Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- In underdeveloped areas, it is more urgent to increase the number of policies than the accuracy of policies;
- The use trends of three policy instruments in underdeveloped regions are identified; and
- Policy formulation ideas for the whole life cycle and stakeholders in underdeveloped regions are proposed.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Development of PBs in Developed and Developing Countries
2.2. Development of PBs in Developed and Underdeveloped Areas in China
2.3. Research on Policy Framework of PBs
3. Research Method
3.1. Content Analysis and Policy Instrument Theory
3.2. Comparative Analysis
3.3. Sample Selection and Data Source
4. Policy Framework Construction
4.1. Policy Instrument Dimension: X
4.2. Whole Life Cycle Dimension: Y
4.3. Core Policy Stakeholder Dimension: Z
5. Policy Framework Analysis
5.1. Policy Code
5.2. Reliability and Validity Tests
5.2.1. Reliability Tests of Policy Coding
5.2.2. Validity Tests of the Policy Framework
5.3. One-Dimensional Analysis
5.3.1. X Dimension
- It is very important to increase the number of policies in the early stage of the development of PBs. The difference between Chongqing and Shanghai is not obvious regarding the total number of policy instruments. However, there is still a large gap between Chongqing and Shanghai in the development of PBs because Shanghai started early and adopted many policy instruments in the early stages, reflecting the importance of increasing the number of policies in the early stages of development.
- It is feasible and effective to refer to the policy ideas of developed regions to formulate PB policies in underdeveloped regions. Qinghai and Chongqing are similar in the proportion of policy instrument application, and Chongqing and Shanghai are similar in the total number of policy instruments, indicating that for underdeveloped regions, learning the policy formulation models of developed regions facilitates the development of PBs.
5.3.2. Y Dimension
- Although the construction and installation stage is emphasized, there are still few policies.
- There is a lack of targeted solutions for technical problems involved in the design and component supply stages.
- The serious lack of policy support in the operation and maintenance and demolition and recovery stages indicates a lack of long-term planning for the sustainable development of PBs.
5.3.3. Z Dimension
- Although there are many policies related to contractors, supervision is lacking.
- Developers are not highly motivated in construction. Relevant policies should be introduced to enhance their motivation.
- The demands of consumers are not taken seriously. Incentive policies should be developed to improve the demand market from the consumer perspective.
5.4. Two-Dimensional Analysis
5.4.1. X-Y Dimension
5.4.2. X-Z Dimension
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Han, Y.; Wang, L. Identifying barriers to off-site construction using grey DEMATEL approach: Case of China. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2018, 24, 364–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, Y.; Chang, S.; Ji, Y.; Qi, K. BIM-Based Incremental Cost Analysis Method of Prefabricated Buildings in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gan, X.; Xie, K.; Liu, H.; Rameezdeen, R.; Wen, T. A bibliometric and content analysis of policy instruments on facilitating the development of prefabricated construction in China. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Skitmore, M.; Peng, Y. Exploring the challenges to industrialized residential building in China. Habitat Int. 2014, 41, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- MOHURD. Circular of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on the Issuance of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Prefabricated Buildings. 2017. Available online: http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/201703/20170329_231283.html (accessed on 20 October 2022).
- MOHURD. Circular of the Department of Standard Quota of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on Development of Prefabricated Buildings in China in 2020. 2021. Available online: http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/202103/20210312_249438.html (accessed on 20 October 2022).
- Luo, T.; Xue, X.; Wang, Y.; Xue, W.; Tan, Y. A systematic overview of prefabricated construction policies in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 280, 124371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, W.; Luo, L.; Wu, Z.; Fei, J.; Antwi-Afari, M.F.; Yu, T. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Prefabrication Incentive Policies in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, L.; Gong, Z. Impact Factors of Off-Site Construction Development in Xining. J. Eng. Manag. 2020, 34, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOHURD. Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Vigorously Developing Prefabricated Buildings. 2016. Available online: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-09/30/content_5114118.htm. (accessed on 20 October 2022).
