Repetitorium Latinum 19

Yavora Oprova
REPETITORIUM LATINUM
Workbook for students of pharmacy, medicine, dental medicine

Content
Lesson N 1 Latin Alphabet ……………………………………………… 3

Lesson N 2 Syllabification and accentuation ………………………… 9
Lesson N 3 Verb (Verbum) ………………………………………………. 14
Lesson N 4 Formation of imperative of Latin verbs in active voice
(Imperatīvus praesentis actīvi) …………………………………………… 23
Lesson N 5 Nouns and adjectives (Nomina substantīva et adiectīva) …….. 28
Lesson N 6 The First declension (Declinatio prima) ………………………48
Lesson N 7 Terms of Greek origin in terminology.
Greek roots corresponding to Latin nouns of the First declension ……….. 53
Lesson N 8 The Second declension (Delinatio secunda) ………………….. 59
Lesson N 9 Greek roots corresponding to Latin nouns
of the Second declension …………………………………………………… 68
Lesson N 10 Adjectives of the First and Second declension
(Adiectiva declinationis primae et secundae) ……………………………… 71
Lesson N 11 The Third consonant declension
(Declinatio tertia consonans) ………………………………………………. 74
Lesson N 12 Greek roots corresponding to Latin nouns of the
Third consonant declension. The Third vocal declension
(Declinatio tertia vocalis) …………………………………………………… 87
Lesson N 13 Third mixed declension or mixed stems
(Declinatio tertia mixta) ……………………………………………………. 96
Lesson N 14 III declension adjectives
(Adiectiva declinationis tertiae) …………………………………………… 104
Lesson N 15 Present participle (Participium praesentis activi) ………….. 113
Lesson N 16 The Fourth declension (Declinatio quarta) ………………… 119
Lesson N 17 The Fifth declension (Declinatio quinta) …………………… 124
Additional exercises ……………………………………………………….. 128
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………. 139
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………… 157
Lesson N 1
Latin Alphabet
Letter Latin Name of the letter Pronunciation
Aa [a] [a]
Bb [be] [be]
Cc [tze] [tze], [k]
Dd [de] [de]
Ee [e] [e]
Ff [ef] [ef]
Gg [ge] [ge]
Hh [ha] [ha]
Ii [i] [i]
Jj [jay], [jot] [i] before a vowel or
between vowels
Kk [ka] [ka]
Ll [el] [el]
Mm [em] [em]
Nn [en] [en]
Oo [o] [o]
Pp [pe] [pe]
Qq [ku] [k]
Rr [er] [er]
Ss [es] [es], [z]
Tt [te] [te]
Uu [u] [u]
Vv [ve] [ve]
Xn [iks] [ks], [gz]
Yy [ipsilon] [i]
Zz [zeta] [z], [ts]
I.Vowels (vocales). There are 6 vowels in Latin: a, o, u, e, i, y.
a = [a] o = [o] u = [u]

planta plant corpus body Urtica nettle
amor love locus place puella girl
latus wide octo eight mundus world
e = [e] i = [i]
remedium drug, medicine intestinum intestin
habeo to have dosis dose
tendo tendon Iodum iodine
[i] before a vowel or between vowels

Some words that contain the vowel i before another vowel as the initial sound of
a word or between vowels is pronounced like y in the English word yet. They
can be written with letters i or j.
ieiunum or jejunum empty intestine, the section of the small intestine

between the duodenum and the ileum
iuvenilis or juvenilis young, teenage
maior or major bigger, large, enormous
y = [i]
Y y [ipsilon] occurs in words of Greek origin.
hypertonia extreme tension of the arteries or muscles

myoma a benign tumor of muscle tissue
analysis separation into component parts
II. Diphthongs (diphthongi) – combinations of two vowels
1.Diphthongs ae and oe are pronounced as one vowel – -e.
ae = [e] oe = [e]
aegrotus ill, diseased oesophagus esophagus
haema (Greek) blood poena punishment
diaeta diet foetus fetus
There are words in which the vowels a and e are pronounced separately.
The second vowel ë is marked by trema – two dots on the letter e.
Aloë aloe
aër air
poëta poet
2. Diphthongs au and eu
au = [au] au = [av], [af]

in words of Latin origin in words of Greek origin
paulus small trauma injury
caulis stalk traumatologia traumatology
Aurum gold autolysis autolysis
eu = [eu] eu = [ev], [ef]

in words of Latin origin in words of Greek origin
neutrum neuter gender Europa Europe
ceu like pneumonia lung inflammation
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus
leukocyti leukocytes
III. Consonants (consonantes)
b = [be]
bonus good
lobus lobe
c = [ka] before vowels a, o, u

before a consonant
capsula capsule
collum neck
locus place
cranium skull
clavicula clavicle
c = [tze] before vowels e, i, y

before diphthongs ae,oe,eu
cerebrum brain
cito quickly
cytologia cytology
caecus blind
coena dinner
coeliacus abdominal
d = [de] f = [ef] g = [ge]
domus home femina woman magnus big, large
do, dare to give Coffea Coffea granum grain, seed
h = [ha]
homo human being
herba herb
extraho to extract
k = [ka]
The letter k is used in words of Greek or Arabic origin in Latin. Only the word
Kalendae – the first day of each month – is Latin.
Kalium (Arabic) potassium

leukaemia (Greek) leukemia
keratitis (Greek) inflammation of the eye’s cornea
l = [el] m = [em] n = [en]

malus bad mamma breast novus new
longus long musculus muscle nivaeus snowy
p = [pe] r =[er]
Cuprum copper ramus branch
post after radius radius or spoke-bone, ray
s = [z]
between vowels when s is preceded by l, m, n, r
Rosa rose falsus false, wrong
basis base mensa table
dosis dose dorsum back
s = [s] in other cases ss = [ss]

status state, condition Cassia casia
sanus healthy massa lump
costa rib ossa bones
sirupus sirup
t = [te] v = [ve]
tibia shin-bone vinum wine
tabuletta tablet vena vein
x = [ks] x = [gz]
xeroderma dryness of the skin exitus exit
radix root exemplum example
maxilla upper jaw examen exam
z = [z] z = [ts]
zona zone influenza influenza, flu
Oryza rise Zincum zinc
os zygomaticum zygomatic bone
IV. Digraphs (digraphi) – ch, ph, rh, th
Digraphs are a combination of two letters representing one sound. If some words
contain digraphs, they are Greek by origin.
ch = [ha] ph = [ef]
charta paper philosophia philosophy
chirurgus surgeon phlebotomia phlebotomy
chronicus chronic pharmacia pharmacy
Philippopolis the Greek name
of the city of Plovdiv
rh = [er] / rrh = [rr]

rhinitis rhinitis, nose inflammation
haemorrhagia hemorrhage, bleeding
Rheum rhubarb, pie plant
menorrhoea menstruation
th = [th] or [t]
therapia treatment, therapy
thorax chest
rhythmus rhythm
V. Combinations of letters (colligationes litterarum)
qu = [kv] ngu = [ngv] before a vowel

aqua water lingua language, tongue
quantitas quantity sanguis blood
liquor liquid unguentum ointment
quadratus square,quadrate unguis nail
ti = [tzi] before a vowel
praescrptio prescription
substantia substance
Trimontium the Roman name
of the city of Plovdiv
vitium vice, defect
When ti is proceeded by s, t, x is pronounced ti

mixtio mixing, mixture
bestia beast
ostium entrance, door
combustio burning
sch = [sh]
schola school schema scheme, figure, form
ischia ischia schizophrenia schizophrenia
Lesson N 2
Syllabification and accentuation
I.Syllabification – division of words into syllables
Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In

Latin syllables are usually counted from the end of a word. This is related to the
rules of emphasis.
Examples: natura na-tū-ra nature

3 2 1
pharmacologia phar-ma-co-lo- gi-a pharmacology

6 5 4 3 2 1
diaeta di-ae-ta diet

3 2 1
II. Accentuation – the main rules of the accent position in Latin
1.The first syllable (from the end) is never accentuated.
2. In words consisting of two syllables (disyllabic words) the second syllable

(from the end) is always accentuated. Examples: véna (vein), ámor (love), cáput
(head), plánta (plant), hérba (herb), hómo (human being) etc.
3. When the second syllable (from the end) is long it is accentuated. The syllable
is long if it contains a long vowel.
4. When the second syllable (from the end) is short, the third syllable is
accentuated.
Long and short vowels
1.Long vowels. When is a vowel long?
a) A vowel is considered long by position when directly followed by two or

more consonants or consonant x.
Examples: puella (girl), demonstro (to demonstrate), exemplum (example),

processus (process), tabuletta (troche), benignus (benign), ligamentum
(ligament), reflexus (reflex).
In all these words the second syllable is stressed because it is long by position.
b) A vowel is considered long by nature when it is marked by macron (-).
Examples:
structūra (structure), fractūra (fracture), medicīna (medicine),
officīna (pharmacy, drugstore).
Some suffixes contain vowel long by nature in the second syllable (from the
end).
Examples:
Suffix Meaning Words Translation into English
-ālis, -āle connection naturālis natural

relationship medicinālis medicinal
faciālis facial
-āris, -āre connection plantāris vegetal

relationship claviculāris clavicular
musculāris muscular
-īnus, -a, -um noun feminīnum feminine gender

disciplīna discipline
officīna pharmacy, drugstore
medicīna medicine
-ōsis non-inflammatory arthrōsis arthrosis

disease fibrōsis fibrosis
sclerōsis sclerosis
-ēsis noun anamnēsis case history
diathēsis predisposition
-āsis noun -lithiāsis formation of calculi

nephrolithiāsis
metastāsis metastasis
-ēma swelling oedēma swelling

erythēma redness of skin
-ōma cancer, carcinōma carcinoma, cancer

tumor myōma myoma
symptōma symptom
-ītis inflammation gastrītis stomach inflammation

arthrītis joint inflammation
bronchītis bronchitis
hepatītis liver inflammation
2. Short vowels. When is a vowel short?
a) Short by position:
- a vowel before a vowel is always short: linea (line), cranium (skull), operatio
(operation), remedium (medicine, drug), substantia (substance).
- a vowel before h is short: contraho (to contract), extraho (to extract).
- a vowel before letter combinations br, gr, tr, dr is short: vertebra (vertebra),
palpebra (eyelid), cerebrum (brain), podagra (podagra, gout), theatrum (theatre),
cathedra (catedre).
- a vowel before digraphs ch, ph, rh, th: ductus choledochus (gall duct),
philosophus (philosopher).
b) Short by nature – some suffixes contain a vowel short by nature in the

second syllable.
Short vowels are marked by circumflex ( ˘ ). In all this words the third syllable
is stressed because the second syllable is short (contains a short vowel).
Suffix Meaning Words Translation into English
-bĭlis, -bĭle opportunity operabĭlis operable

for something curabĭlis curable
to be done solubĭlis soluble
flexĭbilis flexible
mobĭlis mobile
-ĭcus,-a,-um adjective chronĭcus chronic

medĭcus doctor
cyclĭcus cyclic
-ĭdus,-a,-um adjective calĭdus warm, hot

frigĭdus cold
humĭdus wet, humid
-ĭlis, -ĭle adjective facĭlis easy

difficĭlis difficult, hard
simĭlis similar
dissimĭlis dissimilar, different
-ŏlus,-a,-um diminutive arteriŏla small artery

noun foveŏla small pit
-ŭlus,-a,-um diminutive venŭla small vein

noun capsŭla capsule
angŭlus angle, corner
muscŭlus muscle
Exercises
1.Stress the following words observing the rules of Latin word-stressing:
ampulla (small bottle), collum (neck, neck-like structure), tibia (shin-bone),

sinister (left), cornu (horn), spurius (false), Oryza (rise), situs (position), puella
(girl),cavum (cavity), palpebra (eyelid), profundus (profound, deep), transversus
(transverse), internus (internal), bulbus (bulb), gangraena (gangrene), refluxus
(reflux), cauda (tail), linea (line), rabies (rabies, madness), barba (beard),
reflexus (reflex), columna (column), processus (process), cerebrum (brain),
bursa (purse, pocket),costa (rib), apex (top, point), arcus (arc, arch), minor
(smaller), manus (hand),eminentia (prominence, standing), Belladonna,
ligamentum (ligament), vertebra, facies (face, surface), anatomia (anatomy),
ramus (branch), caries (tooth decay), tabuletta (pill, troche), minor (smaller),
podagra (gout), externus (external), maxilla (upper jaw), curatio (therapy,
treatment), solutio (solution), substantia (substance), vomer (ploughshare),
radix (root), cortex (outer layer), fructus (fruit).
2.Stress the words observing the rules for short and long vowels :
apertūra (opening), anŭlus (ring), angŭlus (angle), foveŏla (pit), incisūra (notch,
split), tubercŭlum (tubercle), spinōsus (spinous), thoracĭcus (thoracic),
articulāris (articular), optĭcus (visual), basilāris (basic), cervicālis (cervical),
muscŭlus (muscle), fissūra (cleft), laterālis (lateral), vertebrālis (vertebral),
lumbālis (lumbar), fossŭla (small depression or cavity), ventricŭlus (ventricle,
stomach), glandŭla (gland), scapŭla (shoulder-blade), mandibŭla (lower jaw),
clavicŭla (clavicle), fibŭla (fibula), maxillāris (maxillary), chronĭcus (chronic),
gastrĭcus (gastric), fibrōsus (fibrous), gelatinōsus (gelatinous), venōsus (venous),
squamōsus (scaly), spirituōsus (spiritual), capitātus (capitate), destillātus
(dIstilled), cerātus (waxy), auditīvus (auditory), vegetatīvus (vegetative),
incubatīvus (incubative), incisīvus (incisive, cutting), junctūra (junction), sutūra
(suture), temperatūra (temperature).
Lesson N 3
Verb (verbum)
The verb is a word describing an action. Verbs are often called “doing”
words. Latin verbs have six categories: person (persona), number (numěrus),
mood (modus), tense (tempus), voice (genus). Learning verbs will help you
translate sentences from Latin into English and from English into Latin.
The imperative forms of verbs are used to write prescriptions.
Categories of the verb
Person (persona)
The person shows who is doing the action. The Latin verb has three persons:
 First person, referring to the speaker or writer of the utterance.

 Second person, referring to the person or thing addressed in the utterance
 Third person, referring to one that is neither the speaker or writer of the
utterance.
Unlike in English, the persons in Latin are indicated by specific verbal

endings. The personal pronouns are attached to the verbs to express emphasis only.
They are not used in veb conjugations.
Example:
Singular amo I love
amas you love
amat he / she loves
Plural amāmus we love
amātis you love
amant they love
Number (numerus)
Latin verb have singular and plural forms. We can distinguish them by the
ending. Example: amāmus we love. The ending -mus indicates first person,
plural.
Mood (modus)
Mood shows the attitude to the action. When we describe something,

when we tell a story, we use indicative (indicatīvus).
The Indicative (Indicatīvus) represents the denoted act or state as an objective

fact. When we order, we use imperative (imperatīvus).
Tense (tempus)
The tense is a distinction of the form in a verb to express differences of

the time or the duration of the action or the state it denotes. The tense of the verb
indicates when the action is done. We study the present tense (praesens) of the
Latin verbs.
The Present tense (Praesens) denotes a state or action in the very moment
of the utterance.
Voice (genus)
The voice indicates the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which
the verb expresses. There are two voices in Latin:
1. The Active voice (Activum) indicates that the person or thing represented by the
grammatical subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
2. The Passive voice (Passivum) indicates that the grammatical subject of a verb is
subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb.
Examples:
Active voice (actīvum)
Latin: English:
Pater amat filiam suam. The father loves his daughter.
Medicus sanat aegrotum. The doctor treats the patient.
Passive voice (passīvum)

Latin: English:
Pater amatur a filia sua. The father is loved by his daughter.
Aegrōtus a medĭco sanātur The patient is healed by the doctor.
amat – active voice amatur – passive voice
sanat – active voice sanātur – passive voice
Conjugation (conjugatio)
According to the endings of the present stems the linguists have classified
the verbs into four classes (conjugations). To determine the conjugation of a
verb we have to find its present stem. Generally, the present stem coincides with
the root of the verb.
First conjugation
The stem is ended by a long vowel -ā-.
To find the stem we need to remove the ending -re from the infinitive.
Example:
amo (to love) – 1st person, singular form
amāre – infinitive
amā- – present stem
Second conjugation
The stem is ended by a long vowel -ē-.
Example:
misceo (to mix) – 1st person, singular form
miscēre – infinitive
miscē- – present stem
Fourth conjugation
The stem is ended by a long vowel -ī-.
Example:
audio (to listen to, to hear) - 1st person, singular form
audīre – infinitive
audī- – present stem
Exercise 1
Determine the conjugation (the class) of the following verbs:
moveo, movēre (to move) …………………………………
dormio, dormīre (to sleep) …………………………………
sano, sanāre (to heal, to treat) …………………………………
valeo, valēre (be healthy, be well) …………………………………
habeo, habēre (to have, to own) …………………………………
signo, signāre (to sign, to note) …………………………………
Verbs of 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation – formation of present tense

These verbs form present tense by adding personal endings.
The endings are the same for all verb conjugations.
Active Passive
Sg. 1. -o Sg. 1. -or
2. -s 2. -ris
3. -t 3. -tur
Pl. 1. -mus Pl. 1. -mur

2. -tis 2. -mĭni
3. -nt 3. -ntur
Examples:
1st conjugation – sano, sanāre – to heal, to treat

Active Passive
Sg. 1.sano sg. 1. sanor
2. sanā - s 2. sanā - ris
3. sanā - t 3. sanā - tur
Pl. 1. sanā - mus pl. 1. sanā - mur

2. sanā - tis 2. sanā - mĭni
3. sanā - t 3. sanā - ntur
2nd conjugation – misceo, miscēre – to mix
Active Passive
Sg. 1.misce - o sg. 1. misce - or
2. miscē - s 2. miscē - ris
3. miscē - t 3. miscē - tur
Pl. 1. miscē - mus pl. 1. miscē - mur

2. miscē - tis 2. miscē - mĭni
3. miscē - t 3. miscē - ntur
4th conjugation – audio, audīre – to hear

Active Passive
Sg. 1. audi - o sg. 1. audī - or
2. audī - s 2. audī - ris
3. audī - t 3. audī - tur
Pl. 1. audī - mus pl. 1. audī - mur

2. audī - tis 2. audī - mĭni
3. audī - u - nt 3. audī - u – ntur
Exercise 2
Conjugate the following verbs:
praeparo, praeparāre – to prepare
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
video, vidēre – to see
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
dormio, dormīre – to sleep
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Third conjugation
The stem of third conjugation verbs ends in a consonant, in a short vowel -ŭ-,
or in a short vowel -ĭ-.
Consonant stems – formation of present tense.

These verbs form present tense by adding of connecting vowels and then –
personal endings. Connecting vowels are : ĭ before endings beginning with s, t,
m; ĕ before endings beginning with r; ŭ before endings beginning with n.
Example: solvo, solvĕre (solv – ĕ – re) – to dissolve,to release
Active Passive
Sg. 1. solv - o Sg.1. solv - or
2. solv - ĭ - s 2. solv - ĕ - ris
3. solv - ĭ - t 3. solv - ĭ - tur
Pl. 1. solv - ĭ - mus Pl. 1. solv - ĭ - mur

2. solv - ĭ - tis 2. solv - ĭ - mĭni
3. solv - ŭ - nt 3. solv - u - ntur
Exercise 3.
Conjugate the verb lego, legĕre – to select, to read
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
-ŭ- stems – formation of present tense. These verbs form present tense by
adding connecting vowels and then – personal endings.
Example: minuo, minuĕre – to reduce, to diminish
Active Passive
Sg. 1. minŭ - o Sg. 1. minŭ - or
2. minŭ - ĭ - s 2. minŭ - ĕ - ris
3. minŭ - ĭ - t 3. minŭ - ĭ - tur
Pl. 1. minŭ - ĭ - mus Pl. 1. minŭ - ĭ - mur
2. minŭ - ĭ - tis 2. minŭ - ĭ - mĭni
3. minŭ - ŭ - nt 3. minŭ - u - ntur
-ĭ- stems - formation of present tense.

