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Title: Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases: Body with Parts of Speech 

Author: Roget 

Release Date: April 19, 2004 [eBook #10681] 

Language: English 

Character set encoding: US-ASCII 

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROGET'S THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES*** 

WORD INDEX 

These files were assembled by L. John Old, Napier University, Edinburgh, from MICRA's 

contributed eBook of Roget's Thesaurus (Project Gutenberg's #22). 

#1. Existence -- N. existence, being, entity, ens [Lat.], esse [Lat.], 

subsistence. reality, actuality; positiveness &c. adj.; fact, matter of 

fact, sober reality; truth &c. 494; actual existence. presence &c. 

(existence in space) 186; coexistence &c. 120. stubborn fact, 

hard fact; not a dream &c. 515; no joke. center of life, essence, 

inmost nature, inner reality, vital principle. [Science of existence], 

ontology. 

V. exist, be; have being &c. n.; subsist, live, breathe, stand, 

obtain, be the case; occur &c. (event) 151; have place, prevail; 

find oneself, pass the time, vegetate. consist in, lie in; be 

comprised in, be contained in, be constituted by. come into 

existence &c. n.; arise &c. (begin) 66; come forth &c. (appear) 

446. become &c. (be converted) 144; bring into existence &c. 

161. abide, continue, endure, last, remain, stay. 

Adj. existing &c. v.; existent, under the sun; in existence &c. n.; 

extant; afloat, afoot, on foot, current, prevalent; undestroyed. real, 

actual, positive, absolute; true &c. 494; substantial, substantive; 

self-existing, self-existent; essential. well-founded, well-grounded; 

unideal † , unimagined; not potential &c. 2; authentic. 

Adv. actually &c. adj.; in fact, in point of fact, in reality; indeed; de 

facto, ipso facto. 

Phr. ens rationis [Lat.]; ergo sum cogito [Lat.], thinkest thou 

existence doth depend on thinkest thou existence doth depend on 

time? [Byron]. 

#3. Substantiality -- N. substantiality, hypostasis; person, being, 

thing, object, article, item; something, a being, an existence; 

creature, body, substance, flesh and blood, stuff, substratum; 

matter &c. 316; corporeity † , element, essential nature, 

groundwork, materiality, substantialness, vital part. [Totality of 

existences], world &c. 318; plenum. 

Adj. substantive, substantial; hypostatic; personal, bodily, tangible 

&c. (material) 316; corporeal. 

Adv. substantially &c. adj.; bodily, essentially. 

ROGET'S THESAURUS 

OF 

ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES 

CLASS I 

WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT RELATIONS 

SECTION I. 

EXISTENCE 

1. BEING, IN THE ABSTRACT 

#2. Inexistence -- N. inexistence † ; nonexistence, 

nonsubsistence; nonentity, nil; negativeness &c. adj.; nullity; 

nihility † , nihilism; tabula rasa [Lat.], blank; abeyance; absence &c. 

187; no such thing &c. 4; nonbeing, nothingness, oblivion. 

annihilation; extinction &c. (destruction) 162; extinguishment, 

extirpation, Nirvana, obliteration. 

V. not exist &c. 1; have no existence &c. 1; be null and void; cease 

to exist &c. 1; pass away, perish; be extinct, become extinct &c. 

adj.; die out; disappear &c. 449; melt away, dissolve, leave not a 

rack behind; go, be no more; die &c. 360. annihilate, render null, 

nullify; abrogate &c. 756; destroy &c. 162; take away; remove &c. 

(displace) 185; obliterate, extirpate. 

Adj. inexistent † , nonexistent &c. 1; negative, blank; missing, 

omitted; absent &c. 187; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, 

visionary. unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus [Lat.]; 

unsubstantial &c. 4; vain. unborn, uncreated † , unbegotten, 

unconceived, unproduced, unmade. perished, annihilated, &c. v.; 

extinct, exhausted, gone, lost, vanished, departed, gone with the 

wind; defunct &c. (dead) 360. fabulous, ideal &c. (imaginary) 515, 

supposititious &c. 514. 

Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj.. 

Phr. non ens [Lat.]. 

2. BEING, IN THE CONCRETE 

#4. Unsubstantiality -- N. unsubstantiality † , insubstantiality; 

nothingness, nihility † ; no degree, no part, no quantity, no thing. 

nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, cipher, no one, nobody; never a 

one, ne'er a one [Contr.]; no such thing, none in the world; nothing 

whatever, nothing at all, nothing on earth; not a particle &c. 

(smallness) 32; all talk, moonshine, stuff and nonsense; matter of 

no importance, matter of no consequence. thing of naught, man of 

straw, John Doe and Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra 

[Lat.], nonentity; flash in the pan, vox et praeterea nihil [Lat.].

#5. Intrinsicality -- N. intrinsicality † , inbeing † , inherence, 

inhesion † ; subjectiveness; ego; egohood † ; essence, noumenon; 

essentialness † &c. adj.; essential part, quintessence, incarnation, 

quiddity, gist, pith, marrow, core, sap, lifeblood, backbone, heart, 

soul; important part &c. (importance) 642. principle, nature, 

constitution, character, type, quality, crasis † , diathesis † . habit; 

temper, temperament; spirit, humor, grain; disposition. 

endowment, capacity; capability &c. (power) 157. moods, 

declensions, features, aspects; peculiarities &c. (speciality) 79; 

idiosyncrasy, oddity; idiocrasy &c. (tendency) 176; diagnostics. 

V. be in the blood, run in the blood; be born so; be intrinsic &c. 

adj.. 

Adj. derived from within, subjective; intrinsic, intrinsical † ; 

fundamental, normal; implanted, inherent, essential, natural; 

innate, inborn, inbred, ingrained, inwrought; coeval with birth, 

genetous † , haematobious † , syngenic † ; radical, incarnate, 

thoroughbred, hereditary, inherited, immanent; congenital, 

congenite † ; connate, running in the blood; ingenerate † , ingenite † ; 

indigenous; in the grain &c. n.; bred in the bone, instinctive; 

inward, internal &c. 221; to the manner born; virtual. characteristic 

&c. (special) 79, (indicative) 550; invariable, incurable, 

incorrigible, ineradicable, fixed. 

Adv. intrinsically &c. adj.; at bottom, in the main, in effect, 

practically, virtually, substantially, au fond; fairly. 

Phr. character is higher than intellect" [Emerson]; come give us a 

taste of your quality" [Hamlet]; magnos homines virtute metimur 

non fortuna [Lat.] [Nepos]; non numero haec judicantur sed 

pondere [Lat.] [Cicero]; vital spark of heavenly flame" [Pope]. 

#7. State -- N. state, condition, category, estate, lot, ease, trim, 

mood, pickle, plight, temper; aspect &c. (appearance) 448, 

dilemma, pass, predicament. constitution, habitude, diathesis † ; 

frame, fabric &c. 329; stamp, set, fit, mold, mould. mode, 

modality, schesis † ; form &c. (shape) 240. tone, tenor, turn; trim, 

guise, fashion, light, complexion, style, character. 

V. be in a state, possess a state, enjoy a state, labor under a state 

&c. n.; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass. 

Adj. conditional, modal, formal; structural, organic. 

Adv. conditionally &c. adj.; as the matter stands, as things are; 

such being the case &c. 8. 

shadow; phantom &c. (fallacy of vision) 443; dream &c. 

(imagination) 515; ignis fatuus [Lat.] &c. (luminary) 423; such 

stuff as dreams are made of" [Tempest]; air, thin air, vapor; 

bubble &c. 353; baseless fabric of a vision" [Tempest]; mockery. 

hollowness, blank; void &c. (absence) 187. inanity, fool's 

paradise. 

V. vanish, evaporate, fade, dissolve, melt away; disappear &c. 

449. 

Adj. unsubstantial; baseless, groundless; ungrounded; without 

foundation, having no foundation. visionary &c. (imaginary) 515; 

immaterial &c. 137; spectral &c. 980; dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, 

airy; cloud built, cloud formed; gossamery, illusory, insubstantial, 

unreal. vacant, vacuous; empty &c. 187; eviscerated; blank, 

hollow; nominal; null; inane. 

Phr. there's nothing in it; an ocean of dreams without a sound" 

[Shelley]. 

3. FORMAL EXISTENCE 

#6. Extrinsicality -- N. extrinsicality † , objectiveness, non ego; 

extraneousness &c. 57; accident; appearance, phenomenon &c. 

448. 

Adj. derived from without; objective; extrinsic, extrinsical † ; 

extraneous &c. (foreign) 57; modal, adventitious; ascititious † , 

adscititious † ; incidental, accidental, nonessential; contingent, 

fortuitous. implanted, ingrafted † ; inculcated, infused. outward, 

apparent &c. (external) 220. 

Adv. extrinsically &c. adj.. 

4. MODAL EXISTENCE 

#8. Circumstance -- N. circumstance, situation, phase, position, 

posture, attitude, place, point; terms; regime; footing, standing, 

status. occasion, juncture, conjunctive; contingency &c. (event) 

151. predicament; emergence, emergency; exigency, crisis, 

pinch, pass, push; occurrence; turning point. bearings, how the 

land lies. surroundings, context, environment 232; location 184. 

contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; causation 153, 

attribution 155. 

Adj. circumstantial; given, conditional, provisional; critical; modal; 

contingent, incidental; adventitious &c. (extrinsic) 6; limitative † . 

Adv. in the circumstances, under the circumstances &c. n., the 

circumstances, conditions &c. 7; thus, in such wise. accordingly; 

that being the case, such being the case, in view of the 

circumstances; that being so, sith † , since, seeing that. as matters 

stand; as things go, as times go. conditionally, provided, if, in 

case; if so, if so be, if it be so; depending on circumstances, in 

certain circumstances, under certain conditions; if it so happen, if 

it so turn out; in the event of; in such a contingency, in such a case,

in such an event; provisionally, unless, without. according to 

circumstances, according to the occasion; as it may happen, as it 

may turn out, as it may be; as the case may be, as the wind blows; 

pro re nata [Lat.]. 

Phr. yet are my sins not those of circumstance" [Lytton]. 

SECTION II. 

RELATION 

1. ABSOLUTE RELATION 

#9. Relation -- N. relation, bearing, reference, connection, 

concern, cognation; correlation &c. 12; analogy; similarity &c. 17; 

affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association; 

approximation &c. (nearness) 197; filiation &c. (consanguinity) 

11; interest; relevancy &c. 23; dependency, relationship, relative 

position. comparison &c. 464; ratio, proportion. link, tie, bond of 

union. 

V. be related &c. adj.; have a relation &c. n.; relate to, refer to; 

bear upon, regard, concern, touch, affect, have to do with; pertain 

to, belong to, appertain to; answer to; interest. bring into relation 

with, bring to bear upon; connect, associate, draw a parallel; link 

&c. 43. 

Adj. relative; correlative &c. 12; cognate; relating to &c. v.; relative 

to, in relation with, referable or referrible to † ; belonging to &c. v.; 

appurtenant to, in common with. related, connected; implicated, 

associated, affiliated, allied to; en rapport, in touch with. 

approximative † , approximating; proportional, proportionate, 

proportionable; allusive, comparable. in the same category &c. 

75; like &c. 17; relevant &c. (apt) 23; applicable, equiparant † #10. [Want, or absence of relation.] Irrelation -- N. irrelation 

. 

Adv. relatively &c. adj.; pertinently &c. 23. thereof; as to, as for, as 

respects, as regards; about; concerning &c. v.; anent; relating to, 

as relates to; with relation, with reference to, with respect to, with 

regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos of [Fr.]; in 

connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much as, in 

as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score of; 

quoad hoc [Lat.]; pro re nata [Lat.]; under the head of &c. (class) 

75, of; in the matter of, in re. 

Phr. thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew]. 

† , 

dissociation; misrelation † ; inapplicability; inconnection † ; 

multifariousness; disconnection &c. (disjunction) 44; 

inconsequence, independence; incommensurability; 

irreconcilableness &c. (disagreement) 24; heterogeneity; 

unconformity &c. 83; irrelevancy, impertinence, nihil ad rem [Lat.]; 

intrusion &c. 24; non-pertinence. 

V. have no relation to &c. 9; have no bearing upon, have no 

concern with &c. 9, have no business with; not concern &c. 9; have 

no business there, have nothing to do with, intrude &c. 24. bring in 

head and shoulders, drag in head and shoulders, lug in head and 

shoulders. 

Adj. irrelative † , irrespective, unrelated; arbitrary; independent, 

unallied; unconnected, disconnected; adrift, isolated, insular; 

extraneous, strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic. not 

comparable, incommensurable, heterogeneous; unconformable 

&c. 83. irrelevant, inapplicable; not pertinent, not to the, purpose; 

impertinent, inapposite, beside the mark, a propos de bottes [Fr.]; 

aside from the purpose, away from the purpose, foreign to the 

purpose, beside the purpose, beside the question, beside the 

transaction, beside the point; misplaced &c. (intrusive) 24; 

traveling out of the record. remote, far-fetched, out of the way, 

forced, neither here nor there, quite another thing; detached, 

segregate; disquiparant † . multifarious; discordant &c. 24. 

incidental, parenthetical, obiter dicta, episodic. 

Adv. parenthetically &c. adj.; by the way, by the by; en passant 

[Fr.], incidentally; irrespectively &c. adj.; without reference to, 

without regard to; in the abstract &c. 87; a se. 

#11. [Relations of kindred.] Consanguinity -- N. consanguinity, relationship, kindred, blood; parentage &c. (paternity) 166; filiation † , 

affiliation; lineage, agnation † , connection, alliance; family connection, family tie; ties of blood; nepotism. kinsman, kinfolk; kith and kin; 

relation, relative; connection; sibling, sib; next of kin; uncle, aunt, nephew, niece; cousin, cousin-german † ; first cousin, second cousin; 

cousin once removed, cousin twice removed; &c. near relation, distant relation; brother, sister, one's own flesh and blood. family, 

fraternity; brotherhood, sisterhood, cousinhood † . race, stock, generation; sept &c. 166; stirps, side; strain; breed, clan, tribe, nation. 

V. be related to &c. adj.. claim relationship with &c. n.. with. 

Adj. related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied, collateral; cognate, agnate, connate; kindred; affiliated; fraternal. 

intimately related, nearly related, closely related, remotely related, distantly related, allied; german. 

#12. [Double or reciprocal relation.] Correlation -- N. reciprocalness &c. adj. † ; reciprocity, reciprocation; mutuality, correlation, 

interdependence, interrelation, connection, link, association; interchange &c. 148; exchange, barter. reciprocator, reprocitist. 

V. reciprocate, alternate; interchange &c. 148; exchange; counterchange † . 

Adj. reciprocal, mutual, commutual † , correlative, reciprocative, interrelated, closely related; alternate; interchangeable; 

interdependent; international; complemental, complementary. 

Adv. mutually, mutatis mutandis [Lat.]; vice versa; each other, one another; by turns &c. 148; reciprocally &c. adj.. 

Phr. happy in our mutual help" [Milton]. 

#13. Identity -- N. identity, sameness; coincidence, coalescence; 

convertibility; equality &c. 27; selfness † , self, oneself; 

identification. monotony, tautology &c. (repetition) 104. facsimile 

&c. (copy) 21; homoousia: alter ego &c. (similar) 17; ipsissima 

verba [Lat.] &c. (exactness) 494; same; self, very, one and the 

same; very thing, actual thing; real McCoy; no other; one and only; 

in the flesh. 

V. be identical &c. adj.; coincide, coalesce, merge. treat as the 

same, render the same, identical; identify; recognize the identity 

of. 

#14. [Noncoincidence.] Contrariety -- N. contrariety, contrast, 

foil, antithesis, oppositeness; contradiction; antagonism &c. 

(opposition) 708; clashing, repugnance. inversion &c. 218; the 

opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the converse, the antipodes, 

the antithesis, the other extreme. 

V. be contrary &c. adj.; contrast with, oppose; diller toto coelo 

[Lat.]. invert, reverse, turn the tables; turn topsy-turvy, turn end for 

end, turn upside down, turn inside out. contradict, contravene; 

antagonize &c. 708. 

Adj. contrary, contrarious † , contrariant † ; opposite, counter, dead

Adj. identical; self, ilk; the same &c. n.. selfsame, one and the 

same, homoousian † . coincide, coalescent, coalescing; 

indistinguishable; one; equivalent &c. (equal) 27; tweedle dee and 

tweedle dum [Lat.]; much the same, of a muchness † ; unaltered. 

Adv. identically &c. adj.; on all fours. 

Adj. contrary, contrarious , contrariant ; opposite, counter, dead 

against; converse, reverse; opposed, antithetical, contrasted, 

antipodean, antagonistic, opposing; conflicting, inconsistent, 

contradictory, at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. 703. 

differing toto coelo [Lat.]; diametrically opposite; diametrically 

opposed; as opposite as black and white, as opposite as light 

and darkness, as opposite as fire and water, as opposite as the 

poles; as different as night and day; Hyperion to a satyr" [Hamlet]; 

quite the contrary, quite the reverse; no such thing, just the other 

way, tout au contraire [Fr.]. 

Adv. contrarily &c. adj.; contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the 

contrary, nay rather; vice versa; on the other hand &c. (in 

compensation) 30. 

Phr. all concord's born of contraries" [B. Jonson]. Thesis, 

antithesis, synthesis [Marx]. 

#15. Difference -- N. difference; variance, variation, variety; diversity, dissimilarity &c. 18; disagreement &c. 24; disparity &c. 

(inequality) 28; distinction, contradistinction; alteration. modification, permutation, moods and tenses. nice distinction, fine 

distinction, delicate distinction, subtle distinction; shade of difference, nuance; discrimination &c. 465; differentia. different thing, 

something else, apple off another tree, another pair of shoes; horse of a different color; this that or the other. 

V. be different &c. adj.; differ, vary, ablude † , mismatch, contrast; divaricate; differ toto coelo [Lat.], differ longo intervallo [It]. vary, 

modify &c. (change) 140. discriminate &c. 465. 

Adj. differing &c. v.; different, diverse, heterogeneous, multifarious, polyglot; distinguishable, dissimilar; varied, modified; diversified, 

various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform &c. 81; daedal † . other, another, not the same; unequal &c. 28. unmatched; widely 

apart, poles apart, distinctive; characteristic, discriminative, distinguishing. incommensurable, incommensurate. 

Adv. differently &c. adj.. 

Phr. il y a fagots et fagots. 

#16. Uniformity -- N. uniformity; homogeneity, 

homogeneousness; consistency; connaturality † , connaturalness † ; 

homology; accordance; conformity &c. 82; agreement &c. 23; 

consonance, uniformness. regularity, constancy, even tenor, 

routine; monotony. 

V. be uniform &c. adj.; accord with &c. 23; run through. become 

uniform &c. adj.; conform to &c. 82. render uniform, homogenize 

&c. adj.; assimilate, level, smooth, dress. 

Adj. uniform; homogeneous, homologous; of a piece [Fr.], 

consistent, connatural † ; monotonous, even, invariable; regular, 

unchanged, undeviating, unvaried, unvarying. unsegmented. 

Adv. uniformly &c. adj.; uniformly with &c. (conformably) 82; in 

harmony with &c. (agreeing) 23. always, invariably, without 

exception, without fail, unfailingly, never otherwise; by clockwork. 

Phr. ab uno disce omnes [Lat.]. 

#17. Similarity -- N. similarity, resemblance, likeness, similitude, 

semblance; affinity, approximation, parallelism; agreement &c. 23; 

analogy, analogicalness † ; correspondence, homoiousia † , parity. 

connaturalness † , connaturality † ; brotherhood, family likeness. 

alliteration, rhyme, pun. repetition &c. 104; sameness &c. 

(identity) 13; uniformity &c. 16; isogamy † . analogue; the like; 

match, pendant, fellow companion, pair, mate, twin, double, 

counterpart, brother, sister; one's second self, alter ego, chip of 

the old block, par nobile fratrum [Lat.], Arcades ambo † , birds of a 

feather, et hoc genus omne [Lat.]; gens de meme famille [Fr.]. 

parallel; simile; type &c. (metaphor) 521; image &c. 

(representation) 554; photograph; close resemblance, striking 

resemblance, speaking resemblance, faithful likeness, faithful 

resemblance. 

V. be similar &c. adj.; look like, resemble, bear resemblance; 

smack of, savor of, approximate; parallel, match, rhyme with; take 

after; imitate &c. 19; favor, span [U.S.]. render similar &c. adj.; 

assimilate, approximate, bring near; connaturalize † , make alike; 

rhyme, pun. 

Adj. similar; resembling &c. v.; like, alike; twin. analogous, 

2. CONTINUOUS RELATION 

#16a. [Absence or want of uniformity.] Nonuniformity -- N. 

diversity, irregularity, unevenness; multiformity &c. 81; 

unconformity &c. 83; roughness &c. 256; dissimilarity, 

dissimilitude, divarication, divergence. 

Adj. diversified varied, irregular, uneven, rough &c. 256; 

multifarious; multiform &c. 81; of various kinds; all manner of, all 

sorts of, all kinds of. 

Adv. variously, in all manner of ways, here there and everywhere. 

3. PARTIAL RELATION 

#18. Dissimilarity -- N. dissimilarity, dissimilaritude † ; unlikeness, 

diversity, disparity, dissemblance † ; divergence, variation.; 

difference &c. 15; novelty, originality; creativeness; oogamy † . 

V. be unlike &c. adj.; vary &c. (differ) 15; bear no resemblance to, 

differ toto coelo [Lat.]. render unlike &c. adj.; vary &c. (diversify) 

140. 

Adj. dissimilar, unlike, disparate; divergent; of a different kind; &c. 

(class) 75 unmatched, unique; new, novel; unprecedented &c. 83; 

original. nothing of the kind; no such thing, quite another thing; far 

from it, cast in a different mold, tertium quid [Lat.], as like a dock 

as a daisy, very like a whale" [Hamlet]; as different as chalk from 

cheese, as different as Macedon and Monmouth; lucus a non 

lucendo [Lat.]. diversified &c. 16.1. 

Adv. otherwise. 

Phr. diis aliter visum [Lat.]; no more like my father than I to 

Hercules" [Hamlet].

analogical; parallel, of a piece [Fr.]; such as, so; homoiousian † . 

connatural † , congener, allied to; akin to &c. (consanguineous) 11. 

approximate, much the same, near, close, something like, sort of, 

in the ballpark, such like; a show of; mock, pseudo, simulating, 

representing. exact &c. (true) 494; lifelike, faithful; true to nature, 

true to life, the very image, the very picture of; for all the world like, 

comme deux gouttes d'eau [Fr.]; as like as two peas in a pod, as 

like as it can stare; instar omnium [Lat.], cast in the same mold, 

ridiculously like. 

Adv. as if, so to speak; as it were, as if it were; quasi, just as, 

veluti in speculum [Lat.]. 

Phr. et sic de similibus [Lat.]; tel maitre tel valet [Fr.]; tel pere tel 

fils [Fr.]; like master, like servant; like father, like son; the fruit 

doesn't fall far from the tree; a chip off the old block 

#19. Imitation -- N. imitation; copying &c. v.; transcription; 

repetition, duplication, reduplication; quotation; reproduction; 

mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint. mockery, mimicry; 

simulation, impersonation, personation; representation &c. 554; 

semblance; copy &c. 21; assimilation. paraphrase, parody, takeoff, 

lampoon, caricature &c. 21. plagiarism; forgery, counterfeit 

&c. (falsehood) 544; celluloid. imitator, echo, cuckoo † #20. Nonimitation -- N. no imitation; originality; creativeness. 

invention, creation. 

Adj. unimitated 

, parrot, 

ape, monkey, mocking bird, mime; copyist, copycat; plagiarist, 

pirate. 

V. imitate, copy, mirror, reflect, reproduce, repeat; do like, echo, 

reecho, catch; transcribe; match, parallel. mock, take off, mimic, 

ape, simulate, impersonate, personate; act &c. (drama) 599; 

represent &c. 554; counterfeit, parody, travesty, caricature, 

lampoon, burlesque. follow in the steps of, tread in the steps, 

follow in the footsteps of, follow in the wake of; take pattern by; 

follow suit, follow the example of; walk in the shoes of, take a leaf 

out of another's book, strike in with, follow suit; take after, model 

after; emulate. 

Adj. imitated &c. v.; mock, mimic; modelled after, molded on. 

paraphrastic; literal; imitative; secondhand; imitable; aping, apish, 

mimicking. 

Adv. literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim [Lat.], sic, totidem 

verbis [Lat.], word for word, mot a mot [Fr.]; exactly, precisely. 

Phr. like master like man;" like - but oh! how different! " 

[Wordsworth]; genius borrows nobly" [Emerson]; pursuing echoes 

calling 'mong the rocks" [A. Coles]; quotation confesses 

inferiority" [Emerson]; Imitation is the sincerest form of Imitation is 

the sincerest form of flattery." 

† , uncopied † ; unmatched, unparalleled; inimitable 

&c. 13; unique, original; creative, inventive, untranslated; 

exceptional, rare, sui generis uncommon [Lat.], unexampled. 

#20a. Variation -- N. variation; alteration &c. (change) 140. modification, moods and tenses; discrepance † , discrepancy. divergency 

&c. 291; deviation &c. 279; aberration; innovation. 

V. vary &c. (change) 140; deviate &c. 279; diverge &c. 291; alternate, swerve. 

Adj. varied &c. v.; modified; diversified &c. 16.1. 

#21. [Result of imitation.] Copy -- N. copy, facsimile, counterpart, 

effigies, effigy, form, likeness. image, picture, photo, xerox, 

similitude, semblance, ectype † , photo offset, electrotype; imitation 

&c. 19; model, representation, adumbration, study; portrait &c. 

(representation) 554; resemblance. duplicate, reproduction; cast, 

tracing; reflex, reflexion [Brit.], reflection; shadow, echo. transcript 

[copy into a non-visual form], transcription; recording, scan. chip 

off the old block; reprint, new printing; rechauffe [Fr.]; apograph † , 

fair copy. parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, travestie † , 

paraphrase. [copy with some differences] derivative, derivation, 

modification, expansion, extension, revision; second edition &c. 

(repetition) 104. servile copy, servile imitation; plagiarism, 

counterfeit, fake &c. (deception) 545; pasticcio † #22. [Thing copied.] Prototype -- N. prototype, original, model, 

pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type; 

archetype, antitype 

. 

Adj. faithful; lifelike &c. (similar) 17; close, conscientious. 

unoriginal, imitative, derivative. 

† ; protoplast, module, exemplar, example, 

ensample † , paradigm; lay-figure. text, copy, design; fugleman † , 

keynote. die, mold; matrix, last, plasm † ; proplasm † , protoplasm; 

mint; seal, punch, intaglio, negative; stamp. 

V. be an example, be a role model, set an example; set a copy. 

Phr. a precedent embalms a principle [Lat.Tran] [Disraeli]; 

exempla sunt odiosa [Lat.]. 

4. GENERAL RELATION 

#23. Agreement -- N. agreement; accord, accordance; unison, #24. Disagreement -- N. disagreement; discord, discordance;

#23. Agreement -- N. agreement; accord, accordance; unison, 

harmony; concord &c. 714; concordance, concert; understanding, 

mutual understanding. conformity &c. 82; conformance; uniformity 

&c. 16; consonance, consentaneousness † , consistency; congruity, 

congruence; keeping; congeniality; correspondence, parallelism, 

apposition, union. fitness, aptness &c. adj.; relevancy; pertinence, 

pertinencey † ; sortance † ; case in point; aptitude, coaptation † , 

propriety, applicability, admissibility, commensurability, 

compatibility; cognation &c. (relation) 9. adaption † , adjustment, 

graduation, accommodation; reconciliation, reconcilement; 

assimilation. consent &c. (assent) 488; concurrence &c. 178; 

cooperation &c. 709. right man in the right place, very thing; quite 

the thing, just the thing. 

V. be accordant &c. adj.; agree, accord, harmonize; correspond, 

tally, respond; meet, suit, fit, befit, do, adapt itself to; fall in with, 

chime in with, square with, quadrate with, consort with, comport 

with; dovetail, assimilate; fit like a glove, fit to a tittle, fit to a T; 

match &c. 17; become one; homologate † . consent &c. (assent) 

488. render accordant &c. adj.; fit, suit, adapt, accommodate; 

graduate; adjust &c. (render equal) 27; dress, regulate, readjust; 

accord, harmonize, reconcile; fadge † , dovetail, square. 

Adj. agreeing, suiting &c. v.; in accord, accordant, concordant, 

consonant, congruous, consentaneous † , correspondent, 

congenial; coherent; becoming; harmonious reconcilable, 

conformable; in accordance with, in harmony with, in keeping with, 

in unison with, &c. n.; at one with, of one mind, of a piece [Fr.]; 

consistent, compatible, proportionate; commensurate; on all fours. 

apt, apposite, pertinent, pat; to the point, to the purpose; happy, 

felicitous, germane, ad rem [Lat.], in point, on point, directly on 

point, bearing upon, applicable, relevant, admissible. fit adapted, 

in loco, a propos [Fr.], appropriate, seasonable, sortable, suitable, 

idoneous † , deft; meet &c. (expedient) 646. at home, in one's 

proper element. 

Adv. a propos of [Fr.]; pertinently &c. adj.. 

Phr. rem acu tetigisti [Lat.]; if the shoe fits, wear it; the cap fits; 

auxilia humilia firma consensus facit [Lat.] [Syrus]; discers 

concordia [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

#25. [Absolute quantity.] Quantity -- N. quantity, magnitude; size 

&c. (dimensions) 192; amplitude, magnitude, mass, amount, sum, 

quantum, measure, substance, strength, force. [Science of 

quantity.] mathematics, mathesis † . [Logic.] category, general 

conception, universal predicament. [Definite or finite quantity.] 

armful, handful, mouthful, spoonful, capful; stock, batch, lot, dose; 

yaffle † . 

V. quantify, measure, fix, estimate, determine, quantitate, 

enumerate. 

Adj. quantitative, some, any, aught, more or less, a few. 

Adv. to the tune of, all of, a full, the sum of, fully, exactly, precisely. 

#27. [Sameness of quantity or degree.] Equality -- N. equality, 

parity, coextension † , symmetry, balance, poise; evenness, 

monotony, level. equivalence; equipollence † , equipoise, 

equilibrium, equiponderance † ; par, quits, a wash; not a pin to 

choose; distinction without a difference, six of one and half a 

dozen of the other; tweedle dee and tweedle dum [Lat.]; identity 

&c. 13; similarity &c. 17. equalization, equation; equilibration, coordination, 

adjustment, readjustment. drawn game, drawn battle; 

neck and neck race; tie, draw, standoff, dead heat. match, peer, 

compeer, equal, mate, fellow, brother; equivalent. 

V. be equal &c. adj.; equal, match, reach, keep pace with, run 

#24. Disagreement -- N. disagreement; discord, discordance; 

dissonance, dissidence, discrepancy; unconformity &c. 83; 

incongruity, incongruence † ; discongruity † , mesalliance; jarring &c. 

v.; dissension &c. 713; conflict &c. (opposition) 708; bickering, 

clashing, misunderstanding, wrangle. disparity, mismatch, 

disproportion; dissimilitude, inequality; disproportionateness &c. 

adj. † ; variance, divergence, repugnance. unfitness &c. adj.; 

inaptitude, impropriety; inapplicability &c. adj.; inconsistency, 

inconcinnity † ; irrelevancy &c. (irrelation) 10. misjoining † , 

misjoinder † ; syncretism † , intrusion, interference; concordia 

discors [Lat.]. fish out of water. 

V. disagree; clash, jar &c. (discord) 713; interfere, intrude, come 

amiss; not concern &c. 10; mismatch; humano capiti cervicem 

jungere equinam [Lat.]. 

Adj. disagreeing &c. v.; discordant, discrepant; at variance, at 

war; hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, 

inconsistent with; unconformable, exceptional &c. 83; intrusive, 

incongruous; disproportionate, disproportionated † ; inharmonious, 

unharmonious † ; inconsonant, unconsonant † ; divergent, repugnant 

to. inapt, unapt, inappropriate, improper; unsuited, unsuitable; 

inapplicable, not to the point; unfit, unfitting, unbefitting; 

unbecoming; illtimed, unseasonable, mal a propos [Fr.], 

inadmissible; inapposite &c. (irrelevant) 10. uncongenial; illassorted, 

ill-sorted; mismatched, misjoined † , misplaced, 

misclassified; unaccommodating, irreducible, incommensurable, 

uncommensurable † ; unsympathetic. out of character, out of 

keeping, out of proportion, out of joint, out of tune, out of place, out 

of season, out of its element; at odds with, at variance with. 

