Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diplomatic Relations and Firm Internationalization Speed: The Moderating Roles of Trade Openness and Firm Ownership

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Management International Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Drawing on the international relations literature, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether and when diplomatic relations between countries have an influence on firm internationalization speed. We discover that the friendlier bilateral diplomatic relations between home and host countries, the more beneficial it is to enhance firm internationalization speed. In addition, the higher trade openness of the host country, the smaller contribution of bilateral diplomatic relations for firm internationalization speed in the host country and friendly bilateral diplomatic relations have a stronger positive impact on internationalization speed when the internationalizing home enterprise is a state-owned enterprise (SOE). Our findings not only contribute to both the firm internationalization speed literature and the international relations literature, but also have managerial significance for how enterprises can use the friendly diplomatic relations between countries to improve firm internationalization speed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acedo, F. J., & Jones, M. V. (2007). Speed of internationalization and entrepreneurial cognition: Insights and a comparison between international new ventures, exporters and domestic firms. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 236–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albino-Pimentel, J., Dussauge, P., & Shaver, J. M. (2018). Firm non-market capabilities and the effect of supranational institutional safeguards on the location choice of international investments. Strategic Management Journal, 39(10), 2770–2793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angulo-Ruiz, F., Pergelova, A., & Wei, W. X. (2019). How does home government influence the internationalization of emerging market firms? The mediating role of strategic intents to internationalize. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 14(1), 187–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arikan, I., & Shenkar, O. (2013). National animosity and cross-border alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1516–1544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, R. (1967). What is a theory of international relations? Journal of International Affairs, 21(2), 185–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (2000). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, M. A., Strezhnev, A., & Voeten, E. (2017). Estimating dynamic state preferences from United Nations voting data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 430–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bangara, A., Freeman, S., & Schroder, W. (2012). Legitimacy and accelerated internationalisation: An Indian perspective. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 623–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkema, H. G., & Shvyrkov, O. (2007). Does top management team diversity promote or hamper foreign expansion? Strategic Management Journal, 28(7), 663–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batsakis, G., & Mohr, A. T. (2017). Revisiting the relationship between product diversification and internationalization process in the context of emerging market MNEs. Journal of World Business, 52(4), 564–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A., Busse, M., Nunnenkamp, P., & Roy, M. (2013). Do trade and investment agreements lead to more FDI? Accounting for key provisions inside the black box. International Economics and Economic Policy, 10, 247–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, O., Betschinger, M. A., & Settles, A. (2016). The relevance of political affinity for the initial acquisition premium in cross-border acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 37(10), 2071–2091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büthe, T., & Milner, H. V. (2008). The politics of foreign direct investment into developing countries: Increasing FDI through international trade agreements? American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 741–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casillas, J. C., & Acedo, F. J. (2013). Speed in the internationalization process of the firm. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 15–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casillas, J. C., & Moreno-Menéndez, A. M. (2014). Speed of the internationalization process: The role of diversity and depth in experiential learning. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. J., & Rhee, J. H. (2011). Rapid FDI expansion and firm performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(8), 979–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Li, X., Zeng, S., Ma, H., & Lin, H. (2016). Does state capitalism matter in firm internationalization? Pace, rhythm, location choice, and product diversity. Management Decision, 54(6), 1320–1342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Damanpour, F., & Reilly, R. R. (2010). Understanding antecedents of new product development speed: A meta-analysis. Journal of Operations Management, 28(1), 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, C., Zhong, H., & Cao, L. (2020). Facilitating speed of internationalization: The roles of business intelligence and organizational agility. Journal of Business Research, 110, 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty, S., Johanson, M., & Martín, O. M. (2014). Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 633–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coeurderoy, R., & Murray, G. (2008). Regulatory environments and the location decisions of start-ups: Evidence from the first international market entries of new technology-based firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1), 670–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Li, C. (2021). State ownership and internationalization: The advantage and disadvantage of stateness. Journal of World Business, 56(1), 101112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Cock, R., Andries, P., & Clarysse, B. (2021). How founder characteristics imprint ventures’ internationalization processes: The role of international experience and cognitive beliefs. Journal of World Business, 56(3), 101163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Coninck, H., & Bäckstrand, K. (2011). An International Relations perspective on the global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 368–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Z., Jean, R. J. B., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2018). Rapid expansion of international new ventures across institutional distance. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(8), 1010–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Z., Hu, M., & Huang, S. (2022). The relevance of bilateral political relations between countries for the completion stage premium of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 29(2), 403–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duanmu, J. L. (2014). State-owned MNCs and host country expropriation risk: The role of home state soft power and economic gunboat diplomacy. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(8), 1044–1060.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), 1358–1393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, A., & Forte, R. (2022). The impact of economic diplomacy on exports: The Portuguese case. International Journal, 77(2), 216–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, F. A. F. (2022). The role of ED in Portuguese SMEs’ Internationalization: the case of the Internationalization of Portuguese SMEs to the USA/California.