- Shahpari, M.; Saradj, F.M.; Pishvaee, M.S.; Piri, S. Assessing the productivity of prefabricated and in-situ construction systems using hybrid multi-criteria decision making method. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 27, 100979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, W.; Wang, S. Research on the Coupling Coordination Between Economic Development and Ecological Environment. Plateau Sci. Res. 2020, 4, 36–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Tan, Y.; Li, X. China’s policies of building green retrofit: A state-of-the-art overview. Build. Environ. 2020, 169, 106554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, H.; Liu, Y. A comprehensive analysis of cleaner production policies in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 135, 1138–1149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ronchi, S.; Salata, S.; Arcidiacono, A.; Piroli, E.; Montanarella, L. Policy instruments for soil protection among the EU member states: A comparative analysis. Land Use Policy 2019, 82, 763–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Z.; Zayed, T.; Niu, Y. Comparative analysis of modular construction practices in mainland China, Hong Kong and Singapore. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 245, 118861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wuni, I.Y.; Shen, G.Q. Critical success factors for modular integrated construction projects: A review. Build. Res. Inf. 2020, 48, 763–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaillon, L.; Poon, C.S. Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: A review and case studies in Hong Kong. Autom. Constr. 2014, 39, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, C.; Xie, F.; Hou, L.; Wu, P.; Wang, J.; Wang, X. Cost analysis for sustainable off-site construction based on a multiple-case study in China. Habitat Int. 2016, 57, 215–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of Residential Industrialization Promotion Center. Vigorously Promote Prefabricated Building Required Reading—System, Policy, Domestic and Foreign Development; China Architecture & Building Press: Beijing, China, 2016.
- Samani, P.; Gregory, J.; Leal, V.; Mendes, A.; Correia, N. Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Prefabricated Composite and Masonry Buildings: Comparative Study. J. Archit. Eng. 2018, 24, 05017012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- JPA. A Survey of Completed Prefabricated Housing Units and Production Capacity; Japan Prefabricated Construction Suppliers and Manufacturers Association: Tokyo, Japan, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Xia, M.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, L. A Comprehensive Risk-Assessment Method for Prefabricated Buildings Using EPC: A Case Study from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szulc, J.; Piekarczuk, A. Diagnostics and technical condition assessment of large-panel residential buildings in Poland. J. Build. Eng. 2022, 50, 104144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parliament, P.; Ustawa Z Dnia 23 Stycznia 2020 R. O Zmianie Ustawy O Wspieraniu Termomodernizacji I Remont’ow, n.d. 2020. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000412. (accessed on 26 October 2022).
- Ivanova, Z.; Aikhner, M. Sustainable Architecture and Reconstruction Technology of Housing Buildings of the 60-70-ies of XX Century in Russia (Taking into Account Social Demands). Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2016, 11, 1653–1659. [Google Scholar]
- Linov, V.; Ivanov, D. Building up: Creating new homes on top of refurbished post-war estates. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Civ. Eng. 2018, 171, 186–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. Beijing Housing and Urban-Rural Development White Paper (2022). 2022. Available online: http://zjw.beijing.gov.cn/bjjs/xxgk/zwdt/325891199/2022080511144750893.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality. Implementation Opinions of the General Office of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Further Developing Prefabricated Buildings. 2022. Available online: http://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj2016/bgtwj/202204/t20220429_2698683.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Commission. Shanghai Housing and Urban Rural Construction Management Development Report (2022). 2022. Available online: http://dt.sheitc.sh.gov.cn/swb/1983.jhtml (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Commission. Shanghai 14th Five-Year Plan for Prefabricated Buildings. 2021. Available online: https://zjw.sh.gov.cn/ghjh/20211109/f5ed3fe865b447b7b064fc695cae1351.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Guangdong Province. The Development of Prefabricated Buildings in Guangdong Shows a Steady Momentum. 2022. Available online: http://zfcxjst.gd.gov.cn/jsgl/dtxx/content/post_3989316.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- People’s Government of Guangdong Province. Implementation Opinions of the General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Vigorously Developing Prefabricated Buildings. 2017. Available online: http://www.gd.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/0/145/post_145992.html#7 (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Chongqing Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Commission. Briefing on the Special Inspection of the Implementation of Prefabricated Buildings in 2021. 2022. Available online: http://zfcxjw.cq.gov.cn/zwxx_166/gsgg/202203/t20220328_10562191.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Chongqing Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Commission. Chongqing Assembly Building Industry Development Plan (2018–2025). 2018. Available online: http://zfcxjw.cq.gov.cn/zwgk_166/fdzdgknr/ghxx/202102/W020200108578601409020.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Shaanxi Province. Emancipating the Mind, Reforming and Innovating, Striving to Write a New Chapter of High-quality Development of Urban and Rural Construction of Provincial Housing. 2022. Available online: https://js.shaanxi.gov.cn/zuanlan/2022/2/115174.shtml (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Shaanxi Province. Implementation Opinions of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Departments on Promoting the Coordinated Development of Intelligent Construction and New Building Industrialization. 2021. Available online: https://js.shaanxi.gov.cn/zcfagui/2021/3/112054.shtml (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Wang, F.C. Qinghai: Writing the Answer Sheet of The Times, Drawing the New Look of Urban and Rural Areas. 2020. Available online: http://www.chinajsb.cn/html/202012/21/16351.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Qinghai Province. On Promoting the Coordinated Development of Intelligent Construction and New Building Industrialization. 2021. Available online: http://zjt.qinghai.gov.cn/html/14/40938.html (accessed on 8 November 2022).