Adv. in defiance, in contempt, in spite of; discordantly &c. adj.; a 

tort et a travers † . 

Phr. asinus ad lyram [Lat.]. 

SECTION III. 

QUANTITY 

1. SIMPLE QUANTITY 

#26. [Relative quantity.] Degree -- N. degree, grade, extent, 

measure, amount, ratio, stint, standard, height, pitch; reach, 

amplitude, range, scope, caliber; gradation, shade; tenor, 

compass; sphere, station, rank, standing; rate, way, sort. point, 

mark, stage &c. (term) 71; intensity, strength &c. (greatness) 31. 

Adj. comparative; gradual, shading off; within the bounds &c. 

(limit) 233. 

Adv. by degrees, gradually, inasmuch, pro tanto [It]; however, 

howsoever; step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch, drop 

by drop; a little at a time, by inches, by slow degrees, by degrees, 

by little and little; in some degree, in some measure; to some 

extent; di grado in grado [Lat.]. 

2. COMPARATIVE QUANTITY 

#28. [Difference of quantity or degree.] Inequality -- N. inequality; 

disparity, imparity; odds; difference &c. 15; unevenness; 

inclination of the balance, partiality, bias, weight; shortcoming; 

casting weight, make-weight; superiority &c. 33; inferiority &c. 34; 

inequation † . 

V. be unequal &c. adj.; countervail; have the advantage, give the 

advantage; turn the scale; kick the beam; topple, topple over; 

overmatch &c. 33; not come up to &c. 34. 

Adj. unequal, uneven, disparate, partial; unbalanced, 

overbalanced; top-heavy, lopsided, biased, skewed; 

disquiparant † .

abreast; come to, amount to, come up to; be on a level with, lie on 

a level with; balance; cope with; come to the same thing. render 

equal &c. adj.; equalize level, dress, balance, equate, handicap, 

give points, spot points, handicap, trim, adjust, poise; fit, 

accommodate; adapt &c. (render accordant) 23; strike a balance; 

establish equality, restore equality, restore equilibrium; readjust; 

stretch on the bed of Procrustes. 

Adj. equal, even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, 

coordinate; on a par with, on a level with, on a footing with; up to 

the mark; equiparant † . equivalent, tantamount; indistinguishable; 

quits; homologous; synonymous &c. 522; resolvable into, 

convertible, much at one, as broad as long, neither more nor less.; 

much the same as, the same thing as, as good as; all one, all the 

same; equipollent, equiponderant † , equiponderous † , 

equibalanced † ; equalized &c. v.; drawn; half and half; isochronal, 

isochronous isoperimetric † , isoperimetrical † Adv. haud passibus aequis [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

; isobath [Ocean.], 

isobathic [Ocean.]. 

Adv. equally &c. adj.; pari passu [Lat.], ad eundum [Lat.], caeteris 

paribus [Lat.]; in equilibrio [Lat.]; to all intents and purposes. 

Phr. it comes to the same thing, it amounts to the same thing; 

what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the what is sauce for the 

goose is sauce for the gander. 

#29. Mean -- N. mean, average; median, mode; balance, medium, mediocrity, generality; golden mean &c. (mid-course) 628; 

middle &c. 68; compromise &c. 774; middle course, middle state; neutrality. mediocrity, least common denominator. 

V. split the difference; take the average &c. n.; reduce to a mean &c. n.; strike a balance, pair off. 

Adj. mean, intermediate; middle &c. 68; average; neutral. mediocre, middle-class; commonplace &c. (unimportant) 643. 

Adv. on an average, in the long run; taking one with another, taking all things together, taking it for all in all; communibus annis [Lat.], 

in round numbers. 

Phr. medium tenuere beati [Lat.]. 

#30. Compensation -- N. compensation, equation; commutation; indemnification; compromise; &c. 774 neutralization, nullification; 

counteraction &c. 179; reaction; measure for measure, retaliation, &c. 718 equalization; &c. 27; robbing Peter to pay Paul. set-off, 

offset; make-weight, casting-weight; counterpoise, ballast; indemnity, equivalent, quid pro quo; bribe, hush money; amends &c. 

(atonement) 952; counterbalance, counterclaim; cross-debt, cross-demand. 

V. make compensation; compensate, compense † ; indemnify; counteract, countervail, counterpoise; balance; outbalance † , 

overbalance, counterbalance; set off; hedge, square, give and take; make up for, lee way; cover, fill up, neutralize, nullify; equalize &c. 

27; make good; redeem &c. (atone) 952. 

Adj. compensating, compensatory; countervailing &c. v.; in the opposite scale; equivalent &c. (equal) 27. 

Adv. in return, in consideration; but, however, yet, still, notwithstanding; nevertheless, nathless † , none the less; although, though; 

albeit, howbeit; mauger † ; at all events, at any rate; be that as it may, for all that, even so, on the other, hand, at the same time, quoad 

minus [Lat.], quand meme [Fr.], however that may be; after all is said and done; taking one thing with another &c. (average) 29. 

Phr. light is mingled with the gloom" [Whittier]; every dark cloud has a silver lining; primo avulso non deficit alter [Vergil]; saepe creat 

molles aspera spina rosas [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

#31. Greatness -- N. greatness &c. adj.; magnitude; size &c. 

(dimensions) 192; multitude &c. (number) 102; immensity; 

enormity; infinity &c. 105; might, strength, intensity, fullness; 

importance &c. 642. great quantity, quantity, deal, power, sight, 

pot, volume, world; mass, heap &c. (assemblage) 72; stock &c. 

(store) 636; peck, bushel, load, cargo; cartload † , wagonload, 

shipload; flood, spring tide; abundance &c. (sufficiency) 639. 

principal part, chief part, main part, greater part, major part, best 

part, essential part; bulk, mass &c. (whole) 50. 

V. be great &c. adj.; run high, soar, tower, transcend; rise to a 

great height, carry to a great height; know no bounds; ascend, 

mount. enlarge &c. (increase) 35, (expand) 194. 

Adj. great; greater &c. 33; large, considerable, fair, above par; 

big, huge &c. (large in size) 192; Herculean, cyclopean; ample; 

abundant; &c. (enough) 639 full, intense, strong, sound, passing, 

heavy, plenary, deep, high; signal, at its height, in the zenith. worldwide, 

widespread, far-famed, extensive; wholesale; many &c. 

102. goodly, noble, precious, mighty; sad, grave, heavy, serious; 

far gone, arrant, downright; utter, uttermost; crass, gross, arch, 

profound, intense, consummate; rank, uninitiated, red-hot, 

1 QUANTITY BY COMPARISON WITH A STANDARD 

#32. Smallness -- N. smallness &c. adj.; littleness &c. (small 

size) 193; tenuity; paucity; fewness &c. (small number) 103; 

meanness, insignificance (unimportance) 643; mediocrity, 

moderation. small quantity, modicum, trace, hint, minimum; 

vanishing point; material point, atom, particle, molecule, 

corpuscle, point, speck, dot, mote, jot, iota, ace; minutiae, details; 

look, thought, idea, soupcon, dab, dight † , whit, tittle, shade, 

shadow; spark, scintilla, gleam; touch, cast; grain, scruple, 

granule, globule, minim, sup, sip, sop, spice, drop, droplet, 

sprinkling, dash, morceau † , screed, smack, tinge, tincture; inch, 

patch, scantling, tatter, cantlet † , flitter, gobbet † , mite, bit, morsel, 

crumb, seed, fritter, shive † ; snip, snippet; snick † , snack, snatch, 

slip, scrag † ; chip, chipping; shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, 

shaving, hair. nutshell; thimbleful, spoonful, handful, capful, 

mouthful; fragment; fraction &c. (part) 51; drop in the ocean. 

animalcule &c. 193. trifle &c. (unimportant thing) 643; mere 

nothing, next to nothing; hardly anything; just enough to swear by; 

the shadow of a shade. finiteness, finite quantity. 

V. be small &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell. diminish &c. (decrease) 36; 

(contract) 195.

desperate; glaring, flagrant, stark staring; thorough-paced, 

thoroughgoing; roaring, thumping; extraordinary.; important &c. 

642; unsurpassed &c. (supreme) 33; complete &c. 52. august, 

grand, dignified, sublime, majestic &c. (repute) 873. vast, 

immense, enormous, extreme; inordinate, excessive, extravagant, 

exorbitant, outrageous, preposterous, unconscionable, swinging, 

monstrous, overgrown; towering, stupendous, prodigious, 

astonishing, incredible; marvelous &c. 870. unlimited &c. (infinite) 

105; unapproachable, unutterable, indescribable, ineffable, 

unspeakable, inexpressible, beyond expression, fabulous. 

undiminished, unabated, unreduced † , unrestricted. absolute, 

positive, stark, decided, unequivocal, essential, perfect, finished. 

remarkable, of mark, marked, pointed, veriest; noteworthy; 

renowned. 

Adv. truly &c. (truth) 494 [in a positive degree]; decidedly, 

unequivocally, purely, absolutely, seriously, essentially, 

fundamentally, radically, downright, in all conscience; for the most 

part, in the main. [in a complete degree] entirely &c. (completely) 

52; abundantly &c. (sufficiently) 639; widely, far and wide. [in a 

great or high degree] greatly &c. adj.; much, muckle † , well, 

indeed, very, very much, a deal, no end of, most, not a little; pretty, 

pretty well; enough, in a great measure, richly; to a large extent, to 

a great extent, to a gigantic extent; on a large scale; so; never so, 

ever so; ever so dole; scrap, shred, tag, splinter, rag, much; by 

wholesale; mighty, powerfully; with a witness, ultra [Lat.], in the 

extreme, extremely, exceedingly, intensely, exquisitely, acutely, 

indefinitely, immeasurably; beyond compare, beyond comparison, 

beyond measure, beyond all bounds; incalculably, infinitely. [in a 

supreme degree] preeminently, superlatively &c. (superiority) 33. 

[in a too great degree] immoderately, monstrously, 

preposterously, inordinately, exorbitantly, excessively, enormously, 

out of all proportion, with a vengeance. [in a marked degree] 

particularly, remarkably, singularly, curiously, uncommonly, 

unusually, peculiarly, notably, signally, strikingly, pointedly, mainly, 

chiefly; famously, egregiously, prominently, glaringly, emphatically, 

kat exochin [Gr.], strangely, wonderfully, amazingly, surprisingly, 

astonishingly, incredibly, marvelously, awfully, stupendously. [in an 

exceptional degree] peculiarly &c. (unconformity) 83. [in a violent 

degree] furiously &c. (violence) 173; severely, desperately, 

tremendously, extravagantly, confoundedly, deucedly, devilishly, 

with a vengeance; a outrance † (contract) 195. 

Adj. small, little; diminutive &c. (small in size) 193; minute; fine; 

inconsiderable, paltry &c. (unimportant) 643; faint &c. (weak) 160; 

slender, light, slight, scanty, scant, limited; meager &c. 

(insufficient) 640; sparing; few &c. 103; low, so-so, middling, 

tolerable, no great shakes; below par, under par, below the mark; 

at a low ebb; halfway; moderate, modest; tender, subtle. 

inappreciable, evanescent, infinitesimal, homeopathic, very small; 

atomic, corpuscular, microscopic, molecular, subatomic. mere, 

simple, sheer, stark, bare; near run. dull, petty, shallow, stolid, 

ungifted, unintelligent. 

Adv. to a small extent [in a small degree], on a small scale; a little 

bit, a wee bit; slightly &c. adj.; imperceptibly; miserably, 

wretchedly; insufficiently &c. 640; imperfectly; faintly &c. 160; 

passably, pretty well, well enough. [in a certain or limited degree] 

partially, in part; in a certain degree, to a certain degree; to a 

certain extent; comparatively; some, rather in some degree, in 

some measure; something, somewhat; simply, only, purely, 

merely; at least, at the least, at most, at the most; ever so little, as 

little as may be, tant soit peu [Fr.], in ever so small a degree; thus 

far, pro tanto [It], within bounds, in a manner, after a fashion, so to 

speak. almost, nearly, well-nigh, short of, not quite, all but; near 

upon, close upon; peu s'en faut [Fr.], near the mark; within an ace 

of, within an inch of; on the brink of; scarcely, hardly, barely, only 

just, no more than. about [in an uncertain degree], thereabouts, 

somewhere about, nearly, say; be the same, be little more or less. 

no ways [in no degree], no way, no wise; not at all, not in the least, 

not a bit, not a bit of it, not a whit, not a jot, not a shadow; in no 

wise, in no respect; by no means, by no manner of means; on no 

account, at no hand. 

Phr. dare pondus idonea fumo [Lat.] [Persius]; magno conatu 

magnas nugas [Lat.] [Terence]; small sands the mountain, 

moments make the small sands the mountain, moments make the 

year" [Young]. 

, a toute outrance [Fr.]. [in a painful 

degree] painfully, sadly, grossly, sorely, bitterly, piteously, 

grievously, miserably, cruelly, woefully, lamentably, shockingly, 

frightfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, horribly. 

Phr. a maximis ad minima [Lat.]; greatness knows itself" [Henry 

IV]; mightiest powers by deepest calms are mightiest powers by 

deepest calms are fed" [B. Cornwall]; minimum decet libere cui 

multum licet [Lat.] [Seneca]; some are born great, some achieve 

greatness, and some are born great, some achieve greatness, 

and some have greatness thrust upon them" [Twelfth Night]. 

2 QUANTITY BY COMPARISON WITH A SIMILAR OBJECT 

#33. [Supremacy.] Superiority -- N. superiority, majority; 

greatness &c. 31; advantage; pull; preponderance, 

preponderation; vantage ground, prevalence, partiality; personal 

superiority; nobility &c. (rank) 875; Triton among the minnows, 

primus inter pares [Lat.], nulli secundus [Lat.], captain; crackajack 

[U.S.]. supremacy, preeminence; lead; maximum; record; trikumia 

[Gr.], climax; culmination &c. (summit) 210; transcendence; ne 

plus ultra [Lat.]; lion's share, Benjamin's mess; excess, surplus &c. 

(remainder) 40; (redundancy) 641. 

V. be superior &c. adj.; exceed, excel, transcend; outdo, 

outbalance † #34. Inferiority -- N. inferiority, minority, subordinacy; 

shortcoming, deficiency; minimum; smallness &c. 32; 

imperfection; lower quality, lower worth. [personal inferiority] 

commonalty &c. 876. 

V. be inferior &c. adj.; fall short of, come short of; not pass, not 

come up to; want. become smaller, render smaller &c. (decrease) 

36, (contract) 195; hide its diminished head, retire into the shade, 

yield the palm, play second fiddle, be upstaged, take a back seat. 

Adj. inferior, smaller; small &c. 32; minor, less, lesser, deficient, 

minus, lower, subordinate, secondary; secondrate &c. (imperfect) 

, outweigh, outrank, outrival, out-Herod; pass, 651; sub, subaltern; thrown into the shade; weighed in the balance 

surpass, get ahead of; over-top, override, overpass, overbalance, and found wanting; not fit to hold a candle to, can't hold a candle 

overweigh, overmatch; top, o'ertop, cap, beat, cut out; beat hollow; to. least, smallest &c. (little) (small) &c. 193; lowest. diminished 

outstrip &c. 303; eclipse, throw into the shade, take the shine out &c. (decreased) 36; reduced &c. (contracted) 195; unimportant 

of, outshine, put one's nose out of joint; have the upper hand, have &c. 643. 

the whip hand of, have the advantage; turn the scale, kick the Adv. less; under the mark, below the mark, below par; at the

eam; play first fiddle &c. (importance) 642; preponderate, 

predominate, prevail; precede, take precedence, come first; 

come to a head, culminate; beat all others, &c. bear the palm; 

break the record; take the cake [U.S.]. become larger, render 

larger &c. (increase) 35, (expand) 194. 

Adj. superior, greater, major, higher; exceeding &c. v.; great &c. 

31; distinguished, ultra [Lat.]; vaulting; more than a match for. 

supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, 

crowning; first-rate &c. (important) 642, (excellent) 648; unrivaled 

peerless, matchless; none such, second to none, sans pareil [Fr.]; 

unparagoned † , unparalleled, unequalled, unapproached † , 

unsurpassed; superlative, inimitable facile princeps [Lat.], 

incomparable, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus [Lat.], ne 

plus ultra [Lat.]; beyond compare, beyond comparison; 

culminating &c. (topmost) 210; transcendent, transcendental; plus 

royaliste que le Roi [Fr.], more catholic than the Pope increased 

&c. (added to) 35; enlarged &c. (expanded) 194. 

Adv. beyond, more, over; over the mark, above the mark; above 

par; upwards of, in advance of; over and above; at the top of the 

scale, at its height. [in a superior or supreme degree] eminently, 

egregiously, preeminently, surpassing, prominently, superlatively, 

supremely, above all, of all things, the most, to crown all, kat 

exochin [Gr.], par excellence, principally, especially, particularly, 

peculiarly, a fortiori, even, yea, still more. 

Phr. I shall not look upon his like again" [Hamlet]; deos fortioribus 

addesse [Lat.] [Tacitus]. 

#35. Increase -- N. increase, augmentation, enlargement, 

extension; dilatation &c. (expansion) 194; increment, accretion; 

accession &c. 37; development, growth; aggrandizement, 

aggravation; rise; ascent &c. 305; exaggeration exacerbation; 

spread &c. (dispersion) 73; flood tide; gain, produce, product, 

profit. 

V. increase, augment, add to, enlarge; dilate &c. (expand) 194; 

grow, wax, get ahead. gain strength; advance; run up, shoot up; 

rise; ascend &c. 305; sprout &c. 194. aggrandize; raise, exalt; 

deepen, heighten; strengthen; intensify, enhance, magnify, 

redouble; aggravate, exaggerate; exasperate, exacerbate; add 

fuel to the flame, oleum addere camino [Lat.], superadd &c. (add) 

37; spread &c. (disperse) 73. 

Adj. increased &c. v.; on the increase, undiminished; additional 

&c. (added) 37. 

Adv. crescendo. 

Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#37. Addition -- N. addition, annexation, adjection † ; junction &c. 

43; superposition, superaddition, superjunction † , superfetation; 

accession, reinforcement; increase &c. 35; increment, 

supplement; accompaniment &c. 88; interposition &c. 228; 

insertion &c. 300. 

V. add, annex, affix, superadd † , subjoin, superpose; clap on, 

saddle on; tack to, append, tag; ingraft † ; saddle with; sprinkle; 

introduce &c. (interpose) 228; insert &c. 300. become added, 

accrue; advene † , supervene. reinforce, reenforce, restrengthen † ; 

swell the ranks of; augment &c. 35. 

Adj. added &c. v.; additional; supplemental, supplementary; 

suppletory † , subjunctive; adjectitious † , adscititious † , ascititious † ; 

additive, extra, accessory. 

Adv. au reste [Fr.], in addition, more, plus, extra; and, also, 

likewise, too, furthermore, further, item; and also, and eke; else, 

besides, to boot, et cetera; &c.; and so on, and so forth; into the 

bottom of the scale, at a low ebb, at a disadvantage; short of, 

under. 

3 CHANGES IN QUANTITY 

#36. Nonincrease, Decrease -- N. decrease, diminution; 

lessening &c. v.; subtraction &c. 38; reduction, abatement, 

declension; shrinking &c. (contraction.) 195; coarctation † ; 

abridgment &c. (shortening) 201; extenuation. subsidence, wane, 

ebb, decline; ebbing; descent &c. 306; decrement, reflux, 

depreciation; deterioration &c. 659; anticlimax; mitigation &c. 

(moderation) 174. 

V. decrease, diminish, lessen; abridge &c. (shorten) 201; shrink 

&c. (contract) 195; drop off, fall off, tail off; fall away, waste, wear; 

wane, ebb, decline; descend &c. 306; subside; melt away, die 

away; retire into the shade, hide its diminished head, fall to a low 

ebb, run low, languish, decay, crumble. bate, abate, dequantitate † ; 

discount; depreciate; extenuate, lower, weaken, attenuate, fritter 

away; mitigate &c. (moderate) 174; dwarf, throw into the shade; 

reduce &c. 195; shorten &c. 201; subtract &c. 38. 

Adj. unincreased † &c. 35; decreased &c. v.; decreasing &c. v.; on 

the wane &c. n.. 

Phr. a gilded halo hovering round decay" [Byron]; fine by degrees 

and beautifully less" [Prior]. 

3. CONJUNCTIVE QUANTITY 

#38. Nonaddition. Subtraction -- N. subtraction, subduction † ; 

deduction, retrenchment; removal, withdrawal; ablation, sublation † ; 

abstraction &c. (taking) 789; garbling, &c. v.. mutilation, 

detruncation † ; amputation; abscission, excision, recision; 

curtailment &c. 201; minuend, subtrahend; decrease &c. 36; 

abrasion. 

V. subduct, subtract; deduct, deduce; bate, retrench; remove, 

withdraw, take from, take away; detract. garble, mutilate, 

amputate, detruncate † ; cut off, cut away, cut out; abscind † , excise; 

pare, thin, prune, decimate; abrade, scrape, file; geld, castrate; 

eliminate. diminish &c. 36; curtail &c. (shorten) 201; deprive of 

&c. (take) 789; weaken. 

Adj. subtracted &c. v.; subtractive. 

Adv. in deduction &c. n.; less; short of; minus, without, except, 

except for, excepting, with the exception of, barring, save, 

exclusive of, save and except, with a reservation; not counting, if 

one doesn't count.

argain, cum multis aliis [Lat.], over and above, moreover. with, 

withal; including, inclusive, as well as, not to mention, let alone; 

together with, along with, coupled with, in conjunction with; 

conjointly; jointly &c. 43. 

Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit [Lat.]. 

#39. [Thing added] Adjunct -- N. adjunct; addition, additament † ; 

additum [Lat.], affix, appelidage † , annexe † , annex; augment, 

augmentation; increment, reinforcement, supernumerary, 

accessory, item; garnish, sauce; accompaniment &c. 88; 

adjective, addendum; complement, supplement; continuation. 

rider, offshoot, episode, side issue, corollary; piece [Fr.]; flap, 

lappet, skirt, embroidery, trappings, cortege; tail, suffix &c. 

(sequel) 65; wing. 

Adj. additional &c. 37. alate † , alated † ; winged. 

Adv. in addition &c. 37. 

one doesn't count. 

#40. [Thing remaining.] Remainder -- N. remainder, residue; 

remains, remanent, remnant, rest, relic; leavings, heeltap † , odds 

and ends, cheesepairings † , candle ends, orts † ; residuum; dregs 

&c. (dirt) 653; refuse &c. (useless) 645; stubble, result, educt † ; 

fag-end; ruins, wreck, skeleton., stump; alluvium. surplus, 

overplus † , excess; balance, complement; superplus † , 

surplusage † ; superfluity &c. (redundancy) 641; survival, 

survivance † . 

V. remain; be left &c. adj.; exceed, survive; leave. 

Adj. remaining, left; left behind, left over; residual, residuary; over, 

odd; unconsumed, sedimentary; surviving; net; exceeding, over 

and above; outlying, outstanding; cast off &c. 782; superfluous &c. 

(redundant) 641. 

#40a. [Thing deducted.] Decrement -- N. decrement, discount, defect, loss, deduction; afterglow; eduction † ; waste. 

#41. [Forming a whole without coherence.] Mixture -- N. mixture, 

admixture, commixture, commixtion † ; commixion † , intermixture, 

alloyage † , matrimony; junction &c. 43; combination &c. 48; 

miscegenation. impregnation; infusion, diffusion suffusion, 

transfusion; infiltration; seasoning, sprinkling, interlarding; 

interpolation; &c. 228 adulteration, sophistication. [Thing mixed] 

tinge, tincture, touch, dash, smack, sprinkling, spice, seasoning, 

infusion, soupcon. [Compound resulting from mixture] alloy, 

amalgam; brass, chowchow † , pewter; magma, half-and-half, 

melange, tertium quid [Lat.], miscellany, ambigu † , medley, mess, 

hotchpot † , pasticcio † , patchwork, odds and ends, all sorts; jumble 

&c. (disorder) 59; salad, sauce, mash, omnium gatherum [Lat.], 

gallimaufry, olla-podrida † , olio, salmagundi, potpourri, Noah's ark, 

caldron texture, mingled yarn; mosaic &c. (variegation) 440. halfblood, 

half-caste. mulatto; terceron † , quarteron † , quinteron † &c.; 

quadroon, octoroon; griffo † , zambo † ; cafuzo † ; Eurasian; fustee † , 

fustie † ; griffe, ladino † , marabou, mestee † , mestizo, quintroon, 

sacatra zebrule [Lat.]; catalo † ; cross, hybrid, mongrel. 

V. mix; join &c. 43; combine &c. 48; commix, immix † , intermix; mix 

up with, mingle; commingle, intermingle, bemingle † ; shuffle &c. 

(derange) 61; pound together; hash up, stir up; knead, brew; 

impregnate with; interlard &c. (interpolate) 228; intertwine, 

interweave &c. 219; associate with; miscegenate † . be mixed &c.; 

get among, be entangled with. instill, imbue; infuse, suffuse, 

transfuse; infiltrate, dash, tinge, tincture, season, sprinkle, 

besprinkle, attemper † , medicate, blend, cross; alloy, amalgamate, 

compound, adulterate, sophisticate, infect. 

Adj. mixed &c. v.; implex † #42. [Freedom from mixture.] Simpleness -- N. simpleness &c. 

adj.; purity, homogeneity. elimination; sifting &c. v.; purification &c. 

(cleanness) 652. 

V. render simple &c. adj.; simplify. sift, winnow, bolt, eliminate; 

exclude, get rid of; clear; purify &c. (clean) 652; disentangle &c. 

(disjoin) 44. 

Adj. simple, uniform, of a piece [Fr.], homogeneous, single, pure, 

sheer, neat. unmixed, unmingled 

, composite, half-and-half, linseywoolsey, 

chowchow, hybrid, mongrel, heterogeneous; motley &c. 

(variegated) 440; miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate; 

miscible. 

Adv. among, amongst, amid, amidst; with; in the midst of, in the 

crowd. 

† , unblended, uncombined, 

uncompounded; elementary, undecomposed; unadulterated, 

unsophisticated, unalloyed, untinged † , unfortified, pur et simple 

[Fr.]; incomplex † . free from, exempt from; exclusive. 

Adv. simple &c. adj.. only. 

#43. Junction -- N. junction; joining &c. v.; joinder [Law], union 

connection, conjunction, conjugation; annexion † , annexation, 

annexment † ; astriction † , attachment, compagination † , vincture † , 

ligation, alligation † ; accouplement † ; marriage &c. (wedlock,) 903; 

infibulation † , inosculation † , symphysis [Anat.], anastomosis, 

confluence, communication, concatenation; meeting, reunion; 

assemblage &c. 72. coition, copulation; sex, sexual congress, 

sexual conjunction, sexual intercourse, love-making. joint, joining, 

juncture, pivot, hinge, articulation, commissure † , seam, gore, 

#44. Disjunction -- N. disjunction, disconnection, disunity, 

disunion, disassociation, disengagement; discontinuity &c. 70; 

abjunction † ; cataclasm † ; inconnection † ; abstraction, 

abstractedness; isolation; insularity, insulation; oasis; island; 

separateness &c. adj.; severalty; disjecta membra [Lat.]; 

dispersion &c. 73; apportionment &c. 786. separation; parting &c. 

v.; circumcision; detachment, segregation; divorce, sejunction † , 

seposition † , diduction † , diremption † , discerption † ; elision; 

caesura, break, fracture, division, subdivision, rupture; 

compartition † ; dismemberment, dislocation; luxation † ; severance,

gusset, suture, stitch; link &c. 45; miter mortise. closeness, 

tightness, &c. adj.; coherence &c. 46; combination &c. 48. 

annexationist. 

V. join, unite; conjoin, connect; associate; put together, lay 

together, clap together, hang together, lump together, hold 

together, piece together [Fr.], tack together, fix together, bind up 

together together; embody, reembody † ; roll into one. attach, fix, 

affix, saddle on, fasten, bind, secure, clinch, twist, make fast &c. 

adj.; tie, pinion, string, strap, sew, lace, tat, stitch, tack, knit, 

button, buckle, hitch, lash, truss, bandage, braid, splice, swathe, 

gird, tether, moor, picket, harness, chain; fetter &c. (restrain) 751; 

lock, latch, belay, brace, hook, grapple, leash, couple, accouple † , 

link, yoke, bracket; marry &c. (wed) 903; bridge over, span. braze; 

pin, nail, bolt, hasp, clasp, clamp, crimp, screw, rivet; impact, 

solder, set; weld together, fuse together; wedge, rabbet, mortise, 

miter, jam, dovetail, enchase † ; graft, ingraft † , inosculate † ; entwine, 

intwine † ; interlink, interlace, intertwine, intertwist † , interweave; 

entangle; twine round, belay; tighten; trice up, screw up. be joined 

&c.; hang together, hold together; cohere &c. 46. 

Adj. joined &c. v.; joint; conjoint, conjunct; corporate, compact; 

hand in hand. firm, fast, close, tight, taut, taught, secure, set, 

intervolved † ; inseparable, indissoluble, insecable † compartition 

, severable. 

Adv. jointly &c. adj.; in conjunction with &c. (in addition to) 37; 

fast, firmly, &c. adj.; intimately. 

Phr. tria juncta in uno [Lat.]. 

† ; dismemberment, dislocation; luxation † ; severance, 

disseverance; scission; rescission, abscission; laceration, 

dilaceration † ; disruption, abruption † ; avulsion † , divulsion † ; section, 

resection, cleavage; fission; partibility † , separability. fissure, 

breach, rent, split, rift, crack, slit, incision. dissection anatomy; 

decomposition &c. 49; cutting instrument &c. (sharpness) 253; 

buzzsaw, circular saw, rip saw. separatist. 

V. be disjoined &c.; come off, fall off, come to pieces, fall to 

pieces; peel off; get loose. disjoin, disconnect, disengage, 

disunite, dissociate, dispair † ; divorce, part, dispart † , detach, 

separate, cut off, rescind, segregate; set apart, keep apart; 

insulate, isolate; throw out of gear; cut adrift; loose; unloose, undo, 

unbind, unchain, unlock &c. (fix) 43, unpack, unravel; disentangle; 

set free &c. (liberate) 750. sunder, divide, subdivide, sever, 

dissever, abscind † ; circumcise; cut; incide † , incise; saw, snip, nib, 

nip, cleave, rive, rend, slit, split, splinter, chip, crack, snap, break, 

tear, burst; rend &c., rend asunder, rend in twain; wrench, rupture, 

shatter, shiver, cranch † , crunch, craunch † , chop; cut up, rip up; 

hack, hew, slash; whittle; haggle, hackle, discind † , lacerate, 

scamble † , mangle, gash, hash, slice. cut up, carve, dissect, 

anatomize; dislimb † ; take to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces, 

tear to pieces; tear to tatters, tear piecemeal, tear limb from limb; 

divellicate † ; skin &c. 226; disintegrate, dismember, disbranch † , 

disband; disperse &c. 73; dislocate, disjoint; break up; mince; 

comminute &c. (pulverize) 330; apportion &c. 786. part, part 

company; separate, leave. 

Adj. disjoined &c. v.; discontinuous &c. 70; multipartite † , abstract; 

disjunctive; secant; isolated &c. v.; insular, separate, disparate, 

discrete, apart, asunder, far between, loose, free; unattached, 

unannexed, unassociated, unconnected; distinct; adrift; straggling; 

rift, reft † . [capable of being cut] scissile [Chem], divisible, 

discerptible † , partible, separable. 

Adv. separately &c. adj.; one by one, severally, apart; adrift, 

asunder, in twain; in the abstract, abstractedly. 

