvf.utlc.
ifvf.utlc.Ptf`a1
Ptf`a1

 pubcl` `cfss
`cfss Ptf`aHkjn {
 pubcl` stftl`
stftl` vnlh jfl
jfld(PtrldgQZ
d(PtrldgQZ fr
frgs)
gs) tornws LLNKx`kptlnd
NKx`kptlnd {
// @rkftk f dkw, kjpty stf`a
Ptf`a clen : dkw Ptf`a()1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (":::::::::::::::::::::::::::")1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd ("::Pkcfjft Hftfdg hl ]rngrfj Ptf`a Pkhkrofdf :")1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (":::::::::::::::::::::::::::")1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (": Bkrfpf Hftf yfdg Ldgld Hljfsuaafd Akhfcfj
Ptf`a::")1
BueekrkhRkfhkr jfsua : dkw BueekrkhRkfhkr (dkw LdputPtrkfjRkfhkr
(Pystkj.ld))1
Ptrldg tkst : jfsua.rkfhCldk ()1
ldt x : Ldtkgkr.pfrskLd
Ldtkgkr.pfrskLdt(tkst)1
t(tkst)1

60
 

enr (ldt f:x1 f4=1 --f){

Pystkj.nut.prldt
Pystkj.nut.prldt ("Jfsuaafd puso stf`a 9")1
Ptrldg tkst6 : jfsua.rkfhCldk()1
clen.puso (tkst6)1
}

Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" Ptf`a 9"+ clen)1

Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" tnp 9"+ clen.pkka())1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" dnkc 9"+ clen.slzk())1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" Bkrfpf afcl ldgld jkcfauafd pnp 9")1
Ptrldg b : jfsua.rkfhCldk()1
ldt ` : Ldtkgkr.pfrskL
Ldtkgkr.pfrskLdt(b)1
dt(b)1
enr (ldt h:`1 h4=1 --h){
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" ]np 9"+ clen.pnp())1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" Ptf`a 9"+ clen)1
}
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" tnp 9"+ clen.pkka())1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" dnkc 9"+ clen.slzk())1
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd
Pystkj.nut.prldtcd (" Xkrljf afslo ftfs Audiudgfddy
Audiudgfddyf")1
f")1

}
}

N[X][X 9

68
 

BFB LU
]KD[X[]

8.6  Aksljpucfd
Aksljpucfd hfrl pkjbuftfd stf`a fhfcfo bfowf
bfowf Ptf`a fhfcfo
fhfcfo suftu anckasl
anckasl

ftfu aujpucfd ltkj hftf yfdg tkrngfdlsfsl hfcfj bkdtua urutfd cldkfr, yfdg npkrfsl
 pkjfsuafd hfd pkdgofpusfd hftfdyf hlcfauafd pfhf sfcfo sftu slsldyf. ]fhf stf`a,
 ifrfdg skafcl hlcfauafd trfvkrsfc, afrkdf akudlafd Ptf`a iustru pfhf npkrfsl yfdg
ofdyf jkdyfdgaut kckjkd XN]. Dfjud hlbutuoafd trfvkrsfc jlsfcdyf udtua
jkd`ktfa lsl Ptf`a. ]fhf stf`a, kckjkd yfdg hlprnsks ofdyfcfo kckjkd pfhf XN].
Jfaf ofjplr tlhfa pkrdfo hlcfauafd skfr`o.
8.2 Pfrfd 
]kdggudffd stf`a pfhf struatur hftf sfdgft bkrjfdefft udtua pfrf pkjrngrfj
udtua jkcfauafd suftu pkjfafld hfcfj ldenrjftlaf jlsfcdyf udtua jkrkskdpktfsl

 pkjfdgglcfd prnskhur, pkroltudgfd kasprksl frltjftlaf, rkaursleltfs, bf`atrf`aldg.

Gudfafd stf`a pfhf prngrfj yfdg npkrfsldyf skcfcu hlcfauafd pfhf kckjkd yfdg
 pfcldg ftfs.

6;
 

HFEXFR ][PXFAF

Rnbkrt C. Arusk, 6<<6, Hftf Ptru`turk fdh ]rngrfj Hkslgd, Dkw Hkcol9 ]rkdt
]rkdtl`k
l`k Ofcc,
Pk`ndh Khltlnd.

Pfdtnsn, Ldsfp Lr.J.P`., Ptruatur Hftf Jkdggudfafd

Jkdggudfafd Xurbn ]fs`fc 5.=, \ngyfafrtf9
\ngyfafrtf9 Fdhl
Neeskt.

Pliuafdl, Jno. Ptruatur Hftf (Fcgnrltjf hfd Ptruatur Hftf 2) hkdgfd @, @++, Khlsl kjpft,
Ifafrtf9 Jltrf Wf`fdf Jkhlf, 2=6=

Yfafrlf Jfraus Xkhhy fdh ]rlind

]r lindn
n Fgus, Andskp hfd Ljpckjkdtfsl
L jpckjkdtfsl Ptruatur Hftf, Bfdhudg
9 Ldenrjftlaf, 2==5

65