These verbs form present tense by adding of personal endings to the present
stem. We use connecting vowel -ŭ- only in 3rd person, plural form.
Example: recipio, recipĕre – to take, to receive, to accept.
Active Passive
Sg. 1. recipĭ - o Sg. 1. recipĭ - or
2. recipĭ - s 2. recipe - ris
3. recipĭ - t 3. recpĭ - tur
Pl. 1. recipĭ - mus Pl. 1. recipĭ - mur

2. recipĭ - tis 2. recipĭ - tis
3. recipĭ - ŭ - nt 3. recipĭ - ŭ - nt
Exercise 4
Conjugate the verb facĭo, facĕre – to do, to make
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Latin adverbs (adv.)

bene adv. – well
lente adv. – slowly
caute adv. – cautiously, carefully
cito adv. – quickly, fast
Exercise 5
Translate the sentences from Latin into English. Use the vocabulary on the next
page.
1.Medicus sanat aegrotum.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Pharmacopola praeparat remedium.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Pharmacopolae praeparant remedia cito.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Sanatis bene.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Praeparas medicamentum lente.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Legitis cito.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Scribunt lente.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Miscemus bene.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Dividimus exacte. …………………………………………………………..

10. Dum spiro, spero.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Dum docēmus, discĭmus.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Medicus bene dignoscit.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Medici remedia praescribunt.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Vocabulary
aegrotus, a, um – ill, diseased, patient

cito adv. – quickly, fast
dignosco, dignoscĕre – to diagnose, to make a diagnose
disco, discĕre – to study
divĭdo, dividěre – to divide
doceo, docēre – to teach
dum – while, as long as
exacte – exactly
lente - slowly
medicus, i m - doctor
pharmacopola, ae m – pharmacist
praescribo, praescribĕre – to prescribe
remedium, ii n – medicine, drug
sano, sanāre – to heal
scribo, scriběre – to write
spero, sperāre – to hope
spiro, spirāre – to breath, to respire
Lesson N 4
Formation of Latin verbs active voice imperative

(Imperatīvus praesentis actīvi)
1.Formation of Imperative of 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation verbs.

They form 2nd person, singular form, by removing of ending -re from the
infinitive.This form is identical with the present stem.
Examples:
1st person, infinitive Present stem Imperative Translation
sano, sanāre (to treat) sanā- Sana! Treat!
misceo, miscēre (to mix) miscē- Misce! Mix!
audio, audīre (to hear) audī- Audi! Hear!
They form second person plural form by adding the ending -te to the present
stem.
Sanāte! Miscēte! Audīte!
Exercise 1:
Form the imperative of the following verbs:
Example:
Verb 2 sg. 2 pl. Translation
venio, venīre – to come Venī! Venīte! Come!
curo, curāre – to cure, to heal ……………………………………………

valeo,valēre – be well, be healthy ……………………………………………
dormio, dormīre – to sleep ……………………………………………
signo, signāre – to note ……………………………………………
moveo, movēre – to move ……………………………………………
2. Formation of Imperative of 3rd conjugation verbs.
a) The verbs with present stem in a consonant and the verbs with present stem
on short -ŭ- form 2nd person singular form by adding the ending -e to the
present stem and 2nd person plural form by adding connecting vowel -ĭ- and the
plural ending -te to the present stem.
Example:
Verb 2 sg. 2. pl. Translation
scribo, scribere (to write) Scrib-e! Scrib-ĭ-te Write!
Exercise 2
solvo, solvere – to dissolve, to release ……………………………………..

minuo, minŭĕre – to diminish ……………………………………..
addo, addĕre – to add ……………………………………..
praescribo, ĕre – to prescribe ……………………………………..
constitŭo, ĕre – to constitute, ……………………………………..
to organize, to form
lego, legĕre – to read, to select ……………………………………..

disco, discĕre – to study ……………………………………..
dignosco, dignoscĕre – to diagnose …………………………………….
b) 3rd conjugation verbs with present stem -ĭ-

In 2nd person, sg., vowel -ĭ- from the stem changes into short vowel -ĕ.
They form 2nd person plural form by adding the ending -te to the stem -ĭ-
Example:
Verb 2nd sg. 2nd pl.
recipio, recipĕre – to receive, to accept Recipĕ! Recipĭte!
Exercise 3
aspicio, aspicĕre – to look on …………………………………………
cupio, cupĕre – to desire, to want …………………………………………
Exercise 4
Translate the following imperative sentences from Latin into English. Use the
vocabulary on the next page.
1.Addĭte caute! ………………………………………………………………...
2. Praeparāte cito! ………………………………………………………….
3. Da statim! ………………………………………………………….
4. Dividĭte exacte! ………………………………………………………….
5. Misce bene! ………………………………………………………….
6. Adde paulatim! ………………………………………………………….
7. Praescribite caute! ………………………………………………………….
8. Sanāte tuto, cito et iucunde! ………………………………………………….
9. Solvĭte in aqua! ………………………………………………………….
10. Lege et scribe! …………………………………………………………
11. Disce, sed a doctis! ………………………………………………………….
12. Dignoscĭte bene! ………………………………………………………….
13. Divĭde in partes aequales! …………………………………………………..
14. Da tales doses numero 10! ……………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Signa! ………………………………………………………………..
16. Venīte cito! ………………………………………………………………..

Vocabulary
a, ab + Abl. – from
addo, addĕre – to add
aequales – equal (plural form of aequalis)
aqua, ae f – water
bene adv. – well
cito – quickly
da tales doses – give of such doses
dignosco, dignoscĕre – to diagnose
disco, discĕre – to study
divide, dividěre – to divide
do, dare – to give
doses – doses
iucunde adv. – pleasantly, nicely
lego, legĕre – to read, to select
misceo, miscēre – to mix
numěrus – number
partes (plural form of pars, partis f) – parts
paulatim adv. – little by little, step by step
praescribo, prescribĕre – to prescribe
sano, sanāre – to heal, to treat
scribo, scrbĕre – to write
signo, signāre – to note, to sign, write on a label
solvo, solvěre – to dissolve
statim adv. –immediately, instantly
tales – such a , of such kind
tuto adv. – safely
venio, venīre – to come
Exercise 5
Make the following singular imperative forms plural. Translate them into
English.
2 sg. 2 pl. Translation
Example: Sterilisā! Sterilisāte! Sterilize!

Adde! ……………… ……………….
Constitue ! ……………… ……………….
Scribe! ……………… ……………….
Ama! ……………… ……………….
Veni ……………… ……………….
Solve! ………………. ……………….
Misce! ………………. ……………….
Praepara! ………………. ……………….
Exercise 6
Make the following plural imperative forms singular. Translate them into
English.
Example:
Sterilisāte! Sterilisa! Sterilize!
2pl. 2 sg. Translation

Curāte! ……………. ……………..
Minuĭte …………….. ……………..
Recipĭte! …………….. ……………..
Signāte! …………….. ……………..
Solvĭte! …………….. ……………..
Legĭte! …………….. ……………..
Dividĭte! …………….. ……………..
Miscēte! …………….. ……………...
Lesson N 5
Nouns and adjectives

(Nomina substantīva et adiectīva)
Nouns and adjectives build the basement of terminology in medicine,

pharmacy and dentistry. They are used in the names of drugs, plants, diseases.
Nouns form anatomical and pathological terms. Adjectives give them an
additional meaning or clarify the meaning of a noun.
Categories of Latin nouns and adjectives.

There are three categories – gender, number and case.
1.Gender (genus)
The gender of a noun is always given in dictionaries with the following
abbreviations:
- masculine (masculīnum) m ocŭlus, i m – eye
- feminine (feminīnum) f planta, ae f – plant
- neuter (neutrum) n remedium, ii n – drug, medicine
2. Number (numěrus)
- singular (singulāris) sg.
- plural (plurālis) pl.
3. Case and declension (casus et declinatio)

Case is an inflected form of a noun or adjective that expresses the
relation of the word to other words in the sentence. Every noun and adjective
has a specific form for each case. They have different forms to indicate different
uses. There are six cases in Latin: Nominative (Nominatīvus), Genitive
(Genitīvus), Datīve (Datīvus), Accusative (Accusatīvus), Ablative (Ablatīvus),
Vocatīve (Vocatīvus).
Declension is a set of declined forms of the same word patterns.
There are five declensions in Latin. Nouns and adjectives are grouped in five
declensions by gender and by their endings for each case. Each noun and
adjective belongs to one of the five declensions.
Use of the cases
Nominative (Nominatīvus) (N., Nom.)

Nominative case indicates who performs the action. This is the case of the
subject. Nominative case answers the questions Who?, What?.
Example: Medĭcus curat, natūra sanat.
Nom.sg. Nom.sg.
A doctor administers the cure, nature does the healing.

subject – Who? subject – Who?
Medĭcus – a doctor is the subject in the sentence and it is in Nominative
case in Latin. Natūra – nature is the second subject in this sentence.
Nominative singular is used as the reference form of the noun, which is
the form you find in a dictionary. Example: planta, ae f – plant;
dens, dentis m – tooth.
Genitive (Genitīvus) (G, Gen.)

Genitive case indicates possession, connection, source. A Genitive case
noun is usually after the noun that it determines. When we translate a noun in
Genitive from Latin into English, we use the preposition of. Genitive case
answers the questions Whose? Of what?
Use of Genitive case:
1. Possession.
Nomen pharmacopolae. The name of the pharmacist.
Nom. Sg. Gen. sg.
The form pharmacopolae is Genitive singular. The form pharmacopola is
Nominative singular. We have to transform the noun pharmacopola from
Nominative into Genitive to express possession.Whose name (nomen)? –
of the pharmacist (pharmacopolae – Genitive singular).
2. Connection.
A noun in Genitive denotes that it is connected with the previous noun.
This function is used in making diagnosis.
Morbus ocŭli. Disease of the eye (eye disease)
Gen. sg. of oculus – eye
Morbus gastris Disease of the stomach (stomach disease)
Gen. sg. of gaster – stomach
3. Source.
Genitive case expresses the material, what something is made of.
Aqua Menthae. Water of mint, mint water.
Gen. sg. of Mentha – mint
Radix Valerianae. Root of valerian, valerian root.
Gen. sg. of Valeriana – valerian
Tinctura Belladonnae. Tincture of belladonna (deadly nightshade).
Gen. sg. of Belladonna
4. Measurment.
In prescriptions the drug name after the verb “Recĭpe!” (Rp.) – Take! is
used in Genitive. The quantity is indicated after the drug name.
The doses of the drugs are indicated in the decimal numeration system
(milligrams or millilitres).
Rp. Vaselini 5 g Take Vaseline 5 g
Gen. sg. of Vaselinum (Take 5 grams of Vaseline)
Rp. Aquae destillatae 100 ml. Take distilled water 100 ml.
Gen. sg. of aqua destillata (Take 100 ml of distilled water)
Quantity is understood as a part taken from the whole and this is

expressed by Genitive.
The Genitive singular form indicates which declension a noun belongs

to. It comes second in a dictionary entry after Nominative singular.
The dictionary form of a noun consists of three components:
1. The full form of Nominative singular.

2. The Genitive singular ending.
3. The indication of gender (with the abreviations m for masculine, f for
feminine and n for neuter gender).
Nom. Sg. Gen. sg. Gen. sg. ending Declension Meaning
planta plantae -ae I plant
medicus medici -i II doctor
radix radicis -is III root
fructus fructus -us IV fruit
dies diēi -ēi V day
Exercise 1
Determine the declension of the given nouns.
cortex, cortĭcis m (bark, cortex) …………………………………
manus, manus f (hand) …………………………………
remedium, remedii n (drug, medicine) ………………………….
facies, faciēi f (face, surface) …………………………………
os, oris n (mouth) …………………………………
femĭna, femĭnae f (woman) …………………………………
nervus, nervi m (nerve) …………………………………
pharmacopola, pharmacopolae m (pharmacist) ……………………
solutio, solutiōnis f (solution) …………………………………
medĭcus, medĭci m (doctor) …………………………………
Dative (Datīvus) (D., Dat.)

Dative case indicates the indirect object. Dative expresses the
person “to” or “whom” something is given.
Example:
Medicus dat remedium aegroto.
Dat. Sg. of aegrotus
The doctor gives medicine to the patient.
indirect object
Dative case refers to the giving. The verb do, dare means to give.
Accusative (Accusatīvus) (Acc.)

Accusative case indicates the direct object of transitive verbs.
It is used for objects after certain prepositions. Questions: Who? What?
Example:
Direct object:
Medicus dat remedium aegroto. Video amicum meum.
Acc. Sg. What? Acc. Sg. Who?
The doctor gives medicine to the patient. I see my friend.
direct object direct object
Pharmacopola praeparat mixturam. The pharmacist prepares a mixture.
Acc. Sg. What?
After certain prepositions:

ante + Acc. – before
ante cibum – before eating
Acc. Sg. of cibus
ante operationem – before an operation
Acc.sg.of operatio, ōnis f
post + Acc. – after
post cibum – after eating
post operationem – after an operation
Ablative (Ablatīvus) (Abl.)

Ablative case expresses separation, instrument, origin, material.
Example:
Natura rosas spinis armat.
Abl. Pl. , instrumental use
Nature arms roses with thorns.
After certain prepositions:

cum + Abl. – with
Planta cum radicibus.
Abl. Pl.
Plant with roots.
in + Abl. – in
Da in capsulis.
Abl.pl.
Give in capsules.
Da in vitro.
Abl. Sg.
Give in a bottle.
Prepositions in Latin are used with Accusative or Ablative. Certain

prepositions require the use of a noun in Accusative or Ablative.
The case of the noun depends on the preposition.
Vocative ( Vocatīvus) (Voc., V.)

Vocative case is used to address someone in direct speech. In English this
function is expressed by punctuation and intonation. The Vocative endings are
identical to those of the Nominative. Only second declension masculine nouns
with Nominative ending -us in Vocative end in -e.
Example:
Medice, cura te ipsum! Physician, cure yourself!
Voc. sg. of medĭcus
Latin declensions
There are five declensions in Latin, i. e. five groups of nouns with their
endings for different cases.
The First declension

Most of the First declension nouns are feminine. There are masculine
nouns which mean professions. The stem of the First declension nouns ends in
-a-. Nom. sg. -a, Gen. sg. -ae.
Case Singular endings Plural endings

Nominative -a -ae
Genitive -ae -ārum
Dative -ae -is
Accusative -am -as
Ablative -a -is
Case Singular Plural
Nominative planta (plant) plantae
Genitive plantae plantārum
Dative plantae plantis
Accusative plantam plantas
Ablative planta plantis
- Gen. sg.,Dat. sg. and Nom.pl. are identical with ending -ae.
- Gen. pl. shows the stem of the noun (-ārum = -a + rum).
- Acc. pl. is formed from the stem -a + -s = -as.
- Dat. pl. and Abl. Pl. are always identical (-is for the I and II declension).
- Abl. sg. coincides with the stem -a.
Exercise 2
Decline the noun clavicŭla, ae f – clavicle
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
The Second declension

Second declension nouns are of masculine and neuter gender. Masculine
nouns in Nominative singular end in -us, -er, -ir. Neuter nouns end in -um.
There are exceptions of feminine gender with Nominative endings
-us, -er. Genitive singular ends in -i for all second declension nouns.
Masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative -us /-er / -ir -i
Genitive -i -ōrum
Dative -o -is
Accusative -um -os
Ablative -o -is
Nominative medicus (doctor) medĭci
Genitive medĭci medicōrum
Dative medĭco medĭcis
Accusative medĭcum medĭcos
Ablative medĭco medĭcis
Vocative medĭce medĭci
- Dat. Sg. and Abl. Sg. are identical with ending -o.
- Dat. Pl. and Abl. Pl. are always identical with ending -is for the I and
II declension nouns).
- Gen. pl. shows the stem of the noun (-ōrum = -o + rum).
- Acc. Pl. is formed from the stem -o + -s = -os.
- Abl. Sg. coincides with the stem -o.
Exercise 3
Decline the noun muscŭlus, i m = muscle
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Neuter nouns

Nominative -um -a
Genitive -i -ōrum
Dative -o -is
Accusative -um -a
Ablative -o -is
Nominative remedium (medicine, remedia
drug|)
Genitive remedii remediōrum
Dative remedio remediis
Accusative remedium remedia
Ablative remedio remediis
Neuter nouns of the Second declension have the same forms as for
masculine and feminine nouns. All neuter nouns in Latin have identical forms in
Nominative and Accusative. They always form plural Nominative and
Accusative with the ending -a. Some neuter nouns in Bulgarian language form
plural with the ending -a. They have the same plural ending -a in Greek
language as well.
Example: Nom. Sg. Nom. Pl. Meaning

Latin remedium remedia medication medicatons
Bulgarian лекарство лекарства
Greek φάρμακο φάρμακα
Exercise 4
Decline the noun ovarium, ii n – ovary

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
The Third declension
The Third declension nouns in Gen. sg. end in -is. They are divided in three
groups according to their stem.
- Third consonant declension nouns or consonant stems.

Their stem ends in a consonant.
We can find the stem by removing the ending -is from the Genitive singular
form. Nouns with consonant stems are given in a dictionary with Nominative
singular form, part of the stem and Genitive singular ending -is: cavĭtas, ātis f – -
ātis is part of the Genitive singular form cavĭtātis, the stem is cavitāt - .
E. g.: Nom. radix root

Gen. radīcis radīc – is stem radic -
E. g.: Nom. pes foot
Gen. pedis ped – is stem ped -
E. g.: Nom. corpus body
Gen. corpŏris corpŏr – is stem corpor -
E. g.: Nom. cavĭtas cavity
Gen. cavĭtātis cavĭtāt – is stem cavitat -
E. g.: Nom. operatio operation
Gen. operatiōnis operatiōn – is stem operation -
Third consonant declension nouns in Genitive singular have one more

syllable than in Nominative singular. The number of syllables is not equal
(impar in Latin means non-equal). Because of it they are determined as
imparisyllabic nouns.
Exercise 5
Find the stem of th following nouns:
Stem
bronchitis, bronchitidis f inflammation of the bronchi ……………………
ren, renis m kidney …………………….
solutio, solutiōnis f solution …………………….
vulnus, vulněris n wound, injury …………………….
cortex, cortĭcis m bark, rind; cortex …………………….
flos, floris m flower …………………….
semen, semĭnis n seed ……………………...
The Third consonant declension – masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative different endings -es
Genitive -is -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative radix (radic + -s) (root) radīc – es
Genitive radīc – is radīc – um
Dative radīc – i radīc – ĭbus
Accusative radīc – em radīc – es
Ablative radīc – e radīc – ĭbus
The Third consonant declension – neuter nouns

Nominative different endings -a
Genitive -is -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative = Nominative -a
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative semen (seed) semĭn - a
Genitive semĭn - is semĭn - um
Dative semĭn - i semĭn - ĭbus
Accusative semen semĭn - a
Ablative semĭn - e semĭn - ĭbus
Third consonant declension nouns have always identical forms for

Nominative and Accusative plural with ending -es, for Dative and Ablative
plural with ending -ĭbus. Neuter nouns have identical forms for Nominative and
Accusative singular and plural. All neuter nouns in Latin form Nominative and
Accusative plural with ending -a. We need to find the consonant stem of a noun
in order to form its case and number.
Exercise 6
Decline the nouns cortex, cortĭcis m – bark, rind; cortex ; corpus, corpŏris n -
body
Nominative cortex
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

Nominative corpus
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
- The Third vocal declension

Third vocal declension nouns have vocal stem -i-.
We can see it in Ablative singular -i and Genitive plural -ium.
Third vocal declension – feminine nouns

Nominative -is -es
Genitive -is -ium
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -im -es
Ablative -i -ĭbus

Nominative febris (fever) febres
Genitive febris febrium
Dative febri febrĭbus
Accusative febrim febres
Ablative febri febrĭbus
The Third vocal declension – neuter nouns

Nominative -e, -al, -ar -ia
Genitive -is -ium
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -e, -al, -ar -ia
Ablative -i -ĭbus

Nominative anĭmal anĭmālia
Genitive anĭmālis anĭmālium
Dative anĭmāli anĭmālĭbus
Accusative anĭmal anĭmālia
Ablative anĭmāli anĭmālĭbus
Exercise 7
Decline the nouns dosis, dosis f - dose; rete, retis n – network, net

Nominative dosis
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

Nominative rete
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
- Third mixed declension or mixed stems
Third mixed declension nouns are declined like third consonant declension
nouns. Only in Genitive plural they have the ending -ium like vocal declension
nouns. They are parisyllabic (with the same number of syllables for Nominative
and Genitive singular) or imparisyllabic (one more syllable in Genitive singular
comparing with Nominative singular). Par – equal, impar – non-equal.
The Third mixed declension – parisyllabic nouns

Nominative -is, -es -es
Genitive -is -ium (vocal stem -i-)
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative auris (ear) aures
Genitive auris aurium
Dative auri aurĭbus
Accusative aurem aures
Ablative aure aurĭbus
Third mixed declension – imparisyllabic nouns

Nominative -s -es
Genitive -is -ium
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative dens (tooth) dentes
Genitive dentis dentium
Dative denti dentĭbus
Accusative dentem dentes
Ablative dente dentĭbus
Exercise 8
Decline the noun pars, partis f (part)
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
The Fourth declension