#45. [Connecting medium.] Connection -- N. vinculum, link; connective, connection; junction &c. 43; bond of union, copula, hyphen, 

intermedium † ; bracket; bridge, stepping-stone, isthmus. bond, tendon, tendril; fiber; cord, cordage; riband, ribbon, rope, guy, cable, 

line, halser † , hawser, painter, moorings, wire, chain; string &c. (filament) 205. fastener, fastening, tie; ligament, ligature; strap; tackle, 

rigging; standing rigging, running rigging; traces, harness; yoke; band ribband, bandage; brace, roller, fillet; inkle † ; with, withe, withy; 

thong, braid; girder, tiebeam; girth, girdle, cestus † , garter, halter, noose, lasso, surcingle, knot, running knot; cabestro [U.S.], cinch 

[U.S.], lariat, legadero † , oxreim † ; suspenders. pin, corking pin, nail, brad, tack, skewer, staple, corrugated fastener; clamp, U-clamp, 

C-clamp; cramp, cramp iron; ratchet, detent, larigo † , pawl; terret † , treenail, screw, button, buckle; clasp, hasp, hinge, hank, catch, 

latch, bolt, latchet † , tag; tooth; hook, hook and eye; lock, holdfast † , padlock, rivet; anchor, grappling iron, trennel † , stake, post. cement, 

glue, gum, paste, size, wafer, solder, lute, putty, birdlime, mortar, stucco, plaster, grout; viscum † . shackle, rein &c. (means of 

restraint) 752; prop &c. (support) 215. 

V. bridge over, span; connect &c. 43; hang &c. 214. 

#46. Coherence -- N. coherence, adherence, adhesion, 

adhesiveness; concretion accretion; conglutination, agglutination, 

agglomeration; aggregation; consolidation, set, cementation; 

sticking, soldering &c. v.; connection; dependence. tenacity, 

toughness; stickiness &c. 352; inseparability, inseparableness; 

bur, remora. conglomerate, concrete &c. (density) 321. 

V. cohere, adhere, stick, cling, cleave, hold, take hold of, hold fast, 

close with, clasp, hug; grow together, hang together; twine round 

&c. (join) 43. stick like a leech, stick like wax; stick close; cling 

like ivy, cling like a bur; adhere like a remora, adhere like 

Dejanira's shirt. glue; agglutinate, conglutinate † ; cement, lute, 

paste, gum; solder, weld; cake, consolidate &c. (solidify) 321; 

agglomerate. 

Adj. cohesive, adhesive, adhering, cohering &c. v.; tenacious, 

tough; sticky &c. 352. united, unseparated, unsessile † , 

inseparable, inextricable, infrangible † #47. [Want of adhesion, nonadhesion, immiscibility.] 

Incoherence -- N. nonadhesion 

; compact &c. (dense) 321. 

† ; immiscibility; incoherence; 

looseness &c. adj.; laxity; relaxation; loosening &c. v.; freedom; 

disjunction &c. 44; rope of sand. 

V. make loose &c. adj.; loosen, slacken, relax; unglue &c. 46; 

detach &c. (disjoin) 44. 

Adj. nonadhesive, immiscible; incoherent, detached, loose, 

baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming; disheveled; 

segregated, like grains of sand unconsolidated &c. 231, 

uncombined &c. 48; noncohesive † . 

#48. Combination -- N. combination; mixture &c. 41; junction &c. 

43; union, unification, synthesis, incorporation, amalgamation, 

#49. Decomposition -- N. decomposition, analysis, dissection, 

resolution, catalysis, dissolution; corruption &c. (uncleanness)

embodiment, coalescence, crasis † , fusion, blending, absorption, 

centralization. alloy, compound, amalgam, composition, tertium 

quid [Lat.]; resultant, impregnation. 

V. combine, unite, incorporate, amalgamate, embody, absorb, 

reembody † , blend, merge, fuse, melt into one, consolidate, 

coalesce, centralize, impregnate; put together, lump together; 

cement a union, marry. 

Adj. combined &c. v.; impregnated with, ingrained; imbued 

inoculated. 

#50. [Principal part.] Whole -- N. whole, totality, integrity; 

totalness &c. adj. † ; entirety, ensemble, collectiveness † ; unity &c. 

87; completeness &c. 52; indivisibility, indiscerptibility † ; 

integration, embodiment; integer. all, the whole, total, aggregate, 

one and all, gross amount, sum, sum total, tout ensemble, length 

and breadth of, Alpha and Omega, be all and end all;" complex, 

complexus † ; lock stock and barrel. bulk, mass, lump, tissue, 

staple, body, compages † ; trunk, torso, bole, hull, hulk, skeleton 

greater part, major part, best part, principal part, main part; 

essential part &c. (importance) 642; lion's share, Benjamin's 

mess; the long and the short; nearly, all, almost all. 

V. form a whole, constitute a whole; integrate, embody, amass; 

aggregate &c. (assemble) 72; amount to, come to. 

Adj. whole, total, integral, entire; complete &c. 52; one, individual. 

unbroken, intact, uncut, undivided, unsevered † , unclipped † , 

uncropped, unshorn; seamless; undiminished; undemolished, 

undissolved, undestroyed, unbruised. indivisible, indissoluble, 

indissolvable † , indiscerptible † . wholesale, sweeping; 

comprehensive. 

Adv. wholly, altogether; totally &c. (completely) 52; entirely, all, all 

in all, as a whole, wholesale, in a body, collectively, all put 

together; in the aggregate, in the lump, in the mass, in the gross, 

in the main, in the long run; en masse, as a body, on the whole, 

bodily † , en bloc, in extenso [Lat.], throughout, every inch; 

substantially. 

Phr. tout bien ou rien [Fr.]. 

653; dispersion &c. 73; disjunction &c. 44; disintegration. 

V. decompose, decompound; analyze, disembody, dissolve; 

resolve into its elements, separate into its elements; electrolyze 

[Chem]; dissect, decentralize, break up; disperse &c. 73; unravel 

&c. (unroll) 313; crumble into dust. 

Adj. decomposed &c. v.; catalytic, analytical; resolvent, 

separative, solvent. 

4. CONCRETE QUANTITY 

#51. Part -- N. part, portion; dose; item, particular; aught, any; 

division, ward; subdivision, section; chapter, clause, count, 

paragraph, verse; article, passage; sector, segment; fraction, 

fragment; cantle, frustum; detachment, parcel. piece [Fr.], lump, bit 

cut, cutting; chip, chunk, collop † , slice, scale; lamina &c. 204; 

small part; morsel, particle &c. (smallness) 32; installment, 

dividend; share &c. (allotment) 786. debris, odds and ends, 

oddments, detritus; excerpta † ; member, limb, lobe, lobule, arm, 

wing, scion, branch, bough, joint, link, offshoot, ramification, twig, 

bush, spray, sprig; runner; leaf, leaflet; stump; component part &c. 

56; sarmentum † . compartment; department &c. (class) 75; county 

&c. (region) 181. 

V. part, divide, break &c. (disjoin) 44; partition &c. (apportion) 

786. 

Adj. fractional, fragmentary; sectional, aliquot; divided &c. v.; in 

compartments, multifid † ; disconnected; partial. 

Adv. partly, in part, partially; piecemeal, part by part; by by 

installments, by snatches, by inches, by driblets; bit by bit, inch by 

inch, foot by foot, drop by drop; in detail, in lots. 

#52. Completeness -- N. completeness &c. adj.; completion &c. 

729; integration; allness † . entirety; perfection &c. 650; solidity, 

solidarity; unity; all; ne plus ultra [Lat.], ideal, limit. complement, 

supplement, make-weight; filling, up &c. v.. impletion † ; saturation, 

saturity † ; high water; high tide, flood tide, spring tide; fill, load, 

bumper, bellyful † ; brimmer † ; sufficiency &c. 639. 

V. be complete &c. adj.; come to a head. render complete &c. 

adj.; complete &c. (accomplish) 729; fill, charge, load, replenish; 

make up, make good; piece out [Fr.], eke out; supply deficiencies; 

fill up, fill in, fill to the brim, fill the measure of; saturate. go the 

whole hog, go the whole length; go all lengths. 

Adj. complete, entire; whole &c. 50; perfect &c. 650; full, good, 

absolute, thorough, plenary; solid, undivided; with all its parts; allsided. 

exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thorough-going; dead. 

regular, consummate, unmitigated, sheer, unqualified, 

unconditional, free; abundant &c. (sufficient) 639. brimming; 

brimful, topful, topfull; chock full, choke full; as full as an egg is of 

meat, as full as a vetch; saturated, crammed; replete &c. 

(redundant) 641; fraught, laden; full-laden, full-fraught, full-charged; 

heavy laden. completing &c. v.; supplemental, supplementary; 

ascititious † #53. Incompleteness -- N. incompleteness &c. adj.; deficiency, 

short measure; shortcoming &c. 304; insufficiency &c. 640; 

imperfection &c. 651; immaturity &c. (nonpreparation) 674; half 

measures. [part wanting] defect, deficit, defalcation, omission; 

caret; shortage; interval &c. 198; break &c. (discontinuity) 70; 

noncompletion &c. 730; missing link. missing piece, missing part, 

gap, hole, lacuna. 

V. be incomplete &c. adj.; fall short of &c. 304; lack &c. (be 

insufficient) 640; neglect &c. 460. 

Adj. incomplete; imperfect &c. 651; unfinished; uncompleted &c. 

(complete) &c. 729; defective, deficient, wanting, lacking, failing; 

in default, in arrear 

. 

Adv. completely &c. adj.; altogether, outright, wholly, totally, in 

toto, quite; all out; over head and ears; effectually, for good and all, 

nicely, fully, through thick and thin, head and shoulders; neck and 

heel, neck and crop; in all respects, in every respect; at all points, 

out and out, to all intents and purposes; toto coelo [Lat.]; utterly; 

clean, clean as a whistle; to the full, to the utmost, to the backbone; 

hollow, stark; heart and soul, root and branch, down to the ground. 

† ; short of; hollow, meager, lame, halfand-half, 

perfunctory, sketchy; crude &c. (unprepared) 674. mutilated, 

garbled, docked, lopped, truncated. in progress, in hand; going 

on, proceeding. 

Adv. incompletely &c. adj.; by halves. 

Phr. caetera desunt [Lat.]; caret.

to the top of one's bent, as far as possible, a outrance † . 

throughout; from first to last, from beginning to end, from end to 

end, from one end to the other, from Dan to Beersheba, from head 

to foot, from top to toe, from top to bottom, de fond en comble 

[Fr.]; a fond, a capite ad calcem [Lat.], ab ovo usque ad mala 

[Lat.], fore and aft; every, whit, every inch; cap-a-pie, to the end of 

the chapter; up to the brim, up to the ears, up to the eyes; as a as 

can be. on all accounts; sous tous les rapports [Fr.]; with a 

vengeance, with a witness. 

Phr. falsus in uno falsus in omnibus [Lat.], false in one thing, false 

in everything; omnem movere lapidem [Lat.]; una scopa nuova 

spazza bene [It]. 

#54. Composition -- N. composition, constitution, crasis † ; 

combination &c. 48; inclusion, admission, comprehension, 

reception; embodiment; formation. 

V. be composed of, be made of, be formed of, be made up of; 

consist of, be resolved into. include &c. (in a class) 76; contain, 

hold, comprehend, take in, admit, embrace, embody; involve, 

implicate; drag into. compose, constitute, form, make; make up, 

fill up, build up; enter into the composition of &c. (be a 

component) 56. 

Adj. containing, constituting &c. v.. 

#56. Component -- N. component; component part, integral part, 

integrant part † ; element, constituent, ingredient, leaven; part and 

parcel; contents; appurtenance; feature; member &c. (part) 51; 

personnel. 

V. enter into, enter into the composition of; be a component &c. n. 

be part of, form part of &c. 51; merge in, be merged in; be 

implicated in; share in &c. (participate) 778; belong to, appertain 

to; combine, inhere in, unite. form, make, constitute, compose. 

Adj. forming &c. v.. inclusive. 

#55. Exclusion -- N. exclusion, nonadmission, omission, 

exception, rejection, repudiation; exile &c. (seclusion) 893; 

noninclusion † , preclusion, prohibition. separation, segregation, 

seposition † , elimination, expulsion; cofferdam. 

V. be excluded from &c.; exclude, bar; leave out, shut out, bar out; 

reject, repudiate, blackball; lay apart, put apart, set apart, lay 

aside, put aside; relegate, segregate; throw overboard; strike off, 

strike out; neglect &c. 460; banish &c. (seclude) 893; separate 

&c. (disjoin) 44. pass over, omit; garble; eliminate, weed, winnow. 

Adj. excluding &c. v.; exclusive. excluded &c. v.; unrecounted † , not 

included in; inadmissible. 

Adv. exclusive of, barring; except; with the exception of; save; 

bating. 

#57. Extraneousness -- N. extraneousness &c. adj.; 

extrinsicality &c. 6; exteriority &c. 220; alienage † , alienism. foreign 

body, foreign substance, foreign element; alien, stranger, intruder, 

interloper, foreigner, novus homo [Lat.], newcomer, immigrant, 

emigrant; creole, Africander † ; outsider; Dago [Slang], wop, mick, 

polak, greaser, slant, Easterner [U.S.], Dutchman, tenderfoot. 

Adj. extraneous, foreign, alien, ulterior; tramontane, ultramontane. 

excluded &c. 55; inadmissible; exceptional. 

Adv. in foreign parts, in foreign lands; abroad, beyond seas; over 

sea on one's travels. 

SECTION IV. 

ORDER 

1. ORDER IN GENERAL 

#58. Order -- N. order, regularity, uniformity, symmetry, lucidus #59. [Absence, or want of Order, &c.] Disorder -- N. disorder; 

ordo [Lat.]; music of the spheres. gradation, progression; series derangement &c. 61; irregularity; anomaly &c. (unconformity) 83; 

&c. (continuity) 69. subordination; course, even tenor, routine; anarchy, anarchism; want of method; untidiness &c. adj.; disunion; 

method, disposition, arrangement, array, system, economy, discord &c. 24. confusion; confusedness &c. adj.; mishmash, mix; 

discipline orderliness &c. adj.. rank, place &c. (term) 71. disarray, jumble, huddle, litter, lumber; cahotage 

V. be in order, become in order &c. adj.; form, fall in, draw up; 

arrange itself, range itself, place itself; fall into one's place, take 

one's place, take one's rank; rally round. adjust, methodize, 

regulate, systematize. 

Adj. orderly, regular; in order, in trim, in apple-pie order, in its 

proper place; neat, tidy, en regle [Fr.], well regulated, correct, 

methodical, uniform, symmetrical, shipshape, businesslike, 

systematic; unconfused &c. (confuse) &c. 61; arranged &c. 60. 

Adv. in order; methodically &c. adj.; in turn, in its turn; by steps, 

step by step; by regular steps, by regular gradations, by regular 

stages, by regular intervals; seriatim, systematically, by clockwork, 

gradatim [Lat.]; at stated periods &c. (periodically) 138. 

Phr. natura non facit saltum [Lat.]; order is heaven's first law" 

[Pope]; order from disorder sprung" [Paradise Lost]; ordo est 

parium dispariumque rerum sua loca tribuens ordo est parium 

dispariumque rerum sua loca tribuens dispositio [Lat.] [St. 

Augustine]. 

† ; farrago; mess, 

mash, muddle, muss [U.S.], hash, hodgepodge; hotch-potch † , 

hotch-pot † ; imbroglio, chaos, omnium gatherum [Lat.], medley; 

mere mixture &c. 41; fortuitous concourse of atoms, disjecta 

membra [Lat.], rudis indigestaque moles [Lat.] [Ovid]. complexity 

&c. 59.1. turmoil; ferment &c. (agitation) 315; to-do, trouble, 

pudder † , pother, row, rumble, disturbance, hubbub, convulsion, 

tumult, uproar, revolution, riot, rumpus, stour † , scramble, brawl, 

fracas, rhubarb, fight, free-for-all, row, ruction, rumpus, 

embroilment, melee, spill and pelt, rough and tumble; whirlwind 

&c. 349; bear garden, Babel, Saturnalia, donnybrook, 

Donnybrook Fair, confusion worse confounded, most admired 

disorder, concordia discors [Lat.]; Bedlam, all hell broke loose; 

bull in a china shop; all the fat in the fire, diable a' quatre [Fr.], 

Devil to pay; pretty kettle of fish; pretty piece of work [Fr.], pretty 

piece of business [Fr.]. [legal terms] disorderly person; disorderly 

persons offence; misdemeanor. [moral disorder] slattern, slut 

(libertine) 962. 

V. be disorderly &c. adj.; ferment, play at cross-purposes. put out 

of order; derange &c. 61; ravel &c. 219; ruffle, rumple.

Adj. disorderly, orderless; out of order, out of place, out of gear; 

irregular, desultory; anomalous &c. (unconformable) 83; 

acephalous † , deranged; aimless; disorganized; straggling; 

unmethodical, immethodical † ; unsymmetric † , unsystematic; untidy, 

slovenly; dislocated; out of sorts; promiscuous, indiscriminate; 

chaotic, anarchical; unarranged &c. (arrange) &c. 60; confused; 

deranged &c. 61; topsy-turvy &c. (inverted) 218; shapeless &c. 

241; disjointed, out of joint. troublous † ; riotous &c. (violent) 173. 

complex &c. 59.1. 

Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits, by fits and snatches, by fits and 

starts; pellmell; higgledy-piggledy; helter-skelter, harum-scarum; in 

a ferment; at sixes and sevens, at cross-purposes; upside down 

&c. 218. 

Phr. the cart before the horse; hysteron proteron [Gr.]; chaos is 

come again; the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds" 

[Addison]. 

#59a. Complexity -- N. complexity; complexness &c. adj.; complexus † ; complication, implication; intricacy, intrication † ; perplexity; 

network, labyrinth; wilderness, jungle; involution, raveling, entanglement; coil &c. (convolution) 248; sleave † , tangled skein, knot, 

Gordian knot, wheels within wheels; kink, gnarl, knarl † ; webwork † . [complexity if a task or action] difficulty &c. 704. 

V. complexify † , complicate. 

Adj. gnarled, knarled † . complex, complexed; intricate, complicated, perplexed, involved, raveled, entangled, knotted, tangled, 

inextricable; irreducible. 

#60. [Reduction to Order.] Arrangement -- N. arrangement; plan 

&c. 626; preparation &c. 673; disposal, disposition; collocation, 

allocation; distribution; sorting &c. v.; assortment, allotment, 

apportionment, taxis, taxonomy, syntaxis † , graduation, 

organization; grouping; tabulation. analysis, classification, 

clustering, division, digestion. [Result of arrangement] digest; 

synopsis &c. (compendium) 596; syntagma [Gramm.], table, 

atlas; file, database; register. &c. (record) 551; organism, 

architecture. [Instrument for sorting] sieve, riddle, screen, sorter. 

V. reduce to order, bring into order; introduce order into; rally. 

arrange, dispose, place, form; put in order, set in order, place in 

order; set out, collocate, pack, marshal, range, size, rank, group, 

parcel out, allot, distribute, deal; cast the parts, assign the parts; 

dispose of, assign places to; assort, sort; sift, riddle; put to rights, 

set to rights, put into shape, put in trim, put in array; apportion. 

class, classify; divide; file, string together, thread; register &c. 

(record) 551; catalogue, tabulate, index, graduate, digest, grade. 

methodize, regulate, systematize, coordinate, organize, settle, fix. 

unravel, disentangle, ravel, card; disembroil † ; feaze † . 

Adj. arranged &c. v.; embattled, in battle array; cut and dried; 

methodical, orderly, regular, systematic. 

Phr. In vast cumbrous array" [Churchill]. 

#61. [Subversion of Order; bringing into disorder.] Derangement 

-- N. derangement &c. v.; disorder &c. 59; evection † , 

discomposure, disturbance; disorganization, deorganization † ; 

dislocation; perturbation, interruption; shuffling &c. v.; inversion 

&c. 218; corrugation &c. (fold) 258; involvement. interchange &c. 

148. 

V. derange; disarrange, misarrange † ; displace, misplace; mislay, 

discompose, disorder; deorganize † , discombobulate, 

disorganize; embroil, unsettle, disturb, confuse, trouble, perturb, 

jumble, tumble; shuffle, randomize; huddle, muddle, toss, hustle, 

fumble, riot; bring into disorder, put into disorder, throw into 

disorder &c. 59; muss [U.S.]; break the ranks, disconcert, 

convulse; break in upon. unhinge, dislocate, put out of joint, throw 

out of gear. turn topsy-turvy &c. (invert) 218; bedevil; complicate, 

involve, perplex, confound; imbrangle † , embrangle † , tangle, 

entangle, ravel, tousle, towzle † , dishevel, ruffle; rumple &c. (fold) 

258. litter, scatter; mix &c. 41. rearrange &c. 148. 

Adj. deranged &c. v.; syncretic, syncretistic † ; mussy, messy; flaky; 

random, unordered [U.S.]. 

2. CONSECUTIVE ORDER 

#62. Precedence -- N. precedence; coming before &c. v.; the 

lead, le pas; superiority &c. 33; importance &c. 642; 

antecedence, antecedency † ; anteriority &c. (front) 234; precursor 

&c. 64; priority &c. 116; precession &c. 280; anteposition † ; 

epacme † ; preference. 

V. precede; come before, come first; head, lead, take the lead; 

lead the way, lead the dance; be in the vanguard; introduce, usher 

in; have the pas; set the fashion &c. (influence) 175; open the ball; 

take precedence, have precedence; have the start &c. (get 

before) 280. place before; prefix; premise, prelude, preface. 

Adj. preceding &c. v.; precedent, antecedent; anterior; prior &c. 

116; before; former; foregoing; beforementioned † , 

abovementioned † , aforementioned; aforesaid, said; precursory, 

precursive † ; prevenient † , preliminary, prefatory, introductory; 

prelusive, prelusory; proemial † #63. Sequence -- N. sequence, coming after; going after &c. 

(following) 281; consecution, succession; posteriority &c. 117. 

continuation; order of succession; successiveness; paracme 

, preparatory. 

Adv. before; in advance &c. (precession) 280. 

Phr. seniores priores [Lat.]; prior tempore prior jure [Lat.]. 

† . 

secondariness † ; subordinancy &c. (inferiority) 34. afterbirth, 

afterburden † ; placenta, secundines [Med.]. 

V. succeed; come after, come on, come next; follow, ensue, step 

into the shoes of; alternate. place after, suffix, append. 

Adj. succeeding &c.; v.; sequent † ; subsequent, consequent, 

sequacious † , proximate, next; consecutive &c. (continuity) 69; 

alternate, amoebean † . latter; posterior &c. 117. 

Adv. after, subsequently; behind &c. (rear) 235.

#64. Precursor -- N. precursor, antecedent, precedent, 

predecessor; forerunner, vancourier † , avant-coureur [Fr.], pioneer, 

prodrome † , prodromos † , prodromus † , outrider; leader, bellwether; 

herald, harbinger; foreboding; dawn; avant-courier, avant-garde, 

bellmare † , forelooper † , foreloper † , stalking-horse, voorlooper 

[Afrik.], voortrekker [Afrik.]. prelude, preamble, preface, prologue, 

foreword, avant-propos [Fr.], protasis † , proemium † , prolusion † , 

proem, prolepsis [Gramm.], prolegomena, prefix, introduction; 

heading, frontispiece, groundwork; preparation &c. 673; overture, 

exordium [Lat.], symphony; premises. prefigurement &c. 511; 

omen &c. 512. 

Adj. precursory; prelusive, prelusory, preludious † ; proemial † , 

introductory, prefatory, prodromous † #65. Sequel -- N. sequel, suffix, successor; tail, queue, train, 

wake, trail, rear; retinue, suite; appendix, postscript; epilogue; 

peroration; codicil; continuation, sequela 

, inaugural, preliminary; 

precedent &c. (prior) 116. 

Phr. a precedent embalms a principle" [Disraeli]. 

† ; appendage; tail piece 

[Fr.], heelpiece † ; tag, more last words; colophon. aftercome † , 

aftergrowth † , afterpart † , afterpiece † , aftercourse † , afterthought, 

aftergame † ; arriere pensee [Fr.], second thoughts; outgrowth. 

#66. Beginning -- N. beginning, commencement, opening, 

outset, incipience, inception, inchoation † ; introduction &c. 

(precursor) 64; alpha, initial; inauguration, debut, le premier pas, 

embarcation [Fr.], rising of the curtain; maiden speech; outbreak, 

onset, brunt; initiative, move, first move; narrow end of the wedge, 

thin end of the wedge; fresh start, new departure. origin &c. 

(cause) 153; source, rise; bud, germ &c. 153; egg, rudiment; 

genesis, primogenesis † , birth, nativity, cradle, infancy; start, 

inception, creation, starting point &c. 293; dawn &c. (morning) 

125; evolution. title-page; head, heading; van &c. (front) 234; 

caption, fatihah † . entrance, entry; inlet, orifice, mouth, chops, lips, 

porch, portal, portico, propylon † , door; gate, gateway; postern, 

wicket, threshold, vestibule; propylaeum † ; skirts, border &c. 

(edge) 231. first stage, first blush, first glance, first impression, 

first sight. rudiments, elements, outlines, grammar, alphabet, 

ABC. 

V. begin, start, commence; conceive, open, dawn, set in, take its 

rise, enter upon, enter; set out &c. (depart) 293; embark in; 

incept † . initiate, launch, inaugurate. inchoate, rise, arise, originate. 

usher in; lead off, lead the way; take the lead, take the initiative; 

head; stand at the head, stand first, stand for; lay the foundations 

&c. (prepare) 673; found &c. (cause) 153; set up, set on foot, 

agoing † , set abroach † , set the ball in motion; apply the match to a 

train; broach; open up, open the door to. get underway, set about, 

get to work, set to work, set to; make a beginning, make a start. 

handsel; take the first step, lay the first stone, cut the first turf; 

break ground, break the ice, break cover; pass the Rubicon, cross 

the Rubicon; open fire, open the ball; ventilate, air; undertake &c. 

676. come into existence, come into the world; make one's debut, 

take birth; burst forth, break out; spring up, spring forth, crop up, 

pop up, appear, materialize. begin at the beginning, begin ab ovo 

[Lat.]. begin again, begin de novo; start afresh, make a fresh start, 

take it from the top, shuffle the cards, reshuffle the cards, resume, 

recommence. 

Adj. beginning &c. v.; initial, initiatory, initiative; inceptive, 

introductory, incipient; proemial † , inaugural; inchoate, inchoative † ; 

embryonic, rudimental; primogenial † ; primeval, primitive, 

primordial &c. (old) 124; aboriginal; natal, nascent. first, foremost, 

leading; maiden. begun &c. v.; just begun &c. v.. 

Adv. at the beginning, in the beginning, &c. n.; first, in the first 

place, imprimis [Lat.], first and foremost; in limine [Lat.]; in the bud, 

in embryo, in its infancy; from the beginning, from its birth; ab initio 

[Lat.], ab ovo [Lat.], ab incunabilis [Lat.], ab origine [Lat.]. 

Phr. let's get going!, let's get this show on the road!, up and at 

'em!; aller Anfang ist schwer [G.], dimidium facti qui coepit habet 

[Lat.] [Cicero]; omnium rerum principia parva sunt [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

#67. End -- N. end, close, termination; desinence † , conclusion, 

finis, finale, period, term, terminus, endpoint, last, omega; 

extreme, extremity; gable end, butt end, fag-end; tip, nib, point; tail 

&c. (rear) 235; verge &c. (edge) 231; tag, peroration; bonne 

bouche [Fr.]; bottom dollar, tail end, rear guard. consummation, 

denouement; finish &c. (completion) 729; fate; doom, doomsday; 

crack of doom, day of Judgment, dies irae, fall of the curtain; goal, 

destination; limit, determination; expiration, expiry † , extinction, 

extermination; death &c. 360; end of all things; finality; 

eschatology. break up, commencement de la fin, last stage, 

turning point; coup de grace, deathblow; knock-out-blow; 

sockdolager [U.S.]. 

V. end, close, finish, terminate, conclude, be all over; expire; die 

&c. 360; come-, draw-to-a-close &c. n.; have run its course; run 

out, pass away. bring to an end &c. n.; put an end to, make an end 

of; determine; get through; achieve &c. (complete) 729; stop &c. 

(make to cease) 142; shut up shop; hang up one's fiddle. 

Adj. ending &c. v.; final, terminal, definitive; crowning &c. 

(completing) 729; last, ultimate; hindermost † ; rear &c. 235; 

caudal; vergent † . conterminate † , conterminous, conterminable † . 

ended &c. v.; at an end; settled, decided, over, played out, set at 

rest; conclusive. penultimate; last but one, last but two, &c. 

unbegun, uncommenced † ; fresh. 

Adv. finally &c. adj.; in fine; at the last; once for all. 

Phr. as high as Heaven and as deep as hell" [Beaumont and 

Fletcher]; deficit omne quod nascitur [Lat.] [Quintilian]; en toute 

chose il faut considerer la fin [Fr.]; finem respice [Lat.]; ultimus 

Romanorum [Lat.]. 

#68. Middle -- N. middle, midst, mediety † , mean &c. 29; medium, middle term; center &c. 222, mid-course &c. 628; mezzo termine 

[It]; juste milieu [Fr.] &c. 628; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos † ; nucleus, nucleolus. equidistance † , bisection, half distance; 

equator, diaphragm, midriff; intermediate &c. 228.

Adj. middle, medial, mesial [Med.], mean, mid, median, average; middlemost, midmost; mediate; intermediate &c. (interjacent) 228; 

equidistant; central &c. 222; mediterranean, equatorial; homocentric. 

Adv. in the middle; midway, halfway; midships † , amidships, in medias res. 

#69. [Uninterrupted sequence.] Continuity -- N. continuity; 

consecution, consecutiveness &c. adj.; succession, round, suite, 

progression, series, train chain; catenation, concatenation; scale; 

gradation, course; ceaselessness, constant flow, unbroken extent. 

procession, column; retinue, cortege, cavalcade, rank and file, line 

of battle, array. pedigree, genealogy, lineage, race; ancestry, 

descent, family, house; line, line of ancestors; strain. rank, file, line, 

row, range, tier, string, thread, team; suit; colonnade. 

V. follow in a series, form a series &c. n.; fall in. arrange in a 

series, collate &c. n.; string together, file, thread, graduate, 

organize, sort, tabulate. 

Adj. continuous, continued; consecutive; progressive, gradual; 

serial, successive; immediate, unbroken, entire; linear; in a line, in 

a row &c. n.; uninterrupted, unintermitting † ; unremitting, unrelenting 

(perseverence) 604.1; perennial, evergreen; constant. 

Adv. continuously &c. adj.; seriatim; in a line &c. n.; in succession, 

in turn; running, gradually, step by step, gradatim [Lat.], at a 

stretch; in file, in column, in single file, in Indian file. 

#70. [Interrupted sequence.] Discontinuity -- N. discontinuity; 

disjunction &c. 44; anacoluthon † ; interruption, break, fracture, flaw, 

fault, crack, cut; gap &c. (interval) 198; solution of continuity, 

caesura; broken thread; parenthesis, episode, rhapsody, 

patchwork; intermission; alternation &c. (periodicity) 138; 

dropping fire. 

V. be discontinuous &c. adj.; alternate, intermit, sputter, stop and 

start, hesitate. discontinue, pause, interrupt; intervene; break, 

break in upon, break off; interpose &c. 228; break the thread, 

snap the thread; disconnect &c. (disjoin) 44; dissever. 

Adj. discontinuous, unsuccessive † , broken, interrupted, dicousu 

[Fr.]; disconnected, unconnected; discrete, disjunctive; fitful &c. 

(irregular) 139; spasmodic, desultory; intermitting, occasional &c. 

v., intermittent; alternate; recurrent &c. (periodic) 138. 

Adv. at intervals; by snatches, by jerks, by skips, by catches, by 

fits and starts; skippingly † , per saltum [Lat.]; longo intervallo [It]. 

Phr. like 'angel visits few and far between'" [Campbell]. 

#71. Term -- N. term, rank, station, stage, step; degree &c. 26; scale, remove, grade, link, peg, round of the ladder, status, position, 

place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch; stand, standing; footing, range. 

V. hold a place, occupy a place, find a place, fall into a place &c. n.. 

3. COLLECTIVE ORDER 

#72. Assemblage -- N. assemblage; collection, collocation, 

colligation † ; compilation, levy, gathering, ingathering, muster, 

attroupement † ; team; concourse, conflux † , congregation, 

contesseration † , convergence &c. 290; meeting, levee, reunion, 

drawing room, at home; conversazione [It] &c. (social gathering) 

892; assembly, congress; convention, conventicle; gemote † ; 

conclave &c. (council) 696; posse, posse comitatus [Lat.]; Noah's 

ark. miscellany, collectanea † ; museum, menagerie &c. (store) 

636; museology † . crowd, throng, group; flood, rush, deluge; 

rabble, mob, press, crush, cohue † , horde, body, tribe; crew, gang, 

knot, squad, band, party; swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, herd, 

drove; atajo † ; bunch, drive, force, mulada [U.S.]; remuda † ; 

roundup [U.S.]; array, bevy, galaxy; corps, company, troop, troupe, 

task force; army, regiment &c. (combatants) 726; host &c. 

