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We are badly served by the documents we use to study widows and widowes with: they distort the realities. While Austen's writing has some limitations (she depicts gentry), it is of use as a corrective and reveals her complex attitudes and the realities of the era. Fear of widowhood pervades her fiction for women; the men seek to remarry, but not wisely; we see how when one parent dies, the one who is left may abuse the child; how unwise remarriages inflict damage on those near. The widowhood of her great-great-grandmother, Elizabeth Weller Austen stands out in its poignant defiance of her family as she sought minimal economic independence and gentility for her children; the depiction of Henry Austen as a widow has been overlooked; also her own obsessive depictions of death, and wild antipathetic stances. The frequency of death in people's lives from a young age in Austen's era is not enough to account for her uses of widowhood: in the case of women, as a disastrously precipitating factor in her fiction; in the case of men covering up a previous daily tyrannies and inflicted worry and frustration for the now dead wives; and in the case of children, powerlessness before an abusive parent or new step-parent. Austen delineates and attacks not just those who confront their disasters with strong sensibility to show the high price such people and their involved relatives pay for feeling and/or finding themselves in vulnerable places in the social and economic arrangements of the later 18th century.
When addressing to Jane Austen’s literature as a feminist heritage, it comes to be quite controversial regarding the actual sense of the word feminist. In the eighteenth century it did not mean the same as it means today in the twenty-first century. Despite the obvious clues that Jane Austen has left to the reader in her works and through her characters, to think about them as a kind of heroines, they are far from the fact of being considered feminists as we would understand the term nowadays. Nevertheless, there are some striking things going on in all of her novels that must be reconsidered: women with more modern and progressive perspectives of English society that seem to be taking new directions and new social roles in the new century. The dependence on the father, brother or husband is not that obligatory anymore.
Emma is a novel written by Jane Austen, which is based on real-life situations of the eighteenth century England. Austen depicts her novels to show clearly the customs and traditions that people had to use in order to get married; her dissatisfaction towards all these conditions; male dominance and also the consideration of women as weak human beings with limited rights. Based on all these issues, Austen chooses different kinds of marriages, mainly based on economical interest. Most of the people in her novels see the marriage as an obligation which had to be fulfilled; most of the girls got involved into a marriage market where parents decided what was good or bad for them. This paper describes the conditions of unmarried and married women Emma; the ways how the unmarried women chose the partners; the ways how Austen compared the conditions of women with the real life situations of the eighteenth century Britain; how she used irony to show her dissatisfaction towards the traditions of that time, and also the real message she conveys to the world.
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Jane Austen portrays her novel heroines as outliers in the patriarchal society of Regency Britain. For example, in "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), Elizabeth Bennet chose to marry for love and not merely in pursuit of economic security, which is a flagrant violation of the standards expected of women. Due to strict inheritance laws, women are not able to inherit their family’s properties and so, must turn towards marriage for dependency (or as some critics argue, independency) and capital guarantee in their future. Families often see this as an opportunity to quickly accumulate wealth and push their daughters to marry a man of fine wealth, shaping the “universally acknowledged truth” that marriage is a critical step for women to survive and succeed unbeknownst of their inner desires for marriage shaped by true love and passion. Anyone who deviates from this norm is considered a radical and the voices of these activists are suppressed by the government. Jane Austen was one of the few critics who openly disagrees with the patriarchal expectation of an ideal woman who is to serve the man. She acquires the views of Mary Wollstonecraft’s version of an accomplished woman – one who is seen to be of a rational equal of men and able to make her own independent decisions. In this annotated bibliography, I will explore the arguments of six different critics of Jane Austen’s works, illustrating the main principles that they believe Austen was trying to push through the portrayal and personality of her characters. Some arguments will overlap and I will point out the similar and contrasting understandings between critics to develop a more comprehensive picture of Jane Austen’s liberal feminist ideas of marriage in the novels’ social environments and the thorough examination of the heroines will show that they represent rather unconventional views of marriage.
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This study examines Jane Austen’s realistic interpretations of eighteenth-century English society with a particular focus on representing women’s oppressions in Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma. Austen, in these three novels, criticizes several issues related to women’s status in English society and focuses on how men and women should be treated equally. In the novels, she argues that English society creates social order, women’s oppressiveness, and gender inequality through arbitrary social norms and traditions. This paper mainly focuses on two areas that restrict women’s roles in their society: the marriage plot and the educational system. Austen’s purpose of presenting these issues is to voice women’s rights and improve their conditions. She also offers her readers unusual descriptions of female characters in order to correct the stereotypical images of women during the period. Finally, this paper aims to show Austen’s success in redefining women’s status and change the misconceptions of women in British society.
in Veronika Ruttkay and Bálint Gárdos (ed). HUSSE 11, Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Hungarian Society for the Study of English. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2014, 284-294. available: http://www.eltereader.hu/kiadvanyok/husse-11-proceedings-of-the-11th-conference-of-the-hungarian-society-for-the-study-of-english/
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