- Gan, X.; Chang, R.; Zuo, J.; Wen, T.; Zillante, G. Barriers to the transition towards off-site construction in China: An Interpretive structural modeling approach. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 197, 8–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Q.; Wang, J.; Ye, M.; Zhao, S.; Si, X. A Study on the Incentive Policy of China’s Prefabricated Residential Buildings Based on Evolutionary Game Theory. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, J. A Textual Study of Chinese Prefabricated Building Policy Based on Content Analysis. J. Eng. Manag. 2020, 34, 28–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, C.; Shen, Q.; Pan, W.; Ye, K. Major barriers to off-site construction: The developer’s perspective in China. J. Manag. Eng. 2015, 31, 04014043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Tao, Y.; Mao, C.; Xu, P. Textual and quantitative research on Chinese prefabricated construction policy from the perspective of policy tools. J. Chongqing Univ. (Soc. Sci. Ed.) 2018, 24, 56–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salamon, L.M.; Lund, M.S. The tools approach: Basic analytics. In Beyond Privatization: The Tools of Government Action; The Urban Institute Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1989; pp. 23–50. [Google Scholar]
- Yi, Q.; Li, C.; Jiang, Q. Research on the Development Status of Prefabricated Buildings in China Based on Policy Analysis. Constr. Sci. Technol. 2017, 22, 50–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Lin, S.; Shi, Y. Evolutionary Game on Incentive Policy for Prefabrication. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2018, 35, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Li, Z.; Wang, D.; Cui, W. Study on Incentive Policies for Prefabricated Construction with the Approach of Qualitative Analysis. J. Hefei Univ. Technol. (Soc. Sci.) 2018, 32, 95–102. [Google Scholar]
- Dou, Y.; Xue, X.; Wang, Y.; Luo, X.; Shang, S. New media data-driven measurement for the development level of prefabricated construction in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 241, 118353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiang, G. Research on Supply and Demand Matching of Green Building Policy-Taking Shaanxi Province as an Example. Master’s Thesis, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xian, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Tao, Y. Text Analysis and Satisfaction Evaluation of Prefabricated Construction Policy: A Case Study of Chongqing. Master’s Thesis, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, L.; Li, Z.; Li, L.; Gao, Y. Constraints on the promotion of prefabricated construction in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Owen, E.H. Public Management and Administration: An Introduction; Macmillan International Higher Education: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, B.; Wei, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, X.; Chen, H.; Huang, L.; Huang, J.; Kang, X. Evolutionary Game Simulation on Government Incentive Strategies of Prefabricated Construction: A System Dynamics Approach. Complexity 2020, 2020, 8861146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Q.; Liu, P.; Chen, C. Evolutionary game analysis of government and enterprises during promotion process of prefabricated construction. J. Interdiscip. Math. 2017, 20, 1587–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, W.; Huang, B. Analysis on the Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire. J. Stat. Inf. 2005, 5, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, W.; Li, W.; Zu, Y.; Cai, D.; Yu, C.; Xu, J.; Wei, W. Evaluation of sustainable development in Qinghai based on energy ecological footprint model. Pratacultural Sci. 2019, 36, 1445–1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Gong, Z.; Liu, C. Risk Network Evaluation of Prefabricated Building Projects in Underdeveloped Areas: A Case Study in Qinghai. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, Q.; Sun, Y. A Study of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy Framework from a Policy Instrument Perspective. J. Resour. Ecol. 2020, 11, 182–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michael, H.; Ramesh, M. Public Policy Research: Policy Cycle and Policy Subsystem; SDX Joint Publishing Company: Beijing, China, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, D. Study on Evaluation of Building Energy Efficiency Policies. Master’s Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, J.; Shen, G.; Mao, C.; Li, Z.; Li, K. Life-cycle energy analysis of prefabricated building components: An input-output-based hybrid model. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 2198–2207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Freeman, R.E. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Rostamzadeh, R.; Ghorabaee, M.K.; Govindan, K.; Esmaeili, A.; Nobar, H.B.K. Evaluation of sustainable supply chain risk management using an integrated fuzzy TOPSIS-CRITIC approach. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 175, 651–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Luo, L.; Li, H.; Wang, Y.; Bi, G.; Antwi-Afari, M.F. An Analysis on Promoting Prefabrication Implementation in Construction Industry towards Sustainability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Healt 2021, 18, 11493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teng, Y.; Mao, C.; Liu, G.; Wang, X. Analysis of stakeholder relationships in the industry chain of industrialized building in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 152, 387–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gan, X.; Chang, R.; Langston, C.; Wen, T. Exploring the interactions among factors impeding the diffusion of prefabricated building technologies. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag. 2019, 26, 535–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, L.; Liang, X.; Fang, C.; Wu, Z.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y. How to promote prefabricated building projects through internet of things? A game theory-based analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 276, 124325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, L.; Shen, G.; Xu, G.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y. Stakeholder-Associated Supply Chain Risks and Their Interactions in a Prefabricated Building Project in Hong Kong. J. Manag. Eng. 2019, 35, 05018015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, L.; Jin, X.; Shen, G.; Wang, Y.; Liang, X.; Li, X.; Li, C. Supply Chain Management for Prefabricated Building Projects in Hong Kong. J. Manag. Eng. 2020, 36, 05020001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Y. Study on Building Energy Saving and Carbon Emission Reduction Policy by Content Analysis—A Case Study of Chongqing. Master’s Thesis, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, R.; Soebarto, V.; Zhao, Z.; Zillante, G. Facilitating the transition to sustainable construction: China’s policies. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 131, 534–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, M.; Ingawale-Verma, Y.; Kim, W.; Ham, Y. Construction policymaking: With an example of singaporean government’s policy to diffuse prefabrication to private sector. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 2011, 15, 771–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baek, C.H.; Park, S.H. Changes in renovation policies in the era of sustainability. Energy Build. 2012, 47, 485–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenow, J.; Platt, R.; Demurtas, A. Fiscal impacts of energy efficiency programmes-The example of solid wall insulation investment in the UK. Energy Policy 2014, 74, 610–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, Y.; Chang, S.; Qi, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Qi, K. A BIM-Based Study on the Comprehensive Benefit Analysis for Prefabricated Building Projects in China. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019, 2019, 3720191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, J.; Shen, G.; Li, Z.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, W. Barriers to promoting prefabricated construction in China: A cost-benefit analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 649–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, G.; Liu, H.; Li, H.; Luo, X.; Liu, J. A Building Project-Based Industrialized Construction Maturity Model Involving Organizational Enablers: A Multi-Case Study in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Satola, D.; Kristiansen, A.B.; Houlihan-Wiberg, A.; Gustavsen, A.; Ma, T.; Wang, R. Comparative life cycle assessment of various energy efficiency designs of a container-based housing unit in China: A case study. Build. Environ. 2020, 186, 107358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, T.; Liang, X.; Shen, G.; Shi, Q.; Wang, G. An optimization model for managing stakeholder conflicts in urban redevelopment projects in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 212, 537–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Sojobi, A.O.; Kodur, V.K.R.; Liew, K.M. Effective utilization and recycling of mixed recycled aggregates for a greener environment. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 236, 117600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tam, V.W.Y.; Fung, I.W.H.; Sing, M.C.P.; Ogunlana, S.O. Best practice of prefabrication implementation in the Hong Kong public and private sectors. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 109, 216–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, M.; Li, Z.; Li, X.; Luo, X. Managing stakeholder-associated risks and their interactions in the life cycle of prefabricated building projects: A social network analysis approach. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 323, 129102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, P.; Low, S.P. Barriers to achieving green precast concrete stock management—A survey of current stock management practices in Singapore. Int. J. Constr. Manag. 2014, 14, 78–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, R.; Zou, P.X. Stakeholder-associated risks and their interactions in complex green building projects: A social network model. Build. Environ. 2014, 73, 208–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agrawal, M.; Singh, B.; Rajput, M.; Marshall, F.; Bell, J.N.B. Effect of air pollution on peri-urban agriculture: A case study. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 126, 323–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Country Type | Country | Development and Policy Orientation of PBs | Development Characteristics of PBs |