(multitude) 102; populousness. clan, brotherhood, fraternity, 

sorority, association &c. (party) 712. volley, shower, storm, cloud. 

group, cluster, Pleiades, clump, pencil; set, batch, lot, pack; 

budget, assortment, bunch; parcel; packet, package; bundle, 

fascine † , fasces † , bale; seron † , seroon † ; fagot, wisp, truss, tuft; 

shock, rick, fardel † , stack, sheaf, haycock † ; fascicle, fascicule † , 

fasciculus [Lat.], gavel, hattock † , stook † . accumulation &c. (store) 

636; congeries, heap, lump, pile, rouleau † , tissue, mass, pyramid; 

bing † ; drift; snowball, snowdrift; acervation † , cumulation; 

glomeration † , agglomeration; conglobation † ; conglomeration, 

conglomerate; coacervate [Chem], coacervation [Chem], 

coagmentation † , aggregation, concentration, congestion, omnium 

gaterum [Lat.], spicilegium † , black hole of Calcutta; quantity &c. 

(greatness) 31. collector, gatherer; whip, whipper in. 

V. assemble [be or come together], collect, muster; meet, unite, 

join, rejoin; cluster, flock, swarm, surge, stream, herd, crowd, 

throng, associate; congregate, conglomerate, concentrate; 

precipitate; center round, rendezvous, resort; come together, flock 

get together, pig together; forgather; huddle; reassemble. [get or 

bring together] assemble, muster; bring together, get together, put 

together, draw together, scrape together, lump together; collect, 

collocate, colligate † ; get, whip in; gather; hold a meeting; convene, 

convoke, convocate † #73. Nonassemblage. Dispersion -- N. dispersion; disjunction 

&c. 44; divergence &c. 291; aspersion; scattering &c. v.; 

dissemination, diffusion, dissipation, distribution; apportionment 

&c. 786; spread, respersion 

; rake up, dredge; heap, mass, pile; pack, 

† , circumfusion † , interspersion, 

spargefaction † ; affusion † . waifs and estrays † , flotsam and jetsam, 

disjecta membra [Lat.], [Horace]; waveson † . 

V. disperse, scatter, sow, broadcast, disseminate, diffuse, shed, 

spread, bestrew, overspread, dispense, disband, disembody, 

dismember, distribute; apportion &c. 786; blow off, let out, dispel, 

cast forth, draught off; strew, straw, strow † ; ted; spirtle † , cast, 

sprinkle; issue, deal out, retail, utter; resperse † , intersperse; set 

abroach † , circumfuse † . turn adrift, cast adrift; scatter to the winds; 

spread like wildfire, disperse themselves. 

Adj. unassembled &c. (assemble) &c. 72; dispersed &c. v.; 

sparse, dispread, broadcast, sporadic, widespread; epidemic 

&c. (general) 78; adrift, stray; disheveled, streaming. 

Adv. sparsim † , here and there, passim.

put up, truss, cram; acervate † ; agglomerate, aggregate; compile; 

group, aggroup † , concentrate, unite; collect into a focus, bring into 

a focus; amass, accumulate &c. (store) 636; collect in a dragnet; 

heap Ossa upon Pelion. 

Adj. assembled &c. v.; closely packed, dense, serried, crowded 

to suffocation, teeming, swarming, populous; as thick as hops; all 

of a heap, fasciculated cumulative. 

Phr. the plot thickens; acervatim [Lat.]; tibi seris tibi metis [Lat.]. 

#74. [Place of meeting.] Focus -- N. focus; point of convergence &c. 290; corradiation † ; center &c. 222; gathering place, resort 

haunt retreat; venue; rendezvous; rallying point, headquarters, home, club; depot &c. (store) 636; trysting place; place of meeting, 

place of resort, place of assignation; point de reunion; issue. 

V. bring to a point, bring to a focus, bring to an issue. 

4. DISTRIBUTIVE ORDER 

#75. Class -- N. class, division, category, categorema † , head, order, section; department, subdepartment, province, domain. kind, 

sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset; 

assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin. manner, description, denomination, designation, rubric, character, stamp 

predicament; indication, particularization, selection, specification. similarity &c. 17. 

#76. [Comprehension under, or reference to a class.] Inclusion - #77. Exclusion -- N. exclusion &c. 55. 

- N. inclusion, admission, comprehension, reception. composition 

&c. (inclusion in a compound) 54. 

V. be included in &c.; come under, fall under, range under; belong 

to, pertain to; range with; merge in. include, comprise, 

comprehend, contain, admit, embrace, receive; inclose &c. 

(circumscribe) 229; embody, encircle. reckon among, enumerate 

among, number among; refer to; place with, arrange with, place 

under; take into account. 

Adj. included, including &c. v.; inclusive; congener, congenerous; 

of the same class &c. 75; encircling. 

Phr. a maximis ad minima [Lat.], et hoc genus omne [Lat.], &c. 

etc.; et coetera [Lat.]. 

#78. Generality -- N. generality, generalization; universality; 

catholicity, catholicism; miscellany, miscellaneousness † ; dragnet; 

common run; worldwideness † . everyone, everybody; all hands, all 

the world and his wife; anybody, N or M, all sorts. prevalence, run. 

V. be general &c. adj.; prevail, be going about, stalk abroad. 

render general &c. adj.; generalize. 

Adj. general, generic, collective; broad, comprehensive, 

sweeping; encyclopedical † , widespread &c. (dispersed) 73. 

universal; catholic, catholical † ; common, worldwide; ecumenical, 

oecumenical † ; transcendental; prevalent, prevailing, rife, 

epidemic, besetting; all over, covered with. Pan-American, 

Anglican † , Pan-Hellenic, Pan-Germanic, slavic; panharmonic † . 

every, all; unspecified, impersonal. customary &c. (habitual) 613. 

Adv. whatever, whatsoever; to a man, one and all. generally &c. 

adj.; always, for better for worse; in general, generally speaking; 

speaking generally; for the most part; in the long run &c. (on an 

average) 29. 

#80. Normality -- N. normality, normalcy, normalness † ; familiarity, 

naturalness; commonness (frequency) 136; rule, standard 

(conformity) 82; customary (habit) 613; standard, pattern 

(prototype) 22. 

V. normalize, standardize. 

#79. Speciality -- N. speciality, specialite † ; individuality, 

individuity † ; particularity, peculiarity; idiocrasy &c. (tendency) 176; 

personality, characteristic, mannerism, idiosyncrasy; specificness 

&c. adj. † ; singularity &c. (unconformity) 83; reading, version, 

lection; state; trait; distinctive feature; technicality; differentia. 

particulars, details, items, counts; minutiae. I, self, I myself; myself, 

himself, herself, itself. 

V. specify, particularize, individualize, realize, specialize, 

designate, determine; denote, indicate, point out, select. descend 

to particulars, enter into detail, go into detail, come to the point. 

Adj. special, particular, individual, specific, proper, personal, 

original, private, respective, definite, determinate, especial, 

certain, esoteric, endemic, partial, party, peculiar, appropriate, 

several, characteristic, diagnostic, exclusive; singular &c. 

(exceptional) 83; idiomatic; idiotypical; typical. this, that; yon, 

yonder. 

Adv. specially, especially, particularly &c. adj.; in particular, in 

propria persona [Lat.]; ad hominem [Lat.]; for my part. each, 

apiece, one by one, one at a time; severally, respectively, each to 

each; seriatim, in detail, in great detail, in excruciating detail, in 

mind-numbing detail; bit by bit; pro hac vice [Lat.], pro re nata 

[Lat.]. namely, that is to say, for example, id est, exemplia gratia 

[Lat.], e.g., i.e., videlicet, viz.; to wit. 

Phr. le style est l'homme meme [Fr.]. 

5. ORDER AS REGARDS CATEGORIES 

#81. Multiformity -- N. multiformity, omniformity † ; variety, 

diversity; multifariousness &c. adj.; varied assortment. 

dissimilarity &c. 18. 

Adj. polymorphous, multiform, multifold, multifarious, 

multigenerous † , multiplex; heterogeneous, diversified, dissimilar,

Adj. normal, natural, unexceptional; common, usual (frequency) 

136; 

#82. Conformity -- N. conformity, conformance; observance; 

habituation. naturalization; conventionality &c. (custom) 613; 

agreement &c. 23. example, instance, specimen, sample, 

quotation; exemplification, illustration, case in point; object lesson; 

elucidation. standard, model, pattern &c. (prototype) 22. rule, 

nature, principle; law; order of things; normal state, natural state, 

ordinary state, model state, normal condition, natural condition, 

ordinary condition, model condition; standing dish, standing order; 

Procrustean law; law of the Medes and Persians; hard and fast 

rule. 

V. conform to, conform to rule; accommodate oneself to, adapt 

oneself to; rub off corners. be regular &c. adj.; move in a groove; 

follow observe the rules, go by the rules, bend to the rules, obey 

the rules, obey the precedents; comply with, tally with, chime in 

with, fall in with; be guided by, be regulated by; fall into a custom, 

fall into a usage; follow the fashion, follow the crowd, follow the 

multitude; pass muster, do as others do, hurler avec les loups [Fr.]; 

stand on ceremony; when in Rome do as the Romans do; go with 

the stream, go with the flow, swim with the stream, swim with the 

current, swim with the tide, blow with the wind; stick to the beaten 

track &c. (habit) 613; keep one in countenance. exemplify, 

illustrate, cite, quote, quote precedent, quote authority, appeal to 

authority, put a case; produce an instance &c. n.; elucidate, 

explain. 

Adj. conformable to rule; regular &c. 136; according to regulation, 

according to rule, according to Hoyle, according to Cocker, 

according to Gunter; en regle [Fr.], selon les regles [Fr.], well 

regulated, orderly; symmetric &c. 242. conventional &c. 

(customary) 613; of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; in 

the natural order of things; ordinary, common, habitual, usual, 

everyday, workaday. in the order of the day; naturalized. typical, 

normal, nominal, formal; canonical, orthodox, sound, strict, rigid, 

positive, uncompromising, Procrustean. secundum artem [Lat.], 

shipshape, technical. exempIe [Fr.]. illustrative, in point. 

Adv. conformably &c. adj.; by rule; agreeably to; in conformity 

with, in accordance with, in keeping with; according to; 

consistently with; as usual, ad instar [Lat.], instar omnium [Lat.]; 

more solito [Lat.], more-majorum. for the sake of conformity; as a 

matter of course, of course; pro forma [Lat.], for form's sake, by 

the card. invariably, &c. (uniformly) 16. for example, exempli 

gratia [Lat.], e.g.; inter alia [Lat.], among other things; for instance. 

Phr. cela va sans dire [Fr.]; ex pede Herculem [Lat.]; noscitur a 

sociis [Lat.]; ne e quovis ligno Mercurius fiat [Lat.] [Erasmus]; they 

are happy men whose natures sort with their they are happy men 

whose natures sort with their vocations" [Bacon]. The nail that 

sticks up hammered down [Jap.Tr.]; Tall poppy syndrome; Stick 

your neck out and it may get cut off. 

various, varied, variform † ; manifold, many-sided; variegated, 

motley, mosaic; epicene, indiscriminate, desultory, irregular; 

mixed, different, assorted, mingled, odd, diverse, divers; all 

manner of, of every description, of all sorts and kinds, et hoc 

genus omne [Lat.]; and what not;? de omnibus rebus et 

quibusdam aliis [Lat.]. jumbled, confused, mixed up, discordant; 

inharmonious, unmatched, unrelated, nonuniform. omniform † , 

omnigenous † , omnifarious † ; protean (form) 240. 

Phr. harmoniously confused" [Pope]; variety's the very spice of 

life" [Cowper]. 

#83. Unconformity -- N. nonconformity &c. 82; unconformity, 

disconformity; unconventionality, informality, abnormity † , 

abnormality, anomaly; anomalousness &c. adj. † ; exception, 

peculiarity; infraction of law, breach, of law, violation of law, 

violation of custom, violation of usage, infringement of law, 

infringement of custom, infringement of usage; teratism † , 

eccentricity, bizarrerie † , oddity, je ne sais quoi [Fr.], monster, 

monstrosity, rarity; freak, freak of Nature, weirdo, mutant; rouser, 

snorter [U.S.]. individuality, idiosyncrasy, originality, mannerism. 

aberration; irregularity; variety; singularity; exemption; salvo &c. 

(qualification) 469. nonconformist; nondescript, character, 

original, nonesuch, nonsuch † , monster, prodigy, wonder, miracle, 

curiosity, flying fish, black sheep, black swan, lusus naturae [Lat.], 

rara avis [Lat.], queer fish; mongrel, random breed; half-caste, 

half-blood, half-breed; metis [Lat.], crossbreed, hybrid, mule, 

hinny, mulatto; tertium quid [Lat.], hermaphrodite. [Mythical 

animals] phoenix, chimera, hydra, sphinx, minotaur; griffin, griffon; 

centaur; saggittary † ; kraken, cockatrice, wyvern, roc, dragon, sea 

serpent; mermaid, merman, merfolk † ; unicorn; Cyclops, men 

whose heads do grow beneath their men whose heads do grow 

beneath their shoulders" [Othello]; teratology. [unconformable to 

the surroundings] fish out of water; neither one thing nor another, 

neither fish nor fowl, neither fish flesh nor fowl nor good red neither 

fish flesh nor fowl nor good red herring; one in a million, one in a 

way, one in a thousand; outcast, outlaw; off the beaten track; 

oasis. 

V. be uncomformable &c. adj.; abnormalize † ; leave the beaten 

track, leave the beaten path; infringe a law, infringe a habit, 

infringe a usage, infringe a custom, break a law, break a habit, 

break a usage, break a custom, violate a law, violate a habit, 

violate a usage, violate a custom; drive a coach and six through; 

stretch a point; have no business there; baffle all description, 

beggar all description. 

Adj. uncomformable, exceptional; abnormal, abnormous † ; 

anomalous, anomalistic; out of order, out of place, out of keeping, 

out of tune, out of one's element; irregular, arbitrary; teratogenic; 

lawless, informal, aberrant, stray, wandering, wanton; peculiar, 

exclusive, unnatural, eccentric, egregious; out of the beaten track, 

off the beaten track, out of the common, out of the common run; 

beyond the pale of, out of the pale of; misplaced; funny. unusual, 

unaccustomed, uncustomary, unwonted, uncommon; rare, curious, 

odd, extraordinary, out of the ordinary; strange, monstrous; 

wonderful &c. 870; unexpected, unaccountable; outre [Fr.], out of 

the way, remarkable, noteworthy; queer, quaint, nondescript, none 

such, sui generis [Lat.]; unfashionable; fantastic, grotesque, 

bizarre; outlandish, exotic, tombe des nues [Fr.], preternatural; 

denaturalized † . heterogeneous, heteroclite [Gramm.], amorphous, 

mongrel, amphibious, epicene, half blood, hybrid; androgynous, 

androgynal † ; asymmetric &c. 243; adelomorphous † , bisexual, 

hermaphrodite, monoclinous † . qualified &c. 469. singular, unique, 

one-of-a-kind. newfangled, novel, non-classical; original, 

unconventional, unheard of, unfamiliar; undescribed, 

unprecedented, unparalleled, unexampled. 

Adv. unconformably &c. adj.; except, unless, save barring, 

beside, without, save and except, let alone. however, yet, but. 

once in a blue moon, once in a million years. 

Int. what on earth!, what in the world!, What the devil!, Holy cow!,

Int. what on earth!, what in the world!, What the devil!, Holy cow!, 

Can you top that;? Sacre bleu [Fr.]. 

Phr. never was seen the like, never was heard the like, never was 

known the like. I could hardly believe it; I saw it, but I didn't believe 

it. 

SECTION V. 

NUMBER 

1. NUMBER, IN THE ABSTRACT 

#84. Number -- N. number, symbol, numeral, figure, cipher, digit, integer; counter; round number; formula; function; series. sum, 

difference, complement, subtrahend; product; multiplicand, multiplier, multiplicator † ; coefficient, multiple; dividend, divisor, factor, 

quotient, submultiple [Math.]; fraction, rational number; surd, irrational number; transcendental number; mixed number, complex 

number, complex conjugate; numerator, denominator; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend; common measure, aliquot part; prime 

number, prime, relative prime, prime factor, prime pair; reciprocal; totient † . binary number, octal number, hexadecimal number 

[Comp.]. permutation, combination, variation; election. ratio, proportion, comparison &c. 464; progression; arithmetical progression, 

geometrical progression, harmonical progression † ; percentage, permilage. figurate numbers † , pyramidal numbers, polygonal 

numbers. power, root, exponent, index, logarithm, antilogarithm; modulus, base. differential, integral, fluxion † , fluent. 

Adj. numeral, complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, relatively prime, fractional, decimal, figurate † , incommensurable. 

proportional, exponential, logarithmic, logometric † , differential, fluxional † , integral, totitive † . positive, negative; rational, irrational; surd, 

radical, real; complex, imaginary; finite; infinite; impossible. 

Adv. numerically; modulo. 

#85. Numeration -- N. numeration; numbering &c. v.; pagination; tale, recension † , enumeration, summation, reckoning, computation, 

supputation † ; calculation, calculus; algorithm, algorism † , rhabdology † , dactylonomy † ; measurement &c. 466; statistics. arithmetic, 

analysis, algebra, geometry, analytical geometry, fluxions † ; differential calculus, integral calculus, infinitesimal calculus; calculus of 

differences. [Statistics] dead reckoning, muster, poll, census, capitation, roll call, recapitulation; account &c. (list) 86. [Operations] 

notation, , addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rule of three, practice, equations, extraction of roots, reduction, involution, 

evolution, estimation, approximation, interpolation, differentiation, integration. [Instruments] abacus, logometer † , slide rule, slipstick 

[Coll.], tallies, Napier's bones, calculating machine, difference engine, suan-pan † ; adding machine; cash register; electronic 

calculator, calculator, computer; [people who calculate] arithmetician, calculator, abacist † , algebraist, mathematician; statistician, 

geometer; programmer; accountant, auditor. 

V. number, count, tally, tell; call over, run over; take an account of, enumerate, muster, poll, recite, recapitulate; sum; sum up, cast up; 

tell off, score, cipher, compute, calculate, suppute † , add, subtract, multiply, divide, extract roots. algebraize † . check, prove, 

demonstrate, balance, audit, overhaul, take stock; affix numbers to, page. amount to, add up to, come to. 

Adj. numeral, numerical; arithmetical, analytic, algebraic, statistical, numerable, computable, calculable; commensurable, 

commensurate; incommensurable, incommensurate, innumerable, unfathomable, infinite. 

Adv. quantitatively; arithmetically; measurably; in numbers. 

#86. List -- N. list, catalog, catalogue, inventory; register &c. (record) 551. account; bill, bill of costs; terrier; tally, listing, itemization; 

atlas; book, ledger; catalogue raisonne [Fr.]; tableau; invoice, bill of lading; prospectus; bill of fare, menu, carte [Fr.]; score, census, 

statistics, returns. [list of topics in a document] contents, table of contents, outline; synopsis. [written list used as an aid to memory] 

checklist. table, chart, database; index, inverted file, word list, concordance. dictionary, lexicon; vocabulary, glossary; thesaurus. file, 

card index, card file, rolodex, address book. Red book, Blue book, Domesday book; cadastre [Fr.]; directory, gazetter † . almanac; 

army list, clergy list, civil service list, navy list; Almanach de Gotha † , cadaster; Lloyd's register, nautical almanac; who's who; 

Guiness's Book of World Records. roll; check roll, checker roll, bead roll; muster roll, muster book; roster, panel, jury list; cartulary, 

diptych. 

V. list, itemize; sort, collate; enumerate, tabulate, catalog, tally. 

Adj. cadastral † . 

#87. Unity -- N. unity; oneness &c. adj.; individuality; solitude &c. 

(seclusion) 893; isolation &c. (disjunction) 44; unification &c. 48. 

one, unit, ace; individual; none else, no other. 

V. be one, be alone &c. adj.; dine with Duke Humphrey † . isolate 

&c. (disjoin) 44. render one; unite &c. (join) 43, (combine) 48. 

Adj. one, sole, single, solitary, unitary; individual, apart, alone; 

kithless † . unaccompanied, unattended; solus [Lat.], singlehanded; 

singular, odd, unique, unrepeated † , azygous, first and 

last; isolated &c. (disjoined) 44; insular. monospermous † ; unific † , 

uniflorous † , unifoliate † , unigenital † , uniliteral † , unijocular † , unimodal 

[Math.], unimodular † . lone, lonely, lonesome; desolate, dreary. 

insecable † , inseverable † , indiscerptible † ; compact, indivisible, 

atomic, irresolvable † . 

Adv. singly &c. adj.; alone, by itself, per se, only, apart, in the 

2. DETERMINATE NUMBER 

#88. Accompaniment -- N. accompaniment; adjunct &c. 39; 

context; appendage, appurtenance. coexistence, concomitance, 

company, association, companionship; partnership, 

copartnership; coefficiency † . concomitant, accessory, coefficient; 

companion, buddy, attendant, fellow, associate, friend, colleague; 

consort, spouse, mate; partner, co-partner; satellite, hanger on, 

fellow-traveller, shadow; escort, cortege; attribute. 

V. accompany, coexist, attend; hang on, wait on; go hand in hand 

with; synchronize &c. 120; bear company, keep company; row in 

the same boat; bring in its train; associate with, couple with. 

Adj. accompanying &c. v.; concomitant, fellow, twin, joint; 

associated with, coupled with; accessory, attendant, obbligato. 

Adv. with, withal; together with, along with, in company with; hand 

in hand, side by side; cheek by jowl, cheek by jole † ; arm in arm; 

therewith, herewith; and &c. (addition) 37. together, in a body,

singular number, in the abstract; one by one, one at a time; simply; 

one and a half, sesqui- † collectively. 

. 

Phr. noscitur a sociis [Lat.]; virtutis fortuna comes [Lat.]. 

Phr. natura il fece [It], e poi roppe la stampa [It]; du fort au faible 

[Fr.]; two souls with but a single thought, two hearts two souls with 

but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one." 

#89. Duality -- N. duality, dualism; duplicity; biplicity † , biformity † ; polarity. two, deuce, couple, duet, brace, pair, cheeks, twins, Castor 

and Pollux, gemini, Siamese twins; fellows; yoke, conjugation; dispermy † , doublets, dyad, span. 

V. pair [unite in pairs], couple, bracket, yoke; conduplicate † ; mate, span [U.S.]. 

Adj. two, twin; dual, dualistic, double; binary, binomial; twin, biparous † ; dyadic [Math.]; conduplicate † ; duplex &c. 90; biduous † , 

binate † , diphyletic † , dispermic † , unijugate † ; tete-a-tete. coupled &c. v.; conjugate. both, both the one and the other. 

#90. Duplication -- N. duplication; doubling &c. v.; gemination, 

ingemination † ; reduplication; iteration &c. (repetition) 104; 

renewal. 

V. double, redouble, duplicate, reduplicate; geminate; repeat &c. 

104; renew &c. 660. 

Adj. double; doubled &c. v.; bicipital † , bicephalous † , bidental † , 

bilabiate, bivalve, bivalvular † , bifold † , biform † , bilateral; bifarious † , 

bifacial † ; twofold, two-sided; disomatous † ; duplex; double-faced, 

double-headed; twin, duplicate, ingeminate † ; second. 

Adv. twice, once more; over again &c. (repeatedly) 104; as much 

again, twofold. secondly, in the second place, again. 

#91. [Division into two parts.] bisection -- N. bisection, 

bipartition; dichotomy, subdichotomy † ; halving &c. v.; dimidiation † . 

bifurcation, forking, branching, ramification, divarication; fork, 

prong; fold. half, moiety. 

V. bisect, halve, divide, split, cut in two, cleave dimidiate † , 

dichotomize. go halves, divide with. separate, fork, bifurcate; 

branch off, out; ramify. 

Adj. bisected &c. v.; cloven, cleft; bipartite, biconjugate † , 

bicuspid, bifid; bifurcous † , bifurcate, bifurcated; distichous, 

dichotomous, furcular † ; semi-, demi-, hemi † . 

#92. Triality -- N. Triality † , trinity; triunity † . three, triad, triplet, trey, trio, ternion † , leash; shamrock, tierce † , spike-team [U.S.], trefoil; 

triangle, trident, triennium † , trigon † , trinomial, trionym † , triplopia † , tripod, trireme, triseme † , triskele † , triskelion, trisula † . third power, 

cube; cube root. 

Adj. three; triform † , trinal † , trinomial; tertiary; ternary; triune; triarch, triadie † ; triple &c. 93. tri- [Pref.], tris- [Pref.]. 

Phr. tria juncta in uno [Lat.]. 

#93. Triplication -- N. triplication, triplicity † ; trebleness † , trine. 

V. treble, triple; triplicate, cube. 

Adj. treble, triple; tern, ternary; triplicate, threefold, trilogistic † ; 

third; trinal † , trine. 

Adv. three times, three fold; thrice, in the third place, thirdly; trebly 

&c. adj.. 

#94. [Division into three parts.] Trisection -- N. trisection, 

tripartition † , trichotomy; third, third part. 

V. trisect, divide into three parts. 

Adj. trifid; trisected &c. v.; tripartite, trichotomous † , trisulcate † . 

Triadelphous † , triangular, tricuspid, tricapsular † , tridental † , 

tridentate, tridentiferous † , trifoliate, trifurcate, trigonal † , 

trigrammic † , trigrammatic † , tripetalous † , tripodal, tripodic † , 

triquetral † , triquetrous † . 

#95. Four -- N. quaternity † , four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter. [planar form with four sides] tetract † , tetragon, 

quadrangle, rectangle. [three dimensional object with four surfaces] tetrahedron. quadrature, quadrifoil, quadriform, quadruplet; 

quatrefoil. [object or animal with four legs] tetrapod. [geographical area with four sides] quadrangle, quad [Coll.]. [electromagnetic 

object] quadrupole. [four fundamental studies] quadrivium. 

V. reduce to a square, square. 

Adj. four; quaternary, quaternal † ; quadratic; quartile; tetract † , tetractic † , tetractinal † ; tetrad, tetragonal; square, quadrate. 

#96. Quadruplication -- N. quadruplication. 

V. multiply by four, quadruplicate, biquadrate † . 

Adj. fourfold, four times; quadrable † , quadrumanous † , quadruple, 

quadruplicate, quadrible † ; fourth. quadrifoliate † , quadrifoliolate † , 

quadrigeminal † , quadrigeminate † , quadriplanar † , quadriserial † . 

Adv. four times; in the fourth place, fourthly. 

#98. Five &c. -- N. five, cinque [Fr.], quint, quincux † ; six, half-adozen, 

half dozen; seven; eight; nine, three times three; dicker; 

ten, decade; eleven; twelve, dozen; thirteen; long dozen, baker's 

dozen; quintuplet; twenty, score; twenty-four, four and twenty, two 

dozen; twenty-five, five and twenty, quarter of a hundred; forty, two 

score; fifty, half a hundred; sixty, three score; seventy, three score 

and ten; eighty, four score; ninety, fourscore and ten; sestiad † . 

hundred, centenary, hecatomb, century; hundredweight, cwt.; one 

hundred and forty-four, gross. thousand, chiliad; millennium, 

thousand years, grand [Coll.]; myriad; ten thousand, ban [Jap.], 

man [Jap.]; ten thousand years, banzai [Jap.]; lac, one hundred 

thousand, plum; million; thousand million, milliard, billion, trillion 

#97. [Division into four parts.] Quadrisection -- N. quadrisection, 

quadripartition † ; quartering &c. v.; fourth; quart; quarter, quartern † ; 

farthing † , fourthing; quadrant. 

V. quarter, divide into four parts. 

Adj. quartered &c. v.; quadrifid † , quadripartite. rectangular. 

#99. Quinquesection &c. -- N. division by five &c. 98; 

quinquesection &c.; decimation; fifth &c. 

V. decimate; quinquesect. 

Adj. quinquefid, quinquelateral, quinquepartite; quinqevalent, 

pentavalent; quinquarticular † ; octifid † ; decimal, tenth, tithe; 

duodecimal, twelfth; sexagesimal † , sexagenary † ; hundredth, 

centesimal; millesimal &c.

&c. 

V. centuriate † ; quintuplicate. 

Adj. five, quinary † , quintuple; fifth; senary † , sextuple; sixth; seventh; 

septuple; octuple; eighth; ninefold, ninth; tenfold, decimal, denary † , 

decuple † , tenth; eleventh; duodenary † , duodenal; twelfth; in one's 

'teens, thirteenth. vicesimal † , vigesimal; twentieth; twenty-fourth 

&c. n.; vicenary † , vicennial † . centuple † , centuplicate † , centennial, 

centenary, centurial † ; secular, hundredth; thousandth, &c. 

#100. [More than one.] Plurality -- N. plurality; a number, a 

certain number; one or two, two or three &c.; a few, several; 

multitude &c. 102; majority. [large number] multitude &c. 102. 

Adj. plural, more than one, upwards of; some, several, a few; 

certain; not alone &c. 87. 

Adv. et cetera, &c. etc. among other things, inter alia [Lat.]. 

Phr. non deficit alter [Lat.]. 

3. INDETERMINATE NUMBER 

#100a. [Less than one.] Fraction -- N. fraction, fractional part; 

part &c. 51. 

Adj. fractional, fragmentary, inconsiderable, negligible, 

infinitesimal. 

#101. Zero -- N. zero, nothing; null, nul, naught, nought, void; cipher, goose egg; none, nobody, no one; nichts [G.], nixie [Slang], nix 

[Slang]; zilch [Slang], zip [Slang], zippo [Slang]; not a soul; ame qui vive [Fr.]; absence &c. 187; unsubstantiality &c. 4 † . 

Adj. not one, not a one, not any, nary a one [Dial.]; not a, never a; not a whit of, not an iota of, not a drop of, not a speck of, not a jot; 

not a trace of, not a hint of, not a smidgen of, not a suspicion of, not a shadow of, neither hide nor hair of. 

#102. Multitude -- N. multitude; numerous &c. adj.; numerosity, 

numerality; multiplicity; profusion &c. (plenty) 639; legion, host; 

great number, large number, round number, enormous number; a 

quantity, numbers, array, sight, army, sea, galaxy; scores, peck, 

bushel, shoal, swarm, draught, bevy, cloud, flock, herd, drove, 

flight, covey, hive, brood, litter, farrow, fry, nest; crowd &c. 

(assemblage) 72; lots; all in the world and his wife. [Increase of 

number] greater number, majority; multiplication, multiple. 

V. be numerous &c. adj.; swarm with, teem with, creep with; 

crowd, swarm, come thick upon; outnumber, multiply; people; 

swarm like locusts, swarm like bees. 

Adj. many, several, sundry, divers, various, not a few; Briarean; a 

hundred, a thousand, a myriad, a million, a quadrillion, a nonillion, 

a thousand and one; some ten or a dozen, some forty or fifty &c.; 

half a dozen, half a hundred &c.; very many, full many, ever so 

many; numerous; numerose † #103. Fewness -- N. fewness &c. adj.; paucity, small number; 

small quantity &c. 32; rarity; infrequency &c. 137; handful, maniple; 

minority; exiguity. [Diminution of number] reduction; weeding &c. 

v.; elimination, sarculation 

; profuse, in profusion; manifold, 

multiplied, multitudinous, multiple, multinominal, teeming, 

populous, peopled, crowded, thick, studded; galore. thick coming, 

many more, more than one can tell, a world of; no end of, no end 

to; cum multis aliis [Lat.]; thick as hops, thick as hail; plenty as 

blackberries; numerous as the stars in the firmament, numerous 

as the sands on the seashore, numerous as the hairs on the head; 

and what not, and heaven knows what; endless &c. (infinite) 105. 

Phr. their name is 'legion';" acervatim [Lat.]; en foule [Fr.]; manyheaded 

multitude" [Sidney]; numerous as glittering gems of 

morning numerous as glittering gems of morning dew" [Young]; 

vel prece vel pretio [Lat.]. 

† , decimation; eradication. 

V. be few &c. adj.. render few &c. adj.; reduce, diminish the 

number, weed, eliminate, cull, thin, decimate. 