Fourth declension nouns have stem -u-. They are masculine or feminine
with Nominative singular ending -us. There are neuter nouns that end in the
stem -u-. All fourth declension nouns have ending -us for Genitive singular.
The Fourth declension – masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative -us -us
Genitive -us -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -um -us
Ablative -u -ĭbus

Nominative fructus (fruit) fructus
Genitive fructus fructuum
Dative fructui fructĭbus
Accusative fructum fructus
Ablative fructu fructĭbus
Fourth declension masculine and feminine nouns have identical forms for
Nominative and Accusative plural– -us. In Ablative singular we can see the
stem -u-
The Fourth declension – neuter nouns

Nominative -u -a
Genitive -us -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -u -a
Ablative -u -ĭbus

Nominative genu (knee) genua
Genitive genus genuum
Dative genui genĭbus
Accusative genu genua
Ablative genu genĭbus
Exercise 9
Decline the noun manus, manus f (hand)

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
The Fifth declension
Fifth declension nouns have stem -e-. Most of them are feminine. There
are some exceptions of masculine nouns. Nominative singular ends in -es,
Genitive singular – -ēi.
Fifth declension nouns

Nominative -es -es
Genitive -ēi -ērum
Dative -ēi -ēbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ēbus

Nominative facies facies
Genitive faciēi faciērum
Dative faciēi faciēbus
Accusative faciem facies
Ablative facie faciēbus
- Nominative singular is identical with Nominative plural and Accusative

plural.
- Ablative singular is identical with the stem -e.
- Genitive plural is formed from the stem -e + -rum.
Common rules for all declensions in Latin
1. The basic forms of nouns are Nominative singular, Genitive singular

and gender, denoted by abbreviations m for masculine, f for feminine, n
for neuter gender. Third consonant declension nouns are given with part
of their stem before the Genitive singular ending -is : pulmo, ōnis m
(lung) – -ōnis is part of Genitive singular form pulmōnis. The stem is
pulmon-, Genitive singular ending is -is.
herba, ae f herb, herbal preparation I declension
sirŭpus, i m sirup II declension
extractio, ōnis f extraction III consonant declension
tussis, is f cough III vocal declension
mens, mentis f mind III mixed declension
status, us m state, condition IV declension
cornu, us n horn IV declension
caries, ēi f caries, tooth decay V declension
2. By Genitive singular form we can determine at what declension belongs

the noun to.
I II III IV V
declension declension declension declension declension
Genitive -ae -i -is -us -ei
singular
Exercise 10
What is the declension of given nouns?
Dictionary forms Meaning Declension

dies, ēi f day …………….
gutta, ae f drop …………….
decoctum, i n decoct …………….
diagnōsis, is f diagnose …………….
nervus, i m nerve …………….
semen, semĭnis n seed, seminal fluid …………….
cavĭtas, cavitātis f cavity …………….
ductus, us m duct, passageway …………….
Natrium, ii n natrium, sodium …………….
genus, genĕris n gender ……………..
3. Ablative singular is identical with the stem.
Declension Stem Ablative singular Example

I -a -a in medicina – in
medicine
II -o -o in oculo – in the
eye
III vocal -i -i cum tussi – with
declension cough
IV -u -u in manu – in the
hand
V -e -e sine carie –
without tooth
decay
Third consonant declension nouns and third mixed declension nouns form
Ablative singular by adding the ending -e to the consonant stem.
Examples:
sine dolōre (Abl. Sg.) without pain dolor, dolōris m pain
in dente (Abl. Sg.) in the tooth dens, dentis m tooth
4. Genitive plural of the first, second and fifth declension nouns is

formed from the stem by adding -rum
Declension Genitive plural Example Translation

I -ārum nomina plantārum names of plants
II -ōrum praeparatio preparation of
remediōrum medicines
V -ērum therapia cariērum therapy of tooth
decays
5. Dative and Ablative plural are always identical.
Declension Dative and Example Dictionary forms

Ablative plural
I -is capsulis capsula, ae f -
capsule
II -is remediis remedium, ii n -
medicine
III -ĭbus radicĭbus radix, icis f – root
IV -ĭbus manĭbus manus, us f - hand
V -ēbus diēbus dies, ei f - day
6. Accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns always end in

consonant -m.
Declension Accusative Example Translation

singular
I -am (stem -a + - intra venam inside a vein
m)
II -um (stem -o + - intra muscŭlum inside a muscle
m)
III consonant -em post opratiōnem after an operation
III vocal -im (stem -i- + m) propter febrim because of fever
IV -um post infarctum after an infarct
(heart attack)
V -em bis in diem twice a day
7. Accusative plural of the first, second, fourth and fifth declension

nouns is formed by adding -s to the stem.
Declension Accusative plural Example Translation

I -as (-a + -s) ad capsulas in capsules
II -os (-o + -s) inter ocŭlos between the eyes
IV -us (-u + -s) post infarctus after infarcts
(heart attacks)
V -es (-e + -s) propter caries because of tooth
decays
Lesson N 6
The First declension (Declinatio prima)
Most of the First declension nouns are feminine. There are

masculine nouns which mean profession.They are exceptions.
The stem of First declension nouns ends in -a-.
Nominative singular -a, Genitive singular -ae.
Feminine nouns

Nominative -a -ae
Genitive -ae -ārum
Dative -ae -is
Accusative -am -as
Ablative -a -is

Nominative scapula (sholder blade) scapŭlae
Genitive scapŭlae scapŭlārum
Dative scapŭlae scapŭlis
Accusative scapŭlam scapŭlas
Ablative scapŭla scapŭlis
There are some masculine gender first declension nouns. They mean
profession, occupation. They have the same endings like feminine nouns of the
first declension.
Masculine nouns

Nominative pharmacopola pharmacopolae
(pharmacist)
Genitive pharmacopolae pharmacopolarum
Dative pharmacopolae pharmacopolis
Accusative pharmacopolam pharmacopolas
Ablative pharmacopola pharmacopolis
pharmacopola, ae m pharmacist
dentista, ae m dentist
poëta, ae m poet
nauta, ae m sailor
agricola, ae m farmer
- Gen. sg, Dat. Sg. and Nom. pl. are identical with ending -ae.
- Gen. pl. shows the stem of the noun – ending -ārum.
- Acc. Pl. is formed from the stem -a + -s = -as.
- Dat. Pl. and Abl. Pl. are always identical (-is for the I and II declension).
- Abl. Sg. coincides with the stem -a.
The verb “to be” – sum

Sg. pl.
1. sum I am 1. sumus we are
2. es you are 2. estis you are
3. est he/she/it is 3. sunt they are
Prepositions with Accusative

ante + Acc. before ante fracturas before fractures
post + Acc. after post rupturam after a rupture
intra + Acc. within intra arteriam within an artery
extra + Acc. out of extra venam out of a vein
Prepositions with Ablative

in + Abl. in in capsulis in capsules
cum + Abl. with cum haemorrhagia with hemorrhage
sine + Abl. without sine haemorrhagia without hemorrhage
Exercises
Exercise 1
Translate the following from Latin into English. The noun in second position is
in Genitive. When we translate into English, we use the preposition of.
1. Aqua Menthae………………………………………………………
2. Radix plantae………………………………………………………………
3. Tinctura Belladonnae …………………………………………………..
4. Fractura scapulae ………………………………………………………..
5. Therapia fracturae scapulae ………………………………………………
6. Ruptura aortae ………………………………………………………
7. Valva aortae ……………………………………………………………..
8. Insufficientia valvae aortae ………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Fractura costae ……………………………………………………………
10. Fracturae costarum ………………………………………………………
11.Aqua amygdalarum ….………………………………………………….
12.Nomina plantarum ………………………………………………………
13.Ruptura venae …………………………………………………………….
14.Ruptura venarum ………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2
Transform the following given Nominative and Genitive singular nouns into
Nominative and Genitive plural. Translate them into English.
Example: therapia aegrotae – therapiae aegrotarum
1.Ruptura venae …………………………………………………………….
2. Fractura claviculae …………………………………………………………
3. Aqua amygdalae …………………………………………………………..
4. Therapia fracturae …………………………………………………………
Exercise 3
Translate from Latin into English the sentences with the verb sum (to be):
1. Scientia est potentia. …………………………………………………………
2. Medica est bona ……………………………………………………………….
3. Medicae sunt bonae ….………………………………………………………
4. Puella est pulchra …………………………………………………………….
5. Puellae sunt pulchrae …………………………………………………………
6. Tinctura Belladonnae est amara ………………………………………………
Exercise 4
Translate from Latin into English the following sentences:
1. Pharnacopola mixturam filtrat ……………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………...
2. Pharmacopolae mixturas filtrant …………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….
3. Medica visitat aegrotam …………………………………………………..
4. Medicae visitant aegrotas …………………………………………….
5. Praepara tincturam Menthae. Da aegrotae bibere.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
6. Adde aquam mixturae …………………………………………………….
7. Medicina vitam continuat ……………………………………………….
Exercise 5
Translate from English into Latin the given examples:
1. Fracture of the mandible. ………………………………………………..
2. Fracture of the maxilla. …………………………………………………
3. Rose water. ………………………………………………………………
4. Rupture of the aorta. …………………………………………………….
5. Name of a plant. ………………………………………………………….
6. Rupture of the tunic of the arteries. ……………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………
7. Structure of a cell. ……………………………………………………….
8. Structure of cells. …………………………………………………………
9. Tincture of valerian. ……………………………………………………...
Exercise 6
Transform the nouns after prepositions depending on the case they require.
The translation into English can help you.
Example: post (ruptura) post rupturam after a rupture
The noun ruptura changes into Accusative because the preposition post
requires the noun after it to be in this case.
1.Haemorrhagia post (fractura) ……………………………….. ulnae.

Hemorrhage after fracture of the ulna.
2. Intra (vena) …………………………………………………………..
Within a vein.
3.Extra (cellula) ………………………………………………………..

Out of a cell.
4.Status ante (fractura) ………………………………….. claviculae.

State before fractures of a clavicle.
5.Haemorrhagia cum (fractura) ………………………………………..

Hemorrhage with fracture.
6.Da in (tabuletta) ! …………………………………………………………

Give in troches!
Exercise 7
Translate from English into Latin:
1. Fracture of a scapula (shoulder blade) …………………………………………
2. A woman doctor heals a fracture of a scapula
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. A pharmacist prepares a mixture …………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Nature arms roses with thorns. ………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. We read and write. ……………………………………………………………..
6. Prepare (imperative) tincture of belladonna. …………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Pharmacist gives tablets to the ill women.
…………………………….…………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
Lesson N 7
Terms of Greek origin used in medicine, pharmacy and dental

medicine. Prefixes, suffixes and roots. Formation of medical and
pharmaceutical terms
Most medical terms describing different pathological conditions, medical

interventions or examinations are of Greek origin. Knowledge of the meaning of
the roots, prefixes, and suffixes enables the student to analyze the terms into
component parts.
The first reason for using Greek terms is that the ancient Greeks were
the founders of medicine in the 5th Century B.C. The Hippocratic School
formulated the theories which dominated medicine up to the beginning of the
18th Century. The Hippocratics were the first to describe diseases based on
observation, and the names given by them to many conditions are still used
today, for example, arthritis (inflammatiom of a joint), nephritis (inflammation
of a kidney).
The second reason is that Greek words or Latin words with Greek
endings are used to express new ideas, conditions, instruments. New terms
follow the older models of word formation, e. g. spondylectomia
(spondylectomy, excision or surgical removal of a vertebra, formed from the
Greek nouns spondylos – vertebra and ectome – excision).
The third reason for using the Greek roots is that they form an
international language easily understood by anyone familiar with this matter.
By knowing the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and roots of words, you can
easily figure out the meaning of a medical term or term of pharmacology.
For example, if you see the root cardi-, you know that the term is connected
with heart. Examples: cardiologia (cardiology) – science concerned with heart
diseases, remedia cardiaca – medicines treating heart giseases. When you know
the meaning of the word elements, you can construct different terms. For
example, if you want to say “science concerned with medicines, drugs”, you can
express it with one term – pharmacologia (pharmacology) using the Greek roots
from the noun pharmacon – medicine, drug, and root -logia – science, the study
of something.
Greek and Latin medical terms can be broken down into one or more
word parts. There are four possible word parts:
- prefix – first part of the word, changes the meaning of the word
a-, an- – without, absence, lack of something: atonia – lack of tension or tone,
remedia analgetica – analgesic medicines.
- root – the part which contains the essential meaning of the word
- suffix – final terminological element, expresses meaning or determines the
word as a noun or adjective. For example, nouns formed with suffix -itis mean
an inflammation, an inflammatory process. The root of the term indicates which
organ is inflamed: nephritis – inflammation of a kidney, spondylitis –
inflammation of a vertebra.
- linking or connecting vowel. A medical term may not have a prefix or suffix.
It could be formed by two or more roots, connected with the vowel -o-:
cyt – o – logia – the study of cells, cardi-o-pathia – heart disease.
In our curs of Latin language and terminology we start with Latin terms
(anatomical, pathological, pharmacological). Than we study the Greek elements
(roots, prefixes, suffixes) corresponding to Latin words.
Greek roots corresponding to nouns of The First declension
Anatomical terms
Latin word Greek Meanin Example in English term Explanation
root g Latin
cellŭla, ae f cyt(o)-, cell cytologia cytology study of cells
-cyt- white blood
leukocytus leukocyte cell
gingiva, ae f ul(o)- gum, gingivorrhag gingivorrhagia bleeding from
gingiva ia the gums
maxilla, ae f gnath(o)- jaw gnathoplasti gnathoplasty plastic
mandibula, ae -gnathia ca surgery of the
f jaw
micrognathi micrognathia small lower
a micrognathis jaw
m
lingua, ae f gloss- tongue glossotomia glossotomy incision of the
tongue
-glossia aglossia aglossia absence of
tongue
mamma, ae f mast(o)-, breast, mastopathia mastopathy disease of
-mastia mamma mammary
ry gland
gland
vagīna, ae f colp(o)- vagīna colposcopia colposcopy instrumental
examination
of vagina
vena, ae f phleb(o)- vein plebotomia phlebotomy incision of a
vein/veins
vertebra, ae f spondyl(o vertebra spondylalgia spondylalgia pain in
)- vertebra(e)
vesīca biliaris cholecyst( gallblad cholecystoto cholecystoto incision into
o)- der mia my the
gallbladder
vesīca cyst(o)- bladder cystoscopia cytoscopy instrumental
urinaria examination
of urinary
bladder
vita, ae f bio- life; biologia biology science
alive studying
living
organisms
Pathological conditions
Greek root Meaning Example English term Explanation
-algia, - pain spondylalgia spondylalgia pain in
alg- analgetica analgesics vertebrae;
(remedia) (drugs) analgesic drugs,
painkillers
-pathia disease spondylopathia spondylopathy disease of
vertebrae;
method of homeopathia homeopathy treatment of

treatment disease by
minute doses of
natural
substances that
in a healthy
person would
produce
symptoms of
disease.
-rrhagia hemorrhage, ophthalmorrhagia ophthalmorrhagia hemorrhage
bleeding from the eye(s)
-tonia tension, tone atonia atony lack of tension
or tone
-trophia nutrition atrophia atrophy defective
nutrition of
tissues
-uria urine dysuria dysuria difficult
urination
Medical interventions
-ectomia surgical dactylectomia dactylectomy amputation of a finger
removal,
excision
-tomia surgical spondylotomia spondylotomy incision of vertebra
incision
-plastica plastic surgery rhinoplastica rhinoplasty plastic surgery of the
nose
-rrhaphia surgical phleborrhaphia phleborhaphy surgical suturing of a
suturing vein
Diagnostic examinations
Greek root Meaning Example English Explanation
term
-graphia imagination, radiographia radiography use of X-rays to
diagnostic produce medical
examination images
-opsia sight, vision biopsia biopsy examination of
tissues
-scopia instrumental rhinoscopia rhinoscopy instrumental
examination examination of nasal
cavity
Sciences
-gnosia knowledge pharmacogno pharmacogno study of natural drugs
sia sy
-iatria healing, psychiatria psychiatry medical specialty of
medical mental disorders
practice
-logia science gynaecologia gynecology study of female
reproductive system
Other roots
gyn-, gynaec- woman gynaecomastia gynecomastia abnormal increase in the
size of male breast
tissue
physi(o)- nature physiologia physiology study of normal
functions in body
systems
-therapia treatment, phytotherapia phytotherapy treatment with plants,
therapy herbal preparations
Exercises:
1.Explain in English the meaning of following terms:

mastopathia ……………………………………………………………………
mastectomia ……………………………………………………………………
spondylopathia ………………………………………………………………….
spondylalgia …………………………………………………………………….
spondylotomia …………………………………………………………………..
cytologia ………………………………………………………………………..
cytoscopia ……………………………………………………………………….
erythrocytus ……………………………………………………………………
leukocytus ……………………………………………………………………..
phlebalgia ………………………………………………………………………
phlebotomia …………………………………………………………………….
phleborrhaphia …………………………………………………………………..
colposcopia ……………………………………………………………………..
cystoscopia ……………………………………………………………………..
cystotomia ………………………………………………………………………
gynaecologia …………………………………………………………………..
biologia ………………………………………………………………………..
physiologia ………………………………………………………………………
pharmacologia …………………………………………………………………..
paediatria ……………………………………………………………………….
psychiatria ………………………………………………………………………
pharmacognosia ………………………………………………………………..
pharmacotherapia ………………………………………………………………
phytotherapia …………………………………………………………………..
dactylotomia …………………………………………………………………..
dactylectomia ………………………………………………………………….
macrognathia ………………………………………………………………….
micrognathia ………………………………………………………………….
gingivoplastica (uloplastica) ………………………………………………….
2. Form Greek terms according to the meaning:

bleeding from the gums ……………………………………………………
cells science …………………………………………………………………..
X-ray examination of urinary bladder …………………………………………..
incision of vagina …………………………………………………………….
science of living organisms ……………………………………………………
breast disease ………………………………………………………………….
vertebral pain ……………………………………………………………………
vein pain ………………………………………………………………………..
X-ray of veins …………………………………………………………………..
treatment (therapy) with water ………………………………………………….
study of natural drugs ……………………………………………………………
3. Write the Latin nouns corresponding to the following Greek roots.