---|---|---|---|
Developed countries | United States |
| |
Germany |
|
| |
Japan |
|
| |
Developing countries | China |
| |
Poland |
|
| |
Russia |
|
|
Region Type | Region | Development of PBs in 2021 | PB Policy Goals in 2025 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Construction Area of PBs (hectares) | Rate of New Construction Areas of PBs | General Characteristics | |||
Developed areas | Beijing | 2077 [28] | 40% [28] | The top-level design of green building development has been improved, and PBs have been developed in an orderly manner. | The rate of new construction areas of PBs will reach 55%, and a modern construction industry system will be built [29]. |
Shanghai | 3828 [30] | >90% [30] | PB technology and standard systems have been improved, the market scale has expanded, and the demonstration effect has become increasingly prominent. | PBs will become the main construction method in Shanghai, resulting in a positive demonstration effect [31]. | |
Guangdong | 7349.52 [32] | 18.35% [32] | Developers are highly motivated, and some large enterprises have applied prefabricated construction technology early in their projects and built many representative projects. | The rate of new construction areas of PBs in the Pearl River Delta region will reach more than 35% [33]. | |
Underdeveloped areas | Chongqing | 1620 [34] | 18.6% [34] | The PB policy system has been initially established, and a standard system has been formed, but there are still deficiencies in market cultivation and construction management. | The rate of new construction areas of PBs will reach more than 30%—possibly even 35% [35]. |
Shaanxi | 1665.55 [36] | / | PBs are developing steadily, but regulatory measures in some areas are not clear, and management methods are not specific. | The rate of new construction areas of PBs will reach more than 30% [37]. | |
Qinghai | By 2021, the cumulative new construction area in the past five years was 155.79 hectares [38]. | PBs are in the early stage of development, with low market recognition, insufficient support policies, and relatively slow overall development. | The rate of new construction areas of PBs in Xining and Haidong will reach more than 20%, and that in other areas will reach more than 10% [39]. |
Method | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|
Content Analysis | Ccomprehensively analyzes the policy content according to different classification standards and explore the evolution direction and internal logic of policies in a certain period [44]. | The analysis is subjective, and some processes lack repeatability [3]. |
System Dynamics | Analyze policies dynamically based on time variation and compares the implementation efforts of different policies [54]. | Some policy indicators are difficult to quantify, and research requires high-quality data [54]. |
Evolutionary Game Theory | Analyzes the behavior pattern and balance of responsibility among various stakeholders involved in the policy and conducts targeted research on one or several parties [55]. | It is difficult to comprehensively analyze the stakeholders involved in the policy [47]. |
Instrument Type | Instrument | Interpretation |
---|---|---|
Mandatory policy instruments (MPIs) | Systematic policy | The government issues macro policies, such as various development plans, general objectives, and guidelines, to point out the development direction for PBs. |
Regulatory control | The government formulates relevant laws and strongly binding provisions to supervise the behavior of PB stakeholders to ensure project quality and maintain market order. | |
Professional standards | The government formulates construction standards for each stage of PB projects to standardize construction technology and promote long-term development. | |
Pilot demonstration | The government delimits some areas as the pilot scope of PBs, focusing on government investment projects, and takes the lead in building demonstration projects of standardized PBs. | |
Incentive policy instruments (IPIs) | Fiscal and tax support | The government provides financial subsidies or corporate tax relief for units participating in PB projects. |
Financial incentive | The government reduces loan interest rates, provides financial guarantees, and relaxes financial restrictions for participants in PB projects and provides purchase discounts and loan support for consumers. | |
Land policy | The government prioritizes land demand for PB projects by setting land transfer conditions and stipulating the proportion of land bidding, auction, and listing. | |
Administrative support | The government provides administrative support for PB projects, such as by opening a green channel for approval of PB projects and paying attention to relevant enterprises regarding awards and appraisal policies. | |