Adj. few; scant, scanty; thin, rare, scattered, thinly scattered, 

spotty, few and far between, exiguous; infrequent &c. 137; rari 

nantes [Lat.]; hardly any, scarcely any; to be counted on one's 

fingers; reduced &c. v.; unrepeated † . 

Adv. rarely, here and there. 

#104. Repetition -- N. repetition, iteration, reiteration, harping, recurrence, succession, run; battology, tautology; monotony, 

tautophony; rhythm &c. 138; diffuseness, pleonasm, redundancy. chimes, repetend, echo, ritornello † , burden of a song, refrain; 

rehearsal; rechauffe [Fr.], rifacimento [It], recapitulation. cuckoo &c. (imitation) 19; reverberation &c. 408; drumming &c. (roll) 407; 

renewal &c. (restoration) 660. twice-told tale; old story, old song; second edition, new edition; reappearance, reproduction, recursion 

[Comp.]; periodicity &c. 138. 

V. repeat, iterate, reiterate, reproduce, echo, reecho, drum, harp upon, battologize † , hammer, redouble. recur, revert, return, 

reappear, recurse [Comp.]; renew &c. (restore) 660. rehearse; do over again, say over again; ring the changes on; harp on the same 

string; din in the ear, drum in the ear; conjugate in all its moods tenses and conjugate in all its moods tenses and inflexions † , begin 

again, go over the same ground, go the same round, never hear the last of; resume, return to, recapitulate, reword. 

Adj. repeated &c. v.; repetitional † , repetitionary † ; recurrent, recurring; ever recurring, thick coming; frequent, incessant; redundant, 

pleonastic. monotonous, harping, iterative, recursive [Comp.], unvaried; mocking, chiming; retold; aforesaid, aforenamed † ; abovementioned, 

above-said; habitual &c. 613; another. 

Adv. repeatedly, often, again, anew, over again, afresh, once more; ding-dong, ditto, encore, de novo, bis † , da capo [It]. again and 

again; over and over, over and over again; recursively [Comp.]; many times over; time and again, time after time; year after year; day

y day &c.; many times, several times, a number of times; many a time, full many a time; frequently &c. 136. 

Phr. ecce iterum Crispinus [Lat.]; toujours perdrix [Fr.]; cut and come again" [Crabbe]; tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" 

[Macbeth]; cantilenam eandem canis [Lat.] [Terence]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum sit nullum est jam dictum quod non 

dictum sit prius [Lat.] [Terence]. 

#105. Infinity -- N. infinity, infinitude, infiniteness &c. adj.; perpetuity &c. 112; boundlessness. 

V. be infinite &c. adj.; know no limits, have no limits, know no bounds, have no bounds; go on for ever. 

Adj. infinite; immense; numberless, countless, sumless † , measureless; innumerable, immeasurable, incalculable, illimitable, 

inexhaustible, interminable, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite; without number, without measure, without limit, 

without end; incomprehensible; limitless, endless, boundless, termless † ; untold, unnumbered, unmeasured, unbounded, unlimited; 

illimited † ; perpetual &c. 112. 

Adv. infinitely &c. adj.; ad infinitum. 

Phr. as boundless as the sea" [Romeo and Juliet]. 

SECTION VI. 

TIME 

1. ABSOLUTE TIME 

#106. Time -- N. time, duration; period, term, stage, space, span, 

spell, season; the whole time, the whole period; space-time; 

course &c. 109; snap. intermediate time, while, interim, interval, 

pendency † #107. Neverness -- N. neverness;" absence of time, no time; 

dies non; Tib's eve; Greek Kalends, a blue moon. 

Adv. never, ne'er [Contr.]; at no time, at no period; on the second 

; intervention, intermission, intermittence, interregnum, Tuesday of the week, when Hell freezes over; on no occasion, 

interlude; respite. era, epoch; time of life, age, year, date; decade never in all one's born days, nevermore, sine die; in no degree. 

&c. (period) 108; moment, &c. (instant) 113. glass of time, sands 

of time, march of time, Father Time, ravages of time; arrow of 

time; river of time, whirligig of time, noiseless foot of time; scythe. 

V. continue last endure, go on, remain, persist; intervene; elapse 

&c. 109; hold out. take time, take up time, fill time, occupy time. 

pass time, pass away time, spend time, while away time, 

consume time, talk against time; tide over; use time, employ time; 

seize an opportunity &c. 134; waste time &c. (be inactive) 683. 

Adj. continuing &c. v.; on foot; permanent &c. (durable) 110. 

Adv. while, whilst, during, pending; during the time, during the 

interval; in the course of, at that point, at that point in time; for the 

time being, day by day; in the time of, when; meantime, 

meanwhile; in the meantime, in the interim; ad interim, pendente 

lite [Lat.]; de die in diem [Lat.]; from day to day, from hour to hour 

&c.; hourly, always; for a time, for a season; till, until, up to, yet, as 

far as, by that time, so far, hereunto, heretofore, prior to this, up to 

this point. the whole time, all the time; all along; throughout &c. 

(completely) 52; for good &c. (diuturnity) 110. hereupon, 

thereupon, whereupon; then; anno Domini, A.D.; ante Christum, 

A.C.; before Christ, B.C.; anno urbis conditae [Lat.], A.U.C.; anno 

regni [Lat.], A.R.; once upon a time, one fine morning, one fine 

day, one day, once. 

Phr. time flies, tempus fugit [Lat.]; time runs out, time runs against, 

race against time, racing the clock, time marches on, time is of 

the essence, time and tide wait for no man." ad calendas Groecas 

[Lat.]; panting Time toileth after him in vain" [Johnson]; 'gainst the 

tooth of time and razure of 'gainst the tooth of time and razure of 

oblivion [Contr.]" [Measure for Measure]; rich with the spoils of 

time" [Gray]; tempus edax rerum [Lat.] [Horace]; the long hours 

come and go" [C.G. Rossetti]; the time is out of joint" [Hamlet]; 

Time rolls his ceaseless course" [Scott]; Time the foe of man's 

dominion" [Peacock]; time wasted is existence, used is life" 

[Young]; truditur dies die [Lat.] [Horace]; volat hora per orbem 

[Lat.] [Lucretius]; carpe diem [Lat.]. 

#108. [Definite duration, or portion of time.] Period -- N. period, 

age, era; second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year, 

decade, decenniumm lustrum † , quinquennium, lifetime, 

generation; epoch, ghurry † , lunation † , moon. century, millennium; 

annus magnus [Lat.]. 

Adj. horary † ; hourly, annual &c. (periodical) 138. 

#108a. Contingent Duration -- 

Adv. during pleasure, during good behavior; quamdiu se bene 

#109. [Indefinite duration.] Course -- N. corridors of time, sweep 

of time, vesta of time † , course of time, progress of time, process 

of time, succession of time, lapse of time, flow of time, flux of time, 

stream of time, tract of time, current of time, tide of time, march of 

time, step of time, flight of time; duration &c. 106. [Indefinite time] 

aorist † . 

V. elapse, lapse, flow, run, proceed, advance, pass; roll on, wear 

on, press on; flit, fly, slip, slide, glide; run its course. run out, expire; 

go by, pass by; be past &c. 122. 

elapsing aoristic † ; progressive.

gesserit [Lat.]. Adj. elapsing &c. v.; aoristic † ; progressive. 

Adv. in due time, in due season; in in due course, in due process, 

in the fullness of time; in time. 

Phr. labitur et labetur [Lat.] [Horace]; truditur dies die [Lat.] 

[Horace]; fugaces labuntur anni [Lat.] [Horace]; tomorrow and 

tomorrow and tomorrow creeps in this tomorrow and tomorrow 

and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day" 

[Macbeth]. 

#110. [Long duration.] Diuturnity -- N. diuturnity † ; a long time, a 

length of time; an age, a century, an eternity; slowness &c. 275; 

perpetuity &c. 112; blue moon, coon's age [U.S.], dog's age. 

durableness, durability; persistence, endlessness, lastingness &c. 

adj. † ; continuance, standing; permanence &c. (stability) 150; 

survival, survivance † ; longevity &c. (age) 128; distance of time. 

protraction of time, prolongation of time, extension of time; delay 

&c. (lateness) 133. 

V. last, endure, stand, remain, abide, continue, brave a thousand 

years. tarry &c. (be late) 133; drag on, drag its slow length along, 

drag a lengthening chain; protract, prolong; spin out, eke out, draw 

out, lengthen out; temporize; gain time, make time, talk against 

time. outlast, outlive; survive; live to fight again. 

Adj. durable; lasting &c. v.; of long duration, of long-standing; 

permanent, endless, chronic, long-standing; intransient † , 

intransitive; intransmutable † , persistent; lifelong, livelong; 

longeval † , long-lived, macrobiotic, diuturnal † , evergreen, 

perennial; sempervirent † , sempervirid † ; unrelenting, 

unintermitting † #111. [Short duration.] Transientness -- N. transience, 

transientness &c. adj. 

, unremitting; perpetual &c. 112. lingering, 

protracted, prolonged, spun out &c. v.. long-pending, long-winded; 

slow &c. 275. 

Adv. long; for a long time, for an age, for ages, for ever so long, 

for many a long day; long ago &c. (in a past time) 122; longo 

intervallo [It]. all the day long, all the year round; the livelong day, 

as the day is long, morning noon and night; hour after hour, day 

after day, &c.; for good; permanently &c. adj.. 

† ; evanescence, impermanence, fugacity 

[Chem], caducity † , mortality, span; nine days' wonder, bubble, 

Mayfly; spurt; flash in the pan; temporary arrangement, 

interregnum. velocity &c. 274; suddenness &c. 113; 

changeableness &c. 149. transient, transient boarder, transient 

guest [U.S.]. 

V. be transient &c. adj.; flit, pass away, fly, gallop, vanish, fade, 

evaporate; pass away like a cloud, pass away like a summer 

cloud, pass away like a shadow, pass away like a dream. 

Adj. transient, transitory, transitive; passing, evanescent, fleeting, 

cursory, short-lived, ephemeral; flying &c. v.; fugacious, fugitive; 

shifting, slippery; spasmodic; instantaneous, momentaneous † . 

temporal, temporary; provisional, provisory; deciduous; 

perishable, mortal, precarious, unstable, insecure; impermanent. 

brief, quick, brisk, extemporaneous, summary; pressed for time 

&c. (haste) 684; sudden, momentary &c. (instantaneous) 113. 

Adv. temporarily &c. adj.; pro tempore [Lat.]; for the moment, for a 

time; awhile, en passant [Fr.], in transitu [Lat.]; in a short time; 

soon &c. (early) 132; briefly &c. adj.; at short notice; on the point 

of, on the eve of; in articulo; between cup and lip. 

Phr. one's days are numbered; the time is up; here today and 

gone tomorrow; non semper erit aestas [Lat.]; eheu! fugaces 

labuntur anni [Lat.]; sic transit gloria mundi [Lat.]; a schoolboy's 

tale, the wonder of the hour! [Byron]; dum loquimur fugerit invidia 

aetas [Lat.]; fugit hora [Lat.]; all that is transitory is but an illusion 

[Goethe]. 

#112. [Endless duration.] Perpetuity -- N. perpetuity, eternity, 

everness † , aye, sempiternity † , immortality, athanasia † ; 

interminability † , agelessness † , everlastingness &c. adj.; 

perpetuation; continued existence, uninterrupted existence; 

perennity † ; permanence (durability) 110. 

V. last forever, endure forever, go on forever; have no end. 

eternize, perpetuate. 

Adj. perpetual, eternal; everduring † , everlasting, ever-living, everflowing; 

continual, sempiternal † ; coeternal; endless, unending; 

ceaseless, incessant, uninterrupted, indesinent † , unceasing; 

endless, unending, interminable, having no end; unfading † , 

evergreen, amaranthine; neverending † #113. [Point of time] Instantaneity -- N. instantaneity, 

instantaneousness, immediacy; suddenness, abruptness. 

moment, instant, second, minute; twinkling, trice, flash, breath, 

crack, jiffy, coup, burst, flash of lightning, stroke of time. epoch, 

time; time of day, time of night; hour, minute; very minute &c., very 

time, very hour; present time, right time, true time, exact correct 

time. 

V. be instantaneous &c. adj.; twinkle, flash. 

Adj. instantaneous, momentary, sudden, immediate, instant, 

abrupt, discontinuous, precipitous, precipitant, precipitate; 

subitaneous 

, never-dying, never-fading; 

deathless, immortal, undying, imperishable. 

Adv. perpetually &c. adj.; always, ever, evermore, aye; for ever, 

for aye, till the end of the universe, forevermore, forever and a day, 

for ever and ever; in all ages, from age to age; without end; world 

without end, time without end; in secula seculorum [Lat.]; to the 

end of time, to the crack of doom, to the 'last syllable of recorded 

time'" [Macbeth]; till doomsday; constantly &c. (very frequently) 

136. 

Phr. esto perpetuum [Lat.]; labitur et labetur in omne volubilis 

oevum [Lat.] [Horace]; but thou shall flourish in immortal youth" 

[Addison]; Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought" [Addison]; her 

immortal part with angels lives" [Romeo and Juliet]; ohne Rast 

[G.], [Goethe's motto]; ora e sempre [It]. 

† , hasty; quick as thought, quick as lightning, quick as 

a flash; rapid as electricity. speedy, quick, fast, fleet, swift, lively, 

blitz; rapid (velocity) 274. 

Adv. instantaneously &c. adj.; in no time, in less than no time; 

presto, subito † , instanter, suddenly, at a stroke, like a shot; in a 

moment &c. n.. in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in 

a trice; in one's tracks; right away; toute a l'heure [Fr.]; at one 

jump, in the same breath, per saltum [Lat.], uno saltu [Lat.]; at 

once, all at once; plump, slap; at one fell swoop;" at the same 

instant &c. n.; immediately &c. (early) 132; extempore, on the 

moment, on the spot, on the spur of the moment; no sooner said 

than done; just then; slap-dash &c. (haste) 684. 

Phr. touch and go; no sooner said than done. 

#114. [Estimation, measurement, and record of time.] 

Chronometry -- N. chronometry, horometry † , horology; date, 

epoch; style, era. almanac, calendar, ephemeris; register, registry; 

chronicle, annals, journal, diary. [Instruments for the 

#115. [False estimate of time.] Anachronism -- N. anachronism, 

metachronism, parachronism, prochronism; prolepsis, misdate; 

anticipation, antichronism. disregard of time, neglect of time, 

oblivion of time. intempestivity &c. 135 † . 

misdate, antedate, postdate, backdate, overdate † ; anticipate;

measurement of time] chronogram; clock, wall clock, pendulum 

clock, grandfather's clock, cuckoo clock, alarm clock, clock radio; 

watch, wristwatch, pocket watch, stopwatch, Swiss watch; atomic 

clock, digital clock, analog clock, quartz watch, water clock; 

chronometer, chronoscope † , chronograph; repeater; timekeeper, 

timepiece; dial, sundial, gnomon, horologe, pendulum, hourglass, 

clepsydra † ; ghurry † . chronographer † , chronologer, chronologist, 

timekeeper; annalist. calendar year, leap year, Julian calendar, 

Gregorian calendar, Chinese calendar, Jewish calendar, 

perpetual calendar, Farmer's almanac, fiscal year. 

V. fix the time, mark the time; date, register, chronicle; measure 

time, beat time, mark time; bear date; synchronize watches. 

Adj. chronological, chronometrical † , chronogrammatical † ; 

cinquecento [Fr.], quattrocento † , trecento † . 

Adv. o'clock. 

#116. Priority -- N. priority, antecedence, anteriority, precedence, 

pre-existence; precession &c. 280; precursor &c. 64; the past &c. 

122; premises. 

V. precede, come before; forerun; go before &c. (lead) 280; 

preexist; dawn; presage &c. 511; herald, usher in. be beforehand 

&c. (be early) 132; steal a march upon, anticipate, forestall; have 

the start, gain the start. 

Adj. prior, previous; preceding, precedent; anterior, antecedent; 

pre-existing, pre-existent; former, foregoing; aforementioned, 

before-mentioned, abovementioned; aforesaid, said; introductory 

&c. (precursory) 64. 

Adv. before, prior to; earlier; previously &c. adj.; afore † , 

aforehand † , beforehand, ere, theretofore, erewhile † ; ere then, ere 

now, before then, before now; erewhile † , already, yet, beforehand; 

on the eve of. 

Phr. prior tempore prior jure [Lat.]. 

V. misdate, antedate, postdate, backdate, overdate † ; anticipate; 

take no note of time, lose track of time; anachronize † . 

Adj. misdated &c. v.; undated; overdue, past due; out of date. 

2. RELATIVE TIME 

1. Time with reference to Succession 

#117. Posteriority -- N. posteriority; succession, sequence; 

following &c. 281; subsequence, supervention; futurity &c. 121; 

successor; sequel &c. 65; remainder, reversion. 

V. follow after &c. 281, come after, go after; succeed, supervene; 

ensue, occur; step into the shoes of. 

Adj. subsequent, posterior, following, after, later, succeeding, 

postliminious † , postnate † ; postdiluvial † , postdiluvian † ; puisne † ; 

posthumous; future &c. 121; afterdinner, postprandial. 

Adv. subsequently, after, afterwards, since, later; at a subsequent, 

at a later period, at a later date; next, in the sequel, close upon, 

thereafter, thereupon, upon which, eftsoons † ; from that time, from 

that moment; after a while, after a time; in process of time. 

#118. The Present Time -- N. the present, the present time, the #119. [Time different from the present.] Different time -- N. 

present day, the present moment, the present juncture, the present different time, other time. [Indefinite time] aorist. 

occasion; the times, the existing time, the time being; today, these Adj. aoristic; indefinite. 

days, nowadays, our times, modern times, the twentieth century; Adv. at that time, at which time, at that moment, at that instant; 

nonce, crisis, epoch, day, hour. age, time of life. 

then, on that occasion, upon; not now, some other time. when; 

Adj. present, actual, instant, current, existing, extant, that is; whenever, whensoever; upon which, on which occasion; at another 

present-day, up-to-date, up-to-the-moment. 

time, at a different time, at some other time, at any time; at various 

Adv. at this time, at this moment &c. 113; at the present time &c. times; some one of these days, one of these days, one fine 

n.; now, at present; at hand. at this time of day, today, nowadays; morning; eventually, some day, by and by, sooner or later; some 

already; even now, but now, just now; on the present occasion; for time or other; once upon a time. 

the time being, for the nonce; pro hac vice. [Lat.]; on the nail, on 

the spot; on the spur of the moment, until now; to this day, to the 

present day. 

Phr. the present hour alone is man's" [Johnson]. 

#120. Synchronism -- N. synchronism; coexistence, coincidence; simultaneousness, simultaneity &c. adj.; concurrence, 

concomitance, unity of time, interim. [Having equal times] isochronism † . contemporary, coetanian † . 

V. coexist, concur, accompany, go hand in hand, keep pace with; synchronize. 

Adj. synchronous, synchronal † , synchronic, synchronical, synchronistical † ; simultaneous, coexisting, coincident, concomitant, 

concurrent; coeval, coevous † ; contemporary, contemporaneous; coetaneous † ; coeternal; isochronous. 

Adv. at the same time; simultaneously &c. adj.; together, in concert, during the same time; in the same breath; pari passu [Lat.]; in the 

interim; as one. at the very moment &c. 113; just as, as soon as; meanwhile &c. (while) 106. 

#121. [Prospective time.] Futurity -- N. futurity, futurition; future, 

hereafter, time to come; approaching time, coming time, 

subsequent time, after time, approaching age, coming age, 

subsequent age, after age, approaching days, coming days, 

subsequent days, after days, approaching hours, coming hours, 

subsequent hours, after hours, approaching ages, coming ages, 

subsequent ages, after ages, approaching life, coming life, 

subsequent life, after life, approaching years, coming years, 

#122. [Retrospective time.] The Past -- N. the past, past time; 

days of yore, times of yore, days of old, times of old, days past, 

times past, days gone by, times gone by; bygone days; old times, 

ancient times, former times; fore time; the good old days, the 

olden time, good old time; auld lang syne † ; eld † . antiquity, 

antiqueness † , status quo; time immemorial; distance of time; 

remote age, remote time; remote past; rust of antiquity. [study of 

the past] paleontology, paleography, paleology † ; paleozoology;

subsequent years, after years; morrow; millennium, doomsday, 

day of judgment, crack of doom, remote future. approach of time 

advent, time drawing on, womb of time; destiny &c. 152; 

eventuality. heritage, heirs posterity. prospect &c. (expectation) 

507; foresight &c. 510. 

V. look forwards; anticipate &c. (expect) 507, (foresee) 510; 

forestall &c. (be early) 132. come on, draw on; draw near; 

approach, await, threaten; impend &c. (be destined) 152. 

Adj. future, to come; coming &c. (impending) 152; next, near; 

close at hand; eventual, ulterior; in prospect &c. (expectation) 

507. 

Adv. prospectively, hereafter, in future; kal † , tomorrow, the day 

after tomorrow; in course of time, in process of time, in the fullness 

of time; eventually, ultimately, sooner or later; proximo [Lat.]; paulo 

post futurum [Lat.]; in after time; one of these days; after a time, 

after a while. from this time; henceforth, henceforwards † the past] paleontology, paleography, paleology 

; thence; 

thenceforth, thenceforward; whereupon, upon which. soon &c. 

(early) 132; on the eve of, on the point of, on the brink of; about to; 

close upon. 

Phr. quid sit futurum cras fuge quaerere [Lat.] [Horace]. 

† ; paleozoology; 

palaetiology † , archaeology; paleogeography; paleoecology; 

paleobotany; paleoclimatoogy; archaism, antiquarianism, 

medievalism, Pre-Raphaelitism; paleography. retrospect, 

retrospection, looking back, memory &c. 505. laudator temporis 

acti [Lat.]; medievalist, Pre-Raphaelite; antiquary, antiquarian; 

archmologist &c.; Oldbuck, Dryasdust. ancestry &c. (paternity) 

166. 

V. be past &c. adj.; have expired &c. adj., have run its course, 

have had its day; pass; pass by, go by, pass away, go away, pass 

off, go off; lapse, blow over. look back, trace back, cast the eyes 

back; exhume. 

Adj. past, gone, gone by, over, passed away, bygone, foregone; 

elapsed, lapsed, preterlapsed † , expired, no more, run out, blown 

over, has-been, that has been, extinct, antediluvian, antebellum, 

never to return, gone with the wind, exploded, forgotten, 

irrecoverable; obsolete &c. (old) 124. former, pristine, quondam, 

ci-devant [Fr.], late; ancestral. foregoing; last, latter; recent, over 

night; preterperfect † , preterpluperfect † . looking back &c. v.; 

retrospective, retroactive; archaeological &c. n.. 

Adv. paleo-; archaeo-; formerly; of old, of yore; erst [G.], whilom, 

erewhile † , time was, ago, over; in the olden time &c. n.; anciently, 

long ago, long since; a long while, a long time ago; years ago, 

yesteryear, ages ago; some time ago, some time since, some 

time back. yesterday, the day before yesterday; last year, ultimo; 

lately &c. (newly) 123. retrospectively; ere now, before now, till 

now; hitherto, heretofore; no longer; once, once upon a time; from 

time immemorial, from prehistoric times; in the memory of man; 

time out of mind; already, yet, up to this time; ex post facto. 

Phr. time was; the time has been, the time hath been; you can't go 

home again; fuimus Troes [Lat.] [Vergil]; fruit Ilium [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

hoc erat in more majorum [Lat.]; O call back yesterday, bid time 

return" [Richard II]; tempi passati [It]; the eternal landscape of the 

past" [Tennyson]; ultimus Romanorum [Lat.]; what's past is 

prologue" [Tempest]; whose yesterdays look backward with a 

smile" [Young]. 

#123. Newness -- N. newness &c. adj.; novelty, recency; 

immaturity; youth &c. 127; gloss of novelty. innovation; renovation 

&c. (restoration) 660. modernism; mushroom, parvenu; latest 

fashion. 

V. renew &c. (restore) 660; modernize. 

Adj. new, novel, recent, fresh, green; young &c. 127; evergreen; 

raw, immature, unsettled, yeasty; virgin; untried, unhandseled † , 

untrodden, untrod, unbeaten; fire-new, span-new. late, modern, 

neoteric, hypermodern, nouveau; new-born, nascent, neonatal 

[Med.], new-fashioned, new-fangled, new-fledged; of yesterday; 

just out, brand-new, up to date, up to the minute, with it, 

fashionable, in fashion; in, hip [Coll.]; vernal, renovated, 

sempervirent † , sempervirid † . fresh as a rose, fresh as a daisy, 

fresh as paint; spick and span. 

Adv. newly &c. adj.; afresh, anew, lately, just now, only yesterday, 

the other day; latterly, of late. not long ago, a short time ago. 

Phr. di novello tutto par bello [It]; nullum est jam dictum quod non 

dictum est nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum est prius [Lat.]; 

una scopa nuova spazza bene [It]. 

2. Time with reference to a particular period 

#124. Oldness -- N. oldness &c. adj. † ; age, antiquity; cobwebs of 

antiquity. maturity; decline, decay; senility &c. 128. seniority, 

eldership, primogeniture. archaism &c. (the past) 122; thing of the 

past, relic of the past; megatherium † ; Sanskrit. tradition, 

prescription, custom, immemorial usage, common law. 

V. be old &c. adj.; have had its day, have seen its day; become 

old &c. adj.; age, fade, senesce. 

Adj. old, ancient, antique; of long standing, time-honored, 

venerable; elder, eldest; firstborn. prime; primitive, primeval, 

primigenous † ; paleolontological, paleontologic, 

paleoanthropological, paleoanthropic † , paleolithic, primordial, 

primordinate † ; aboriginal &c. (beginning) 66; diluvian † , 

antediluvian; protohistoric † ; prehistoric; antebellum, colonial, 

precolumbian; patriarchal, preadamite † ; paleocrystic † ; fossil, 

paleozoolical, paleozoic, preglacial † , antemundane † ; archaic, 

classic, medieval, Pre-Raphaelite, ancestral, black-letter. 

immemorial, traditional, prescriptive, customary, whereof the 

memory of man runneth not to the whereof the memory of man 

runneth not to the contrary; inveterate, rooted. antiquated, of other 

times, rococo, of the old school, after-age, obsolete; out of date, 

out of fashion, out of it; stale, old-fashioned, behind the age; oldworld; 

exploded; gone out, gone by; passe, run out; senile &c. 

128; time worn; crumbling &c. (deteriorated) 659; secondhand. 

old as the hills, old as Methuselah, old as Adam † , old as history. 

[geological eras (list, starting at given number of years bp)] 

Archeozoic [5,000,000,000], Proterozoic [1,500,000,000], 

Paleozoic [600,000,000], Mesozoic [220,000,000], Cenozoic 

[70,000,000]. [geological periods] Precambrian, Cambrian 

[600,000,000], Ordovician [500,000,000], Silurian [440,000,000],

Devonian [400,000,000], Mississippian [350,000,000], 

Pennsylvanian [300,000,000], Permian [270,000,000], Triassic 

[220,000,000], Jurassic [180,000,000], Cretaceous 

[135,000,000], Tertiary [70,000,000], Paleogene [70,000,000], 

Neocene [25,0000,000], Quaternary [1,000,000]. [geological 

epochs (list, starting at 70,000,000 years bp)] Paleocene, 

Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 

Adv. since the world was made, since the year one, since the 

days of Methuselah. 

Phr. vetera extollimus recentium incuriosi [Lat.] [Tacitus]. 

#125. Morning [Noon.] -- N. morning, morn, forenoon, a.m., 

prime, dawn, daybreak; dayspring † , foreday † , sunup; peep of day, 

break of day; aurora; first blush of the morning, first flush of the 

morning, prime of the morning; twilight, crepuscule, sunrise; 

cockcrow, cockcrowing † ; the small hours, the wee hours of the 

morning. spring; vernal equinox, first point of Aries. noon; midday, 

noonday; noontide, meridian, prime; nooning, noontime. summer, 

midsummer. 

Adj. matin, matutinal † #126. Evening [Midnight.] -- N. evening, eve; decline of day, fall 

of day, close of day; candlelight, candlelighting 

; vernal. 

Adv. at sunrise &c. n.; with the sun, with the lark, when the 

morning dawns." 

Phr. at shut of evening flowers" [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et 

loup [Fr.]; flames in the forehead of the morning sky" [Milton]; the 

breezy call of incense-breathing morn" [Gray]. 

† ; eventide, 

nightfall, curfew, dusk, twilight, eleventh hour; sunset, sundown; 

going down of the sun, cock-shut, dewy eve, gloaming, bedtime. 

afternoon, postmeridian, p.m. autumn, fall, fall of the leaf; autumnal 

equinox; Indian summer, St. Luke's summer, St. Martin's summer. 

midnight; dead of night, witching hour, witching hour of night, 

witching time of night; winter; killing time. 

Adj. vespertine, autumnal, nocturnal. 

Phr. midnight, the outpost of advancing day" [Longfellow]; sablevested 

Night" [Milton]; this gorgeous arch with golden worlds 

inlay'd" [Young]. 

#127. Youth -- N. youth; juvenility, juvenescence † ; juniority † ; 

infancy; babyhood, childhood, boyhood, girlhood, youthhood † ; 

incunabula; minority, nonage, teens, tender age, bloom. cradle, 

nursery, leading strings, pupilage, puberty, pucelage † . prime of 

life, flower of life, springtide of life † , seedtime of life, golden 

season of life; heyday of youth, school days; rising generation. 

Adj. young, youthful, juvenile, green, callow, budding, sappy, 

puisne, beardless, under age, in one's teens; in statu pupillari 

[Lat.]; younger, junior; hebetic † , unfledged. 

Phr. youth on the prow and pleasure at the helm" [Gray]; youth a 

the glad season of life" [Carlyle]. 

#128. Age -- N. age; oldness † &c. adj.; old age, advanced age, 

golden years; senility, senescence; years, anility † , gray hairs, 

climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, decrepitude, hoary 

age, caducity † , superannuation; second childhood, second 

childishness; dotage; vale of years, decline of life, sear and yellow 

leaf" [Macbeth]; threescore years and ten; green old age, ripe 

age; longevity; time of life. seniority, eldership; elders &c. 

(veteran) 130; firstling; doyen, father; primogeniture. [Science of 

old age.] geriatrics, nostology † . 

V. be aged &c. adj.; grow old, get old &c. adj.; age; decline, 

wane, dodder; senesce. 

Adj. aged; old &c. 124; elderly, geriatric, senile; matronly, anile † ; 

in years; ripe, mellow, run to seed, declining, waning, past one's 

prime; gray, gray-headed; hoar, hoary; venerable, time-worn, 

antiquated, passe, effete, decrepit, superannuated; advanced in 

life, advanced in years; stricken in years; wrinkled, marked withthe 

crow's foot; having one foot in the grave; doting &c. (imbecile) 

499; like the last of pea time. older, elder, eldest; senior; firstborn. 

turned of, years old; of a certain age, no chicken, old as 

Methuselah; ancestral, patriarchal, &c. (ancient) 124; gerontic. 

Phr. give me a staff of honor for my age" [Titus Andronicus]; bis 

pueri senes [Lat.]; peu de gens savent elre vieux [Fr.]; plenus 

annis abiit plenus honoribus [Lat.] [Pliny the Younger]; old age is 

creeping on apace" [Byron]; slow-consuming age" [Gray]; the 

hoary head is a crown of glory" [Proverbs xvi, 31]; the silver livery 

of advised age" [II Henry VI]; to grow old gracefully; to vanish in 

the chinks that Time has made" [Rogers]. 

#129. Infant -- N. infant, babe, baby, babe in arms; nurseling, 

suckling, yearling, weanling; papoose, bambino; kid; vagitus. 

child, bairn [Scot.], little one, brat, chit, pickaninny, urchin; bantling, 

bratling † ; elf. youth, boy, lad, stripling, youngster, youngun, 

younker † , callant † , whipster † , whippersnapper, whiffet [U.S.], 

schoolboy, hobbledehoy, hopeful, cadet, minor, master. scion; 

sap, seedling; tendril, olive branch, nestling, chicken, larva, 

chrysalis, tadpole, whelp, cub, pullet, fry, callow; codlin, codling; 

foetus, calf, colt, pup, foal, kitten; lamb, lambkin † ; aurelia † , 

caterpillar, cocoon, nymph, nympha † , orphan, pupa, staddle † . girl; 

lass, lassie; wench, miss, damsel, demoiselle; maid, maiden; 

virgin; hoyden. 

