Abstract
Spherical silica particles have been synthesised from sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) via flame-assisted spray-drying. The parameters of colloidal properties, such as pH and concentration of a solution (ranging 8–11 and 0.1–0.3 mol/L, respectively), were studied to understand their effects on droplet size and the resultant morphological changes in the silica particles. A three-dimensional multiphase computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation for the flame-assisted spray-drying process has been developed to predict the temperature distribution in flame reactors and the generated average particle size. The pH and concentration of the solutions were found to affect the precursor physical properties, such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. This observation was validated by the presence of non-spherical doughnut-like particles using the colloidal precursor at pH 8 and solution concentration 0.1 mol/L. An approach that permits the direct estimation of the average droplet size produced from an ultrasonic nebulizer is presented in this paper. Good agreement, with an approximately 5% negative discrepancy, was observed between the experimental results and the theoretical values. A higher discrepancy of approximately 33% occurred in the particles using the colloidal precursor at pH 8 owing to morphological changes in the silica particles.
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Abbreviations
- \(A\) :
-
Surface area, m2
- \(B_{m}\) :
-
Spalding mass number, dimensionless
- \(C\) :
-
Solute concentration, kmol m−3
- \(D\) :
-
Diffusion coefficient, m2 s−1
- \(E_{s}\) :
-
Internal surface energy, J
- \(M\) :
-
Molecular weight, kg kmol−1
- \({\text{Nu}}\) :
-
Nusselt number, dimensionless
- \(P\) :
-
Pressure, Pa
- \(Q\) :
-
Carrier gas flow rate, m3 s−1
- \(\text{Re}\) :
-
Reynolds number, dimensionless
- \(R\) :
-
Radius of flame reactor, m
- \({\text{Sc}}\) :
-
Schmidt number, dimensionless
- \({\text{Sh}}\) :
-
Sherwood number, dimensionless
- \(T\) :
-
Temperature, K
- \(Y\) :
-
Vapour mass fraction, dimensionless
- \(Y_{p}\) :
-
Particle mass fraction, dimensionless
- \(c_{p}\) :
-
Heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1
- \(d\) :
-
Diameter, m
- \(\bar{d}\) :
-
Average particle size, m
- \(f\) :
-
Frequency, Hz
- \(h\) :
-
Heat transfer coefficient, J s−1 m−2 K−1
- \(k_{c}\) :
-
Mass transfer coefficient, kg s−1
- \(m\) :
-
Mass, kg
- \(n\) :
-
Spread parameter, dimensionless
- \(t\) :
-
Time, s
- \(v\) :
-
Velocity, m s−1
- \(\mu\) :
-
Viscosity, kg m−1 s−1
- \(\rho\) :
-
Density, kg m−3
- \(\gamma\) :
-
Surface tension, N m−1
- \(\sigma\) :
-
Interfacial surface tension, N m−1
- \(i\) :
-
Index for component
- d :
-
Droplet
- g :
-
Gas
- l :
-
Liquid
- p :
-
Particle
- s :
-
Solute
- v :
-
Vapor
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for financial support provided by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia through the scholarship Program Magister Doktor Sarjana Unggul (PMDSU) Batch II 2015 and research grant under Contract No. 128/SP2H/PTNBH/DRPM/2018 (L.Q.). We also extend our gratitude to Ms. Aprilia Yasinta Retnanintyas and Mr. Roziq Rahadian Hidayat for assistance with the experiment.
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Qomariyah, L., Widiyastuti, W. & Winardi, S. Effect of colloidal properties on the particle characteristics in the flame-assisted spray-drying process. Chem. Pap. 74, 285–296 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00878-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00878-8