Translate them into English.
Example: bio- vita, ae f life
colpo- …………………………………………………………………………..
phyto- …………………………………………………………………………..
cysto- ……………………………………………………………………………..
gyn-, gynaec- …………………………………………………………………..
mast(o)-, -mastia …………………………………………………………….
spondyl(o)- ……………………………………………………………………..
phleb(o) - ………………………………………………………………………..
gnath(o)- ……………………………………………………………………….
Lesson N 8
The Second declension (Delinatio secunda)
Second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender. There are
some feminine gender exceptions with endings -us, -er in Nominative singular.
All of them end in -i in Genitive singular. In Nominative singular masculine
nouns have endings -us, -er, -ir, neuter nouns end in -um. Nominative and
Accusative of all neuter nouns in Latin are always identical. Nominative and
Accusative plural of neuter nouns end in -a. Second declension nouns have
stem -o- .
Masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative -us /-er / -ir -i
Genitive -i -ōrum
Dative -o -is
Accusative -um -os
Ablative -o -is

Nominative nervus nervi
Genitive nervi nervōrum
Dative nervo nervis
Accusative nervum nervos
Ablative nervo nervis
- Dat. Sg. and Abl. Sg. are identical with ending -o.
- Dat. Pl. and Abl. Pl. are always identical (-is for the I and II declension).
- Gen. pl. shows the stem of the noun (-ōrum = o + rum).
- Acc. Pl. is formed from the stem -o + -s = -os.
- Abl. Sg. coincides with the stem -o.
Masculine nouns
Pharmaceutical terms
sirŭpus, i m syrup
bulbus, i m bulb, a rounded underground storage organ present in some plants
succus, i m juice
pastillus, i m pastille, lozenge
Botanical terms (used in exercises)

Cacao cocoa
Rubus idaeus, i m raspberry
Scilla maritime, ae f maritime squill
Urtica, ae f nettle
Uva ursi, Uvae ursi f bearberry
Anatomical terms
digitus, i m finger, digit
huměrus, i m humerus, shoulder bone
muscŭlus, i m muscle
nasus, i m nose
nervus, i m nerve
ocŭlus, i m eye
utěrus, i m uterus, womb
ventricŭlus, i m stomach; cardiac ventricle; cerebral ventricle
Pathological terms
cancer, cancri m cancer
morbus, i m disease
Medical terms
medicus, i m doctor, physician
paediater, paediatri m pediatrician
aegrotus, i m an ill man, patient
locus, i m place, spot
Other words
cibus, i m food, meal, eating
puer, pueri m boy
vir, i m man
Neuter nouns

Nominative -um -a
Genitive -i -ōrum
Dative -o -is
Accusative -um -a
Ablative -o -is

Nominative remedium (medicine) remedia
Genitive remedii remediōrum
Dative remedio remediis
Accusative remedium remedia
Ablative remedio remediis
Neuter nouns of second declension have the same specifics like masculine
and feminine nouns. Their own characteristic is: all neuter nouns in Latin have
identical forms in Nominative and Accusative. Their plural forms for
Nominative and Accusative always end in -a. Some neuter nouns in Bulgarian
form plural with the ending -a. They have the same plural ending -a in Greek.
Example: Nom. Sg. Nom. Pl. Meaning
Latin remedium remedia medication medications
Bulgarian лекарство лекарства
Greek φάρμακο φάρμακα
Neuter nouns
butyrum, i n butter
decoctum, i n decoction, a medicine prepared by boiling or heating
folium, ii n leave
infusum, i n infusion, a medicine prepared by soaking the leaves of a
plant or herb in liquid
linimentum i n liniment, a liquid or lotion for the skin

oleum, i n oil
praeparatum, i n medical preparation
remedium, ii n medicine, drug, medication, remedy
suppositorium, ii n suppository, a solid medical preparation in a conical or

cylindrical shape, designed to be inserted into
the rectum or vagina to dissolve
unguentum, i n ointment, a smooth oily preparation

venenum, i n venom, poison
Chemical terms
acidum, i n acid
oxidum, i n oxide
peroxidum, i n peroxide
hydroxidum, i n hydroxide
Anatomical terms
cerebrum, i n brain
collum, i n neck, neck-like structure
cranium, ii n skull, cranium
hemisphaerium, ii n hemisphere
ligamentum, i n ligament
ovarium, ii n ovary
septum, i n septum, dividing wall
Feminine nouns
bolus, i f clay, a small rounded mass of a substance
diameter, tri f diameter
methodus, i f method
periodus,i f period
Exercises
Exercise 1
Form Nominative plural of the following nouns. Translate them into English.
muscŭlus ………………………………………………………………………
paediater ……………………………………………………………………….
extractum ……………………………………………………………………….
periŏdus ………………………………………………………………………..
vir ………………………………………………………………………………
sirŭpus …………………………………………………………………………
infūsum …………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2
Translate the following pharmaceutical terms into English.
Butyrum Cacao ………………………………………………………………
Decoctum foliōrum Urticae …………………………………………………...
Succus Rubi idaei …………………………………………………………….
Folia Uvae ursi ……………………………………………………………….
Extractum foliōrum Belladonnae ………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Infusum foliōrum Rubi idaei ……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 3
Translate the following anatomical terms into English.
Septum nasi …………………………………………………………………….
Ligamenta ovariōrum ………………………………………………………….
Ligamentum utěri ……………………………………………………………….
Collum huměri …………………………………………………………………
Hemisphaeria cerebri …………………………………………………………..
Exercise 4
Translate the following diagnoses into English.
Fractūra septi nasi …………………………………………………………….
Fractūra humeri ………………………………………………………………..
Status post fracturam humeri ………………………………………………..
Fracturae radii ………………………………………………………………
Status post fracturas radiorum …………………………………………………..
Morbus ocŭli ………………………………………………………………….
Morbi musculōrum …………………………………………………………….
Rupūra ligamenti ovarii ………………………………………………………
Status post rupturam ligamenti ovarii ……………………………………………
Ruptūrae musculōrum ……………………………………………………….
Status post rupturas musculorum ………………………………………………...
Morbi nervōrum ……………………………………………………………….
Fractūra colli costae …………………………………………………………..
Exercise 5
Translate the following diagnoses into Latin
Disease of a muscle ………………………………………………………….
Rupture of ligaments …………………………………………………………
Fracture of a finger ……………………………………………………………
State after fracture of a finger ……………………………………………………
Diseases of the eyes ………………………………………………………….
Cancer of the stomach ……………………………………………………….
Exercise 6
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Medici morbos sanant.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Medicus morbum dignoscit.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Medicus curat aegrotum.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Medicus aegroto remedia praescribit.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Ophthalmologia de morbis oculorum scientia est
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Refrigera et percola infusum foliorum Salviae
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Da suppositoria cum extracto Belladonnae

……………...……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Praepara decoctum foliorum Uvae ursi!
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Linaetolum praeparatum ex oleo Lini est.
……………………………………..…………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. Aegrotus remedia sumit
…………………………………………………………………………………..
cum + Abl. with

de + Abl. about, from, of
ex + Abl. from, of, out of
Salvia, ae f sage tea
Vocabulary
acidum, i n acid
aegrotus, i m an ill man
bulbus, i m bulb, a rounded underground storage organ present in some

plants
butyrum, i n butter
cerebrum, i n brain
cum + Abl. with
decoctum, i n decoction, remedy prepared by boiling or heating
folium ii n leave
humerus, i m humerus, shoulder bone
infusum, i n infusion, medication prepared by soaking the leaves of a

plant or herb in water
morbus, i m disease
musculus, i m muscle
nasus, i m nose
nervus, i m nerve
oculus, i m eye
oleum, i n oil
ovarium, ii n ovary
oxidum, i n oxide
paediater, tri m pediatrician
periodus,i f period
puer, pueri boy
sirupus, i m syrup
succus, i m juice
suppositorium ii n suppository, a solid medical preparation in a conical or

cylindrical shape, designed to be inserted into
the rectum or vagina to dissolve

uterus, i m uterus, womb
ventriculus, i m stomach; cardiac ventricle; cerebral ventricle
vir, i m man
Lesson N 9
Greek roots corresponding to Second declension Latin nouns
Anatomical terms
Latin Greek root Meaning Latin English Explanation
word example term of term
cerebrum, encephal brain encephalo- encephalo- brain disease
in (o)- pathia pathy
digitus, i dactyl(o)-, finger, dactylotomia dactylotomy incision of a
m -dactylia digit finger
musculus, my(o)- muscle myalgia myalgia pain in
im muscles
nasus, i m rhin(o)- nose rhinorrhagia rhinorrhagia hemorrhage
from the
nose
nervus, i neur(o) - nerve neurologia neurology Science
m concerned
with nerve
diseases
oculus, i ophthalm(o)- eye ophthalmitis ophthalmitis eye
m -ophthalmia inflammation
uterus, i metr(o)-, uterus, metropathia metropathy any disease
m hyster(o)- womb of the uterus
hysterecto- hysterecto- removal of

mia my the uterus
ventricu- gastr (o) - stomach gastrotomia gastrotomy surgical
lus, i m incision into
the stomach
Pathological states
Latin word Greek root Meaning Latin English Explanation
example term of term
morbus, i path(o)-, disease, pathologia pathology study of
m -pathia illness, diseases
sickness gastropathia gastropathy stomach
disease
planta, ae f phyt(o) - plant, herb, phytologia phytology study of
herba, ae f herbal medicinal
prepa- plants
ration
remedium, pharmac(o) medicine, pharmacolo- pharmaco- science of
ii n - medication, gia logy drug action
drug, on
remedy biological
systems
Other words
vir, i m andr(o)- man andrologia andrology study of
male
reproductive
system
Exercises on combining forms of the Second declension
Exercise 1
Explain the following terms:
a) myologia ………………………………………………………………..
ophthalmologia …………………………………………………………………
pharmacologia …………………………………………………………………
pathologia …………………………………………………………………….
rhinologia ………………………………………………………………………
b) rhinorrhagia …………………………………………………………..
ophthalmorrhagia ……………………………………………………………….
gastrorrhagia …………………………………………………………………….
metrorrhagia …………………………………………………………………..
c) neuralgia ………………………………………………………………….
gastralgia ………………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2
Use the Greek roots to form a term that means:
a) disease of the nerves …………………………………………………
disease of the stomach ………………………………………………………..
disease of the eyes ……………………………………………………………
b) incision of a finger ………………………………………………………

excision (surgical removal) of a finger ………………………………………….
excision (surgical removal) of the uterus ………………………………………
c) study of stomach diseases

study of drugs derived from plants and other natural sources
………………………………………………………………………………..
study of drugs and their impact on living organisms
………………………………………………………………………………..
study of muscles …………………………………………………………….
d) hemorrhage from the stomach …………………………………………

hemorrhage from the uterus …………………………………………………..
hemorrhage from the nose …………………………………………………….
e) treatment with plants, herbs …………………………………………...

treatment with water ………………………………………………………….
treatment with drugs …………………………………………………………
Exercise 3
Write the Latin nouns corresponding to the following Greek roots
Exmple: rhin(o)- nasus, i m
ophthalm(o)- ……………………………………………………………….
-pathia ……………………………………………………………….
myo- ………………………………………………………………..
pharmac(o)- ………………………………………………………………..
neur(o)- ………………………………………………………………..
dactyl(o)- ……………………………………………………………….
Lesson N 10
First and Second declension adjectives

(Adiectiva declinationis primae et secundae)
The dictionary forms of the adjectives are Nominative singular masculine,

feminine and neuter.
Examples:
sanus, sana, sanum healthy
liber, liběra, liběrum free
ruber, rubra, rubrum red
Masculine and neuter forms of the adjectives are declined like Second
declension masculine and neuter noun forms. The feminine form is declined
like first declension nouns.
There are tree groups of adjectives according to the type of their endings:
1.Adjectives ending in: m -us, f -a, n -um.

sanus, sana, sanum – healthy
Singular Plural
Case m f n m f n
Nominative sanus sana sanum sani sanae sana
Genitive sani sanae sani sanorum sanarum sanorum
Dative sano sanae sano sanis sanis sanis
Accusative sanum sanam sanum sanos sanas sana
Ablative sano sana sano sanis sanis sanis
Exercise 1
Translate the following nouns and adjectives into English:
acutus, a, um acute, sharp morbi acuti ………………………………

aegrotus, a, um ill, sick, diseased vir aegrotus ……………………………...
amarus, a, um bitter tincturae amarae …………………………
amylaceus, a, um amylaceous capsulae amylaceae ………………….......
chronicus, a, um chronic neuropathia chronica …………………….
compositus, a, um complex, compound sirupus compositus ..………………
destillatus, a, um distilled aqua destillata …………………………..
3. Adjectives with endings: m -er, f -ěra, n -ěrum.
liber, liběra, liběrum – free

m f n m f n
Nominative liber libera liberum liberi liberae libera
Genitive liberi liberae liberi liberorum liberarum liberorum
Dative libero liberae libero liberis liberis liberis
Accusative liberum liberam liberum liberos liberas libera
Ablative libero libera libero liberis liberis liberis

lacer, lacěra, lacěrum torn
tener, teněra, teněrum tender, soft
mortifer, mortifěra, mortifěrum deadly, lethal, mortal
sudorifer, sudorifěra, sudorifěrum sweat
sanguifer, sanguifěra, sangufěrum blooded, sanguineous
Exercise 2
Match the adjectives with the nouns depending on their gender, number and
case. Translate them into English. Example: sirupus, i m (amarus, a, um)
sirupus amarus – bitter sirup. Sirupus is a masculine noun, so we choose the
masculine form of the adjective – amarus.
morbus (chronicus, a, um) ………………………………………………….

morbi (mortifer, mortifera, mortiferum) ………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
glandula (sudorifer, sudorifera, sudoriferum) ………………………………….
vasa (sanguifer, sanguifera, sanguferum) …………………………………….
femina (liber, libera, liberum) ……………………………………………………
3. Adjectives ending in: m -er, f -ra, n -rum.
The vowel -e- exists only in masculine Nominative singular. It drops out in all
other cases for masculine, feminine and neuter forms.
ruber, rubra, rubrum – red
Singular Plural
m f n m f n
Nominative ruber rubra rubrum rubri rubrae rubra
Genitive rubri rubrae rubri rubrorum rubrarum rubrorum
Dative rubro rubrae rubro rubris rubris rubris
Accusative rubrum rubram rubrum rubros rubras rubra
Ablative rubro rubra rubro rubris rubris rubris
dexter, dextra, dextrum right clavicula dextra right clavicle

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left humerus sinister left humerus
ruber, rubra, rubrum red crystallus rubra red crystal
niger, nigra, nigrum black substantia nigra black substance,

a structure of deeply pigmented
cells on the midbrain that regulates
movement and coordination
Exercise 3
Translate the following diagnoses into English:
Fractura humeri dextri ………………………………………………………
Fracturae claviculae sinistrae ……………………………………………….
Vitium atrii dextri ………………………………………………………
Status post fracturam scapulae sinistrae ………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………..
Ruptura ligamenti ovarii dextri ………………………………………………
Visus oculi sinistri …………………………………………………………….
Nucleus ruber ………………………………………………………………….
Lesson N 11
The Third consonant declension

(Declinatio tertia consonans)
Third declension nouns in Genitive singular end in -is. They are divided
into three categories according to the consonant of their stem.
Third consonant declension nouns or consonant stems
The stem of the nouns ends in a consonant.They are imparisyllabic – in

Genitive singular there is one more syllable than in Nominative singular.
We can find the stem by removing the ending -is from the Genitive
singular form.
Nouns with consonant stems are given in the dictionaries with Nominative
singular form, part of the stem and Genitive singular ending -is: trauma, ătis n–
-ătis is a part of the Genitive singular form traumătis, the stem is traumat - .
E. g.: Nom. radix

Gen. radīcis radic – is stem radic –
E. g.: Nom. pes
Gen. pedis ped – is stem ped –
E. g.: Nom. corpus
Gen. corpŏris corpor – is stem corpor –
E. g.: Nom. cavĭtas
Gen. cavitātis cavitat – is stem cavitat –
E. g.: Nom. operatio
Gen. operatiōnis operation – is stem operation –
Genitive singular forms have one more syllable than Nominative

singular. The number of syllables in Nominative and Genitive singular is non-
equal (impar in Latin means non-equal). Because of it consonant declension
nouns are named imparisyllabic nouns.
Exercise 1
Determine the stem of the following nouns:
Nom. sg. Gen. sg. Meaning Stem
Example: gravidĭtas, graviditatis f pregnancy graviditat-
stomatītis, stomatitĭdis f mouth inflammation …………………………

lien, lienis m spleen ………………………………………..
solutio, solutiōnis f solution ………………………………………
ulcus, ulcěris n ulcer …………………………………………..
cortex, cortĭcis m bark; cortex ……………………………………
flos, floris m flower ………………………………………..
semen, semĭnis n seed …………………………………………….
rhizōma, rhizomătis n rhizome …………………………………………
Third consonant declension – masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative different endings -es
Genitive -is -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative radix (radic + -s) root radīc – es
Genitive radīc – is radīc – um
Dative radīc – i radīc – ĭbus
Accusative radīc – em radīc - es
Ablative radīc - e radīc - ĭbus
Third consonant declension – neuter nouns

Nominative different endings -a
Genitive -is -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative = Nominative -a
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative semen (seed) semĭn - a
Genitive semĭn - is semĭn - um
Dative semĭn - i semĭn - ĭbus
Accusative semen semĭn - a
Ablative semĭn - e semĭn - ĭbus
Third consonant declension nouns always have identical forms for

Nominative and Accusative plural -es, for Dative and Ablative plural -ĭbus.
Neuter nouns have identical Nominative and Accusative singular and plural
forms. They form Nominative and Accusative plural with ending -a.
First we need to find the consonant stem of a noun. From the stem we can
form the case we need.
Exercise 2
Decline the nouns cortex, cortĭcis m – bark; cortex; corpus, corpŏris n - body

Nominative cortex
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Nominative corpus
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Groups of nouns according to the consonant of their stem
1.Nouns with stem -c- and -g-
Masculine nouns with suffix -ex, -ĭcis

cortex, cortĭcis m bark, rind; cortex
apex, apĭcis m apex, top, point
pollex, pollĭcis m thumb, pollex
Feminine nouns with suffix -ix, -īcis

radix, radīcis f root
cervix, cervīcis f neck, cervix
pix, picis f resina, pitch
lex, legis f low, norm
2. Nouns with stem -d- and -t-

Nouns with stem -d- and -t- in Nomnative singular end in -s.
Consonants -d- and -t- before -s drop.
We can see the stem in Genitive singular and also in the other cases.
Masculine nouns
pes, pedis m foot
Names of the salts in chemistry

Names of salts are formed by the name of the chemical element in Genitive
singular and the name of the salt. The name of the salt is formed with suffixes
-as, -ātis m; -is, -ītis m.
Nominative singular Genitive singular English term
Calcii cabonas Calcii carbonātis calcium carbonate
Kalii arsenis Kalii arsenītis potassium arsenite
Natrii nitras Natrii nitrātis sodium nitrate
N. B. The names of salts are written in Genitive singular in prescriptions.

Example:
Take 10 mg of potassium arsenite Rp. Kalii arsenitis 10 mg
(Rp. = Recipe! – Take!)
Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns with suffix -tas, -tātis f
cavĭtas, cavitātis f cavity
gravidĭtas, graviditātis f pregnancy
sterilĭtas, sterilitātis f infertility, barrenness
Feminine nouns with suffix -ītis, -itĭdis f. These nouns mean an inflammatory
process, an inflammation. Terms are formed from the Greek name of the organ
by adding the suffix -ītis, -itĭdis.
Organ Meaning Root Inflammatory process English term

(Greek noun)
arthron joint arthr- arthrītis, arthritĭdis f arthritis
bronchus bronchus bronch- bronchītis, bronchitīdis f bronchitis
colon large intestine col- colītis, colitĭdis f colitis
enteron small intestine enter- enterītis, enteritĭdis f enteritis
gaster stomach gastr- gastrītis, gastritĭdis f gastritis
glossa tongue gloss- glossītis, glossitĭdis f glossitis
hepar liver hepat- hepatītis, hepatitĭdis f hepatitis
stoma mouth stomat- stomatītis, stomatitĭdis f stomatitis
There are also Latin terms that mean inflammation:

Organ Meaning Root Inflammatory process English term
(Latin noun)
appendix appendix appendic- appendicītis, itĭdis f appendicitis
gingiva gum gingiv- gingivītis, gingivitĭdis f gingivitis
tonsilla tonsil tonsil- tonsillītis, itĭdis f tonsillitis
Neuter nouns
Neuter nouns with suffixes -ōma, -omătis; -ēma, -emătis; -ma, -mătis
symptōma, symptomătis n symptom

rhizōma, rhizomătis n rhizome, rootstock, horizontal underground stem
Neuter nouns formed with the suffix -oma, -omătis n mean tumor, cancerous
growth.
carcinōma, carcinomătis n carcinoma, cancer;

hepatōma, hepatomătis n hepatom; a tumor of the liver
lipōma, lipomătis n lipoma; a benign tumor, composed of fat cells
myōma, myomătis n myoma, a tumor, formed of muscle tissue
nephrōma, nephromătis n nephroma; a tumor of kidney tissue
sarcōma, sarcomătis n sarcoma; a malignant tumor, composed of cells
derived from connective tissue
Neuter nouns formed with the suffix -ēma, -emătis n

exanthēma, exanthemătis n exanthema, a skin eruption or rash
empyēma, empyemătis n empyema, a condition in which pus and fluid
from infected tissue collects in a body cavity
oedēma, oedemătis n swelling, edema, an accumulation of an excessive

amount of watery fluid in cells
Neuter nouns formed with the suffix -ma, -mătis n

trauma, traumătis n trauma, injury, psychological or emotional damage
Other neuter nouns

caput, capĭtis n head
hepar, hepătis n liver
3. Nouns with stem -n-
Masculine nouns
Masculine nouns with the suffix -o, -ōnis m
Carbo, carbōnis m carbon
pulmo, pulmōnis m lung
sapo, sapōnis m soap
Masculine nouns with the suffix -o, -ĭnis m

homo, homĭnis m man, human being
Other masculine nouns with the stem -n-

aden, adenis m gland
lien, lienis m spleen
ren, renis m kidney
Nominative singular of this nouns is identical with their stem -n-.
Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns with the suffix -io, -iōnis f
emulsio, emulsiōnis f emulsion, a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one
liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible
regio, regiōnis f region, area, field

laesio, laesiōnis f lesion, injury
Feminine nouns with the suffix -tio, -tiōnis f

decoctio, decoctiōnis f decoction, boiling
destillatio, destillatiōnis f distillation, the action of purifying a liquid by a
process of heating and cooling
extractio, extractiōnis f extraction, extraction of active substances from the
plants
injectio, injectiōnis f injection, an instant of injecting
maceratio, maceratiōnis f maceration, soaking, to immerse something in a
liquid
solutio, solutiōnis f solution, a liquid mixture in which the minor
component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within
the major component (the solvent)
Medical terms
evacuatio, evacuatiōnis f evacuation, the action of emptying the bowels or
another bodily organ
interventio, interventiōnis f intervention

operatio, operatiōnis f operation, an act of surgery performed on a
patient
sectio, sectiōnis f section, cut, cutting
resectio, resectiōnis f resection, partial section
Feminine nouns with suffix -go, -gĭnis f

cartilago, cartilagĭnis f cartilage
imago, imagĭnis f image
margo, margĭnis f (m) margin, border, edge
virgo, virgĭnis f virgin
Neuter nouns
Neuter nouns with the suffix -men, -mĭnis n
abdomen, abdomĭnis n abdomen, belly, abdominal cavity
foramen, foramĭnis n foramen, hole, opening
nomen, nomĭnis n noun, name
semen, semĭnis n seed, seminal fluid
4. Nouns with stem -r-
Masculine nouns
Masculine nouns with the suffix -or, -ōris m
amor, amōris m love
calor, calōris m heat
color, colōris m color, coloring
dolor, dolōris m pain
rubor, rubōris m redness
Masculine nouns with the suffix -tor, -tōris
Nouns formed with this suffix mean a doer of the action
actor, actōris m actor, player
narrator, narratōris m narrator, teller
orator, oratōris m speaker, orator
Names of the muscles in anatomy are formed with the suffix -tor, -tōris:
abductor, abductōris m abductor, a muscle whose contraction moves a limb or

part away from the midline of the body
adductor, adductōris m adductor, a muscle whose contraction moves a limb or

other part of the body toward the midline of the body
Nominative singular of masculine nouns with the suffixes -or and -tor is
identical
with their stem -r-.
Masculine nouns with the suffix -os, -oris

flos, floris m flower
Neuter nouns
Neuter nouns with the suffix -us, -ŏris
corpus, corpŏris n body, corps
tempus, tempŏris n time
tempŏra, tempŏrum n temples, the flat part of either side of the head between
the forehead and the ear.
Neuter nouns with the suffix -us, -ěris

genus, geněris n gender, genus, kind, sort
latus, latěris n side, part
ulcus, ulcěris n ulcer, an open sore on an external or internal surface of
the body
vulnus, vulněris n wound, hurt
Neuter nouns with the suffix -us, -uris
crus, cruris n shank, lower leg, part from the knee to the ankle
pus, puris n pus; a thick yellowish or greenish liquid produced in
infected tissue, consisting of dead white blood cells
Exercise 3
Match the adjectives with the followin nouns depending on their gender.
Example: crus, cruris n dexter, dextra, dextrum crus dextrum right shank
Crus is a neuter noun. Dextrum is the neuter form of the adjective.
The nouns and adjectives can be of different declensions.
solutio, solutiōnis f concentrātus, a, um