  • Fieberg, C., Lopatta, K., & Tammen, T. (2021). Political affinity and investors’ response to the acquisition premium in cross-order M&A transactions—A moderation analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 42(13), 2477–2492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franko, L. G. (1989). Global corporate competition: Who’s winning, who’s losing, and the R&D factor as one reason why. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5), 449–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fratianni, M., & Oh, C. H. (2009). Expanding RTAs, trade flows, and the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, G. Y., Wang, D. T., & Che, Y. (2018). Impact of historical conflict on FDI location and performance: Japanese investment in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(8), 1060–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartzke, E. (1998). Kant we all just get along? Opportunity, willingness, and the origins of the democratic peace. American Journal of Political Science, 42(1), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartzke, E. (2000). Preferences and the democratic peace. International Studies Quarterly, 44(2), 191–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S. E., Jr., & Li, Y. (2011). Rhetorical institutionalism: Language, agency, and structure in institutional theory since Alvesson 1993. Journal of Management Studies, 48(7), 1662–1697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, X., Liu, X., Xia, T., & Gao, L. (2018). Home-country government support, interstate relations and the subsidiary performance of emerging market multinational enterprises. Journal of Business Research, 93, 160–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwell, C. A., & Devinney, T. (2021). Populism, political risk, and pandemics: The challenges of political leadership for business in a post-COVID world. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasija, D., Liou, R. S., & Ellstrand, A. (2020). Navigating the new normal: Political affinity and multinationals’ post-acquisition performance. Journal of Management Studies, 57(3), 569–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennart, J. F., Majocchi, A., & Hagen, B. (2021). What’s so special about born globals, their entrepreneurs or their business model? Journal of International Business Studies, 52(9), 1665–1694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, L., Child, J., & Narooz, R. (2019). A multidimensional perspective of SME internationalization speed: The influence of entrepreneurial characteristics. International Business Review, 28(2), 268–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, S., Ding, Z., Lin, X., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Post‐entry internationalization speed, learning speed, and performance: A meta-analytic review and theory extension. Global Strategy Journal. In press. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1452

  • Huang, Y. (2016). Understanding China’s Belt & Road initiative: Motivation, framework and assessment. China Economic Review, 40, 314–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutzschenreuter, T., & Harhoff, P. L. (2020). National capital city location and subsidiary portfolio expansion: The negative effect of geographic distance to the capital city at inception on the speed of subsequent investments. Journal of International Business Studies, 51, 1107–1132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, A. K., & Nigh, D. (1989). Politics and the international lending decisions of banks. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(2), 349–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, J., & Johanson, M. (2021). Speed and synchronization in foreign market network entry: A note on the revisited Uppsala model. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(8), 1628–1645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 1411–1431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic, B., & Jovanovic, B. (2018). Ease of doing business and FDI in the ex-socialist countries. International Economics and Economic Policy, 15(3), 587–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalasin, K., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Ramamurti, R. (2020). State ownership and international expansion: The S-curve relationship. Global Strategy Journal, 10(2), 386–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandelwal, A. K., Schott, P. K., & Wei, S. J. (2013). Trade liberalization and embedded institutional reform: Evidence from Chinese exporters. American Economic Review, 103(6), 2169–2195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Wu, J., & Schuler, D. A. (2020). Chinese multinationals’ fast internationalization: Financial performance advantage in one region, disadvantage in another. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(7), 1076–1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, A. N., & Danis, W. M. (2008). Country institutional context, social networks, and new venture internationalization speed. European Management Journal, 26(6), 388–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knill, A., Lee, B. S., & Mauck, N. (2012). Bilateral political relations and sovereign wealth fund investment. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(1), 108–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostova, T., Beugelsdijk, S., & Scott, W. R. (2020). The construct of institutional distance through the lens of different institutional perspectives: Review, analysis, and recommendations. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(4), 467–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kox, H. L. M., & Rojas-Romagosa, H. (2020). How trade and investment agreements affect bilateral foreign direct investment: Results from a structural gravity model. The World Economy, 43, 12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake, D.A. (2007). The state and international relations. Available at SSRN 1004423.