Adj. infantine † #130. Veteran -- N. veteran, old man, seer, patriarch, graybeard; 

grandfather, grandsire; grandam; gaffer, gammer; crone; 

pantaloon; sexagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, 

centenarian; old stager; dotard &c. 501. preadamite 

, infantile; puerile; boyish, girlish, childish, babyish, 

† , 

Methuselah, Nestor, old Parr; elders; forefathers &c. (paternity) 

166. 

Phr. superfluous lags the veteran on the superfluous lags the 

veteran on the stage" [Johnson].

kittenish; baby; newborn, unfledged, new-fledged, callow. in the 

cradle, in swaddling clothes, in long clothes, in arms, in leading 

strings; at the breast; in one's teens. 

#131. Adolescence -- N. adolescence, pubescence, majority; adultism; adultness &c. adj.; manhood, virility, maturity full age, ripe 

age; flower of age; prime of life, meridian of life, spring of life. man &c. 373; woman &c. 374; adult, no chicken. 

V. come of age, come to man's estate, come to years of discretion; attain majority, assume the toga virilis [Lat.]; have cut one's 

eyeteeth, have sown one's mild oats. 

Adj. adolescent, pubescent, of age; of full age, of ripe age; out of one's teens, grown up, mature, full grown, in one's prime, middleaged, 

manly, virile, adult; womanly, matronly; marriageable, nubile. 

3. Time with reference to an Effect or Purpose 

#132. Earliness -- N. earliness &c. adj.; morning &c. 125. 

punctuality; promptitude &c. (activity) 682; haste &c. (velocity) 

274; suddenness &c. (instantaneity) 113. prematurity, precocity, 

precipitation, anticipation; a stitch in time. 

V. be early &c. adj., be beforehand &c. adv.; keep time, take time 

by the forelock, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start; 

steal a march upon; gain time, draw on futurity; bespeak, secure, 

engage, preengage † . accelerate; expedite &c. (quicken) 274; 

make haste &c. (hurry) 684. 

Adj. early, prime, forward; prompt &c. (active) 682; summary. 

premature, precipitate, precocious; prevenient † , anticipatory; 

rath † . sudden &c. (instantaneous) 113; unexpected &c. 508; near, 

near at hand; immediate. 

Adv. early, soon, anon, betimes, rath † ; eft, eftsoons; ere long, 

before long, shortly; beforehand; prematurely &c. adj.; 

precipitately &c. (hastily) 684; too soon; before its time, before 

one's time; in anticipation; unexpectedly &c. 508. suddenly &c. 

(instantaneously) 113; before one can say 'Jack Robinson'," at 

short notice, extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of 

the occasion [Bacon]; at once; on the spot, on the instant; at sight; 

offhand, out of hand; a' vue d'oeil [Fr.]; straight, straightway, 

straightforth † ; forthwith, incontinently, summarily, immediately, 

briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, before the ink is dry, 

almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, in no long 

time, by and by, in a while, directly. 

Phr. no sooner said than done, immediately, if not sooner; tout 

vient a temps pour qui sait attendre [Fr.]. 

#132a. Punctuality -- N. punctuality, promptness, 

immediateness. 

V. be prompt, be on time, be in time; arrive on time; be in the nick 

of time. 

Adj. timely, seasonable, in time, punctual, prompt. 

Adv. on time, punctually, at the deadline, precisely, exactly; right 

on time, to the minute; in time; in good time, in military time, in 

pudding time † , in due time; time enough; with no time to spare, by 

a hair's breadth. 

Phr. touch and go, not a minute too soon, in the nick of time, just 

under the wire, get on board before the train leaves the get on 

board before the train leaves the station. 

#134. Occasion -- N. timeliness, occasion, opportunity, opening, 

room; event (eventuality) 151; suitable season, proper season, 

suitable time, proper time; high time; opportuneness &c. adj.; 

tempestivity † . crisis, turn, juncture, conjuncture; crisis, turning 

point, given time. nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed 

opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear 

stage, fair field; mollia tempora [Lat.]; fata Morgana [Lat.]; spare 

time &c. (leisure) 685. 

V. seize an opportunity &c. (take) 789, use an opportunity &c. 

677, give an opportunity &c. 784, use an occasion; improve the 

occasion. suit the occasion &c. (be expedient) 646. seize the 

occasion, strike while the iron is hot, battre le fer sur l'enclume 

[Fr.], make hay while the sun shines, seize the present hour, take 

time by the forelock, prendre la balle au bond [Fr.]. 

#133. Lateness -- N. lateness &c. adj.; tardiness &c. (slowness) 

275. delay, delation; cunctation, procrastination; deferring, 

deferral &c. v.; postponement, adjournment, prorogation, 

retardation, respite, pause, reprieve, stay of execution; 

protraction, prolongation; Fabian policy, medecine expectante 

[Fr.], chancery suit, federal case; leeway; high time; moratorium, 

holdover. 

V. be late &c. adj.; tarry, wait, stay, bide, take time; dawdle &c. 

(be inactive) 683; linger, loiter; bide one's time, take one's time; 

gain time; hang fire; stand over, lie over. put off, defer, delay, lay 

over, suspend; table [Parl.]; shift off, stave off; waive, retard, 

remand, postpone, adjourn; procrastinate; dally; prolong, protract; 

spin out, draw out, lengthen out, stretch out; prorogue; keep back; 

tide over; push to the last, drive to the last; let the matter stand 

over; reserve &c. (store) 636; temporize; consult one's pillow, 

sleep on it. lose an opportunity &c. 135; be kept waiting, dance 

attendance; kick one's heels, cool one's heels; faire antichambre 

[Fr.]; wait impatiently; await &c. (expect) 507; sit up, sit up at night. 

Adj. late, tardy, slow, behindhand, serotine † , belated, 

postliminious † , posthumous, backward, unpunctual, untimely; 

delayed, postponed; dilatory &c. (slow) 275; delayed &c. v.; in 

abeyance. 

Adv. late; lateward † , backward; late in the day; at sunset, at the 

eleventh hour, at length, at last; ultimately; after time, behind time, 

after the deadline; too late; too late for &c. 135. slowly, leisurely, 

deliberately, at one's leisure; ex post facto; sine die. 

Phr. nonum prematur in annum [Lat.] [Horace]; against the 

sunbeams serotine and lucent" [Longfellow]; ie meglio tardi che 

mai [It]; deliberando saepe perit occasio [Lat.] [Syrus]. 

#135. Untimeliness -- N. untimeliness, intempestivity † , 

unseasonableness, inexpedience; unsuitable time, improper time; 

unreasonableness &c. adj.; evil hour; contretemps; intrusion; 

anachronism &c. 115. bad time, wrong time, inappropriate time, 

not the right occasion, unsuitable time, inopportune time, poor 

timing. 

V. be ill timed &c. adj.; mistime, intrude, come amiss, break in 

upon; have other fish to fry; be busy, be occupied. lose an 

opportunity, throw away an opportunity, waste an opportunity, 

neglect an opportunity &c. 460; allow the opportunity to pass, 

suffer the opportunity to pass, allow the opportunity to slip, suffer 

the opportunity to slip, allow the opportunity to go by, suffer the 

opportunity to go by, allow the opportunity to escape, suffer the 

opportunity to escape, allow the opportunity to lapse, suffer the 

opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the

Adj. opportune, timely, well-timed, timeful † , seasonable. 

providential, lucky, fortunate, happy, favorable, propitious, 

auspicious, critical; suitable &c. 23; obiter dicta. 

Adv. opportunely &c. adj.; in proper course, in due course, in 

proper season, in due season, in proper time, in due time; for the 

nonce; in the nick of time, in the fullness of time; all in good time; 

just in time, at the eleventh hour, now or never. by the way, by the 

by; en passant [Fr.], a propos [Fr.]; pro re nata [Lat.], pro hac vice 

[Lat.]; par parenthese [Fr.], parenthetically, by way of parenthesis, 

incidentally; while speaking of, while on the subject; extempore; on 

the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion; on the spot 

&c. (early) 132. 

Phr. carpe diem [Lat.], [Horace]; occasionem cognosce [Lat.]; 

one's hour is come, the time is up; that reminds me, now that you 

mention it, come to think of it; bien perdu bien connu [Fr.]; e 

sempre l'ora [It]; ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius [Lat.]; nosce 

tempus [Lat.]; nunc aut nunquam [Lat.]. 

opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the 

occasion to slip by; waste time &c. (be inactive) 683; let slip 

through the fingers, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen. 

Adj. ill-timed, mistimed; ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred; untimely, 

unseasonable; out of date, out of season; inopportune, timeless, 

intrusive, untoward, mal a propos [Fr.], unlucky, inauspicious, 

infelicitous, unbefitting, unpropitious, unfortunate, unfavorable; 

unsuited &c. 24; inexpedient &c. 647. unpunctual &c. (late) 133; 

too late for; premature &c. (early) 132; too soon for; wise after the 

event, monday morning quarterbacking, twenty-twenty hindsight. 

Adv. inopportunely &c. adj.; as ill luck would have it, in an evil 

hour, the time having gone by, a day after the fair. 

Phr. after death the doctor, after meat mustard. 

3. RECURRENT TIME 

#136. Frequency -- N. frequency, oftness † , oftenness † , 

commonness; repetition &c. 104; normality &c. 80; example 

(conformity) 82; routine, custom (habit) 613. regularity, uniformity, 

constancy, clock-work precision; punctuality &c. (exactness) 494; 

even tenor; system; routine &c. (custom) 613; formula; rule &c. 

(form regulation) 697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. 

(prototype) 22; conformity &c. 82. 

V. recur &c. 104; do nothing but; keep, keep on. 

Adj. frequent, many times, not rare, thickcoming † , incessant, 

perpetual, continual, steady, constant, thick; uniform; repeated &c. 

104; customary &c. 613 (habit) 613; regular (normal) 80; 

according to rule &c. (conformable) 82. common, everyday, usual, 

ordinary, familiar. old-hat, boring, well-known, trivial. 

Adv. often, oft; ofttimes † , oftentimes; frequently; repeatedly &c. 

104; unseldom † , not unfrequently † #137. Infrequency -- N. infrequency, rareness, rarity; fewness 

&c. 103; seldomness 

; in quick succession, in rapid 

succession; many a time and oft; daily, hourly &c.; every day, 

every hour, every moment &c., perpetually, continually, constantly, 

incessantly, without ceasing, at all times, daily and hourly, night 

and day, day and night, day after day, morning noon and night, 

ever anon, invariably (habit) 613. most often; commonly &c. 

(habitually) 613. sometimes, occasionally, at times, now and then, 

from time to time, there being times when, toties quoties [Lat.], 

often enough, when the mood strikes, again and again. 

† ; uncommonness. 

V. be rare &c. adj.. 

Adj. unfrequent † , infrequent; rare, rare as a blue diamond; few &c. 

103; scarce; almost unheard of, unprecedented, which has not 

occurred within the memory of the which has not occurred within 

the memory of the oldest inhabitant, not within one's previous 

experience; not since Adam † . scarce as hen's teeth; one in a 

million; few and far between. 

Adv. seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly; not often, not much, 

infrequently, unfrequently † , unoften † ; scarcely, scarcely ever, hardly 

ever; once in a blue moon. once; once in a blue moon; once in a 

million years; once for all, once in a way; pro hac vice [Lat.]. 

Phr. ein mal kein mal [G.]. 

#138. Periodicity [Regularity of recurrence] -- N. periodicity, 

intermittence; beat; oscillation &c. 314; pulse, pulsation; rhythm; 

alternation, alternateness, alternativeness, alternity † . bout, round, 

revolution, rotation, turn, say. anniversary, jubilee, centenary. 

catamenia † , courses, menses, menstrual flux. [Regularity of 

return] rota, cycle, period, stated time, routine; days of the week; 

Sunday, Monday &c.; months of the year; January &c.; feast, fast 

&c.; Christmas, Easter, New Year's day &c.; Allhallows † , 

Allhallowmas † , All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash 

Wednesday, bicentennial, birthday, bissextile † , Candlemas † , 

Dewali, groundhog day [U.S.], Halloween, Hallowmas † , Lady day, 

leap year, Midsummer day, Muharram, woodchuck day [U.S.], St. 

Swithin's day, natal day; yearbook; yuletide. punctuality, regularity, 

steadiness. 

V. recur in regular order, recur in regular succession; return, 

revolve; come again, come in its turn; come round, come round 

again; beat, pulsate; alternate; intermit. 

Adj. periodic, periodical; serial, recurrent, cyclical, rhythmical; 

recurring &c. v.; intermittent, remittent; alternate, every other. 

hourly; diurnal, daily; quotidian, tertian, weekly; hebdomadal † , 

hebdomadary † ; biweekly, fortnightly; bimonthly; catamenial † ; 

monthly, menstrual; yearly, annual; biennial, triennial, &c.; 

centennial, secular; paschal, lenten, &c. regular, steady, punctual, 

#139. Irregularity of recurrence -- N. irregularity, uncertainty, 

unpunctuality; fitfulness &c. adj.; capriciousness, ecrhythmus † . 

Adj. irregular, uncertain, unpunctual, capricious, desultory, fitful, 

flickering; rambling, rhapsodical; spasmodic; immethodical † , 

unmethodical, variable. 

Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits and starts &c. (discontinuously) 

70.

egular as clockwork. 

Adv. periodically &c. adj.; at regular intervals, at stated times; at 

fixed established, at established periods; punctually &c. adj.. de 

die in diem [Lat.]; from day to day, day by day. by turns; in turn, in 

rotation; alternately, every other day, off and on, ride and tie, round 

and round. 

#140. [Difference at different times.] Change -- N. change, 

alteration, mutation, permutation, variation, modification, 

modulation, inflexion, mood, qualification, innovation, metastasis, 

deviation, turn, evolution, revolution; diversion; break. 

transformation, transfiguration; metamorphosis; transmutation; 

SECTION VII. 

CHANGE 

1. SIMPLE CHANGE 

deoxidization [Chem]; transubstantiation; [Genetics], mutagenesis 

transanimation † , transmigration, metempsychosis † ; avatar; 

alterative. conversion &c. (gradual change) 144; revolution &c. 

(sudden or radical change) 146, inversion &c. (reversal) 218; 

displacement &c. 185; transference &c. 270. changeableness &c. 

149; tergiversation &c. (change of mind) 607. 

V. change, alter, vary, wax and wane; modulate, diversify, qualify, 

tamper with; turn, shift, veer, tack, chop, shuffle, swerve, warp, 

deviate, turn aside, evert, intervert † ; pass to, take a turn, turn the 

corner, resume. work a change, modify, vamp, superinduce; 

transform, transfigure, transmute, transmogrify, transume † ; 

metamorphose, ring the changes. innovate, introduce new blood, 

shuffle the cards; give a turn to, give a color to; influence, turn the 

scale; shift the scene, turn over a new leaf. recast &c. 146; reverse 

&c. 218; disturb &c. 61; convert into &c. 144. 

Adj. changed &c. v.; newfangled; changeable &c. 149; 

transitional; modifiable; alterative. 

Adv. mutatis mutandis [Lat.]. 

Int. quantum mutatus! [Lat.], 

Phr. a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; nous 

avons change tout cela [Moliere]; tempora mutantur nos et 

mutamur in illis [Lat.]; non sum qualis eram [Lat.] [Horace]; 

casaque tourner [Fr.]; corpora lente augescent cito extinguuntur 

[Tacitus]; in statu quo ante bellum [Lat.]; still ending and beginning 

still" [Cowper]; vox audita perit littera scripta manet [Lat.]. 

#141. [Absence of change.] Permanence -- N. stability &c. 150; 

quiescence &c. 265; obstinacy &c. 606. permanence, 

persistence, endurance; durability; standing, status quo; 

maintenance, preservation, conservation; conservation; law of the 

Medes and Persians; standing dish. 

V. let alone, let be, let it be; persist, remain, stay, tarry, rest; stet 

(copy editing) hold, hold on; last, endure, bide, abide, aby † , dwell, 

maintain, keep; stand, stand still, stand fast; subsist, live, outlive, 

survive; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, 

keep one's footing; hold good. 

Adj. stable &c. 150; persisting &c. v.; permanent; established; 

unchanged &c. (change) &c. 140; renewed; intact, inviolate; 

persistent; monotonous, uncheckered † ; unfailing. undestroyed, 

unrepealed, unsuppressed † ; conservative, qualis ab incepto [Lat.]; 

prescriptive &c. (old) 124; stationary &c. 265. 

Adv. in statu quo [Lat.]; for good, finally; at a stand, at a standstill; 

uti possidetis [Lat.]; without a shadow of turning. 

Phr. esto perpetua [Lat.]; nolumus leges Angliae mutari [Lat.]; j'y 

suis et j'y ereste [Fr.]. 

#142. [Change from action to rest.] Cessation -- N. cessation, 

discontinuance, desistance, desinence † . intermission, remission; 

suspense, suspension; interruption; stop; stopping &c. v.; closure, 

stoppage, halt; arrival &c. 292. pause, rest, lull, respite, truce, 

drop; interregnum, abeyance; cloture [U.S.]. dead stop, dead 

stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado [Sp.]; blowout, burnout, meltdown, 

disintegration; comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop; end &c. 

67; death &c. 360. 

V. cease, discontinue, desist, stay, halt; break off, leave off; hold, 

stop, pull up, stop short; stick, hang fire; halt; pause, rest; burn out, 

blow out, melt down. have done with, give over, surcease, shut up 

shop; give up &c. (relinquish) 624. hold one's hand, stay one's 

hand; rest on one's oars repose on one's laurels. come to a stand, 

come to a standstill; come to a deadlock, come to a full stop; 

arrive &c. 292; go out, die away; wear away, wear off; pass away 

&c. (be past) 122; be at an end; disintegrate, self-destruct. 

intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel † #143. Continuance in action -- N. continuance, continuation; 

run; perpetuation, prolongation; persistence &c. (perseverance) 

604.1; repetition &c. 104. 

V. continue, persist; go on, jog on, keep on, run on, hold on; abide, 

keep, pursue, stick to its course, take its course, maintain its 

course; carry on, keep up. sustain, uphold, hold up, keep on foot; 

follow up, perpetuate; maintain; preserve &c. 604.1; harp upon &c. 

(repeat) 104. keep going, keep alive, keep the pot boiling, keep 

up the ball, keep up the good work; die in harness, die with one's 

boots on; hold on the even tenor of one's way, pursue the even 

tenor of one's way. let be; stare super antiquas vias [Lat.]; quieta 

non movere [Lat.]; let things take their course; stare decisis 

(Jurisprudence). 

Adj. continuing &c. v.; uninterrupted, unintermitting 

; intermit, remit; put an end to, 

put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power 

down, deactivate, disconnect; bring to a stand, bring to a 

standstill; stop, cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; 

pull the check-string, pull the plug on. 

Int. hold!, stop!, enough!, avast!, have done!, a truce to!, soft!, 

leave off!, tenez! [Fr.], 

Phr. I pause for a reply" [Julius Caesar]. 

† , unvarying, 

unshifting † ; unreversed † , unstopped, unrevoked, unvaried; 

sustained; undying &c. (perpetual) 112; inconvertible. 

Int. keep it up!, go to it!, right away!, right on!, attaboy!, 

Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari [Lat.]; vestigia nulla retrorsum 

[Lat.] [Horace]; labitur et albetur [Horace].

#144. [Gradual change to something different.] Conversion -- N. 

conversion, reduction, transmutation, resolution, assimilation; 

evolution, sea change; change of state; assumption; 

naturalization; transportation; development [Biol.], developing. 

[photography] [conversion of currency] conversion of currency, 

exchange of currency; exchange rate; bureau de change. 

chemistry, alchemy; progress, growth, lapse, flux. passage; transit, 

transition; transmigration, shifting &c. v.; phase; conjugation; 

convertibility. crucible, alembic, caldron, retort. convert, pervert, 

renegade, apostate. 

V. be converted into; become, get, wax; come to, turn to, turn into, 

evolve into, develop into; turn out, lapse, shift; run into, fall into, 

pass into, slide into, glide into, grow into, ripen into, open into, 

resolve itself into, settle into, merge into, emerge as; melt, grow, 

come round to, mature, mellow; assume the form of, assume the 

shape of, assume the state of, assume the nature of, assume the 

character of; illapse † ; begin a new phase, assume a new phase, 

undergo a change. convert into, resolve into; make, render; mold, 

form &c. 240; remodel, new model, refound † #145. Reversion -- N. reversion, return; revulsion. turning point, 

turn of the tide; status quo ante bellum; calm before a storm. 

alternation &c. (periodicity) 138; inversion &c. 219; recoil &c. 277; 

retreat, regression, retrogression &c. 283; restoration &c. 660; 

relapse, recidivism &c. 661; atavism; vicinism 

, reform, reorganize; 

assimilate to, bring to, reduce to. 

Adj. converted into &c. v.; convertible, resolvable into; transitional; 

naturalized. 

Adv. gradually, &c. (slowly) 275 in transitu &c. (transference) 270 

[Lat.]. 

† ; 

V. revert, turn back, regress; relapse &c. 661; recoil &c. 277; 

retreat &c. 283; restore &c. 660; undo, unmake; turn the tide, roll 

back the tide, turn the scale, tip the scale. 

Adj. reverting &c. v.; regressive, revulsive, reactionary; retrorse † . 

Adv. a rebours [Fr.]. 

#146. [Sudden or violent change.] Revolution -- N. revolution, bouleversement, subversion, break up; destruction &c. 162; sudden 

change, radical change, sweeping organic change; change of state, phase change; quantum leap, quantum jump; clean sweep, coup 

d'etat [Fr.], counter revolution. jump, leap, plunge, jerk, start, transilience † ; explosion; spasm, convulsion, throe, revulsion; storm, 

earthquake, cataclysm. legerdemain &c. (trick) 545. 

V. revolutionize; new model, remodel, recast; strike out something new, break with the past; change the face of, unsex. 

Adj. unrecognizable; revolutionary. 

#147. [Change of one thing for another.] Substitution -- N. 

substitution, commutation; supplanting &c. v.; metaphor, 

metonymy &c. (figure of speech) 521. [Thing substituted] 

substitute, ersatz, makeshift, temporary expedient, replacement, 

succedaneum; shift, pis aller [Fr.], stopgap, jury rigging, jury mast, 

locum tenens, warming pan, dummy, scapegoat; double; 

changeling; quid pro quo, alternative. representative &c. (deputy) 

759; palimpsest. price, purchase money, consideration, 

equivalent. 

V. substitute, put in the place of, change for; make way for, give 

place to; supply the place of, take the place of; supplant, 

supersede, replace, cut out, serve as a substitute; step into stand 

in the shoes of; jury rig, make a shift with, put up with; borrow from 

Peter to pay Paul, take money out of one pocket and put it in take 

money out of one pocket and put it in another, cannibalize; 

commute, redeem, compound for. 

Adj. substituted &c.; ersatz; phony; vicarious, subdititious † . 

Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; 

faute de mieux [Fr.]. 

#149. Changeableness -- N. changeableness &c. adj.; 

mutability, inconstancy; versatility, mobility; instability, unstable 

equilibrium; vacillation &c. (irresolution) 605; fluctuation, 

vicissitude; alternation &c. (oscillation) 314. restlessness &c. adj.. 

fidgets, disquiet; disquietude, inquietude; unrest; agitation &c. 

315. moon, Proteus, chameleon, quicksilver, shifting sands, 

weathercock, harlequin, Cynthia of the minute, April showers † ; 

wheel of Fortune; transientness &c. 111 † . 

V. fluctuate, vary, waver, flounder, flicker, flitter, flit, flutter, shift, 

shuffle, shake, totter, tremble, vacillate, wamble † , turn and turn 

about, ring the changes; sway to and fro, shift to and fro; change 

and change about; waffle, blow with the wind (irresolute) 605; 

oscillate &c. 314; vibrate between, two extremes, oscillate 

between, two extremes; alternate; have as man phases as the 

#148. [Double or mutual change.] Interchange -- N. interchange, 

exchange; commutation, permutation, intermutation; reciprocation, 

transposition, rearrangement; shuffling; alternation, reciprocity; 

castling (at chess); hocus-pocus. interchangeableness † , 

interchangeability. recombination; combination &c. 48. barter &c. 

794; tit for tat &c. (retaliation) 718; cross fire, battledore and 

shuttlecock; quid pro quo. 

V. interchange, exchange, counterchange † ; bandy, transpose, 

shuffle, change bands, swap, permute, reciprocate, commute; 

give and take, return the compliment; play at puss in the corner, 

play at battledore and shuttlecock; retaliate &c. 718; requite. 

rearrange, recombine. 

Adj. interchanged &c. v.; reciprocal, mutual, commutative, 

interchangeable, intercurrent † . combinatorial [Math.]. recombinant 

[Biol.]. 

Adv. in exchange, vice versa, mutatis mutandis [Lat.], backwards 

and forwards, by turns, turn and turn about; each in his turn, 

everyone in his turn. 

2. COMPLEX CHANGE 

#150. Stability -- N. stability; immutability &c. adj.; 

unchangeability, &c. adj.; unchangeableness † ; constancy; stable 

equilibrium, immobility, soundness, vitality, stabiliment † , stiffness, 

ankylosis † , solidity, aplomb. establishment, fixture; rock, pillar, 

tower, foundation, leopard's spots, Ethiopia's skin. permanence 

&c. 141; obstinacy &c. 606. 

V. be firm &c. adj.; stick fast; stand firm, keep firm, remain firm; 

weather the storm, stay the course, stick to the course, keep the 

faith, don't give in, don't buckle under. settle, establish, stablish † , 

ascertain, fix, set, stabilitate † ; retain, keep hold; make good, 

make sure; fasten &c. (join) 43; set on its legs, float; perpetuate. 

settle down; strike roots, put down roots, take root; take up one's 

abode &c. 184; build one's house on a rock. 

Adj. unchangeable, immutable; unaltered, unalterable; not to be

moon. 

Adj. changeable, changeful; changing &c. 140; mutable, variable, 

checkered, ever changing; protean, proteiform † ; versatile. 

unstaid † Adj. unchangeable, immutable; unaltered, unalterable; not to be 

changed, constant; permanent &c. 141; invariable, undeviating; 

stable, durable; perennial &c. (diuturnal) 110 

, inconstant; unsteady, unstable, unfixed, unsettled; 

fluctuating &c. v.; restless; agitated &c. 315; erratic, fickle; 

irresolute &c. 605; capricious &c. 608; touch and go; inconsonant, 

fitful, spasmodic; vibratory; vagrant, wayward; desultory; afloat; 

alternating; alterable, plastic, mobile; transient &c. 111; wavering. 

Adv. seesaw &c. (oscillation) 314; off and on. 

Phr. a rolling stone gathers no moss;" pictra mossa non fa 

muschis [It]; honores mutant mores [Lat.]; varium et mutabile 

semper femina [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

† . fixed, steadfast, 

firm, fast, steady, balanced; confirmed, valid; fiducial † ; immovable, 

irremovable, riveted, rooted; settled, established &c. v.; vested; 

incontrovertible, stereotyped, indeclinable. tethered, anchored, 

moored, at anchor, on a rock, rock solid, firm as a rock; firmly 

seated, firmly established &c. v.; deep-rooted, ineradicable; 

inveterate; obstinate &c. 606. transfixed, stuck fast, aground, high 

and dry, stranded. [movable object rendered unmovable] stuck, 

jammed; unremovable; quiescent &c. 265; deterioration &c. 659. 

indefeasible, irretrievable, intransmutable † , incommutable † , 

irresoluble † , irrevocable, irreversible, reverseless † , 

inextinguishable, irreducible; indissoluble, indissolvable † ; 

indestructible, undying, imperishable, incorruptible, indelible, 

indeciduous † ; insusceptible, insusceptible of change. 

Int. stet. 

Phr. littera scripta manet [Lat.]. 

#151. Eventuality -- N. eventuality, event, occurrence, incident, 

affair, matter, thing, episode, happening, proceeding, 

contingency, juncture, experience, fact; matter of fact; naked fact, 

bare facts, just the facts; phenomenon; advent. business, concern, 

transaction, dealing, proceeding; circumstance, particular, 

casualty, accident, adventure, passage, crisis, pass, emergency, 

contingency, consequence; opportunity (occasion) 143. the world, 

life, things, doings, affairs in general; things in general, affairs in 

general; the times, state of affairs, order of the day; course of 

things, tide of things, stream of things, current of things, run of 

things, march of things, course of events; ups and downs of life, 

vicissitudes of life; chapter of accidents &c. (chance) 156; 

situation &c. (circumstances) 8. 

V. happen, occur; take place, take effect; come, become of; come 

off, comeabout † , come round, come into existence, come forth, 

come to pass, come on; pass, present itself; fall; fall out, turn out; 

run, be on foot, fall in; befall, betide, bechance † ; prove, eventuate, 

draw on; turn up, crop up, spring up, pop up, arise, show up, show 

its face, appear, come forth, cast up; supervene, survene † ; issue, 

arrive, ensue, arise, start, hold, take its course; pass off &c. (be 

past) 122. meet with; experience, enjoy, encounter, undergo, 

suffer, pass through, go through, be subjected to, be exposed to; 

fall to the lot of; be one's chance, be one's fortune, be one's lot; 

find; endure &c. (feel) 821. 

Adj. happening &c. v.; going on, doing, current; in the wind, in the 

air, afloat; on foot, afoot, on the tapis † #152. Destiny -- N. destiny &c. (necessity) 601; future existence, 

post existence; hereafter; future state, next world, world to come, 

after life; futurity &c. 121; everlasting life, everlasting death; life 

beyond the grave, world beyond the grave; prospect &c. 

(expectation) 507. 

V. impend; hang over, lie over; threaten, loom, await, come on, 

approach, stare one in the face; foreordain, preordain; predestine, 

doom, have in store for. 

Adj. impending &c. v.; destined; about to be, happen; coming, in 

store, to come, going to happen, instant, at hand, near; near, close 

at hand; over hanging, hanging over one's head, imminent; 

brewing, preparing, forthcoming; int he wind, on the cards, in 

reserve; that will, is to be; in prospect &c. (expected) 507; looming 

in the distance, horizon, future; unborn, in embryo; int he womb of 

time, futurity; pregnant &c. (producing) 161. 

Adv. in time, the long run; all in good time; eventually &c. 151; 

whatever may happen &c. (certainly) 474; as chance would have 

it &c. 156. 

; at issue, in question; 

incidental. eventful, stirring, bustling, full of incident; memorable, 

momentous, signal. 

Adv. eventually; in the event of, in case, just in case; in the course 

of things; as things, times go; as the world goes, wags; as the tree 

falls, cat jumps; as it may turn out, happen. 

Phr. that's the way the ball bounces, that's the way the cookie 

crumbles; you never know what may turn up, you never know what 

the future will bring; the plot thickens; breasts the blows of 

circumstance" [Tennyson]; so runs round of life from hour to hour" 

[Keble]; sprinkled along the waste of years" [Tennyson]. 

#153. [Constant antecedent]. Cause -- N. cause, origin, source, 

principle, element; occasioner † , prime mover, primum mobile 

[Lat.]; vera causa [Lat.]; author &c. (producer) 164; mainspring; 

agent; leaven; groundwork, foundation &c. (support) 215. spring, 

fountain, well, font; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et 

origo [Lat.], genesis; descent &c. (paternity) 166; remote cause; 

influence. pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; 

proximate cause, causa causans [Lat.]; straw that breaks the 

SECTION VIII. 

CAUSATION 

1. CONSTANCY OF SEQUENCE IN EVENTS 

#154. [Constant sequent.] Effect -- N. effect, consequence; 

aftergrowth † , aftercome † ; derivative, derivation; result; resultant, 

resultance † ; upshot, issue, denouement; end &c. 67; 

development, outgrowth, fruit, crop, harvest, product, bud. 

production, produce, work, handiwork, fabric, performance; 

creature, creation; offspring, offshoot; firstfruits † , firstlings; 

heredity, telegony † ; premices premises † .

proximate cause, causa causans [Lat.]; straw that breaks the 

camel's back. ground; reason, reason why; why and wherefore, 

rationale, occasion, derivation; final cause &c. (intention) 620; les 

dessous des cartes [Fr.]; undercurrents. rudiment. egg, germ, 

embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus, seed, stem, 

stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule † , radicle, semen, sperm. 

nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed. causality, 

causation; origination; production &c. 161. 