……………………………………………
ulcus, ulcěris n chronĭcus, a, um
………………………………………………
corpus, corpŏris n humānus, a, um
……………………………………………….
ren, renis m sinister, sinistra, sinistrum
……………………………………..
gravidĭtas, graviditātis f extrauterīnus, a, um
……………………………………………..
tumor, tumōris m benignus, a, um
…………………………………………………
Exercise 4
Form the plural of the following nouns and adjectives. Translate them into
English.
Nom. sg. Nom. pl. Translation
Example: ulcus dolorosum ulcera dolorosa painful ulcers
(ulcus – Nom, sg., ulcĕris – Gen. sg., stem ulcer-. We add the plural ending
-a (neuter) to the stem ulcer- - ulcera - ulcers. We remove singular ending -um
from the adjective dolorosum. Than we add neuter plural ending -a – dolorosa
Nominative plural – ulcera dolorosa).
radix profunda …………………………………………………………….
ren elongatus ……………………………………………………………..
pes planus ………………………………………………………………………
foramen opticum ……………………………………………………………..
solutio diluta …………………………………………………………………..
nomen genericum ……………………………………………………………….
pix liquida ………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 5
Translate the following pharmaceutical terms into English.
radix Valerianae ……………………………………………………………..
semina Cucurbitae (pumpkin) …………………………………………………
cortex Chinae ……………………………………………………………………
Natrii sulfas …………………………………………………………………….
solutio concentrata ……………………………………………………………..
solutio per destillationem praeparata ……………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 6
Translate the following pharmaceutical terms into Latin.
Take root of valerian 20 grams. ………………………………………………..
Boil seeds of pumpkin …………………………………………………………
Take cortex of Cinchona 15 grams …………………………………………..
Take sodium sulfate 10 grams …………………………………………………..
The pharmacist prepares concentrated solutions. ………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
The solution is prepared by maceration. ……………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 7
Translate the following examples into English. Transform them after the
expressions therapia and status post. Example:
Colitis acuta Acute colitis.
Therapia colitidis acutae Therapy (treatment) of acute colitis.
Status post colitidem acutam State after acute colitis.
Bronchitis chronica ……………………………………………………………
Therapia ………………………………………………………………………..
Status post ……………………………………………………………………….
Ulcus chronicum …………………………………………………………………

Therapia ………………………………………………………………………..
Status post ……………………………………………………………………….
Carcinoma gelatinosum ……………………………………………………….

Therapia ………………………………………………………………………..
Status post ……………………………………………………………………….
Dolor acutus ……………………………………………………………………

Therapia ………………………………………………………………………..
Status post ……………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 8
Translate the following botanical terms into Latin.
Root of a plant. ………………………………………………………………..
Roots of plants. …………………………………………………………………
Seeds of coffee. (Coffea, ae f) …………………………………………………
Seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita, ae f) ……………………………………………
Rind of a plant. ………………………………………………………………….
Flowers of chamomile. (Chamomilla, ae f) ……………………………………
Exercise 9
Translate the following anatomical terms into Latin.
Upper extremity (apex) of the left lung ………………………………………..
Body of human being …………………………………………………………
Optic foramen …………………………………………………………………….
Outer layer of the right kidney ………………………………………………….
Exercise 10
Translate the folowing diagnoses into Latin.
Tumor of the spleen . ……………………………………………………………
Pain in the left kidney. ………………………………………………………….
Pain in the kidneys. ……………………………………………………………..
Carcinomas of the liver. ………………………………………………………….
Myomas of the uterus. ………………………………………………………….
Swellings of the lungs. ………………………………………………………….
Pain in the region of the abdomen. ……………………………………………..
Acute inflammation of the bronchi. ………………………………………………
Chronic inflammation of the gums. ………………………………………………
Symptoms of a disease. …………………………………………………………..
Contused wounds of the lower leg ……………………………………………….
Ulcers of the oral cavity …………………………………………………………
State after acute hepatitis ………………………………………………………..
State after an operation of the left lung …………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Dilation of the right side of the heart
Vocabulary
acute acutus, a, um
after post + Acc.
contused contusus, a, um
dilation dilatatio, dilatationis f
heart cor, cordis n
hepatitis hepatitis, hepatitidis f
kidney ren, renis m
left sinister, sinistrta, sinistrum
liver hepar, hepatis n
lower leg crus, cruris n
lung pulmo, pulmonis m
operation operatio, operationis f
oral cavity cavitas oris, cavitatis oris
pain dolor, doloris m
right dexter, dextra, dextrum
side latus, lateris n
spleen lien, lienis m
state status, us m
swelling oedema, oedematis n
tumor tumor, tumoris m
ulcer ulcus, uleris n
wound vulnus, vulneris n
Lesson N 12
Greek roots corresponding to the Third consonant declension Latin nouns
Anatomical terms
Latin Greek Meani Latin example English term Explanation of

word root ng term
cartilago, chondr- cartila chondrōma chondroma tumor of a
cartilagīn ge cartilage
is f
corpus, somat- body somatĭcus somatic pertaining/relati
corpŏris ng to the body
n
hepar, hepat- liver hepatĭcus hepatic pertaining/relati
hepătis n ng to the liver
hepatītis, itĭdis hepatitis liver

f inflammation
lien, splen- spleen splenectomia splenectomy
removal of the
liēnis m spleen
os, oris n stomat mouth stomatorrhagia stomatorrhagi hemorrhage
(o)- oral a from the mouth
cavity
pes, pod- foot podalgia podalgia pain in the foot
pedis m (syn.pododyni (syn.pododyn
a) ia)
pulmo, pneum-, lung pneumonia pneumonia lungs

pulmōnis pneumo inflammation
m n-
air pneumothorax pneumothora presence of air
x in the pleural
cavity
ren, renis nephr- kidney nephrologia nephrology study of kidney
m diseases
Exercises
Exercise 1
Explain the following compound terms of Greek origin:
chondromalacia …………………………………………………………………
chondrītis ………………………………………………………………………
somatoscopia ……………………………………………………………………
hepatōma ………………………………………………………………………..
hepatomegalia ……………………………………………………………………
remedia hepatoprotectiva ……………………………………………………….
nephropathia ……………………………………………………………………..
stomatalgia ………………………………………………………………………
stomatologia …………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2
Construct a compound term that means:
enlargement of the spleen ………………………………………………………
pain in the spleen ………………………………………………………………..
removal of a lung ………………………………………………………………..
presence of air in the pleural cavity …………………………………………….
formation of calculi in the kidneys ……………………………………………..
renal tumor ………………………………………………………………………
excision of a kidney ……………………………………………………………..
pain in the kidney ……………………………………………………………….
mouth inflammation …………………………………………………………….
inflammation of the right kidney ……………………………………………….
pain in the foot ………………………………………………………………….
hemorrhage from the oral cavity ……………………………………………….
Third vocal declension
(Declinatio tertia vocalis)
Third vocal declension nouns are feminine and neuter. Their stem ends
in vowel -i-.
They are parisyllabic. They have the same number of syllables in
Nominative and Genitive singular. We can see the vocal stem -i- in Ablative
singular -i and Genitive plural -ium.
1.Feminine nouns

Nominative -is -es
Genitive -is -ium
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -im -es
Ablative -i -ĭbus

Nominative dosis (dose) doses
Genitive dosis dosium
Dative dosi dosĭbus
Accusative dosim doses
Ablative dosi dosĭbus
Feminine nouns have identical forms in Nominative and Genitive

singular. We can distinguish these cases by the position of the feminine noun in
the sentence.
Example:
Tussis acuta Acute cough
Nom. Sg.
Therapia tussis acutae Therapy of an acute cough
Gen. sg.
When the noun is in first position, it is Nominative singular. When the
noun is in second position, it is Genitive singular (the second noun determines
the first).
a) Feminine nouns of Latin origin.
There are a few feminine nouns of Latin origin.
tussis, is f cough
pertussis, is f whooping cough
sitis, is f thirst
febris, is f fever, pyrexia, high body temperature
pelvis, is f pelvis
b) Feminine nouns of Greek origin

- With the suffix -āsis
basis, is base, lower part of something, bottom of structure
-lithiāsis, is f -lithiāsis, is; formation of stones (calculi)
metastāsis, is f metastāsis, the development of secondary malignant
growths
- With the suffix -ēsis

anamnēsis, is f case history, history of a diseases according to the patient’s
story
-centēsis surgical puncturing of an organ, e. g. laparocentēsis –
puncture of abdomen
diathēsis, is f diathesis, a tendency to suffer from a particular disease
parēsis, is f partial paralysis, a condition of muscular weakness
-poiēsis, is f formation, production of something, e.g. erythropoiēsis -
formation of red blood cells
- With the suffix -īsis

crisis, is f crisis, the timing point of a disease for better or worse;
intensification of symptoms in the course of a disease
epicrīsis, is f discharge summary
- With the suffix -ōsis

calculōsis, is f formation of calculi, synonym of Greek term (root)
-lithiasis
cyanōsis, is f bluish discoloration of the skin
diagnōsis, is f diagnose, identification of an illness by examination of
the symptoms
dosis, is f dose, a quantity of a drug taken at a particular time
lipomatōsis, is f lipomatosis, tumor-like accumulation of fat in body tissues
myomatōsis, is development of multiple myomas (tumors formed of muscle
tissue)
prognōsis, is f likely course of a disease, forecast, prognosis
-ptōsis prolapse or drooping of an organ, e. g. metroptosis
sclerōsis, is f sclerosis, induration (especially of blood vessels)
stenōsis, is f stenosis, abnormal narrowing in a passage of the body
thrombōsis, is f formation, development of blood clots
- With the suffix -ysis

-lysis breaking down or detachment, distruction
analysis, is f separation of component parts
dialysis, is separation of particles in a liquid
onycholysis, is f onycholysis, loosening or separation of a nail of its bed
paralysis, is f paralysis, loss of ability to move
Exercise 1
Decline the noun basis, is f – base

Nominative basis (base)
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
2. Neuter nouns
Neuter nouns end in -e, -al, -ar. When they form plural of Nominative and
Accusative plural, they keep the stem -i-, so their ending in these cases is -ia.

Nominative animal animalia
Genitive animalis animalium
Dative animali animalibus
Accusative animal animalia
Ablative animali animalibus
Exercise 2
Decline the noun rete, is n – network

Nominative rete (network)
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
rete, is n net, network

anĭmal, ālis n animal
exemplar, āris n example
cochlear, āris n spoon
Exercise 3
Match the following adjectives with the nouns depending on their gender,
number and case.
rete, is n (venōsus, a, um) ………………………………………………………..
tussis, is f (chronĭcus, a, um) ...…………………………………………………..
cochlear, aris n (theanus, a, um) ………………………………………………..
febris, is f (haemorrhagĭcus, a, um) ……………………………………………
Exercise 4
Make the following nouns and adjectives plural.
metastasis carcinomatōsa ……………………………………………………….
rete arteriōsum …………………………………………………………………
dosis therapeutĭca ………………………………………………………………
crisis gastrĭca ……………………………………………………………………
Exercise 5
Translate the following examples into English.
Therapia tussis acutae …………………………………………………………
Febris cum tussi ………………………………………………………………
Basis pulmōnis ………………………………………………………………
Fractūra pelvis ……………………………………………………………….
Cyanōsis organōrum …………………………………………………………….
Calculōsis renum ……………………………………………………………..
Lipomatōsis pancreatĭca ……………………………………………………..
Myomatōsis utěri ……………………………………………………………...
Prognōsis morbi bona …………………………………………………………..
Stenōsis arteriārum ……………………………………………………………...
cum + Abl. with
Exercise 6
Explain the following terms of Greek origin in English.
erythropoiēsis …………………………………………………………………..
stomatomycōsis ………………………………………………………………….
cystolithiāsis ……………………………………………………………………..
cholecystolytiāsis ……………………………………………………………….
haemolysis ……………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 7
Construct a compound term that means:
(use the Greek roots)
Surgical puncturing of the thorax ………………………………………………..
Prolapse of a kidney …...……………………………………………………..
Formation of white blood cells …………………………………………………..
Separation of component parts …………………………………………………..
Exercise 8
Translate the following examples into Latin.
Stenosis of the valve of the aorta ………………………………………………
Radiography (roentgenographia) of the base of the skull
…………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………
Symptoms of tuberculosis. ……………………………………………………….
Tuberculosis of the left lung. ……………………………………………………
Network of veins. ……………………………………………………………..
Cirrhosis of the liver. ………..………………………………………………….
Bad prognosis of a disease. …………………………………………………….
Therapeutic dose. ………………………………………………………………..
Arterial network of scapula ……………………………………………………
arterial arteriosus, arteriosa, arteriosum
bad malus, mala, malum
therapeutic therapeuticus, therapeutica, therapeuticum
valve valva, ae f
Exercise 9
Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Corpus hominis reti nervorum tegitur.
…………………………….…………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Medici aegrotos interrogant et anamnesim describunt.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Animalia saepe translatores infectionis sunt.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Folia Lauri tussim acutam levant.

…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Sume sirupum cum cochleari theano.…………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Misce pulverem foliorum Digitalis cum saccharo.

…………………………………………………….…………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Solve cochlear theanum acidi borici in aqua.

……………………………………………………………………………………
Vocabulary
acidum, i n acid
acutus, a, um acute
anamnesis, is f case history
animal, animalis n animal
aqua, ae f water
boricus, a, um boric
cochlear, aris n spoon
corpus, corporis n body
cum + Abl. with
describo, describere describe
Digitalis, is m digitalis, foxglove
folium, ii n leave
homo, hominis m man, human being
interrogo, are interrogate, question, enquire
Laurus, i m laurel
levo, levare to relieve
medicus, i m doctor
misceo, miscere to mix
nervus, i m nerve
pulvis, pulveris m powder
rete, is n network
saccharum, i n sugar
saepe adv. often
sirupus, i m syrup
sumo, sumere to take
tego, tegere cover
theanus, a, um tea
translator, oris m career, transporter, transmitter
tussis, is f cough
Lesson N 13
Third mixed declension or mixed stems

(Declinatio tertia mixta)
Third mixed declension nouns are declined like third consonant

declension nouns. They have the ending -ium like third vocal declension nouns
only in Genitive plural. They are parisyllabic (with the same number of
syllables in Nominative and Genitive singular) or imparisyllabic (one more
syllable in Genitive singular comparing with Nominative singular).
Par – equal, impar – non-equal.
The Third mixed declension – parisyllabic nouns

Nominative -is, -es -es
Genitive -is -ium (vocal stem -i-)
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative auris (ear) aures
Genitive auris aurium
Dative auri aurĭbus
Accusative aurem aures
Ablative aure aurĭbus
Masculine nouns
Latin noun English Greek root Example Explanation
unguis, is m nail onych- onychomycosis fungal infection
of the nails
mensis, is m month -men- -
menses, ium m menstruation -men- menorrhoea menstruation
amenorrhoea absence of
menstrual period
dysmenorrhoea painful menstruation
canalis, is m canal - - -
Feminine nouns
apis, is bee - apitherapia use of honey bee

products including honey, pollen,
bee bread, propolis, venom
apitoxinum bee poison
auris, is f ear ot(o)- otitis ear inflammation

otorrhagia hemorrhage from the ear
otolithiasis formation of calcium
concrements in the ear
guttae otologicae ear drops
bilis, is f bile, gall chole- cholelithiasis formation of

calculi in the gallbladder
cutis, is f skin derm-, epidermis outer layer of the skin

dermat- dermatologia dermatology
dermatoma skin tumor
dermatitis skin inflammation
Exercise 1
Decline the noun unguis, is m - nail
Nominative unguis (nail)
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
The Third mixed declension – imparisyllabic nouns

Nominative -s -es
Genitive -is -ium
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ĭbus

Nominative dens (tooth) dentes
Genitive dentis dentium
Dative denti dentĭbus
Accusative dentem dentes
Ablative dente dentĭbus
Consonant t from the stem drops before -s – Nominative singular ending.