Social policy instruments (SPIs) | Publicity and guidance | The government strengthens social publicity, guidance, and communication about PBs to enhance public awareness and increase willingness to consume. |
Education and training | The government provides subsidies for education and training by setting up special funds, such as universities offering relevant courses to train professionals and enterprises or other institutions organizing staff skills training. | |
Information technology | The government, enterprises, and related organizations adopt new technologies and strengthen technological development efforts to improve the efficiency of information transfer and the level of PB technology. | |
Related industries | Industries related to PBs indirectly promote the development of PBs, such as by implementing energy-saving technologies, developing green building materials, and promoting integrated decoration. |
Policy Number | Policy Title | Policy Content Analysis Unit | Coding |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Qinghai Province Construction Market Credit Management Measures (revised) | Chapter 9, Section 9: “If the project is implemented using prefabrication, general contracting and other means, 2 points will be added for each item”. | 1-9-9 |
2 | Qinghai Province Ecological Economic Development Plan (2021–2025) | Chapter 4, Section 3: “The government promotes green building materials and PBs... By 2025, green buildings will account for 80% of new buildings”. | 2-4-3 |
3 | Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Coordinated Development of Intelligent Construction and New Building Industrialization | Chapter 3, Section 1: “By 2025, PBs in Xining and Haidong will account for more than 20% of new buildings, and PBs in other states will account for more than 10% of new buildings”. | 3-3-1-1 |
Chapter 3, Section 1: “From 2021, the area of newly started construction projects in various regions will increase by more than 3% each year for the construction of new building industrialization demonstration projects”. | 3-3-1-2 | ||
… | … | … | |
26 | Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Green Buildings | Chapter 3, Section 2: “The government vigorously promotes...steel structure and prefabricated structure construction technology”. | 26-3-2 |
Dimensions | Number of First-Time Codes | Number of Second-Time Codes | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X dimension | MPI | Systematic policy | 28 | 25 | 0.9948 |
Regulatory control | 34 | 32 | |||
Professional standards | 9 | 9 | |||
Pilot demonstration | 5 | 5 | |||
IPI | Fiscal and tax support | 6 | 6 | ||
Financial incentive | 1 | 1 | |||
Land policy | 1 | 1 | |||
Administrative support | 7 | 9 | |||
SPI | Publicity and guidance | 3 | 3 | ||
Education and training | 4 | 4 | |||
Information technology | 7 | 9 | |||
Related industries | 5 | 6 | |||
Y dimension | Decision-making stage | 34 | 37 | 0.9937 | |
Design stage | 27 | 25 | |||
Component supply stage | 21 | 18 | |||
Construction and installation stage | 49 | 53 | |||
Completion and acceptance stage | 12 | 12 | |||
Operation and maintenance stage | 3 | 3 | |||
Demolition and recovery stage | 0 | 0 | |||
Z dimension | Developer | 32 | 28 | 0.9906 | |
Designer | 30 | 28 | |||
Contractor | 58 | 63 | |||
Component manufacturer | 33 | 31 | |||
Consumer | 0 | 0 |
Region | Policy | Number of Policy Texts | X Dimension | Y Dimension | Z Dimension | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Ratio | Number | Ratio | Number | Ratio | |||
Gansu | P1 | 2 | 2 | 95.12% | 2 | 87.80% | 2 | 80.49% |
P2 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||||
P3 | 31 | 29 | 26 | 23 | ||||
Ningxia | P4 | 28 | 26 | 94.87% | 25 | 82.05% | 23 | 87.18% |
P5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||||
P6 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||||
Guangxi | P7 | 24 | 22 | 93.33% | 20 | 80.00% | 18 | 73.33% |
P8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | ||||
P9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Shaanxi | P10 | 3 | 3 | 93.33% | 3 | 73.33% | 3 | 80.00% |
P11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | ||||
P12 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||||
Guizhou | P13 | 8 | 8 | 93.75% | 5 | 78.13% | 7 | 75.00% |
P14 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||
P15 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 15 |
Instrument Type | Instrument | Qinghai | Chongqing | Shanghai | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Individual Proportion | Overall Proportion | Number | Individual Proportion | Overall Proportion | Number | Individual Proportion | Overall Proportion | ||
MPI | Systematic policy | 34 | 34.69% | 57.14% | 42 | 20.49% | 57.56% | 43 | 17.62% | 73.36% |
Regulatory control | 7 | 7.14% | 41 | 20.00% | 107 | 43.85% | ||||
Professional standards | 3 | 3.06% | 31 | 15.12% | 23 | 9.43% | ||||
Pilot demonstration | 12 | 12.24% | 4 | 1.95% | 6 | 2.46% | ||||
IPI | Fiscal and tax support | 3 | 3.06% | 16.33% | 11 | 5.37% | 18.54% | 11 | 4.51% | 11.07% |
Financial incentive | 1 | 1.02% | 4 | 1.95% | 0 | 0.00% | ||||