V. be the cause of &c. n .; originate; give origin to, give rise, to, 

give occasion to; cause, occasion, sow the seeds of, kindle, 

suscitate † ; bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce; 

create &c. 161; set up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, 

institute, lay the foundation of; lie at the root of. procure, induce, 

draw down, open the door to, superinduce, evoke, entail, operate; 

elicit, provoke. conduce to &c. (tend to) 176; contribute; have a 

hand in the pie, have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn 

the scale; have a common origin; derive its origin &c. (effect) 154. 

Adj. caused &c. v.; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; 

aboriginal; protogenal † ; radical; embryonic, embryotic † V. be the effect of &c. n.; be due to, be owing to; originate in, 

originate from; rise from, arise, take its rise spring from, proceed 

from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from, 

germinate from, issue from, flow from, result from, follow from, 

derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; 

depend upon, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon. take the 

consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. 

Adj. owing to; resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused 

by &c. 153; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; 

derivative; hereditary; telegonous 

; in 

embryo, in ovo [Lat.]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, 

having a common origin. 

Adv. because &c. 155; behind the scenes. 

Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat.] [Ovid]; felix qui potuit 

rerum cognoscere causas [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

† . 

Adv. of course, it follows that, naturally, consequently; as a 

consequence, in consequence; through, all along of, necessarily, 

eventually. 

Phr. cela va sans dire [Fr.], thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the 

Shrew]. 

#155. [Assignment of cause] Attribution -- N. attribution, theory, 

etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for &c. v.; 

palaetiology1, imputation, derivation from. filiation † , affiliation; 

pedigree &c. (paternity) 166. explanation &c. (interpretation) 522; 

reason why &c. (cause) 153. 

V. attribute to, ascribe to, impute to, refer to, lay to, point to, trace 

to, bring home to; put down to, set down to, blame; charge on, 

ground on; invest with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father 

upon; account for, derive from, point out the reason &c. 153; 

theorize; tell how it comes; put the saddle on the right horse. 

Adj. attributed &c. v.; attributable &c. v.; referable to, referrible to † , 

due to, derivable from; owing to &c. (effect) 154; putative; 

ecbatic † . 

Adv. hence, thence, therefore, for, since, on account of, because, 

owing to; on that account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks 

to, forasmuch as; whence, propter hoc [Lat.]. why,? wherefore,? 

whence,? how comes it, how is it, how happens it,? how does it 

happen,? in some way, in some such way; somehow, somehow or 

other. 

Phr. that is why; hinc illae lachrymae [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#157. Power -- N. power; potency, potentiality; jiva † ; puissance, 

might, force, energy &c. 171; dint; right hand, right arm; 

ascendency † , sway, control; prepotency, prepollence † ; 

almightiness, omnipotence; authority &c. 737; strength &c. 159. 

ability; ableness &c. adj. † ; competency; efficacy; efficiency, 

productivity, expertise (skill) 698; validity, cogency; enablement † ; 

vantage ground; influence &c. 175. pressure; conductivity; 

elasticity; gravity, electricity, magnetism, galvanism, voltaic 

electricity, voltaism, electromagnetism; atomic power, nuclear 

power, thermonuclear power; fuel cell; hydraulic power, water 

power, hydroelectric power; solar power, solar energy, solar 

panels; tidal power; wind power; attraction; vis inertiae [Lat.], vis 

mortua [Lat.], vis viva [Lat.]; potential energy, dynamic energy; 

dynamic friction, dynamic suction; live circuit, live rail, live wire. 

#156. [Absence of assignable cause.] Chance -- N. chance, 

indetermination, accident, fortune, hazard, hap, haphazard, 

chance medley, random, luck, raccroc † , casualty, contingence, 

adventure, hit; fate &c. (necessity) 601; equal chance; lottery; 

tombola † ; toss up &c. 621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; 

hazard of the die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; cast of 

the dice, throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of 

Fortune; sortes † , sortes Virgilianae † . probability, possibility, odds; 

long odds, run of luck; accidentalness; main chance, odds on, 

favorable odds. contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; 

situation (circumstance) 8. statistics, theory of Probabilities, 

theory of Chances; bookmaking; assurance; speculation, gaming 

&c. 621. 

V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's fate &c. 601; 

stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c. 621. 

Adj. casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless, 

incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; 

random, statistical; possible &c. 470; unintentional &c. 621. 

Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident; casually; perchance 

&c. (possibly) 470; for aught one knows; as good would have it, 

as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have 

it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it 

may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be. 

Phr. grasps the skirts of happy chance" [Tennyson]; the accident 

of an accident" [Lord Thurlow]. There but for the grace of God go 

I" 

2. CONNECTION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT 

#158. Impotence -- N. impotence; inability, disability; 

disablement, impuissance, imbecility; incapacity, incapability; 

inaptitude, ineptitude, incompetence, unproductivity † ; indocility † ; 

invalidity, disqualification; inefficiency, wastefulness. telum imbelle 

[Lat.], brutum fulmen [Lat.], blank, blank cartridge, flash in the pan, 

vox et proeterea nihil [Lat.], dead letter, bit of waste paper, 

dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun. inefficacy &c. (inutility) 645 † ; 

failure &c. 732. helplessness &c. adj.; prostration, paralysis, 

palsy, apoplexy, syncope, sideration † , deliquium [Lat.], collapse, 

exhaustion, softening of the brain, inanition; emasculation, 

orchiotomy [Med.], orchotomy [Med.]. cripple, old woman, muff, 

powder puff, creampuff, pussycat, wimp, mollycoddle; eunuch. 

V. be impotent &c. adj.; not have a leg to stand on. vouloir rompre 

l'anguille au genou [Fr.], vouloir prendre la lune avec les dents 

[Fr.]. collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop; go by the

capability, capacity; quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent [Lat.]; 

faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, virtue, gift, property, 

qualification, susceptibility. 

V. be powerful &c. adj.; gain power &c. n.. belong to, pertain to; lie 

in one's power, be in one's power; can, be able. give power, 

confer power, exercise power &c. n.; empower, enable, invest; 

indue † , endue; endow, arm; strengthen &c. 159; compel &c. 744. 

Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able; equal to, up to; 

cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual, efficacious, 

adequate, competent; multipotent † , plenipotent † , omnipotent; 

almighty. forcible &c. adj.. (energetic) 171; influential &c. 175; 

productive &c. 168. 

Adv. powerfully &c. adj.; by virtue of, by dint of. 

Phr. a toute force [Fr.]; dos moi pou sto kai kino ten gen [Gr.]; 

eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Lat.]; fortis cadere 

cedere non potest [Lat.]. 

[Fr.]. collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop; go by the 

board, go by the wayside; go up in smoke, end in smoke &c. (fail) 

732. render powerless &c. adj.; deprive of power; disable, 

disenable † ; disarm, incapacitate, disqualify, unfit, invalidate, 

deaden, cramp, tie the hands; double up, prostrate, paralyze, 

muzzle, cripple, becripple † , maim, lame, hamstring, draw the teeth 

of; throttle, strangle, garrotte, garrote; ratten † , silence, sprain, clip 

the wings of, put hors de combat [Fr.], spike the guns; take the 

wind out of one's sails, scotch the snake, put a spoke in one's 

wheel; break the neck, break the back; unhinge, unfit; put out of 

gear. unman, unnerve, enervate; emasculate, castrate, geld, alter, 

neuter, sterilize, fix. shatter, exhaust, weaken &c. 160. 

Adj. powerless, impotent, unable, incapable, incompetent; 

inefficient, ineffective; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, 

disqualified; unendowed; inapt, unapt; crippled, disabled &c. v.; 

armless † . harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu 

[Lat.], unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable. 

paralytic, paralyzed; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless † , 

marrowless † , pithless † , lustless † ; emasculate, disjointed; out of 

joint, out of gear; unnerved, unhinged; water-logged, on one's 

beam ends, rudderless; laid on one's back; done up, dead beat, 

exhausted, shattered, demoralized; graveled &c. (in difficulty) 

704; helpless, unfriended † , fatherless; without a leg to stand on, 

hors de combat [Fr.], laid on the shelf. null and void, nugatory, 

inoperative, good for nothing; ineffectual &c. (failing) 732; 

inadequate &c. 640; inefficacious &c. (useless) 645. 

Phr. der kranke Mann [G.]; desirous still but impotent to rise" 

[Shenstone]; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 

#159. [Degree of power.] Strength -- N. strength; power &c. 157; 

energy &c. 171; vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute 

force; spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity. stoutness &c. adj.; 

lustihood † , stamina, nerve, muscle, sinew, thews and sinews, 

physique; pith, pithiness; virtility, vitality. athletics, athleticism † ; 

gymnastics, feats of strength. adamant, steel, iron, oak, heart of 

oak; iron grip; grit, bone. athlete, gymnast, acrobat; superman, 

Atlas, Hercules, Antaeus † , Samson, Cyclops, Goliath; tower of 

strength; giant refreshed. strengthening &c. v.; invigoration, 

refreshment, refocillation † . [Science of forces] dynamics, statics. 

V. be strong &c. adj., be stronger; overmatch. render strong &c. 

adj.; give strength &c. n.; strengthen, invigorate, brace, nerve, 

fortify, sustain, harden, case harden, steel, gird; screw up, wind 

up, set up; gird up one's loins, brace up one's loins; recruit, set on 

one's legs; vivify; refresh &c. 689; refect † ; reinforce, reenforce &c. 

(restore) 660. 

Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout, 

robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid. resistless, 

irresistible, invincible, proof against, impregnable, unconquerable, 

indomitable, dominating, inextinguishable, unquenchable; 

incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering, 

overwhelming; all powerful, all sufficient; sovereign. able-bodied; 

athletic; Herculean, Cyclopean, Atlantean † ; muscular, brawny, 

wiry, well-knit, broad-shouldered, sinewy, strapping, stalwart, 

gigantic. manly, man-like, manful; masculine, male, virile. 

unweakened † , unallayed, unwithered † , unshaken, unworn, 

unexhausted † #160. Weakness -- N. weakness &c. adj.; debility, atony 

; in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of power. 

stubborn, thick-ribbed, made of iron, deep-rooted; strong as a 

lion, strong as a horse, strong as an ox, strong as brandy; sound 

as a roach; in fine feather, in high feather; built like a brick 

shithouse; like a giant refreshed. 

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; by force &c. n.; by main force &c. (by 

compulsion) 744. 

Phr. our withers are unwrung" [Hamlet]. Blut und Eisen [G.]; 

coelitus mihi vires [Lat.]; du fort au diable [Fr.]; en habiles gens 

[Lat.]; ex vi termini; flecti non frangi [Lat.]; he that wrestles with us 

strengthens our nerves and he that wrestles with us strengthens 

our nerves and sharpens our skill" [Burke]; inflexible in faith 

† , 

relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. 158; infirmity; 

effeminacy, feminality † ; fragility, flaccidity; inactivity &c. 683. 

anaemia, bloodlessness, deficiency of blood, poverty of blood. 

declension of strength, loss of strength, failure of strength; 

delicacy, invalidation, decrepitude, asthenia † , adynamy † , 

cachexy † , cachexia [Med.], sprain, strain. reed, thread, rope of 

sand, house of cards. softling † , weakling; infant &c. 129; youth &c. 

127. 

V. be weak &c. adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble, 

shake, halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in 

the grave. render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, 

shake, deprive of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; unbrace, 

unnerve; cripple, unman &c. (render powerless) 158; cramp, 

reduce, sprain, strain, blunt the edge of; dilute, impoverish; 

decimate; extenuate; reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; 

mettre de l'eau dans son vin [Fr.]. 

Adj. weak, feeble, debile † ; impotent &c. 158; relaxed, unnerved, 

&c. v.; sapless, strengthless † , powerless; weakly, unstrung, 

flaccid, adynamic † , asthenic † ; nervous. soft, effeminate, 

feminate † , womanly. frail, fragile, shattery † ; flimsy, unsubstantial, 

insubstantial, gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety, creaky, creaking, 

cranky; craichy † ; drooping, tottering &c. v.. broken, lame, 

withered, shattered, shaken, crazy, shaky; palsied &c. 158; 

decrepit. languid, poor, infirm; faint, faintish † ; sickly &c. (disease) 

655; dull, slack, evanid † , spent, short-winded, effete; weatherbeaten; 

decayed, rotten, worn, seedy, languishing, wasted, washy, 

laid low, pulled down, the worse for wear. unstrengthened &c. 

159 † , unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless † , defenseless 

&c. 158; cantilevered (support) 215. on its last legs; weak as a 

child, weak as a baby, weak as a chicken, weak as a cat, weak 

as a rat; weak as water, weak as water gruel, weak as 

gingerbread, weak as milk and water; colorless &c. 429. 

Phr. non sum qualis eram [Lat.].

invincible in arms" [Beattie]. 

#161. Production -- N. production, creation, construction, 

formation, fabrication, manufacture; building, architecture, 

erection, edification; coinage; diaster † ; organization; nisus 

formativus [Lat.]; putting together &c. v.; establishment; 

workmanship, performance; achievement &c. (completion) 729. 

flowering, fructification; inflorescence. bringing forth &c. v.; 

parturition, birth, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement, 

accouchement, travail, labor, midwifery, obstetrics; geniture † ; 

gestation &c. (maturation) 673; assimilation; evolution, 

development, growth; entelechy [Phil.]; fertilization, gemination, 

germination, heterogamy [Biol.], genesis, generation, 

epigenesis † , procreation, progeneration † , propagation; 

fecundation, impregnation; albumen &c. 357. spontaneous 

generation; archegenesis † , archebiosis † ; biogenesis, 

abiogenesis † , digenesis † , dysmerogenesis † , eumerogenesis † , 

heterogenesis † , oogenesis, merogenesis † , metogenesis † , 

monogenesis † , parthenogenesis, homogenesis † , xenogenesis1 † ; 

authorship, publication; works, opus, oeuvre. biogeny † , 

dissogeny † , xenogeny † ; tocogony † , vacuolization. edifice, 

building, structure, fabric, erection, pile, tower, flower, fruit. 

V. produce, perform, operate, do, make, gar, form, construct, 

fabricate, frame, contrive, manufacture; weave, forge, coin, carve, 

chisel; build, raise, edify, rear, erect, put together, set up, run up; 

establish, constitute, compose, organize, institute; achieve, 

accomplish &c. (complete) 729. flower, bear fruit, fructify, teem, 

ean † , yean † , farrow, drop, pup, kitten, kindle; bear, lay, whelp, 

bring forth, give birth to, lie in, be brought to bed of, evolve, 

pullulate, usher into the world. make productive &c. 168; create; 

beget, get, generate, fecundate, impregnate; procreate, 

progenerate † , propagate; engender; bring into being, call into 

being, bring into existence; breed, hatch, develop, bring up. 

induce, superinduce; suscitate † ; cause &c. 153; acquire &c. 775. 

Adj. produced, producing &c. v.; productive of; prolific &c. 168; 

creative; formative, genetic, genial, genital; pregnant; enceinte, 

big with, fraught with; in the family way, teeming, parturient, in the 

straw, brought to bed of; puerperal, puerperous † . digenetic † , 

heterogenetic † , oogenetic, xenogenetic † ; ectogenous † , gamic † , 

haematobious † , sporogenous [Biol.], sporophorous [Biol.]. 

architectonic. 

Phr. ex nihilo nihil [Lat.]; fiat lux [Lat.]; materiam superabat opus 

[Lat.] [Ovid]; nemo dat quod non habet [Lat.]. 

3. POWER IN OPERATION 

#162. [Nonproduction.] Destruction -- N. destruction; waste, 

dissolution, breaking up; diruption † , disruption; consumption; 

disorganization. fall, downfall, devastation, ruin, perdition, crash; 

eboulement [Fr.], smash, havoc, delabrement [Fr.], debacle; break 

down, break up, fall apart; prostration; desolation, bouleversement 

[Fr.], wreck, wrack, shipwreck, cataclysm; washout. extinction, 

annihilation; destruction of life &c. 361; knock-down blow; doom, 

crack of doom. destroying &c. v.; demolition, demolishment; 

overthrow, subversion, suppression; abolition &c. (abrogation) 

756; biblioclasm † ; sacrifice; ravage, razzia † ; inactivation; 

incendiarism; revolution &c. 146; extirpation &c. (extraction) 301; 

beginning of the end, commencement de la fin [Fr.], road to ruin; 

dilapidation &c. (deterioration) 659; sabotage. 

V. be destroyed &c.; perish; fall to the ground; tumble, topple; go 

to pieces, fall to pieces; break up; crumble to dust; go to the dogs, 

go to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go to pot, 

go to wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all over, 

be all up, be all with; totter to its fall. destroy; do away with, make 

away with; nullify; annual &c. 756; sacrifice, demolish; tear up; 

overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset, subvert, put an end to; seal 

the doom of, do in, do for, dish [Slang], undo; break up, cut up; 

break down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow down, beat 

down; suppress, quash, put down, do a job on; cut short, take off, 

blot out; dispel, dissipate, dissolve; consume. smash, crash, quell, 

squash, squelch, crumple up, shatter, shiver; batter to pieces, tear 

to pieces, crush to pieces, cut to pieces, shake to pieces, pull to 

pieces, pick to pieces; laniate † ; nip; tear to rags, tear to tatters; 

crush to atoms, knock to atoms; ruin; strike out; throw over, knock 

down over; fell, sink, swamp, scuttle, wreck, shipwreck, engulf, 

ingulf † , submerge; lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep away, erase, 

wipe out, expunge, raze; level with the dust, level with the ground; 

waste; atomize, vaporize. deal destruction, desolate, devastate, 

lay waste, ravage gut; disorganize; dismantle &c. (render 

useless) 645; devour, swallow up, sap, mine, blast, bomb, blow to 

smithereens, drop the big one, confound; exterminate, extinguish, 

quench, annihilate; snuff out, put out, stamp out, trample out; lay in 

the dust, trample in the dust; prostrate; tread under foot; crush 

under foot, trample under foot; lay the ax to the root of; make short 

work of, make clean sweep of, make mincemeat of; cut up root 

and branch, chop into pieces, cut into ribbons; fling to the winds, 

scatter to the winds; throw overboard; strike at the root of, sap the 

foundations of, spring a mine, blow up, ravage with fire and sword; 

cast to the dogs; eradicate &c. 301. 

Adj. destroyed &c. v.; perishing &c. v.; trembling to its fall, 

nodding to its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c. 

n.; extinct. all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing. destructive, 

subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary, deletory † ; destroying 

&c. n.. suicidal; deadly &c. (killing) 361. 

Adv. with crushing effect, with a sledge hammer. 

Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat.]; dum Roma deliberat Saguntum 

perit [Lat.]; ecrasez l'infame [Voltaire]. 

#163. Reproduction -- N. reproduction, renovation; restoration &c. 660; renewal; new edition, reprint, revival, regeneration, 

palingenesis † , revivification; apotheosis; resuscitation, reanimation, resurrection, reappearance; regrowth; Phoenix. generation &c. 

(production) 161; multiplication. 

V. reproduce; restore &c. 660; revive, renovate, renew, regenerate, revivify, resuscitate, reanimate; remake, refashion, stir the 

embers, put into the crucible; multiply, repeat; resurge † . crop up, spring up like mushrooms. 

Adj. reproduced &c. v.; renascent, reappearing; reproductive; suigenetic † . 

#164. Producer -- N. producer, originator, inventor, author, 

founder, generator, mover, architect, creator, prime mover; maker 

&c. (agent) 690; prime mover. 

#165. Destroyer -- N. destroyer &c. (destroy) &c. 162; 

cankerworm &c. (bane) 663; assassin &c. (killer) 361; 

executioner &c. (punish) 975; biblioclast † , eidoloclast † , 

iconoclast, idoloclast † ; nihilist.

#166. Paternity -- N. paternity; parentage; consanguinity &c. 11. 

parent; father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba † ; genitor, 

progenitor, procreator; ancestor; grandsire † , grandfather; greatgrandfather; 

fathership † , fatherhood; mabap † . house, stem, trunk, 

tree, stock, stirps, pedigree, lineage, line, family, tribe, sept, race, 

clan; genealogy, descent, extraction, birth, ancestry; forefathers, 

forbears, patriarchs. motherhood, maternity; mother, dam, 

mamma, materfamilias [Lat.], grandmother. 

Adj. paternal, parental; maternal; family, ancestral, linear, 

patriarchal. 

Phr. avi numerantur avorum [Lat.]; happy he with such a mother" 

[Tennyson]; hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo [Sp.]; 

philosophia stemma non inspicit [Lat.] [Seneca]. 

#167. Posterity -- N. posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring, 

brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat; family, grandchildren, 

heirs; great-grandchild. child, son, daughter; butcha † ; bantling, 

scion; acrospire † , plumule † , shoot, sprout, olive-branch, sprit † , 

branch; off-shoot, off-set; ramification; descendant; heir, heiress; 

heir-apparent, heir-presumptive; chip off the old block; heredity; 

rising generation. straight descent, sonship † , line, lineage, 

filiation † , primogeniture. 

Adj. filial; diphyletic † . 

Phr. the child is father of the man" [Wordsworth]; the fruit doesn't 

fall far from the tree," like father, like son." 

#168. Productiveness -- N. productiveness &c. adj.; fecundity, 

fertility, luxuriance, uberty † . pregnancy, pullulation, fructification, 

multiplication, propagation, procreation; superfetation. milch cow, 

rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with milk and honey; 

second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth † ; arrish † , eddish † , 

rowen † ; protoplasm; fertilization. 

V. make productive &c. adj.; fructify; procreate, generate, fertilize, 

spermative † , impregnate; fecundate, fecundify † ; teem, multiply; 

produce &c. 161; conceive. 

Adj. productive, prolific; teeming, teemful † ; fertile, fruitful, 

frugiferous † , fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous † . 

procreant † , procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic; 

multiparous; omnific † #169. Unproductiveness -- N. unproductiveness &c. adj.; 

infertility, sterility, infecundity 

, propagable. parturient &c. (producing) 161; 

profitable &c. (useful) 644. 

† ; masturbation; impotence &c. 158; 

unprofitableness &c. (inutility) 645. waste, desert, Sahara, wild, 

wilderness, howling wilderness. 

V. be unproductive &c. adj.; hang fire, flash in the pan, come to 

nothing. [make unproductive] sterilize, addle; disable, inactivate. 

Adj. unproductive, acarpous † , inoperative, barren, addled, 

infertile, unfertile, unprolific † , arid, sterile, unfruitful, infecund † ; sine 

prole; fallow; teemless † , issueless † , fruitless; unprofitable &c. 

(useless) 645; null and void, of no effect. 

#170. Agency -- N. agency, operation, force, working, strain, function, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; 

interworking † , interaction; procurement. causation &c. 153; instrumentality &c. 631; influence &c. 175; action &c. (voluntary) 680; 

modus operandi &c. 627. quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home stroke. 

V. be in action &c. adj.; operate, work; act, act upon; perform, play, support, sustain, strain, maintain, take effect, quicken, strike. 

come play, come bring into operation; have play, have free play; bring to bear upon. 

Adj. operative, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual. at work, on foot; acting &c. (doing) 680; in operation, in force, in action, in 

play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon. 

Adv. by the agency of, &c. n.; through &c. (instrumentality) 631; by means of &c. 632. 

Phr. I myself must mix with action lest I wither by I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair" [Tennyson]. 

#171. Physical Energy -- N. energy, physical energy, force, 

power &c. 157; keenness &c. adj.; intensity, vigor, strength, 

elasticity; go; high pressure; fire; rush. acrimony, acritude † ; 

causiticity † , virulence; poignancy; harshness &c. adj.; severity, 

edge, point; pungency &c. 392. cantharides; seasoning &c. 

(condiment) 393. activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, 

fermentation; ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary 

energy &c. 682; quicksilver. resolution &c. (mental energy) 604; 

exertion &c. (effort) 686; excitation &c. (mental) 824. 

V. give energy &c. n.; energize, stimulate, kindle, excite, exert; 

sharpen, intensify; inflame &c. (render violent) 173; wind up &c. 

(strengthen) 159. strike home, into home, hard home; make an 

impression. 

Adj. strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed, 

severe, keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk. 

rousing, irritation; poignant; virulent, caustic, corrosive, mordant, 

harsh, stringent; double-edged, double-shotted † , double-distilled; 

drastic, escharotic † #172. Physical Inertness -- N. inertness, dullness &c. adj.; 

inertia, vis inertiae [Lat.], inertion 

; racy &c. (pungent) 392. potent &c. (powerful) 

157; radioactive. 

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; fortiter in re [Lat.]; with telling effect. 

Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo [Lat.]; the race by vigor 

not by vaunts is won" [Pope]. 

† , inactivity, torpor, languor; 

quiescence &c. 265; latency, inaction; passivity. mental inertness; 

sloth &c. (inactivity) 683; inexcitability &c. 826 † ; irresolution &c. 

605; obstinacy &c. 606; permanence &c. 141. rare gas, paraffin, 

noble metal, unreactivity. 

V. be inert &c. adj.; hang fire, smolder. 

Adj. inert, inactive, passive; torpid &c. 683; sluggish, dull, heavy, 

flat, slack, tame, slow, blunt; unreactive; lifeless, dead, 

uninfluential † . latent, dormant, smoldering, unexerted † . 

Adv. inactively &c. adj.; in suspense, in abeyance. 

#173. Violence -- N. violence, inclemency, vehemence, might, 

impetuosity; boisterousness &c. adj.; effervescence, ebullition; 

turbulence, bluster; uproar, callithump [U.S.], riot, row, rumpus, le 

diable a quatre [Fr.], devil to pay, all the fat in the fire. severity &c. 

#174. Moderation -- N. moderation, lenity &c. 740; 

temperateness, gentleness &c. adj.; sobriety; quiet; mental 

calmness &c. (inexcitability) 826 † . moderating &c. v.; 

anaphrodisia † ; relaxation, remission, mitigation, tranquilization † ,

739; ferocity, rage, fury; exacerbation, exasperation, malignity; fit, 

paroxysm; orgasm, climax, aphrodisia † ; force, brute force; 

outrage; coup de main; strain, shock, shog † ; spasm, convulsion, 

throe; hysterics, passion &c. (state of excitability) 825. outbreak, 

outburst; debacle; burst, bounce, dissilience † , discharge, volley, 

explosion, blow up, blast, detonation, rush, eruption, displosion † , 

torrent. turmoil &c. (disorder) 59; ferment &c. (agitation) 315; 

storm, tempest, rough weather; squall &c. (wind) 349; earthquake, 

volcano, thunderstorm. berserk, berserker; fury, dragon, demon, 

tiger, beldame, Tisiphone † , Megaera, Alecto † , madcap, wild 

beast; fire eater &c. (blusterer) 887. 

V. be violent &c. adj.; run high; ferment, effervesce; romp, 

rampage, go on a rampage; run wild, run amuck, run riot; break 

the peace; rush, tear; rush headlong, rush foremost; raise a storm, 

make a riot; rough house [Slang]; riot, storm; wreak, bear down, 

ride roughshod, out Herod, Herod; spread like wildfire (person). 

[shout or act in anger at something], explode, make a row, kick 

up a row; boil, boil over; fume, foam, come on like a lion, bluster, 

rage, roar, fly off the handle, go bananas, go ape, blow one's top, 

blow one's cool, flip one's lid, hit the ceiling, hit the roof; fly into a 

rage (anger) 900. break out, fly out, burst out; bounce, explode, go 

off, displode † , fly, detonate, thunder, blow up, crump † , flash, flare, 

burst; shock, strain; break open, force open, prize open. render 

violent &c. adj.; sharpen, stir up, quicken, excite, incite, annoy, 

urge, lash, stimulate, turn on; irritate, inflame, kindle, suscitate † , 

foment; accelerate, aggravate, exasperate, exacerbate, convulse, 

infuriate, madden, lash into fury; fan the flame; add fuel to the 

flame, pour oil on the fire, oleum addere camino [Lat.]. explode; let 

fly, fly off; discharge, detonate, set off, detonize † , fulminate. 

Adj. violent, vehement; warm; acute, sharp; rough, rude, ungentle, 

bluff, boisterous, wild; brusque, abrupt, waspish; impetuous; 

rampant. turbulent; disorderly; blustering, raging &c. v.; troublous † , 

riotous; tumultuary † , tumultuous; obstreperous, uproarious; 

extravagant; unmitigated; ravening, inextinguishable, tameless; 

frenzied &c. (insane) 503. desperate &c. (rash) 863; infuriate, 

furious, outrageous, frantic, hysteric, in hysterics. fiery, flaming, 

scorching, hot, red-hot, ebullient. savage, fierce, ferocious, fierce 

as a tiger. excited &c. v.; unquelled † , unquenched, 

unextinguished † , unrepressed, unbridled, unruly; headstrong, 

ungovernable, unappeasable, immitigable, unmitigable † ; 

uncontrollable, incontrollable † ; insuppressible, irrepressible; 

orgastic, orgasmatic, orgasmic. spasmodic, convulsive, 

explosive; detonating &c. v.; volcanic, meteoric; stormy &c. (wind) 

349. 

Adv. violently &c. adj.; amain † ; by storm, by force, by main force; 

with might and main; tooth and nail, vi et armis [Lat.], at the point 

of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; at one fell swoop; with a 

high hand, through thick and thin; in desperation, with a 

vengeance; a outrance † anaphrodisia ; relaxation, remission, mitigation, tranquilization , 

assuagement, contemporation 

, a toute outrance [Fr.]; headlong, head 

foremost. 

Phr. furor arma ministrat [Lat.]; blown with restless violence round 

about the blown with restless violence round about the pendent 

world" [Measure for Measure]. 

† , pacification. measure, juste 

milieu [Fr.], golden mean, ariston metron [Gr.]. moderator; lullaby, 

sedative, lenitive, demulcent, antispasmodic, carminative, 

laudanum; rose water, balm, poppy, opiate, anodyne, milk, opium, 

poppy or mandragora;" wet blanket; palliative. 

V. be moderate &c. adj.; keep within bounds, keep within 

compass; sober down, settle down; keep the peace, remit, relent, 

take in sail. moderate, soften, mitigate, temper, accoy † ; 

attemper † , contemper † ; mollify, lenify † , dulcify † , dull, take off the 

edge, blunt, obtund † , sheathe, subdue, chasten; sober down, tone 

down, smooth down; weaken &c. 160; lessen &c. (decrease) 36; 

check palliate. tranquilize, pacify, assuage, appease, swag, lull, 

soothe, compose, still, calm, calm down, cool, quiet, hush, quell, 

sober, pacify, tame, damp, lay, allay, rebate, slacken, smooth, 

alleviate, rock to sleep, deaden, smooth, throw cold water on, 

throw a wet blanket over, turn off; slake; curb &c. (restrain) 751; 

tame &c. (subjugate) 749; smooth over; pour oil on the waves, 

pour oil on the troubled waters; pour balm into, mattre de l'eau 

dans son vin [Fr.]. go out like a lamb, roar you as gently as any 

sucking dove" [Midsummer-Night's Dream]. 

Adj. moderate; lenient &c. 740; gentle, mild, mellow; cool, sober, 

temperate, reasonable, measured; tempered &c. v.; calm, 

unruffled, quiet, tranquil, still; slow, smooth, untroubled; tame; 

peaceful, peaceable; pacific, halcyon. unexciting, unirritating † ; 

soft, bland, oily, demulcent, lenitive, anodyne; hypnotic &c. 683; 

sedative; antiorgastic † , anaphrodisiac † . mild as mother's milk; 

milk and water. 

Adv. moderately &c. adj.; gingerly; piano; under easy sail, at half 

speed; within bounds, within compass; in reason. 

Phr. est modue in rebus † ; pour oil on troubled waters. 

#175. Influence -- N. influence; importance &c. 642; weight, 

pressure, preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, 

predominancy † ; ascendency † ; dominance, reign; control, 

domination, pull [Slang]; authority &c. 737; capability &c. (power) 

157; effect &c. 154; interest. synergy (cooperation) 709. footing; 

purchase &c. (support) 215; play, leverage, vantage ground. tower 

of strength, host in himself; protection, patronage, auspices. 

V. have influence &c. n.; be influential &c. adj.; carry weight, 

weigh, tell; have a hold upon, magnetize, bear upon, gain a 

footing, work upon; take root, take hold; strike root in. run through, 

pervade; prevail, dominate, predominate; out weigh, over weigh; 

4. INDIRECT POWER 

#175a. Absence of Influence -- N. impotence &c. 158; 

powerlessness; inertness &c. 172; irrelevancy &c. 10. 