Example: dents →dens, lents →lens, parts →pars.
Masculine nouns
Latin noun English word Greek root Example Explanation
dens, dentis m tooth odont(o)-, -odontia odontitis tooth

inflammation
odontolithiasis presence of dental calculus
microdontia abnormal smallness of

the teeth
macrodontia abnormally large teeth
mons, montis m mountain, eminence - -

pons, pontis m bridge, bridge-like structure - -
Feminine nouns
ars, artis f art techn- technologia technology
lens, lentis f lens phak-, -phakia aphakia absence of lens

phakitis inflammation of
the eye lens
phakomalacia softening of the
eye lens
mens, mentis f mind, intellect phren-, -phrenia
oligophrenia, less than normal
mental development
pars, partis f part - - -
Neuter nouns
cor, cordis n heart cardi(o)-, -cardia cardiologia cardiology
cardiorrhexis rupture of
the heart wall
bradycardia slowness of the

heartbeat
tachycardia rapid beating of

the heart
remedia cardiaca
cardiac medications
fel, fellis n bile flow chole remedia cholagoga

drugs that promote the flow of bile
from the gall bladder into the duodenum
mel, mellis n honey mel- diabetes mellitus

honeysweet diabetes (so called because excessive glucose is excreted in the
urine and the resulting sweet taste of the urine was used in diagnosis)
os, ossis n bone oste(o)- osteologia study of structure and

function of the bones
(part of anatomy)
osteitis inflammation of a bone
osteomalacia softening of the bones
osteoporosis decrease in bone mass
Exercise 2
Decline the noun pars, partis f (part)
Nominative pars (part)
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Exercise 3
Translate the following phrases from Latin into English.
Fractura ossium cruris sinistri. …………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Radix dentis. ……………………………………………………………………
Fractura radicis dentis permanentis. …………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….
Dosis parva Morphini. …………………………………………………………..
Corpus alienum in aure dextra. …………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Dilatatio lateris sinistri cordis. ………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
Laesiones lentis oculi dextri. ……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Mens sana in corpore sano. ………………………………………………………
Status post extractionem dentis. …………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Venenum apis. ………………………………………………………………….
Apis mellifera. ………………………………………………………………….
Morbi cutis. ……………………………………………………………………..
Canales optici. …………………………………………………………………
Inflammatio auris internae. …………………………………………………….
Fragilitas unguium. ……………………………………………………………
Vocabulary
alienus, a, um foreign
apis, is f bee
auris, is f ear
cor, cordis n heart
corpus, oris n body
crus, cruris, n lower leg
cutis, is f skin
dens, dentis m tooth
dilatatio, onis f dilation
fragilitas, atis f fragility
laesio, onis f lesion
latus, eris n side
mellifer, era, erum melliferous, nectariferous, bringing honey
mens, mentis f mind, spirit
morbus, i m disease
oculus, i m eye
os, ossis n bone
parvus a, um small
radix, icis f root
sanus, a, um healthy, strong
unguis, is m nail
Exercise 4
Translate the following from English into Latin.
Tooth extraction (Extraction of a tooth). …………………………………….
Fracture of a bone. ……………………………………………………………….
Mind diseases. ………………………………………………………………….
Fragility of the bones. ……………………………………………………………
State after operation of the heart. ……………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Parts of the human body. ………………………………………………………
Extraction of teeth. ……………………………………………………………..
Disease of the ear. ………………………………………………………………
Exercise 5
Explain the following terms of Greek origin.
osteoma ………………………………………………………………………..
osteologia ………………………………………………………………………
cholestasis ……………………………………………………………………..
remedia cholagoga ………………………………………………………………
cardialgia …………………………………………………………………….
cardiopathia …………………………………………………………………..
schizophrenia …………………………………………………………………
phakitis ………………………………………………………………………….
odontoma ………………………………………………………………………
odontologia ……………………………………………………………………
microdontia ……………………………………………………………………
macrodontia …………………………………………………………………..
dermatopathia …………………………………………………………………
cholecystolithiasis ………………………………………………………………
onycholysis ……………………………………………………………………..
dysmenorrhea …………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 6
Construct compound terms using the Greek word elements.
inflammation of the bones ……………………………………………………
softening of the bones ………………………………………………………..
medications that promote the flow of bile from the gall bladder into the
duodenum ………………………………………………………………………
rapid beating of the heart ……………………………………………………….

cardiac medications …………………………………………………………….
less than normal mental development …………………………………………..
absence of the lens ………………………………………………………………
formation and development of teeth ……………………………………………
skin inflammation ………………………………………………………………
study of skin diseases …………………………………………………………..
inflammation of the external ear ………………………………………………
instrumental examination of the ears …………………………………………..
treatment with honey bee products …………………………………………….
absence of menstrual period ………………………………………………….
Lesson N 14
III declension adjectives

(Adiectiva declinationis tertiae)
III declension adjectives are declined like III vocal declension nouns. Their
characteristics are:
- Vocal stem in vowel -i-. We can see the stem in Abl. Sg. and Dat. Sg. -i,
Gen. Pl. -ium, Nom. Pl. and Acc. Pl. -ia for plural of neuter gender.
- Masculine and feminine form for Acc. Sg. ends in -em.
- Masculine and feminine form for Nom. Pl. and Acc. Pl. ends in -es
- Neuter form for Nom. Pl. and Acc. Pl. keeps vocal stem -i- and then adds
the ending -а, which is common for all nouns and adjectives of neuter
gender in Latin. The whole ending of neuter gender for Nom. Pl. and Acc.
Pl. is -ia.
III declension adjectives are classified into three groups according to the
number of their endings
1.Adjectives with 3 endings (one for each gender): m -er, f -is, n -e.
acer, acris, acre acute, sharp, acerb
celer, celeris, celere quick, fast
saluber, salubris, salubre healthy, healthful
Exercise 1
Translate the following examplesfrom Latin into English:
Dentes acres, …………………………………………………………………
Aër saluber. ……………………………………………………………………
Transfusio sanguinis celeris. ………………………………………………….
sanguis, sanguinis m blood

2. Adjectives with 2 engings (one for masculine and feminine, one for neuter):
mf -is, n -e.
The adjectives of this group are most often referred to in pharmaceutical
and medical terminology. Their suffixes give us information about their
meaning.
Adjectives with 2 endings are declined as follows

gravis, e - severe, serious, heavy, weighty
mf n mf n
Nom. gravis grave graves gravia
Gen. gravis gravium
Dat. gravi gravĭbus
Acc. gravem grave graves gravia
Abl. gravi gravĭbus
а) Adjectives with 2 endings: mf -is, n -e.

When the adjective agrees with a masculine or feminine noun it takes
the ending -is. When the adjectives determines a neuter noun, it has the neuter
ending -е.
Example: gravis, e severe, serious, heavy, weighty

Nom. Sg. Nom. Pl.
m morbus gravis morbi graves
f anaemia gravis anaemiae graves
n oedema grave oedemata gravia
brevis, e short
difficilis, e difficult, hard, complicated
dulcis, e sweet
facilis, e easy
fortis, e strong, powerful
gracilis, e thin, slender
levis, e light, slight
mollis, e mild, soft
omnis, e every, all
similis, e similar, alike; who looks like someone else
sterilis, e sterile; unproductive
tenuis, e thin, fine
Exercise 2
Translate the following expressions from Latin into English:
Ossa brevia. …………………………………………………………………
Operatio difficilis. ………………………………………………………….
Sirupi dulces. ……………………………………………………………….
Remedium forte. ……………………………………………………………
Oedemata levia. ………………………………………………………………
Ulcera mollia. …………………………………………………………………
Therapia similis. ……………………………………………………………….
Solutiones steriles. …………………………………………………………….
oedema, oedematis n swelling, edema
Exercise 3
Translate the following expressions from English into Latin:
Thin intestine. ……………………………………………………………….
Short bone. ……………………………………………………………………
Difficult operations. …………………………………………………………..
Soft palate. ……………………………………………………………………
Severe diseases. ……………………………………………………………….
Vocabulary
bone os, ossis n

difficult difficilis, e
disease morbus, i m
intestine intestinum, i n
palate palatum, i n
severe gravis, e
short brevis, e
soft mollis, e
thin tenuis, e
b) Adjectives, formed with suffixes -ālis, -āle; -āris, -āre
These adjectives mean a relationship, i. e. they indicate relation to the
nouns from which they are formed.
Example: natura, ae f naturalis, naturalе

nature natural
Most adjectives are used as terms in anatomy. They mean connection to

an organ, to a part of the body, e. g. ren – kidney, renalis, renale – renal, which
refers to the kidneys.
When we form adjectives from nouns belonging to the first, second,
fourth and fifth declension, we remove the ending for Nom. Sg. and then we add
the suffixes -ālis, -āle; -āris, -āre to the stem.
Noun Stem Adjective formed from a noun
medicin-a (І decl.) medicin- medicinālis, -āle medical

muscul-us (ІI decl.) muscul- musculāris, -āre muscular
decubit-us (ІV decl.) decubit- decubitālis, -āle decubital
faci-es (V decl.) faci- faciālis, -āle facial
Adjectives formed from nouns containing consonant -l- in their roots add
the suffix -āris, -āre. This linguistic phenomenon is named dissimilation.
Noun Stem Adjective formed from a noun

alveolus, i m alveol- alveolaris, e alveolar
mandibula, ae f mandibul- mandibularis, e mandibular
maxilla, ae maxilla- maxillaris, e maxillary
planta, ae f plant- plantaris, e plantar
When adjectives are formed from nouns belonging to third consonant

declension or third mixed declension (monosyllabic, Nominative singular with
ending -s), the suffixes -ālis, -āle; -āris, -āre are added to the stem in a
consonant.
Noun of ІІІ cons. decl. Stem Adjective Meaning
apex, apicis m apic- apicalis, apicale apical

cervix, cervicis f cervic- cervicalis, e cervical
cortex, corticis f cortic- corticalis, e cortical
radix, radicis f radic- radicalis, radicale radical
abdomen, abdominis n abdomin- abdominalis, e abdominal
pulmo, pulmonis m pulmon- pulmonalis, e pulmonary
ren, renis m ren- renalis, e renal
dens, dentis m dent- dentalis , e dental
frons, frontis f front- frontalis, e frontal
mens, mentis f ment- mentalis, e mental
occiput, occipĭtis n occipit- occipitalis, e occipital
paries, pariětis m pariet- parietalis, e parietal
corpus, corpŏris n corpor- corporalis, e corporeal
tempŏra, um n (pl. t.) tempor- temporalis, e temporal
Exercise 4
Form adjectives from the following nouns:
clavicula, ae f …………………………………………………………….
planta, ae f ……………………………………………………………………
latus, lateris n …………………………………………………………………
radix, radicis f …………………………………………………………………
mors, mortis f …………………………………………………………………
Exercise 5
Translate the following expressions from Latin into English:
Vertebrae cervicales. …………………………………………………………
Lobus corticalis. ………………………………………………………………
Cavum abdominale. ………………………………………………………….
Arteria pulmonalis. …………………………………………………………..
Morbi mentales. ……………………………………………………………….
Exercise 6
Translate the following expressions from English into Latin:
Dental medicine. ……………………………………………………………..
Frontal bone. …………………………………………………………………..
Occipital bone. ……………………………………………………………….
Temporal bone. ………………………………………………………………
Parietal lobe . ……………………………………………………………………
c) Adjectives formed with suffix -bĭlis, -bĭle.

The adjectives in this group mean the possibility to take action, the ability
to do something. The prefix in- means impossibility (or inability) to do
something.
operabĭlis, e operable, able to be operated

inoperabĭlis, e inoperable, not able to be operated
sanabĭlis, e curable, healable
insanabĭlis, e incurable
solubĭlis, e soluble
insolubĭlis, e insoluble, incapable of being dissolved
mobĭlis, e mobile, moveable
immobĭlis, e immobile
Exercise 7
Translate the following examples from Latin into English:
Carcinoma inoperabile. ……………………………………………….
Morbi sanabiles. …………………………………………………………
Pulveres solubiles . ………………………………………………………
Exercise 8
Translate the following examples from English into Latin:
Operable carcinoma …………………………………………………
Insoluble powder …………………………………………………………
Curable disease ……………………………………………………………..
powder pulvis, pulveris m

d) Adjectives formed with suffix -formis, -forme
These adjectives mean shaped like, which looks like.
cruciformis, e crucifix, cruciate, cruciform
piriformis, e piriform, pear-shaped
pisiformis, e pisiform, pea-shaped
vermiformis, e vermiform, resembling or having the form of a worm
Exercise 9
Translate the following expressions into English:
Caladenia cruciformis ………………………………………………………
Ligamentum cruciforme atlantis ……………………………………………
Musculus piriformis ………………………………………………………
atlas, atlantis m first cervical vertebra

Caladenia, ae f spider orchid
3. Adjectives with one ending for masculine, feminine and neuter gender in
Nominative singular.
Dictionary forms of this group are written in Nominative singular и
Genitive singular because their stem changes. They are similar to third
consonant declension nouns, e. g. apex, apicis m. Example: simplex, simplicis –
simple, ordinary. The stem of this adjective is simplic-. In Nominative and
Accusative plural masculine and feminine form ends in -es, neuter form ends in
-ia.
Example – agreement of one ending adjective with masculine, feminine and

neuter nouns:
Nominative singular Nominative plural

m sirupus simplex sirupi simplices
f tinctura simplex tincturae simplices
n remedium simplex remedia simplicia
The Nominative singular form simplex is the same for the three genders. There
are two endings for Nominative plural– -es for masculine and feminine gender
and -ia for neuter gender.
Adjectives with one ending are declined as follows
Casus Singularis Pluralis
mfn mf n
Nom. simplex simplices simplicia
Gen. simplicis simplicium
Dat. simplici simplicibus
Acc. simplicem (mf) simplex simplices simplicia
(n)
Abl. simplici simplicibus
Adjectives of one termination in Nominative singular end in -x, -s, -r

a) Adjectives in -x
- Nom. sg. -ox, Gen. sg. -ocis
praecox, praecōcis precocious, premature, very early
-Nom. sg. -ex, Gen. sg. -ĭcis
simplex, simplĭcis simple, ordinary
duplex, duplĭcis double
multiplex, multiplĭcis multiple
Exercise 10
Translate the following examples from Latin into English:
Sirupi simplices ………………………………………………………………..
Fracturae multiplices cranii post trauma grave ………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
Traumata multiplicia abdominis ………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
trauma, traumatis n trauma, injury
b) Adjectives in -s
- Nom. sg. -ns, Gen. sg. -ntis
prudens, prudentis prudent, wise
recens, recentis recent, new (for disease, operation); fresh
sapiens, sapientis wise, sage
- Nom. sg. -s, Gen. sg. -etis
teres, teretis round, rounded
- Nom. sg. -ceps, Gen. sg. -cĭpitis
biceps, bicipĭtis biceps, a two-headed muscle
triceps, tricipĭtis triceps, muscle with tree heads
quadriceps, quadricipĭtis quadriceps, muscle with four heads
These adjectives contain the root of the noun caput, capĭtis n – head.
The stem changes into -ceps, -cĭpitis . They are used for names of muscles in
anatomy, e. g. musculus quadriceps femoris – anterior thigh muscle (with four
heads). Caput musculi (the head of a muscle) is the end of the muscle at the
point where it is attached to a bone or another structure.
Exercise 11
Translate from Latin into English:
Morbi recentes ………………………………………………………………..
Vulnera recentia aurium ……………………………………………………….
Homo sapiens recens …………………………………………………………..
Musculus teres ……………………………………………………………….
Caput breve musculi bicipitis brachii ………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
bracchium, ii n forelimb, the upper segment of the arm
c) Adjectives in -r
par, paris equal, adequate
impar, imparis unequal, inadequate
puber, puběris mature, grown up
Lesson N 15
Present active participle

(Participium praesentis activi)
The present active participle is formed with suffixes -nt- , -ent-

added to the present stem of a verb. The Nominative singular form ends in -ns
because the consonant t (from the stem -nt-) drops before the consonant s. This
form is used for masculine, feminine and neuter gender. Present participle is
declined like third vocal declension adjectives.
Examples:
Nom. sg. Gen. sg. Meaning
perfŏrans perforantis perforating
serpens serpentis crawling, serpent
latens latentis latent, dormant, non-manifested
Present participle

mfn mf n
Nom. perforans perforantes perforantia
Gen. perforantis perforantium
Dat. perforanti perforantĭbus
Acc. perforantem (mf) perforans perforantes perforantia
(n)
Abl. perforanti perforantĭbus
- The neuter form for Nominative and Accusative singular is identical - -ns.
- The masculine and feminine form for Nominative and Accusative plural
ends in -es. The neuter form for Nominative and Accusative plural ends in
-ia. The vowel i comes from the vocal stem.
- The present participle is used as an attribute to a noun. It is widly used in
anatomy, medicine, pharmacology.
Examples:
nervus abducens abducent nerve (the sixth cranial nerve)
arteria perforans perforating artery
ulcus serpens serpent ulcer
remedium adiuvans adjuvant drug (increases the efficacy
of other drugs)
- When we form present participle plural, we match it with the gender of
the noun.
Nom. sg. Nom pl.
masculine nervus abducens nervi abducentes
feminine arteria perforans arteriae perforantes
neuter remedium adiuvans remedia adiuvantia
N. B. In order to form any form of present participle except Nominative

singular first we find the stem -nt- and then we add the ending for the
corresponding case and number. The present participle neuter form also keeps
the vocal stem i, e. g. neuter Nominative and Accusative plural form adiuvantia
– adiuvant- (stem) + -ia (vocal stem i + ending -а).
The use of present participle in terminology

Anatomical terms
Present participle Meaning Exmple Meaning
abducens, abducentis abducent nervus abducens abducent nerve

abducens nerve, the sixth cranial nerve
ascendens, ascendentis ascending aorta ascendens ascending aorta

colon ascendens ascending colon
the first portion of the large intestine
extending from the small intestine upward
penetrans, penetrantis penetrating arteria penetrans penetrating artery
perforans, perforantis perforating arteriae perforantes perforating arteries
permanens, permanentis permanent dentes permanentes permanent teeth

prominens, prominentis prominent vertebra septima prominens
seventh cervical vertebra
reccurens, recurrentis recurrent arteria interossea recurrens

interosseous recurrent artery
Medical terms
Present participle Meaning Exmple Meaning
abscedens, abscedentis abscedens pneumonia abscedens lung inflammation,

proceeding with an abscess
confluens, confluentis confluent pneumonia confluens confluent pneumonia

running together,
imminens, imminentis imminent, threatened abortus imminens imminent

abortion
incipiens, incipientis incipient gonarthrosis incipiens incipient

just beginning gonarthrosis,
knee joint inflammation in an initial state
latens, latentis latent, dormant, tuberculosis latens latent tuberculosis

non-manifested
migrans, migrantis migrant ren migrans floating kidney
reccurens, recurrentis recurrent tonsillitis recurrens recurrent tonsillitis

occurring or appearing again
serpens, serpentis crawling, serpent ulcus serpens serpent ulcer
tremens, trementis trembling, shaking delirium tremens disturbance

of consciousness
Pharmacological terms
Nominative plural neuter gender present participle forms ares used as an
attribute to remedia (drugs, medications). They represent names of a group of
drugs and give information about their effect.
Present participle Meaning Example Meaning
adstringens, entis astringent r. adstringentia medications

that causes shrinkage of tissues
anticoncipiens, entis contraceptive r. anticoncipientia contraceptives
emolliens, emollientis emollient r. emollientia emollient medications

preparations that soften the skin
expectorans, antis expectorant r. expectorantia expectorant drugs

medications that help bring up mucus
from the lungs, bronchi and trachea
laxans, laxantis laxative remedia laxantia laxative medicines

(medicines that help resolve constipation)
myorelaxans, antis relaxing muscles r. myorelaxantia

muscles relaxing medications
vasodilatans, antis vasodilator r. vasodilatantia vasodilators

(medications that dilate blood vessels)
Exercises
1.Translate the following examples into English.