  • Lee, K. H. (2018). Cross-border mergers and acquisitions amid political uncertainty: A bargaining perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 39(11), 2992–3005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Wang, Y., Yang, M. M., & Tang, Y. (2021b). Owner CEO narcissism, international entrepreneurial orientation and post-entry speed of internationalization: an empirical study of exporting SMEs from China. International Marketing Review, (ahead-of-print).

  • Li, C., Arikan, I., & Shenkar, O. (2020). The impact of country-dyadic military conflicts on market reaction to cross-border acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(3), 299–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Meyer, K. E., & Zhang, H. (2018). Diplomatic and corporate networks: Bridges to foreign locations. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(6), 659–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Qian, G., & Qian, Z. (2015). Speed of internationalization: Mutual effects of individual-and company-level antecedents. Global Strategy Journal, 5(4), 303–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M. H., Cui, L., & Lu, J. (2014). Varieties in state capitalism: Outward FDI strategies of central and local state-owned enterprises from emerging economy countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(8), 980–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q., & Vashchilko, T. (2010). Dyadic military conflict, security alliances, and bilateral FDI flows. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 765–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S., & Zhao, L. (2021). Bilateral investment treaties and foreign direct investment: Evidence from emerging market firms. Research in International Business and Finance, 58, 101480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. H., Guo, B., & De Sisto, M. (2021a). Untangling the commonalities and differences between domestic cross-regional experience and international experience in shaping speed of internationalization. Journal of International Management, 27(2), 100852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Zhang, Y. A., & Shi, W. (2021c). Navigating geographic and cultural distances in international expansion: The paradoxical roles of firm size, age, and ownership. Strategic Management Journal, 41(5), 921–949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liargovas, P. G., & Skandalis, K. S. (2012). Foreign direct investment and trade openness: The case of developing economies. Social Indicators Research, 106(2), 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Gong, Y., & Zhou, J. (2017). Human resource systems, employee creativity, and firm innovation: The moderating role of firm ownership. Academy of Management Journal, 60(3), 1164–1188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K., Ding, Y., & Li, J. (2014). Overcoming distrust: How state-owned enterprises adapt their foreign entries to institutional pressures abroad. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(8), 1005–1028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, A., & Batsakis, G. (2019). The contingent effect of TMT international experience on firms’ internationalization speed. British Journal of Management, 30(4), 869–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. (2010). Liberal Theories of International Relations: A Primer. Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musteen, M., Francis, J., & Datta, D. K. (2010). The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: A study of Czech SMEs. Journal of World Business, 45(3), 197–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, V. (2007). State visits and international trade. World Economy, 30(12), 1797–1816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2004). Rapidly with a rifle or more slowly with a shotgun? Stretching the company boundaries of internationalizing ICT firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 275–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oesterle, M. J., Richta, H. N., & Fisch, J. H. (2013). The influence of ownership structure on internationalization. International Business Review, 22(1), 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, C. H., & Oetzel, J. (2022). Multinational enterprises and natural disasters: Challenges and opportunities for IB research. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(2), 231–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, C. H., & Selmier, W. T., II. (2008). Expanding international trade beyond the RTA border: The case of ASEAN’s economic diplomacy. Economics Letters, 100(3), 385–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, C. H., Shapiro, D., & Ho, S. S. H. (2020). Location matters: Valuing firm-specific nonmarket risk in the global mining industry. Strategic Management Journal, 41(7), 1210–1244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 46–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parente, R., Rong, K., Geleilate, J. M. G., & Misati, E. (2019). Adapting and sustaining operations in weak institutional environments: A business ecosystem assessment of a Chinese MNE in Central Africa. Journal of International Business Studies, 50, 275–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, G., & Jung, H. J. (2020). South Korea’s outward direct investment and its dyadic determinants: Foreign aid, bilateral treaty and economic diplomacy. The World Economy, 43(12), 3296–3313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham, S., & Young, S. (2011). Post-entry speed of international new ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 275–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puig, F., Gonzalez-Loureiro, M., & Ghauri, P. N. (2018). Running faster and jumping higher? survival and growth in international manufacturing new ventures. International Small Business Journal, 36(7), 829–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quer, D., Rienda, L., Andreu, R. (2018). Bilateral diplomatic relations as an uncertainty-reduction device: the case of Chinese firms in Latin America[C]//6th Copenhagen Conference on Emerging Multinationals: Outward Investment from Emerging Economies. Copenhagen, Denmark.