Land policy | 5 | 5.10% | 4 | 1.95% | 5 | 2.05% | ||||
Administrative support | 7 | 7.14% | 19 | 9.27% | 11 | 4.51% | ||||
SPI | Publicity and guidance | 3 | 3.06% | 26.53% | 6 | 2.93% | 23.90% | 2 | 0.82% | 15.57% |
Education and training | 5 | 5.10% | 8 | 3.90% | 3 | 1.23% | ||||
Information technology | 10 | 10.20% | 23 | 11.22% | 21 | 8.61% | ||||
Related industries | 8 | 8.16% | 12 | 5.85% | 12 | 4.92% | ||||
Total | 98 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 205 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 244 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Y | Qinghai | Chongqing | Shanghai | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Y5 | Y6 | Y7 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Y5 | Y6 | Y7 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Y5 | Y6 | Y7 | |
MPIs | Systematic policy | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Regulatory control | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 30 | 22 | 57 | 10 | 3 | 2 | |
Professional standards | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 6 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Pilot demonstration | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Proportion | 57.14% | 38.89% | 47.62% | 45.16% | 85.71% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 52.46% | 61.67% | 49.21% | 60.26% | 38.89% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 77.14% | 81.82% | 74.42% | 83.87% | 59.09% | 71.43% | 100% | |
IPIs | Fiscal and tax support | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Financial incentive | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Land policy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Administrative support | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Proportion | 19.05% | 5.56% | 9.52% | 6.45% | 14.29% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 19.67% | 1.67% | 9.52% | 8.97% | 27.78% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 17.14% | 3.64% | 0.00% | 4.30% | 31.82% | 14.29% | 0.00% | |
SPIs | Publicity and guidance | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Education and training | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Information technology | 1 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Related industries | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Proportion | 23.81% | 55.56% | 42.86% | 48.39% | 0.00% | 100% | 0.00% | 27.87% | 36.67% | 41.27% | 30.77% | 33.33% | 100% | 0.00% | 5.71% | 14.55% | 25.58% | 11.83% | 9.09% | 14.29% | 0.00% | |
Total | 21 | 18 | 21 | 31 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 61 | 60 | 63 | 78 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 70 | 55 | 43 | 93 | 22 | 7 | 2 |
Z | Qinghai | Chongqing | Shanghai | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | Z5 | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | Z5 | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | Z5 | |
MPI | Systematic policy | 9 | 3 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 1 |
Regulatory control | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 20 | 0 | 41 | 30 | 57 | 32 | 1 | |
Professional standards | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 18 | 21 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 7 | 0 | |
Pilot demonstration | 5 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
Proportion | 57.69% | 40.91% | 56.82% | 52.00% | 0.00% | 40.74% | 60.00% | 60.20% | 44.71% | 0.00% | 72.22% | 73.13% | 81.13% | 68.18% | 100% | |
IPI | Fiscal and tax support | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Financial incentive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Land policy | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Administrative support | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Proportion | 26.92% | 9.09% | 6.82% | 12.00% | 100% | 34.57% | 2.67% | 10.20% | 20.00% | 0.00% | 23.61% | 8.96% | 4.72% | 4.55% | 0.00% | |
SPI | Publicity and guidance | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Education and training | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Information technology | 1 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 0 | |
Related industries | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 0 | |
Proportion | 15.38% | 50.00% | 36.36% | 36.00% | 0.00% | 24.69% | 37.33% | 29.59% | 35.29% | 100% | 4.17% | 17.91% | 14.15% | 27.27% | 0.00% | |
Total | 26 | 22 | 44 | 25 | 1 | 81 | 75 | 98 | 85 | 6 | 72 | 67 | 106 | 66 | 3 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, Q.; Gong, Z.; Li, N.; Liu, C. Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China. Buildings 2023, 13, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010201
Wang Q, Gong Z, Li N, Liu C. Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China. Buildings. 2023; 13(1):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010201
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qiuyu, Zhiqi Gong, Na Li, and Chengkui Liu. 2023. "Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China" Buildings 13, no. 1: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010201