Paralysis nervi abducentis. ……………………………………………………..
Dilatatio aortae ascendentis levis. ……………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Ectasia aortae ascendentis. ……………………………………………………..
Aneurysma aortae ascendentis, …………………………………………………..
Therapia ulceris penetrantis ………………………………………………….
Ramus anterior arteriae recurrentis ulnaris. …………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Symptomata morbi latentis. ………………………………………………….
Causae tonsillitidis recurrentis. ……………………………………………..
Extractio dentium permanentium sine dolore. ……………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………
Processus spinosus vertebrae septimae prominentis. ……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2
Translate the following examples from English into Latin.
Nucleus of the abducent nerve. …………………………………………………
Treatment (therapy) of confluent pmeumonia. ………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….
Symptoms of incipient gonarthrosis. …………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Cause of delirium tremens. ……………………………………………………
Operation of penetrating ulcer. ………………………………………………….
Operative fixation (nephropexia) of a floating kidney. …………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Fractura coronae dentis permanentis. …………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 3
Change the following examples from singular into plural.
Nom. sg. Nom. pl.
Example: dens permanens dentes permanentes
ren migrans …………………………………………………………………
arteria penetrans …………………………………………………………………
ulcus serpens …………………………………………………………………….
morbus latens …………………………………………………………………….
remedium laxans ………………………………………………………………..
remedium emolliens …………………………………………………………….
Lesson N 16
The Fourth declension

(Declinatio quarta)
Fourth declension nouns have stem -u-. They are masculine or feminine
with Nominative ending –us. There are neuter nouns that end in the stem -u-.
All fourth declension nouns have ending -us in Genitive singular.
The Fourth declension – masculine and feminine nouns

Nominative -us -us
Genitive -us -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -um -us
Ablative -u -ĭbus

Nominative ductus (duct) ductus
Genitive ductus ductuum
Dative ductui ductĭbus
Accusative ductum ductus
Ablative ductu ductĭbus
Fourth declension masculine and feminine nouns have identical forms for
Nominative and Accusative plural – -us. In Ablative singular they end in the
stem -u-
The Fourth declension – neuter nouns

Nominative -u -a
Genitive -us -um
Dative -i -ĭbus
Accusative -u -a
Ablative -u -ĭbus
Nominative genu (knee) genua
Genitive genus genuum
Dative genui genĭbus
Accusative genu genua
Ablative genu genĭbus
Masculine nouns
Anatomical terms
apparatus, us m apparatus, a group of systems involved in the
performance of some functions
arcus, us m arch, curved structure
ductus, us m duct, passageway, tubular structure giving exit to

secretion of a gland or an organ,
e. g. ductus hepaticus – hepatic duct,
ductus choledochus – gall duct
meatus, us m meatus, a passage or channel especially

the external opening of a canal,
e.g. meatus acusticus externus – external acustic
meatus
plexus, us m plexus, a network of nerves, blood or lymphatic vessels

processus, us m process, a prominence or projection, as from a bone
recessus, us m recess, a small, empty space or cavity
sinus, us sinus, cavity
Pathological terms
abscessus, us abscess, collection of pus on a cavity
decubitus, us m decubitus – the position of patient in bed or
decubitus ulcer
habitus, us m attitude, body construction
infarctus, us m infarct, localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of
the blood supply
insultus, us m insult, physical or mental injury, stroke
morsus, us m bite
prolapsus, us m prolapse, sinking of an organ, falling down
pruritus, us m itching, irritation of the skin or mucous membrane
pulsus, us m pulse, rhythmic dilation of an artery
vomitus, us m vomiting, ejection of matter from the stomach
through the mouth
Medical terms
casus, us m case, an occurrence of disease or disorder
exitus, us m exit
exitus letalis lethal outcome
gradus, us m degree of a disease, step, degree
status, us m state, condition
Terms for birth and sex

abortus, us m abortion, miscarriage
coitus, us m coitus, sexual connection per vaginam
between male and female
foetus, us m fetus, the product of conception from the end of the

eight week of gestation to the moment of birth
partus, us m birth
sexus, us m sex, the physical difference between male and female
Terms for the senses

sensus, us m sense, perceiving by means of sense organs
visus, us m vision, sight
auditus, us m hearing, the ability to perceive sound
olfactus, us m smell, the ability to perceive odors
tactus, us m touch, the sense by which contact of an object
with the skin is recognized
gustus, us m taste, sensation of a substance in the mouth
Feminine nouns (exceptions)
acus, us f needle
manus, us f hand
Neuter nouns
cornu, us n horn, structure that resembles a horn
genu, us n knee
Exercises
Exercise 1
Translate the following anatomical terms into English
Arcus vertebrae ………………………………………………………………
Processus styloideus ulnae ……………………………………………………
Manus dextra / sinistra ……………………………………………………….
Carpus manus dextrae /sinistrae ………………………………………………
Ductus choledochus communis ………………………………………………
Processus spinosus vertebrae …………………………………………………
Organum auditus …………………………………………………………….
Articulationes genuum ……………………………………………………….
Septum sinuum maxillarium ………………………………………………
Cornua uteri ………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 2
Orbital process of zygomatic bone ……………………………………………
Plexus of the spinal nerves ……………………………………………………..
Lamina of vertebral arch ……………………………………………………….
Styloid process of fibula ………………………………………………………
Knee articulation ………………………………………………………………
Organs of senses ………………………………………………………………
Bottom of the ear canal ……………………………………………………….
Lateral branch of left hepatic duct ……………………………………………….
Exercise 3
Translate the following examples into English.
Obturatio ductus hepatici ……………………………………………………….
Vomitus matutinus gravidarum ………………………………………………….
Visus oculi dextri (V.O.D) ……………………………………………………….
Status post infarctum inveteratum ……………………………………………….
Prolapsus renis dextri ………………………………………………………
Insultus ischaemicus cerebri …………………………………………………..
Infarctus haemorrhagius pulmonis …………………………………………….
Morsus canis ……………………………………………………………………
Fractura manus dextrae ………………………………………………………..
Distorsio genus sinistri ………………………………………………………..
Exercise 4
Translate the following examples into Latin.
Organ of hearing ………………………………………………………………
Recent myocardial infarction ………………………………………………….
Inveterate insult ……………………………………………………………….
Fractures of the left hand ………………………………………………………
Multiple abscesses of canine teeth ……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
Prolapse of the uterus ………………………………………………………….
State after spontaneous abortion ……………………………………………….
Lesson N 17
The Fifth declension

(Declinatio quinta)
Fifth declension nouns basically are feminine. There are some exceptions,
which are masculine gender. The stem of fifth declension nouns ends in -e-.
They form Nominative singular with ending -es, Genitive singular with ending -
ēi.
Fifth declension nouns

Nominative -es -es
Genitive -ēi -ērum
Dative -ēi -ēbus
Accusative -em -es
Ablative -e -ēbus

Nominative facies (face, surface) facies
Genitive faciēi faciērum
Dative faciēi faciēbus
Accusative faciem facies
Ablative facie faciēbus
- Nominative singular, Nominative plural and Accusative plural are

identical having the ending -es.
- Ablative singular is identical with the stem -e.
- Genitive plural is formed from the stem -e + -rum = -ērum.
- Dative plural and Ablative plural are identical having the ending -ēbus.
Terms for diseases
balbuties, ei f stammering
canities, ei f grayness or whiteness of hair
caries, ei f caries, decay of a tooth or a bone
facies, ei f face, a facial expression characteristic of
a pathological condition; surface
macies, ei f wasting, emaciation
mollities, ei f abnormal softening (syn. Greek -malacia)
nigrities, ei f blackness, black pigmentation
rabies, ei f rabies, viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain
in humans and other mammals
scabies, ei f contagious skin infestation, itch
Expressions with facies

a) facies – a facial expression characteristic of a pathological condition
facies Hippocratica Hippocratic facies, a drawn, pinched and livid

appearance indicative of approaching death
facies leonina leonine facies, lionlike appearance of the face

seen in cases of leprosy
facies hepatica hepatic face, the appearance of the face

in a liver disease, e. g. hepatitis
b) facies – surface of a body structure, part, organ

facies articularis articular surface
facies cerebralis cerebral surface, internal surface of cranial bones
facies dorsalis dorsal surface
facies lateralis lateral surface
c) facies dentium – surfaces of the tooth

facies distalis distal surface, the surface that is away from the midline
of the face
facies facialis facial surface, the surface that faces the cheeks or lips
facies buccalis buccal surface, the surface towards the cheeks
facies labialis labial surface, the surface towards the lips
facies lingualis lingual surface, the oral surface that faces the tongue
facies occlusalis occlusal surface, the chewing surface of posterior teeth
Types of caries
caries incipiens initial caries

caries superficialis superficial caries
caries media moderate caries
caries profunda deep caries, deep structural defect
caries cervicalis cervical caries, pertaining to the neck of the tooth
caries cementi caries of dental cement
caries dentini dentin caries
caries enameli enamel caries
Other fifth declension nouns

series, ei f series, chain
species, ei f species, in biology – group of organisms
very similar to each other
species, erum f collection of dried herbs
dies, diei f day
Expressions with dosis

dosis pro dosi single dose
dosis pro die daily dose, dose for one day
dosis pro cursu dose for course of treatment
Exercises
Exercise 1
Translate the following medical diagnoses into English.
Canities praematura ………………………………………………………….
Canities subita ………………………………………………………………..
Mollities et fragilitas ossium ………………………………………………….
Nigrities linguae ………………………………………………………………
Therapia rabiei caninae ………………………………………………………..
Scabies papulosa ……………………………………………………………….
Caries ossium faciei …………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2
Articular surface on the head of a rib ……………………………………………
Cerebral surface of the temporal bone …………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Dorsal surface of fingers and toes ………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Lateral surface of the left ovary ……………………………………………….
Labial surface of tooth …………………………………………………………
Occlusial surface of tooth ……………………………………………………..
Exercise 3
Translate the following dental medicine diagnoses into Latin. .
Initial caries …………………………………………………………………
Treatment of initial caries …………………………………………………..
Superficial caries of molar tooth …………………………………………….
Deep caries of canine tooth …………………………………………………….
Cervical caries of the primary incisors ……………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Dental and enamel caries ……………………………………………………..
Extra practice
I declension nouns
I.Translate the following phrases from Latin into English given:

1. Aqua amygdalarum
……………………………………………………………………
2. Fractura scapulae
……………………………………………………………………...
3. Tinctura Belladonnae
………………………………………………………………….
4. Ruptura venae
…………………………………………………………………………
5. Radix plantae
………………………………………………………………………….
II. Translate the following sentences from Latin into English:

1. Medica bona est
………………………………………………………………………..
2. Tinctura Belladonnae est amara
………………………………………………………
3. Praepara tincturam Menthae. Da aegrotae bibere
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
4.Medicina vitam continuat
………………………………………………………………
5.Pharmacopola mixuram filtrat
…………………………………………………………
6. Miscemus bene
………………………………………………………………………
III. Translate the following phrases from English into Latin:

1.Tincture of valerian
…………………………………………………………………….
2. Fracture of a rib
……………………………………………………………………….
3. Ruptures of veins
………………………………………………………………………
IV. Translate the following sentences from English into Latin:

1.The woman doctor is good
…………………………………………………………….
2. The pharmacist prepares a mixture
…………………………………………………… ……………
3. Divide exactly!
………………………………………………………………………...
4. Prepare (plural) quickly!
……………………………………………………………….
5. Science is power
……………………………………………………………………….
6. Add water to the mixture!
……………………………………………………………..
V. Cange the following phrases into plural.

1. Therapia aegrotae
………………………………………………………………………
2. Fractura costae
…………………………………………………………………………
3. Ruptura arteriae
…………………………………………………………………………
VI. Change the imperatives into singular. Example: Date statim – Da statim!
1.Praeparate cito!
……………………………………………………………………….
2. Addite paulatim!
……………………………………………………………………..
3. Miscete bene!
………………………………………………………………………..
4. Recipite!
………………………………………………………………………………
Sanate caute!
………………………………………………………………………….
VII. Explain the meaning of the following terms:
Example: gynaecophobia – abnormal fear of women.
1.Cystographia
…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Mastopathia
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Spondylalgia
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. Phlebotomia
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. Rhinorrhagia
………………………………………………………………………….
6. Phytotherapia
………………………………………………………………………….
7. Colposcopia
…………………………………………………………………………...
8. Pharmacognosia
………………………………………………………………………
9. Biologia
……………………………………………………………………………….
10. Paediatria
……………………………………………………………………………
VIII. Use the Greek roots to form a term that means:

Example: science concerned with female reproductive system – gynaecologia.
1. Study of drugs
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Treatment with water
………………………………………………………………..
3. Disease of vertebrae
…………………………………………………………………
4. Excision of a finger
………………………………………………………………….
5. Disease of breast
…………………………………………………………………….
6. Study of psychiatric diseases
…………………………………………………………
7. Instrumental examination of cells
……………………………………………………
8. X-ray examination of urinary bladder
………………………………………………
9. Treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances
…………………………………….………………………….
10. Lack of tension or tone
………………………………………………………………
II declension nouns
1.Choose the correct form, which agrees with the given noun depending on its
gender:
Example: nervus, i m opticus, a, um nervus opticus
morbus, i m (acutus, a, um)

………………………………………………………………
tinctura, ae f (amarus, a, um)
………………………………………………………………
periodus, i f (longus, a, um)
………………………………………………………………
remedium, ii n (analgeticus, a, um)
………………………………………………………
medicus, i m (bonus, a, um)
……………………………………………………………….
2. Translate the following nouns and adjectives into English.

Vasa sanguifera
………………………………………………………………………
Capsulae gelatinosae
………………………………………………………………………
Morbus chronicus
………………………………………………………………………
Acidum dilutum
………………………………………………………………………
Aqua destillata
………………………………………………………………………
3. Form the plural of the following nouns and adjectives.

Femina sana
………………………………………………………………………………
Musculus longus
………………………………………………………………………
Capsula amylacea
………………………………………………………………………
Extractum siccum
……………………………………………………………………
4. Translate the following prescriptions into English.

Take leaves bearberry 50 g …………………………………………..
Take infusion of leaves of nettle 100 ml……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
Take decoction of leaves of sage tea 80 ml
………………………………………………………………………………
Bearberry Uva ursi, Uvae ursi f

Nettle Urtica, ae f
Sage tea Salvia, ae f
5. Translate the following anatomical terms into English.

Hemisphaerium cerebri ………………………………………………………….
Ligamenta ovariorum ………………………………………………………….
Musculi colli ………………………………………………………….
Nervi oculorum …………………………………………………………
6. Translate th following e pharmaceutical terms into Latin.
Extract of leaves of belladonna …………………………………………………..

Juice of raspberry ………………………………………………….
Cocoa butter ………………………………………………….
7. Translate the following sentences into Latin.
Give suppositories with extract of belladonna
……………………………………………………………………………………
The doctor cures the ill man
………………………..………………………………………………………….
Pharmacology is study of drugs
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Explain the following terms in English:

Myologia ………………………………………………………………………….
Rhinoscopia ……………………………………………………………………
Neuropathia ……………………………………………………………………
Phlebalgia ………………………………………………………………………
Gastrorrhagia ……………………………………………………………………
9. Use the Greek roots to form a term that means:

Excision (surgical removal) of a finger
……………………………………………
Study of drugs derived from plants and other natural sources
………………………… ……………………………………….
Treatment with plants, herbs
…………………………………………………………...
Hemorrhage from the uterus
……………………………………………………………
Pain in the stomach
…………………………………………………………..
The Third consonant declension (consonant stems)
Exercise 1
Form plural of the following nouns. Translate them into English.
cortex, corticis m ………………………………………………………………
pulvis, pulveris m ………………………………………………………………
pulmo, pulmonis m …………………………………………………………….
genus, generis n ………………………………………………………………….
infectio, infectionis f ……………………………………………………………..
corpus, corporis n ……………………………………………………………..
cavitas, cavitatis f ……………………………………………………………….
trauma, traumatis n ……………………………………………………………
semen, seminis n …………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2
Translate following nouns into English. Transform them into plural. The first
noun is in Nominative singular, the second noun is in Genitive singular. Keep
the nouns in the same cases.
Example:
corpus hominis body of a human being corpora hominum
Nom. Sg. Gen. sg. Nom. Pl. Gen. pl.
Oedema pulmonis ……………………………………………………………

Operatio tumoris …………………………………………………………….
Fractura pedis …………………………………………………………………
Cortex renis …………………………………………………………………..
Semen plantae …………………………………………………………………
Nomen aegroti ………………………………………………………………….
Praeparatio remedii ……………………………………………………………
Therapia ulceris …………………………………………………………………
Cavitas corporis ………………………………………………………………….
Therapia morbi …………………………………………………………………
Exercise 3
Transform the following nouns after therapia.
Example: arthritis, arthritidis f Therapia arthritidis
Lien Therapia …………………………………………………………
Myoma Therapia …………………………………………………………….
Ulcera Therapia …………………………………………………………..
Gastritis Therapia ……………………………………………………………
Exercise 4
Transform the noun and adjective after the expression status post. The
Accusative is used after the preposition post. Pay attention – nouns and
adjectives can be of different declensions! Neuter nouns and adjectives are
identical in Nominative and Accusative!
Example: Colitis acuta Status post colitidem acutam
Gastritis chronica
Status post …………………………………………………………………….
Coma hepaticum
Status post …………………………………………………
Operatio
Status post …………………………………………………
Pneumonia acuta
Status post …………………………………………………
Morbus acutus
Status post …………………………………………………
Ulcus acutum
Status post ……………………………………………………………
Exercise 5
Transform the following nouns after preposition per (used with Accusative) – by
Decoctio, decoctionis f
Per …………………………………………………………
Destillatio, destillationis
Per …………………………………………………………
Extractio, extractionis f
Per …………………………………………………………
Percolatio, percolationis f
Per …………………………………………………………
Exercise 6
Translate the following expressions from Latin into English.
Tumor lienis acutus ………………………………………………………….
Induratio lienis et renum ……………………………………………………….
Musculus extensor pollicis longus

………………………………………………………..
Congestio sanguinis in cavo pleurae haemothorax nominatur

...…………………………………………………………………………………
Infectio pulmonum acuta ………………………………………………………
Anaemia significat decrementum erythrocytorum sanguinis.

……………………………………………………………………………………
Extractum fluidum Viburni ex cortice Viburni praeparatur.

……………………………………………………………………………………
Extractum Filicis maris spissum in capsulis gelatinosis sumitur

……………………………………………………………………………………
Oleum amygdalarum e seminibus amygdalae conficitur.

……………………………………………………………………………………
Vocabulary
acutus, a, um acute
amygdala, ae f almond
anaemia, ae f anemia, deficiency of red blood cells
apsula, ae f capsule
cavum, i n cavity, hollow
conficio, ere make up
congestio, onis f congestion, accumulation
cortex, icis m cortex, outer layer of an organ
decrementum, i n increase, upgrowth
e, ex + Abl. from, of
erythrocytus, i m erythrocyte, red blood cell
extractum, i n extract, preparation containing the active ingredient

of a substance in concentrated form
Filix mas, Filicis maris m fern, φτέρη

fluidus, a, um fluid, liquid
gelatinosus, a, um elatinous, having a jelly like consistency
haemothorax, acis m hemothorax, accumulation of blood in pleural

cavity
induratio, onis f induration

infectio, onis f infection
nomino, nominare nominate, name
oleum, i n oil
pleura, ae f pleura, serous membrane lining the thorax and

enveloping the lungs
pollex, pollicis m thumb

praeparo, are prepare
pulmo, onis m lung
ren, renis m kidney
significo, are signify, mean, indicate
spissus, a, um tick, compact
sumo, sumere take, assume
tumor, tumoris m tumor, swelling
Viburnum, i n viburnum, wayfaring-tree
Vocabulary
Latin – English
A
a, ab + Abl. from
abdomen, abdomĭnis n abdomen, belly, abdominal cavity
abdominalis, e abdominal
abducens, abducentis abducent
abductor, abductōris m abductor (muscle)
Ablativus, i m Ablative
abortus, us m abortion, miscarriage
abscedens, abscedentis abscedens, abscedent
abscessus, us abscess, collection of pus on a cavity
Accusativus, i m Accusative
acer, acris, acre acute, sharp, acerb
acidum, i n acid
actor, actōris m actor, player
acus, us f needle
acutus, a, um acute, sharp
addo, addĕre to add
adductor, adductōris m adductor (muscle)
aden, adenis m gland
adjectivum, i n adjective
adstringens, entis astringent
aegrotus, a, um ill, diseased, patient
aegrotus, i m an ill man, patient
aequalis, e equal
aër, aëris m air
agricola, ae m farmer
alienus, a, um foreign
Aloë, ës f aloe
alveolaris, e alveolar
amarus, a, um bitter
amicus, i m friend
amor, oris m love
amygdala, ae f almond
amylaceus, a, um amylaceous
amylum, i n starch, polysaccharide
analysis, is f analysis, separation into component parts
anamnesis, is f case history
angŭlus, i m angle, corner
anĭmal, ālis n animal
ante + Acc. before
anticoncipiens, entis contraceptive
aorta, ae f aorta
apex, apĭcis m apex, top, point
apicalis, e apical
apis, is f bee
apparatus, us m apparatus, a group of systems
appendicītis, itĭdis f appendicitis
aqua, ae f water
arcus, us m arch, curved structure
armo, armare to arm
ars, artis f art
arteriŏla, ae f small artery
arteriosus, a, um arterial
arthrītis, arthritĭdis f arthritis
arthritis, itidis f arthritis, joint inflammation
arthrōsis, is f arthrosis
ascendens, ascendentis ascending
aspicio, aspicĕre to look on
atlas, atlantis m first cervical vertebra
audio, audīre to hear
auditus, us m hearing, the ability to perceive sound
auris, is f ear
Aurum, i n gold
autolysis, is f autolysis
B
balbuties, ei f stammering
basis, is base, lower part of something
Belladonna, ae f belladonna, deadly nightshade
bene adv. well
benignus, a, um benign
bestia, ae f beast
bibo, bibere to drink
biceps, bicipĭtis biceps, a two-headed muscle
bilis, is f bile, gall
bonus, a, um good
boricus, a, um boric
bracchium, ii n forelimb, the upper segment of the arm
brevis, e short
bronchītis, bronchitīdis f bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi
bulbus, i m bulb
butyrum, i n butter
C
Cacao cocoa
caecum, i n blind intestine
caecus, a, um blind
Caladenia, ae f spider orchid
Calcii cabonas, ātis calcium carbonate
calculōsis, is f calculosis, formation of calculi
calĭdus, a, um warm, hot
calor, calōris m heat
canalis, is m canal
caninus, a, um canine
canis, is m dog
canities, ei f grayness or whiteness of hair
capsula, ae f capsule
caput, capĭtis n head
Carbo, carbōnis m carbon
carcinōma, omătis n carcinoma, cancer;
caries, ei f caries, decay of a tooth or a bone
cartilago, cartilagĭnis f cartilage
Cassia, ae f cassia
casus, us m case, an occurrence of disease or disorder
caulis, is m stalk
caute adv. cautiously, carefully
cavĭtas, cavitātis f cavity
celer, celeris, celere quick, fast
cellula, ae f cell
cerebrum, n brain
cervicalis, e cervical
cervix, cervīcis f neck, cervix
ceu like
charta, ae f paper
chirurgus, i m surgeon
chronĭcus, a, um chronic
cito adv. quickly, fast
clavicula, ae f clavicle
claviculāris, e clavicular
cochlear, aris n spoon
coeliacus, a, um abdominal
coena, ae f dinner
Coffea, ae f Coffea (plant)
coitus, us m coitus, sexual connection
colītis, colitĭdis f colitis, inflammation of large intestine
color, colōris m color, coloring
combustio, onis f burning
compositus, a, um complex, compound
confluens, confluentis confluent
constitŭo, ĕre to constitute, to organize, to form
continuo, are to continue
cor, cordis n heart
cornu, us n horn, structure that resembles a horn
corpus, corpŏris n body
cortex, cortĭcis m bark, rind, cortex
corticalis, e cortical
costa, ae f rib
crisis, is f crisis
cruciformis, e crucifix, cruciate, cruciform
crus, cruris n shank, lower leg, part from the knee to the ankle
cum + Abl. with
cupio, cupĕre to desire, to want
Cuprum, i n copper
curabĭlis, e curable
curo, curare to cure, to heal
cutis, is f skin
cyanōsis, is f bluish discoloration of the skin
cyclĭcus, a, um cyclic
cytologia, ae f cytology
D
Dativus, i m Dative
declinatio, onis f declension
decoctio, decoctiōnis f decoction, boiling
decoctum, i n decoction, remedy prepared by boiling or heating
decubitus, us m the position of patient in bed or decubitus ulcer
demonstro, are to demonstrate
dens, dentis m tooth
dentalis , e dental
dentista, ae m dentist
describo, describere describe
destillatio, destillatiōnis f distillation
destillatus, a, um distilled
dexter, dextra, dextrum right
diaeta, ae f diet
diagnōsis, is f diagnose
dialysis, is dialysis, separation of particles in a liquid
diathēsis, is f a tendency to suffer from a particular disease,