  • Quer, D. (2021). Location decisions of Chinese firms in the global tourism industry: The role of prior international experience and diplomatic relations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 62–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, N., & Luiz, J. M. (2019). Exploiting emerging market complementarities: Delayed, then accelerated internationalisation in a technology EMNE. Multinational Business Review, 27(1), 54–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghi, A., Rose, E. L., & Chetty, S. (2018). Disentangling the effects of post-entry speed of internationalization on export performance of INVs. International Small Business Journal, 36(7), 780–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selmier, W. T., & Oh, C. H. (2013). Economic diplomacy and international trade: ASEAN’s quest to value-claim. The World Economy, 36(2), 233–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheer, N. A., & Li, S. (2020). The CAGE around cyberspace? How digital innovations internationalize in a virtual world. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(1), 105892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, P. (1999). For diplomacy: Representation and the study of international relations. International Studies Review, 1(1), 33–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. W., Lee, S. H., & Lee, M. J. (2022). Impact of the liability of foreignness, domicile of incorporation and an institutional change on reverse merger firms’ capital-raising performance. Multinational Business Review, 30(1), 81–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn, J. H. D. (1994). Social knowledge as a control system: A proposition and evidence from the Japanese FDI behavior. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 295–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Chen, B., & Tao, R. (2020). Does bilateral political relations affect foreign direct investment? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 1485–1509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, C. E., & Newenham-Kahindi, A. (2017). Legitimacy spillovers and political risk: The case of FDI in the East African community. Global Strategy Journal, 7(1), 10–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surdu, I., Mellahi, K., & Glaister, K. W. (2018). Why wait? Organizational learning, institutional quality and the speed of foreign market re-entry after initial entry and exit. Journal of World Business, 53(6), 911–929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, R. W. (2019). FDI expansion speed of state-owned enterprises and the moderating role of market capitalism: Evidence from China. International Business Review, 28(6), 101596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosiou, M., & Katsikeas, C. S. (2001). Factors influencing the degree of international pricing strategy standardization of multinational corporations. Journal of International Marketing, 9(3), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, S. K., & Korneliussen, T. (2018). Exporting by experiential knowledge: A study of emerging market micro firms. International Marketing Review, 35(5), 833–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicard, V. (2012). Trade, conflict, and political integration: Explaining the heterogeneity of regional trade agreements. European Economic Review, 56(1), 54–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., Jia, Y., Cui, P., & Lu, J. (2020). How diplomatic relations affect multinational firms’ overseas market performance? China Industrial Economics, 38(7), 80–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Nelson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Q. (2023). Firm size and Chinese firms’ internationalization speed in advanced and developing countries: The moderating effects of marketization and inward FDI. Journal of Business Research, 159, 113720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 341–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & He, X. (2014). Economic nationalism and foreign acquisition completion: The case of China. International Business Review, 23(1), 212–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W., & Mauck, N. (2018). Government-affiliation, bilateral political relations and cross-border mergers: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 51, 220–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Zhan, W., Xu, Y., & Kumar, V. (2020). International friendship cities, regional government leaders, and outward foreign direct investment from China. Journal of Business Research, 108, 105–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, L. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 281–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is supported by research grants (NSFC: 72062006, 71972056; General project of The Pearl River-Xijiang Research Institute: ZX2020006; Special Research Project on the Spirit of the 13th Party Congress of Guangdong Province under the Philosophy and Social Science Planning of Guangdong Province in 2022: D22TWOG-06).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Zhenkuo Ding & Man Hu

    Present address: School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, 1 Yanzhong Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People’s Republic of China

  2. Sheng Huang

    Present address: School of Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China

Authors and Affiliations

    Authors
    1. Zhenkuo Ding
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Man Hu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Sheng Huang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Sheng Huang.

    Ethics declarations

    Conflict of interest

    None.

    Additional information

    Publisher's Note

    Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

    Rights and permissions

    Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Ding, Z., Hu, M. & Huang, S. Diplomatic Relations and Firm Internationalization Speed: The Moderating Roles of Trade Openness and Firm Ownership. Manag Int Rev 63, 911–941 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-023-00514-4

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Revised:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • Issue Date:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-023-00514-4

    Keywords

    JEL Classification

    Search

    Navigation