predisposition
dies, diei f day

difficilis, e difficult, hard, complicated
Digitalis, is m digitalis, foxglove
dignosco, dignoscĕre to diagnose, to make a diagnose
dilatatio, onis f dilation
dilutus, a, um dilute, diluted
disco, discĕre to study
dissimĭlis, e dissimilar, different
divĭdo, dividere to divide
do, dare to give
doceo, docēre to teach
dolor, dolōris m pain
domus, us f home
dormio, dormīre to sleep
dorsum, i n back
dosis, is f dose, amount of medication
ductus, us m duct, passageway
dulcis, e sweet
dum while, as long as
duplex, duplĭcis double
durus, a, um solid, hard
E
emolliens, emollientis emollient, softening the skin
empyēma, empyemătis n empyema
emulsio, emulsiōnis f emulsion
enterītis, enteritĭdis f enteritis, inflammation of small intestines
epicrīsis, is f discharge summary
erythema, ematis n redness of skin
erythropoiesis, is f formation of red blood cells
Eucalyptus, i m Eucalyptus
Europa, ae f Europe
evacuatio, evacuatiōnis f evacuation
exacte adv. exactly
examen, minis n exam
exanthēma, exanthemătis n exanthema, a skin eruption or rash
exemplar, āris n example
exemplum, i n example
exitus letalis lethal outcome
exitus, us m exit
expectorans, antis expectorant
extra + Acc. out of
extractio, extractiōnis f extraction
extraho, ěre to extract
F
faciālis,e facial
facies, ēi f face, surface
facĭlis, e easy
falsus, a, um false, wrong
febris, is f fever, pyrexia, high body temperature
fel, fellis n bile flow
femĭna, ae f woman
feminīnum, i n feminine gender
fibrōsis, is f fibrosis
filtro, are to filtrate
flexibilis, e flexible
flos, floris m flower
foetus, us m fetus
folium, ii n leave
foramen, foramĭnis n foramen, hole, opening
fortis, e strong, powerful
foveŏla, ae f small pit
fractūra, ae f fracture
fragilitas, atis f fragility
frigĭdus, a, um cold
frontalis, e frontal
fructus, us m fruit
G
gaster, gastris f stomach
gastrītis, gastritĭdis f gastritis, stomach inflammation
gelatinosus, a, um gelatinous
Genitīvus, i m Genitive
genu, us n knee
genus, genĕris n gender
gingiva, ae f gingiva, gum
gingivītis, gingivitĭdis f gingivitis, gum inflammation
glossītis, glossitĭdis f glossitis, tongue inflammation
gracilis, e thin, slender
gradus, us m degree of a disease, step, degree
granum, i n grain, seed
gravidĭtas, graviditātis f pregnancy
gustus, us m taste, sensation of a substance in the mouth
gutta, ae f drop
H
habeo, ēre to have
habeo, habēre to have, to own
habitus, us m attitude, body construction
haema, matis n (Greek) blood
haemorrhagia, ae f hemorrhage, bleeding
haemorrhagĭcus, a, um hemorrhagic, proceeding with hemorrhage
hepar, hepătis n liver
hepatītis, hepatitĭdis f hepatitis, liver inflammation
hepatōma, hepatomătis n hepatom; a tumor of the liver
herba, ae f herb, herbal preparation
homo, hominis m human being
humerus, i m humerus, shoulder bone
humĭdus, a, um wet, humid
hypertonia, ae f extreme tension of the arteries or muscles
I
imago, imagĭnis f image
imminens, imminentis imminent, threatened
immobĭlis, e immobile
impar, imparis unequal, inadequate
in + Abl. in
incipiens, incipientis incipient, just beginning
infarctus, us m infarct, infarction
influenza, ae f influenza, flu
infusum, i n infusion
injectio, injectiōnis f injection, an instant of injecting
inoperabĭlis, e inoperable, not able to be operated
insanabĭlis, e incurable
insolubĭlis, e insoluble, incapable of being dissolved
insufficientia, ae f insufficiency
insultus, us m insult, physical or mental injury
interrogo, are interrogate, question, enquire
interventio, iōnis f intervention
intestinum, i n intestine, bowel
intra + Acc. within
Iodum, i n iodine
iucunde adv. pleasantly, nicely
K
Kalii arsenis, ītis potassium arsenite
Kalium (Arabic) potassium
keratitis (Greek) inflammation of the eye’s cornea
L
lacer, lacěra, lacěrum torn
laesio, laesiōnis f lesion, injury
laesio, onis f lesion
laparocentēsis, is f puncture of abdomen
latens, latentis latent, dormant, non-manifested
latus, lata, latum wide
latus, latěris n side, part
Laurus, i m laurel
laxans, laxantis laxative
lego, legĕre to read, to select
lens, lentis f lens
lente adv. slowly
leukaemia (Greek) leukemia
leukocytus, i m leukocyte
levis, e light, slight
levo, levare to relieve
lex, legis f low, norm
lingua, ae f language, tongue
lipōma, lipomătis n lipoma; a benign tumor, composed of fat cells
lipomatōsis, is f lipomatosis, tumor-like accumulation of fat
liquor, liquoris m liquid
lobus, i m lobe
longus,a ,um long
M
maceratio, maceratiōnis f maceration, soaking
macies, ei f wasting, emaciation
magnus, a, um big, large
malus, mala, malum bad
mamma, ae f breast
mandibula, ae f mandible, lower jaw
mandibularis, e mandibular
manus, us f hand
margo, margĭnis f (m) margin, border, edge
masculīnum, i m masculine
massa,ae f lump
maxilla, ae f maxilla, upper jaw
maxillaris, e maxillary
meatus, us m meatus, a passage or channel
medica, ae f woman doctor
medicīna, ae f medicine
medicinālis, e medicinal
mel, mellis n honey
mellifer, era, erum melliferous, nectariferous
menorrhoea, ae f menstruation
mens, mentis f mind
mensa, ae f table
menses, ium m pl. menstruation
mensis, is m month
mentalis, e mental
Mentha, ae f mint
metastāsis, is f metastasis
metroptosis, is f prolapse of the uterus
meus, mea, meum mine
migrans, migrantis migrant, floating, movable
minuo, minŭĕre to diminish
misceo, miscēre to mix
mixtio, onis f mixing, mixture
mixtura, ae f mixture
mobĭlis, e mobile, moveable
mollis, e mild, soft
mollities, ei f abnormal softening (syn. Greek -malacia)
mons, montis m mountain, eminence
morbus, i m disease, illness
morsus, us m bite
mortifer, fěra, fěrum deadly, lethal, mortal
moveo, movēre to move
multiplex, multiplĭcis multiple
mundus, i m world
musculāris, e muscular
muscŭlus, i m muscle
myōma, myomătis n myoma, a tumor, formed of muscle tissue
myomatōsis, is development of multiple myomas
myorelaxans, antis relaxing muscles
N
narrator, narratōris m narrator, teller
nasus, i m nose
Natrii nitras, ātis m sodium nitrate
Natrium, ii n natrium, sodium
natura, ae f nature
naturālis, e natural
nauta, ae m sailor
nephrolithiāsis, is f nephrolitasis, formation of kidney calculi
nephrōma, nephromătis n nephroma; a tumor of kidney tissue
nervus, i m nerve
neutrum, i n neuter gender
niger, nigra, nigrum black
nigrities, ei f blackness, black pigmentation
nivaeus, a, um snowy
nomen, nominis n noun, name
Nominatīvus Nominative
novus, a, um new
numerus, i m number
O
occipitalis, e occipital
oculus, i m eye
oedēma, oedemătis n swelling
oesophagus, i m esophagus
officina, ae f pharmacy, drugstore
oleum, i n oil
olfactus, us m smell, the ability to perceive odors
omnis, e every, all
onycholysis, is f onycholysis, loosening or separation of a nail
operabĭlis, e operable, able to be operated
operatio, operatiōnis f operation
orator, oratōris m speaker, orator
Oryza , ae f rise
os, oris n mouth
os, ossis n bone
ostium, ii entrance, door
ovarium, ii n ovary
oxidum, i n oxide
P
paediater, paediatri m pediatrician
papulosus, a, um papular, with papular lesions
par, paris equal, adequate
paralysis, is f paralysis, loss of ability to move
parēsis, is f partial paralysis
parietalis, e parietal
pars, partis f part
partus, us m birth
parvus a, um small
paulatim adv. little by little, step by step
paulus, a, um small
pelvis, is f pelvis
penetrans, penetrantis penetrating
perforans, perforantis perforating
periodus,i f period
permanens, permanentis permanent
pertussis, is f whooping cough
pes, pedis m foot
pharmacia, ae f pharmacy
pharmacologia, ae f pharmacology
pharmacopola, ae m pharmacist
Philippopolis, is f the Greek name of the city of Plovdiv
philosophia, ae f philosophy
phlebotomia, ae f phlebotomy
piriformis, e piriform, pear-shaped
pisiformis, e pisiform, pea-shaped
pix, picis f resina, pitch
planta, ae f plant
plantāris, e vegetal
plexus, us m plexus, a network of nerves, blood or lymphatic vessels
pluralis, is m plural
pneumonia. ae f pneumonia, lung inflammation
poena, ae f unishment
poëta, ae m poet
pollex, pollĭcis m thumb, pollex
pons, pontis m bridge, bridge-like structure
post + Acc. after
potentia, ae f power
praecox, praecōcis precocious, premature, very early
praematurus, a, um premature
praeparo, praeparāre to prepare
praescribo, prescribĕre to prescribe
praescrptio, onis f prescription
processus, us m process, a prominence or projection, as from a bone
prognōsis, is f likely course of a disease, forecast, prognosis
prolapsus, us m prolapse, sinking of an organ, falling down
prominens, prominentis prominent
prudens, prudentis prudent, wise
pruritus, us m itching, irritation of the skin
puber, puběris mature, grown up
puella, ae f girl
puer, pueri m boy
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful
pulmo, pulmōnis m lung
pulmonalis, e pulmonary
pulsus, us m pulse, rhythmic dilation of an artery
purus, a, um pure
pus, puris n pus, liquid produced in infected tissue
Q
quadratus,a, um square, quadrate
quadriceps, cipĭtis quadriceps, muscle with four heads
quantitas, atis f quantity
R
rabies, ei f rabies, viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain
radicalis, e radical
radius, ii m radius or spoke-bone, ray
radix, radīcis f root
ramus, i m branch
reccurens, recurrentis recurrent, occurring or appearing again
recens, recentis recent, new (for disease, operation); fresh
recessus, us m recess, a small, empty space or cavity
recipio, recipĕre to receive, to accept
reflexus, us m reflex
regio, regiōnis f region, area, field
ren, renis m kidney
renalis, e renal
resectio, resectiōnis f resection, partial section
rete, retis n network, net
Rheum, i n rhubarb, pie plant
rhinitis, rhinitidis f rhinitis, nose inflammation
rhizōma, rhizomătis n rhizome, rootstock, horizontal underground stem
rhythmus, i m rhythm
Rosa, ae f rose
ruber, rubra, rubrum red
rubor, rubōris m redness
Rubus idaeus, i m raspberry
ruptura, ae f rupture
S
saccharum, i n sugar
saepe adv. often
saluber, salubris, salubre healthy, healthful
sanabĭlis, e curable, healable
sanguifer, fěra, fěrum blooded, sanguine
sano, sanāre to heal, to treat
sanus, sana, sanum healthy
sapiens, sapientis wise, sage
sapo, sapōnis m soap
sarcōma, sarcomătis n sarcoma; a malignant tumor
scabies, ei f contagious skin infestation, itch
scapula, ae f scapula, shoulder blade
schema, matis n scheme, figure, form
schola, ae f school
scientia, ae f knowledge
Scilla maritima, ae f maritime squill
sclerōsis, is f sclerosis, induration (especially of blood vessels)
scribo, scrbĕre to write
sectio, sectiōnis f section, cut, cutting
semen, semĭnis n seed, seminal fluid
sensus, us m sense, perceiving by means of sense organs
series, ei f series, chain
serpens, serpentis crawling, serpent
sexus, us m sex, the physical difference between male and female
signo, signāre to note, to sign, write on a label
similis, e similar, alike; who looks like someone else
simplex, simplĭcis simple, ordinary
sine + Abl. without
singulāris, is m singular
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left
sinus, us sinus, cavity
sirŭpus, i m syrup
sitis, is f thirst
solubĭlis, e soluble
solutio, solutiōnis f solution
solvo, solvere to dissolve, to release
species, ei f species, group of organisms very similar to each other
species, erum f collection of dried herbs
spero, sperāre to hope
spina, ae f thorn
spiro, spirāre to breath, to respire
statim adv. immediately, instantly
status, us m state, condition
stenōsis, is f stenosis, abnormal narrowing in a passage of the body
sterilis, e sterile; unproductive
sterilĭtas, sterilitātis f infertility, barrenness
stomatītis, stomatitĭdis f stomatitis, oral cavity inflammation
structūra, ae f structure
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected
substantia, ae f substance
substantivum, i n substantive
succus, i m juice
sudorifer, fěra, fěrum sweat
sumo, sumere to take
suppositorium, ii n suppository
symptōma, symptomătis n symptom
T
tabuletta, ae f pill, tablet, troche
tactus, us m touch
talis, e such a, of such kind
tego, tegere to cover
tempŏra, tempŏrum n temples
tempus, tempŏris n time
tendo, tendinis m tendon
tener, teněra, teněrum tender, soft
tenuis, e thin, fine
teres, teretis round, rounded
theanus, a, um tea
therapeuticus, a, um therapeutic
therapia, ae f treatment, therapy
thorax, thoracis m chest
thrombōsis, is f formation, development of blood clots
tibia, ae f tibia, shin-bone
tinctura, ae f tincture
tinica, ae f tunic
tonsillītis, itĭdis f tonsillitis
translator, oris m career, transporter, transmitter
trauma, matis n injury, trauma
traumatologia, ae f traumatology
tremens, trementis trembling, shaking
triceps, tricipĭtis triceps, muscle with tree heads
Trimontium, ii n the Roman name of the city of Plovdiv
tussis, is f cough
tuto adv. safely
U
ulcus, ulcěris n ulcer
ulna, ae f ulna
unguis, is m nail
Urtica, ae f nettle
utěrus, i m uterus, womb
Uva ursi, Uvae ursi f bearberry
V
vagīna, ae f vagina
valeo, valēre be healthy, be well
Valeriana, ae f valerian
valva, ae f valve
vasodilatans, antis vasodilator, dilating blood vessels
vena, ae f vein
venio, venire to come
venōsus, a, um venous, relating to the veins
ventricŭlus, i m stomach; cardiac ventricle; cerebral ventricle
venŭla, ae f small vein
vermiformis, e vermiform, resembling a worm
vertebra, ae f vertebra
vesīca, ae f bladder
video, vidēre to see
vinum, i n wine
vir, i m man
virgo, virgĭnis f virgin
visito, are to visit
visus, us m vision, sight
vita, ae f life
vitium, ii n vice, defect
vitrum, i n bottle
Vocativus, i m Vocative
vomitus, us m vomiting
vulnus, vulněris n wound, hurt, injury
X
xeroderma, atis n dryness of the skin
Z
Zincum, i n zinc
zona, ae f zone
Bibliography
Kondratyev D, Vylegzhanina O., Knyazeva J.

Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology, Grodno, 2005
Robinson D. H.
The Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and Medicine, Forgotten Books, 2013
Nikolova V., Koleva I.

Lingua Latina medicinalis, изд.GERA ART Serdicae MMIV
Миланов Р., Мирчев Д.

Латински език за медицински специалности, изд. Макрос, 2018
Амуджиева Н.
Terminologia Latina medicinalis, изд. СТЕНО, Варна, 2013
Опрова Я., Петринска Т.

Латински език и фармацевтична терминология, изд. Ciela, София, 2010
Георгиева Н., Илиева И.

Per aspera ad astra, университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“,
2013
Арнаудова П.Г.
Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglotta, изд. „Медицина и физкултура“, С.,
2003
Анатомия на човека, под редакцията на Балтаджиев Г., изд. Лакс бук, Пл.,
2016
Internet sources:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
https://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/

Repetitorium Latinum 19

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Repetitorium Latinum 19

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Yavora Oprova

Workbook for students of pharmacy, medicine, dental medicine

Lesson N 1 Latin Alphabet ……………………………………………… 3

I.Vowels (vocales). There are 6 vowels in Latin: a, o, u, e, i, y.

a = [a] o = [o] u = [u]

[i] before a vowel or between vowels

ieiunum or jejunum empty intestine, the section of the small intestine

hypertonia extreme tension of the arteries or muscles

II. Diphthongs (diphthongi) – combinations of two vowels

1.Diphthongs ae and oe are pronounced as one vowel – -e.

au = [au] au = [av], [af]

eu = [eu] eu = [ev], [ef]

III. Consonants (consonantes)

c = [ka] before vowels a, o, u

c = [tze] before vowels e, i, y

Kalium (Arabic) potassium

l = [el] m = [em] n = [en]

s = [s] in other cases ss = [ss]

IV. Digraphs (digraphi) – ch, ph, rh, th

rh = [er] / rrh = [rr]

V. Combinations of letters (colligationes litterarum)

qu = [kv] ngu = [ngv] before a vowel

When ti is proceeded by s, t, x is pronounced ti

Syllabification and accentuation

I.Syllabification – division of words into syllables

Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In

Examples: natura na-tū-ra nature

pharmacologia phar-ma-co-lo- gi-a pharmacology

diaeta di-ae-ta diet

II. Accentuation – the main rules of the accent position in Latin

1.The first syllable (from the end) is never accentuated.

2. In words consisting of two syllables (disyllabic words) the second syllable

1.Long vowels. When is a vowel long?

a) A vowel is considered long by position when directly followed by two or

Examples: puella (girl), demonstro (to demonstrate), exemplum (example),

b) A vowel is considered long by nature when it is marked by macron (-).

Suffix Meaning Words Translation into English

-ālis, -āle connection naturālis natural

-āris, -āre connection plantāris vegetal

-īnus, -a, -um noun feminīnum feminine gender

-ōsis non-inflammatory arthrōsis arthrosis

-āsis noun -lithiāsis formation of calculi

-ēma swelling oedēma swelling

-ōma cancer, carcinōma carcinoma, cancer

-ītis inflammation gastrītis stomach inflammation

2. Short vowels. When is a vowel short?

b) Short by nature – some suffixes contain a vowel short by nature in the

-bĭlis, -bĭle opportunity operabĭlis operable

-ĭcus,-a,-um adjective chronĭcus chronic

-ĭdus,-a,-um adjective calĭdus warm, hot

-ĭlis, -ĭle adjective facĭlis easy

-ŏlus,-a,-um diminutive arteriŏla small artery

-ŭlus,-a,-um diminutive venŭla small vein

1.Stress the following words observing the rules of Latin word-stressing:

ampulla (small bottle), collum (neck, neck-like structure), tibia (shin-bone),

Categories of the verb

 First person, referring to the speaker or writer of the utterance.

Unlike in English, the persons in Latin are indicated by specific verbal

Mood shows the attitude to the action. When we describe something,

The Indicative (Indicatīvus) represents the denoted act or state as an objective

The tense is a distinction of the form in a verb to express differences of

Passive voice (passīvum)