V. have no influence &c. 175. 

Adj. uninfluential † , ineffective; inconsequential, nugatory; 

unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to † ; powerless &c. 158; 

irrelevant &c. 10.

over-ride, over-bear; gain head; rage; be rife &c. adj.; spread like 

wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper hand, gain the upper 

hand, have full play, get full play, gain full play. be recognized, be 

listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a hearing; play a part, 

play a leading part, play a leading part in; take the lead, pull the 

strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight into the scale; set the 

fashion, lead the dance. 

Adj. influential, effective; important &c. 642; weighty; prevailing 

&c. v.; prevalent, rife, rampant, dominant, regnant, predominant, in 

the ascendant, hegemonical † . 

Adv. with telling effect. 

Phr. tel maure tel valet [Fr.]. 

#176. Tendency -- N. tendency; aptness, aptitude; proneness, proclivity, bent, turn, tone, bias, set, leaning to, predisposition, 

inclination, propensity, susceptibility; conatus [Lat.], nisus [Lat.]; liability &c. 177; quality, nature, temperament; idiocrasy † , 

idiosyncrasy; cast, vein, grain; humor, mood; drift &c. (direction) 278; conduciveness, conducement † ; applicability &c. (utility) 644; 

subservience &c. (instrumentality) 631. 

V. tend, contribute, conduce, lead, dispose, incline, verge, bend to, trend, affect, carry, redound to, bid fair to, gravitate towards; 

promote &c. (aid) 707. 

Adj. tending &c. v.; conducive, working towards, in a fair way to, calculated to; liable &c. 177; subservient &c. (instrumental) 631; 

useful &c. 644; subsidiary &c. (helping) 707. 

Adv. for, whither. 

#177. Liability -- N. liability, liableness † ; possibility, contingency; susceptivity † , susceptibility, exposure. 

V. be liable &c. adj.; incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand a chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to. 

Adj. liable, subject; in danger &c. 665; open to, exposed to, obnoxious to; answerable; unexempt from † ; apt to; dependent on; 

incident to. contingent, incidental, possible, on the cards, within range of, at the mercy of. 

#178. Concurrence -- N. concurrence, cooperation, coagency † ; 

union; agreement &c. 23; consilience † ; consent, coincidence &c. 

(assent) 488; alliance; concert, additivity, synergy &c. 709; 

partnership &c. 712. common cause. 

V. concur, conduce, conspire, contribute; agree, unite; hang 

together, pull together, join forces, make common cause. &c. 

(cooperate) 709; help to &c. (aid) 707. keep pace with, run 

parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in hand with, coincide. 

Adj. concurring &c. v.; concurrent, in alliance with, banded 

together, of one mind, at one with, coinciding. 

Adv. with one consent. 

#180. [Indefinite space.] Space -- N. space, extension, extent, 

superficial extent, expanse, stretch, hyperspace; room, scope, 

range, field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread. 

dimension, length &c. 200; distance &c. 196; size &c. 192; 

volume; hypervolume. latitude, play, leeway, purchase, tolerance, 

room for maneuver. spare room, elbow room, house room; 

stowage, roomage † , margin; opening, sphere, arena. open 

space, free space; void &c. (absence) 187; waste; wildness, 

5. COMBINATIONS OF CAUSES 

#179. Counteraction -- N. counteraction, opposition; contrariety 

&c. 14; antagonism, polarity; clashing &c. v.; collision, 

interference, inhibition, resistance, renitency, friction; reaction; 

retroaction &c. (recoil) 277; counterblast † ; neutralization &c. 

(compensation) 30; vis inertiae [Lat.]; check &c. (hindrance) 706. 

voluntary opposition &c. 708, voluntary resistance &c. 719; 

repression &c. (restraint) 751. opposites, action and reaction, 

yang and yin, yang-yin (contrariety) 14. 

V. counteract; run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict with; 

contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against, militate 

against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c. 708; traverse; 

withstand &c. (resist) 719; hinder &c. 706; repress &c. (restrain) 

751; react &c. (recoil) 277. undo, neutralize; counterpoise &c. 

(compensate) 30; overpoise † . 

Adj. counteracting &c. v.; antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive, 

renitent, reactionary; contrary &c. 14. 

Adv. although &c. 30; in spite of &c. 708; against. 

Phr. for every action there is a reaction, equal in for every action 

there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in direction" 

[Newton]. 

CLASS II 

WORDS RELATING TO SPACE 

SECTION I. 

SPACE IN GENERAL 

1. ABSTRACT SPACE 

#180a. Inextension -- N. inextension † , nonextension † , point; dot; 

atom &c. (smallness) 32. 

#181. [Definite space.] Region -- N. region, sphere, ground, soil, 

area, field, realm, hemisphere, quarter, district, beat, orb, circuit, 

circle; reservation, pale &c. (limit) 233; compartment, department; 

clearing. [political divisions: see] (property) &c. 780 

(Government) &c. 737.1 arena, precincts, enceinte, walk, march;

wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna † . abyss &c. (interval) 

198; unlimited space; infinity &c. 105; world; ubiquity &c. 

(presence) 186; length and breadth of the land. proportions, 

acreage; acres, acres and perches, roods and perches, hectares, 

square miles; square inches, square yards, square centimeters, 

square meters, yards (clothing) &c.; ares, arpents † . 

Adj. spacious, roomy, extensive, expansive, capacious, ample; 

widespread, vast, world-wide, uncircumscribed; boundless &c. 

(infinite) 105; shoreless † , trackless, pathless; extended. 

Adv. extensively &c. adj.; wherever; everywhere; far and near, far 

and wide; right and left, all over, all the world over; throughout the 

world, throughout the length and breadth of the throughout the 

length and breadth of the land; under the sun, in every quarter; in 

all quarters, in all lands; here there and everywhere; from pole to 

pole, from China to Peru [Johnson], from Indus to the pole [Pope], 

from Dan to Beersheba, from end to end; on the face of the earth, 

in the wide world, from all points of the compass; to the four winds, 

to the uttermost parts of the earth. 

patch, plot, parcel, inclosure, close, field, court; enclave, reserve, 

preserve; street &c. (abode) 189. clime, climate, zone, meridian, 

latitude. biosphere; lithosphere. 

Adj. territorial, local, parochial, provincial, regional. 

#182. [Limited space.] Place -- N. place, lieu, spot, point, dot; 

niche, nook &c. (corner) 244; hole; pigeonhole &c. (receptacle) 

191; compartment; premises, precinct, station; area, courtyard, 

square; abode &c. 189; locality &c. (situation) 183. ins and outs; 

every hole and corner. 

Adv. somewhere, in some place, wherever it may be, here and 

there, in various places, passim. 

2. RELATIVE SPACE 

#183. Situation -- N. situation, position, locality, locale, status, latitude and longitude; footing, standing, standpoint, post; stage; 

aspect, attitude, posture, pose. environment, surroundings (location) 184; circumjacence &c. 227 † . place, site, station, seat, venue, 

whereabouts; ground; bearings &c. (direction) 278; spot &c. (limited space) 182. topography, geography, chorography † ; map &c. 

554. 

V. be situated, be situate; lie, have its seat in. 

Adj. situate, situated; local, topical, topographical &c. n.. 

Adv. in situ, in loco; here and there, passim; hereabouts, thereabouts, whereabouts; in place, here, there. in such and such 

surroundings, in such and such environs, in such and such entourage, amidst such and such surroundings, amidst such and such 

environs, amidst such and such entourage. 

#184. Location -- N. location, localization; lodgment; deposition, 

reposition; stowage, package; collocation; packing, lading; 

establishment, settlement, installation; fixation; insertion &c. 300. 

habitat, environment, surroundings (situation) 183; circumjacence 

&c. 227 † . anchorage, mooring, encampment. plantation, colony, 

settlement, cantonment; colonization, domestication, situation; 

habitation &c. (abode) 189; cohabitation; a local habitation and a 

name" [Midsummer Night's Dream]; endenization † , 

naturalization. 

V. place, situate, locate, localize, make a place for, put, lay, set, 

seat, station, lodge, quarter, post, install; house, stow; establish, 

fix, pin, root; graft; plant &c. (insert) 300; shelve, pitch, camp, lay 

down, deposit, reposit † ; cradle; moor, tether, picket; pack, tuck in; 

embed, imbed; vest, invest in. billet on, quarter upon, saddle with; 

load, lade, freight; pocket, put up, bag. inhabit &c. (be present) 

186; domesticate, colonize; take root, strike root; anchor; cast 

anchor, come to an anchor; sit down, settle down; settle; take up 

one's abode, take up one's quarters; plant oneself, establish 

oneself, locate oneself; squat, perch, hive, se nicher [Fr.], bivouac, 

burrow, get a footing; encamp, pitch one's tent; put up at, put up 

one's horses at; keep house. endenizen † , naturalize, adopt. put 

back, replace &c. (restore) 660. 

Adj. placed &c. v.; situate, posited, ensconced, imbedded, 

embosomed † , rooted; domesticated; vested in, unremoved † #185. Displacement -- N. displacement, elocation 

. 

moored &c. v.; at anchor. 

† , 

transposition. ejectment &c. 297 † ; exile &c. (banishment) 893; 

removal &c. (transference) 270. misplacement, dislocation &c. 

61; fish out of water. 

V. displace, misplace, displant † , dislodge, disestablish; exile &c. 

(seclude) 893; ablegate † , set aside, remove; take away, cart 

away; take off, draft off; lade &c. 184. unload, empty &c. (eject) 

297; transfer &c. 270; dispel. vacate; depart &c. 293. 

Adj. displaced &c. v.; unplaced, unhoused † , unharbored † , 

unestablished † , unsettled; houseless † , homeless; out of place, out 

of a situation; in the wrong place. misplaced, out of its element. 

#186. Presence -- N. presence; occupancy, occupation; 

attendance; whereness † . permeation, pervasion; diffusion &c. 

(dispersion) 73. ubiety † , ubiquity, ubiquitariness † ; omnipresence. 

bystander &c. (spectator) 444. 

V. exist in space, be present &c. adj.; assister † ; make one of, 

make one at; look on, attend, remain; find oneself, present 

oneself; show one's face; fall in the way of, occur in a place; lie, 

stand; occupy; be there. people; inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, 

sojourn, live, abide, lodge, nestle, roost, perch; take up one's 

3. EXISTENCE IN SPACE 

#187. [Nullibiety.1] Absence -- N. absence; inexistence &c. 2 † ; 

nonresidence, absenteeism; nonattendance, alibi. emptiness &c. 

adj.; void, vacuum; vacuity, vacancy; tabula rasa [Lat.]; exemption; 

hiatus &c. (interval) 198; lipotype † . truant, absentee. nobody; 

nobody present, nobody on earth; not a soul; ame qui vive [Fr.]. 

V. be absent &c. adj.; keep away, keep out of the way; play truant, 

absent oneself, stay away; keep aloof, hold aloof. withdraw, make 

oneself scarce, vacate; go away &c. 293.

sojourn, live, abide, lodge, nestle, roost, perch; take up one's 

abode &c. (be located) 184; tenant. resort to, frequent, haunt; 

revisit. fill, pervade, permeate; be diffused, be disseminated, be 

through; over spread, overrun; run through; meet one at every turn. 

Adj. present; occupying, inhabiting &c. v.; moored &c. 184; 

resiant † , resident, residentiary † ; domiciled. ubiquitous, 

ubiquitary † ; omnipresent; universally present. peopled, populous, 

full of people, inhabited. 

Adv. here, there, where, everywhere, aboard, on board, at home, 

afield; here there and everywhere &c. (space) 180; in presence of, 

before; under the eyes of, under the nose of; in the face of; in 

propria persona [Lat.]. on the spot; in person, in the flesh. 

Phr. nusquam est qui ubique est [Lat.] [Seneca]. 

#188. Inhabitant -- N. inhabitant; resident, residentiary † ; dweller, 

indweller † ; addressee; occupier, occupant; householder, lodger, 

inmate, tenant, incumbent, sojourner, locum tenens, commorant † ; 

settler, squatter, backwoodsman, colonist; islander; denizen, 

citizen; burgher, oppidan † , cockney, cit, townsman, burgess; 

villager; cottager, cottier † , cotter; compatriot; backsettler † , 

boarder; hotel keeper, innkeeper; habitant; paying guest; planter. 

native, indigene, aborigines, autochthones † ; Englishman, John 

Bull; newcomer &c. (stranger) 57. aboriginal, American † , 

Caledonian, Cambrian, Canadian, Canuck [Slang], downeaster 

[U.S.], Scot, Scotchman, Hibernian, Irishman, Welshman, Uncle 

Sam, Yankee, Brother Jonathan. garrison, crew; population; 

people &c. (mankind) 372; colony, settlement; household; mir † . 

V. inhabit &c. (be present) 186; endenizen &c. (locate oneself) 

184 † . 

Adj. indigenous; native, natal; autochthonal † , autochthonous; 

British; English; American † ; Canadian, Irish, Scotch, Scottish, 

Welsh; domestic; domiciliated † , domiciled; naturalized, 

vernacular, domesticated; domiciliary. in the occupation of; 

garrisoned by, occupied by. 

Adj. absent, not present, away, nonresident, gone, from home; 

missing; lost; wanting; omitted; nowhere to be found; inexistence 

&c. 2 † . empty, void; vacant, vacuous; untenanted, unoccupied, 

uninhabited; tenantless; barren, sterile; desert, deserted; devoid; 

uninhabitable. 

Adv. without, minus, nowhere; elsewhere; neither here nor there; 

in default of; sans; behind one's back. 

Phr. the bird has flown, non est inventus [Lat.]. absence makes 

the heart grow fonder" [Bayley]; absent in body but present in 

spirit" [1 Corinthians verse 3]; absento nemo ne nocuisse velit 

[Lat.] [Propertius]; Achilles absent was Achilles still" [Homer]; aux 

absents les os; briller par son absence [Fr.]; conspicuous by his 

absence" [Russell]; in the hope to meet shortly again and make 

our in the hope to meet shortly again and make our absence 

sweet" [B. Jonson]. 

#189. [Place of habitation, or resort.] Abode -- N. abode, 

dwelling, lodging, domicile, residence, apartment, place, digs, 

pad, address, habitation, where one's lot is cast, local habitation, 

berth, diggings, seat, lap, sojourn, housing, quarters, 

headquarters, resiance † , tabernacle, throne, ark. home, 

fatherland; country; homestead, homestall † ; fireside; hearth, hearth 

stone; chimney corner, inglenook, ingle side; harem, seraglio, 

zenana † ; household gods, lares et penates [Lat.], roof, household, 

housing, dulce domum [Lat.], paternal domicile; native soil, native 

land. habitat, range, stamping ground; haunt, hangout; biosphere; 

environment, ecological niche. nest, nidus, snuggery † ; arbor, 

bower, &c. 191; lair, den, cave, hole, hiding place, cell, sanctum 

sanctorum [Lat.], aerie, eyrie, eyry † , rookery, hive; covert, resort, 

retreat, perch, roost; nidification; kala jagah † . bivouac, camp, 

encampment, cantonment, castrametation † ; barrack, casemate † , 

casern † . tent &c. (covering) 223; building &c. (construction) 161; 

chamber &c. (receptacle) 191; xenodochium † . tenement, 

messuage, farm, farmhouse, grange, hacienda, toft † . cot, cabin, 

hut, chalet, croft, shed, booth, stall, hovel, bothy † , shanty, dugout 

[U.S.], wigwam; pen &c. (inclosure) 232; barn, bawn † ; kennel, sty, 

doghold † , cote, coop, hutch, byre; cow house, cow shed; stable, 

dovecote, columbary † , columbarium; shippen † ; igloo, iglu † , jacal † ; 

lacustrine dwelling † , lacuslake dwelling † , lacuspile dwelling † ; log 

cabin, log house; shack, shebang [Slang], tepee, topek † . house, 

mansion, place, villa, cottage, box, lodge, hermitage, rus in urbe 

[Lat.], folly, rotunda, tower, chateau, castle, pavilion, hotel, court, 

manor-house, capital messuage, hall, palace; kiosk, bungalow; 

casa [Sp.], country seat, apartment house, flat house, frame 

house, shingle house, tenement house; temple &c. 1000. hamlet, 

village, thorp † , dorp † , ham, kraal; borough, burgh, town, city, 

capital, metropolis; suburb; province, country; county town, county 

seat; courthouse [U.S.]; ghetto. street, place, terrace, parade, 

esplanade, alameda † , board walk, embankment, road, row, lane, 

alley, court, quadrangle, quad, wynd [Scot.], close [Scot.], yard, 

passage, rents, buildings, mews. square, polygon, circus, 

crescent, mall, piazza, arcade, colonnade, peristyle, cloister; 

gardens, grove, residences; block of buildings, market place, 

place, plaza. anchorage, roadstead, roads; dock, basin, wharf, 

quay, port, harbor. quarter, parish &c. (region) 181. assembly 

room, meetinghouse, pump room, spa, watering place; inn; hostel, 

hostelry; hotel, tavern, caravansary, dak bungalow † , khan, 

hospice; public house, pub, pot house, mug house; gin mill, gin 

palace; bar, bar room; barrel house [U.S.], cabaret, chophouse; 

club, clubhouse; cookshop † , dive [U.S.], exchange [Euph.]; grill 

room, saloon [U.S.], shebeen † ; coffee house, eating house; 

canteen, restaurant, buffet, cafe, estaminet † , posada † ; 

almshouse † , poorhouse, townhouse [U.S.]. garden, park, pleasure 

ground, plaisance † , demesne. [quarters for animals] cage, 

terrarium, doghouse; pen, aviary; barn, stall; zoo. 

V. take up one's abode &c. (locate oneself) 184; inhabit &c. (be

#190. [Things contained.] Contents -- N. contents; cargo, lading, 

freight, shipment, load, bale, burden, jag; cartload † , shipload; cup 

of, basket of, &c. (receptacle) 191 of; inside &c. 221; stuffing, 

ullage. 

present) 186. 

Adj. urban, metropolitan; suburban; provincial, rural, rustic; 

domestic; cosmopolitan; palatial. 

Phr. eigner Hert ist goldes Werth [G.]; even cities have their 

graves" [Longfellow]; ubi libertas ibi patria [Lat.]; home sweet 

home. 

#191. Receptacle -- N. receptacle; inclosure &c. 232; recipient, 

receiver, reservatory. compartment; cell, cellule; follicle; hole, 

corner, niche, recess, nook; crypt, stall, pigeonhole, cove, oriel; 

cave &c. (concavity) 252. capsule, vesicle, cyst, pod, calyx, 

cancelli, utricle, bladder; pericarp, udder. stomach, paunch, 

venter, ventricle, crop, craw, maw, gizzard, breadbasket; mouth. 

pocket, pouch, fob, sheath, scabbard, socket, bag, sac, sack, 

saccule, wallet, cardcase, scrip, poke, knit, knapsack, haversack, 

sachel, satchel, reticule, budget, net; ditty bag, ditty box; 

housewife, hussif; saddlebags; portfolio; quiver &c. (magazine) 

636. chest, box, coffer, caddy, case, casket, pyx, pix, caisson, 

desk, bureau, reliquary; trunk, portmanteau, band-box, valise; grip, 

grip sack [U.S.]; skippet, vasculum; boot, imperial; vache; cage, 

manger, rack. vessel, vase, bushel, barrel; canister, jar; pottle, 

basket, pannier, buck-basket, hopper, maund † , creel, cran, crate, 

cradle, bassinet, wisket, whisket, jardiniere, corbeille, hamper, 

dosser, dorser, tray, hod, scuttle, utensil; brazier; cuspidor, 

spittoon. [For liquids] cistern &c. (store) 636; vat, caldron, barrel, 

cask, drum, puncheon, keg, rundlet, tun, butt, cag, firkin, kilderkin, 

carboy, amphora, bottle, jar, decanter, ewer, cruse, caraffe, crock, 

kit, canteen, flagon; demijohn; flask, flasket; stoup, noggin, vial, 

phial, cruet, caster; urn, epergne, salver, patella, tazza, patera; pig 

gin, big gin; tyg, nipperkin, pocket pistol; tub, bucket, pail, skeel, 

pot, tankard, jug, pitcher, mug, pipkin; galipot, gallipot; matrass, 

receiver, retort, alembic, bolthead, capsule, can, kettle; bowl, 

basin, jorum, punch bowl, cup, goblet, chalice, tumbler, glass, 

rummer, horn, saucepan, skillet, posnet † , tureen. [laboratory 

vessels for liquids] beaker, flask, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence 

flask, round-bottom flask, graduated cylinder, test tube, culture 

tube, pipette, Pasteur pipette, disposable pipette, syringe, vial, 

carboy, vacuum flask, Petri dish, microtiter tray, centrifuge tube. 

bail, beaker, billy, canakin; catch basin, catch drain; chatti, lota, 

mussuk, schooner [U.S.], spider, terrine, toby, urceus. plate, 

platter, dish, trencher, calabash, porringer, potager, saucer, pan, 

crucible; glassware, tableware; vitrics. compote, gravy boat, 

creamer, sugar bowl, butter dish, mug, pitcher, punch bowl, 

chafing dish. shovel, trowel, spoon, spatula, ladle, dipper, 

tablespoon, watch glass, thimble. closet, commode, cupboard, 

cellaret, chiffonniere, locker, bin, bunker, buffet, press, 

clothespress, safe, sideboard, drawer, chest of drawers, chest on 

chest, highboy, lowboy, till, scrutoire † , secretary, secretaire, 

davenport, bookcase, cabinet, canterbury; escritoire, etagere, 

vargueno, vitrine. chamber, apartment, room, cabin; office, court, 

hall, atrium; suite of rooms, apartment [U.S.], flat, story; saloon, 

salon, parlor; by-room, cubicle; presence chamber; sitting room, 

best room, keeping room, drawing room, reception room, state 

room; gallery, cabinet, closet; pew, box; boudoir; adytum, 

sanctum; bedroom, dormitory; refectory, dining room, salle-amanger; 

nursery, schoolroom; library, study; studio; billiard room, 

smoking room; den; stateroom, tablinum, tenement. [room for 

defecation and urination] bath room, bathroom, toilet, lavatory, 

powder room; john, jakes, necessary, loo; [in public places] men's 

room, ladies' room, rest room; [fixtures] (uncleanness). 653 attic, 

loft, garret, cockloft, clerestory; cellar, vault, hold, cockpit; 

cubbyhole; cook house; entre-sol; mezzanine floor; ground floor, 

rez-de-chaussee; basement, kitchen, pantry, bawarchi-khana, 

scullery, offices; storeroom &c. (depository) 636; lumber room; 

dairy, laundry. coach house; garage; hangar; outhouse; 

penthouse; lean-to. portico, porch, stoop, stope, veranda, patio, 

lanai, terrace, deck; lobby, court, courtyard, hall, vestibule, 

corridor, passage, breezeway; ante room, ante chamber; lounge; 

piazza, veranda. conservatory, greenhouse, bower, arbor, 

summerhouse, alcove, grotto, hermitage. lodging &c. (abode)

#192. Size -- N. size, magnitude, dimension, bulk, volume; 

largeness &c. adj.; greatness &c. (of quantity) 31; expanse &c. 

(space) 180; amplitude, mass; proportions. capacity, tonnage, 

tunnage; cordage; caliber, scantling. turgidity &c. (expansion) 

194; corpulence, obesity; plumpness &c. adj.; embonpoint, 

corporation, flesh and blood, lustihood. hugeness &c. adj.; 

enormity, immensity, monstrosity. giant, Brobdingnagian, Antaeus, 

Goliath, Gog and Magog, Gargantua, monster, mammoth, 

Cyclops; cachalot, whale, porpoise, behemoth, leviathan, 

elephant, hippopotamus; colossus; tun, cord, lump, bulk, block, 

loaf, mass, swad, clod, nugget, bushel, thumper, whooper, 

spanker, strapper; Triton among the minnows" [Coriolanus]. 

mountain, mound; heap &c. (assemblage) 72. largest portion &c. 

50; full size, life size. 

V. be large &c. adj.; become large &c. (expand) 194. 

Adj. large, big; great &c. (in quantity) 31; considerable, bulky, 

voluminous, ample, massive, massy; capacious, comprehensive; 

spacious &c. 180; mighty, towering, fine, magnificent. corpulent, 

stout, fat, obese, plump, squab, full, lusty, strapping, bouncing; 

portly, burly, well-fed, full-grown; corn fed, gram fed; stalwart, 

brawny, fleshy; goodly; in good case, in good condition; in 

condition; chopping, jolly; chub faced, chubby faced. lubberly, 

hulky, unwieldy, lumpish, gaunt, spanking, whacking, whopping, 

walloping, thumping, thundering, hulking; overgrown; puffy &c. 

(swollen) 194. huge, immense, enormous, mighty; vast, vasty; 

amplitudinous, stupendous; monster, monstrous, humongous, 

monumental; elephantine, jumbo, mammoth; gigantic, gigantean, 

giant, giant like, titanic; prodigious, colossal, Cyclopean, 

Brobdingnagian, Bunyanesque, Herculean, Gargantuan; infinite 

&c. 105. large as life; plump as a dumpling, plump as a partridge; 

fat as a pig, fat as a quail, fat as butter, fat as brawn, fat as bacon. 

immeasurable, unfathomable, unplumbed; inconceivable, 

unimaginable, unheard-of. of cosmic proportions; of epic 

proportions, the mother of all, teh granddaddy of all. 

189; bed &c. (support) 215; carriage &c. (vehicle) 272. 

Adj. capsular; saccular, sacculated; recipient; ventricular, cystic, 

vascular, vesicular, cellular, camerated, locular, multilocular, 

polygastric; marsupial; siliquose, siliquous. 

SECTION II. 

DIMENSIONS 

1. GENERAL DIMENSIONS 

#193. Littleness -- N. littleness &c. adj.; smallness &c. (of 

quantity) 32; exiguity, inextension † ; parvitude † , parvity † ; 

duodecimo † ; Elzevir edition, epitome, microcosm; rudiment; 

vanishing point; thinness &c. 203. dwarf, pygmy, pigmy † , 

Liliputian, chit, pigwidgeon † , urchin, elf; atomy † , dandiprat † ; doll, 

puppet; Tom Thumb, Hop-o'-my-thumb † ; manikin, mannikin; 

homunculus, dapperling † , cock-sparrow. animalcule, monad, mite, 

insect, emmet † , fly, midge, gnat, shrimp, minnow, worm, maggot, 

entozoon † ; bacteria; infusoria † ; microzoa [Micro.]; phytozoaria † ; 

microbe; grub; tit, tomtit, runt, mouse, small fry; millet seed, 

mustard seed; barleycorn; pebble, grain of sand; molehill, button, 

bubble. point; atom &c. (small quantity) 32; fragment &c. (small 

part) 51; powder &c. 330; point of a pin, mathematical point; 

minutiae &c. (unimportance) 643. micrometer; vernier; scale. 

microphotography, photomicrography, micrography † ; 

photomicrograph, microphotograph; microscopy; microscope 

(optical instruments) 445. 

V. be little &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell; become small &c. (decrease) 

36, (contract) 195. 

Adj. little; small &c. (in quantity) 32; minute, diminutive, 

microscopic; microzoal; inconsiderable &c. (unimportant) 643; 

exiguous, puny, tiny, wee, petty, minikin † , miniature, pygmy, 

pigmy † , elfin; undersized; dwarf, dwarfed, dwarfish; spare, 

stunted, limited; cramp, cramped; pollard, Liliputian, dapper, 

pocket; portative † , portable; duodecimo † ; dumpy, squat; short &c. 

201. impalpable, intangible, evanescent, imperceptible, invisible, 

inappreciable, insignificant, inconsiderable, trivial; infinitesimal, 

homoeopathic † ; atomic, subatomic, corpuscular, molecular; 

rudimentary, rudimental; embryonic, vestigial. weazen † , scant, 

scraggy, scrubby; thin &c. (narrow) 203; granular &c. (powdery) 

330; shrunk &c. 195; brevipennate † . 

Adv. in a small compass, in a nutshell; on a small scale; minutely, 

microscopically. 

#194. Expansion -- N. expansion; increase of size &c. 35; 

enlargement, extension, augmentation; amplification, ampliation † ; 

aggrandizement, spread, increment, growth, development, 

pullulation, swell, dilation, rarefaction; turgescence † , turgidness, 

turgidity; dispansion † ; obesity &c. (size) 192; hydrocephalus, 

hydrophthalmus [Med.]; dropsy, tumefaction, intumescence, 

swelling, tumor, diastole, distension; puffing, puffiness; inflation; 

pandiculation † . dilatability, expansibility. germination, growth, 

upgrowth † ; accretion &c. 35; budding, gemmation † . overgrowth, 

overdistension † ; hypertrophy, tympany † . bulb &c. (convexity) 250; 

plumper; superiority of size. [expansion of the universe] big bang; 

Hubble constant. 

V. become larger &c. (large) &c. 192; expand, widen, enlarge, 

extend, grow, increase, incrassate † #195. Contraction -- N. contraction, reduction, diminution; 

decrease of size &c. 36; defalcation, decrement; lessening, 

shrinking &c. v.; compaction; tabes 

, swell, gather; fill out; deploy, 

take open order, dilate, stretch, distend, spread; mantle, wax; 

grow up, spring up; bud, bourgeon [Fr.], shoot, sprout, germinate, 

put forth, vegetate, pullulate, open, burst forth; gain flesh, gather 

flesh; outgrow; spread like wildfire, overrun. be larger than; 

surpass &c. (be superior) 33. render larger &c. (large) &c. 192; 

expand, spread, extend, aggrandize, distend, develop, amplify, 

spread out, widen, magnify, rarefy, inflate, puff, blow up, stuff, pad, 

cram; exaggerate; fatten. 

† , collapse, emaciation, 

attenuation, tabefaction † , consumption, marasmus † , atrophy; 

systole, neck, hourglass. condensation, compression, 

compactness; compendium &c. 596; squeezing &c. v.; 

strangulation; corrugation; astringency; astringents, sclerotics; 

contractility, compressibility; coarctation † . inferiority in size. 

V. become small, become smaller; lessen, decrease &c. 36; grow 

less, dwindle, shrink, contract, narrow, shrivel, collapse, wither, 

lose flesh, wizen, fall away, waste, wane, ebb; decay &c. 

(deteriorate) 659. be smaller than, fall short of; not come up to &c. 

(be inferior) 34. render smaller, lessen, diminish, contract, draw in, 

narrow, coarctate † ; boil down; constrict, constringe † ; condense, 

compress, squeeze, corrugate, crimp, crunch, crush, crumple up, 

warp, purse up, pack, squeeze, stow; pinch, tighten, strangle; 

cramp; dwarf, bedwarf † ; shorten &c. 201; circumscribe &c. 229; 

restrain &c. 751. [reduce in size by abrasion or paring. ] 

(subtraction) 38 abrade, pare, reduce, attenuate, rub down, 

scrape, file, file down, grind, grind down, chip, shave, shear, wear 

down. 

Adj. contracting &c. v.; astringent; shrunk, contracted &c. v.; 

strangulated, tabid † , wizened, stunted; waning neap,

Adj. expanded, &c. v.; larger, &c. (large) &c. 192; swollen; 

expansive; wide open, wide spread; flabelliform † ; overgrown, 

exaggerated, bloated, fat, turgid, tumid, hypertrophied, dropsical; 

pot bellied, swag bellied † ; edematous, oedematous † , obese, 

puffy, pursy † , blowzy, bigswoln † , distended; patulous; bulbous &c. 

(convex) 250; full blown, full grown, full formed; big &c. 192; 

abdominous † , enchymatous † , rhipidate † ; tumefacient † , 

tumefying † . 

#196. Distance -- N. distance; space &c. 180; remoteness, 

farness † , far-cry to; longinquity † , elongation; offing, background; 

remote region; removedness † ; parallax; reach, span, stride. 

outpost, outskirt; horizon; aphelion; foreign parts, ultima Thule 

[Lat.], ne plus ultra [Lat.], antipodes; long range, giant's stride. 

dispersion &c. 73. [units of distance] length &c. 200. cosmic 

distance, light-years. 

V. be distant &c. adj.; extend to, stretch to, reach to, spread to, go 

to, get to, stretch away to; range. remain at a distance; keep 

away, keep off, keep aloof, keep clear of, stand away, stand off, 

stand aloof, stand clear of, stay away, keep one's distance. 

distance; distance oneself from. 

Adj. distant; far off, far away; remote, telescopic, distal, wide of; 

stretching to &c. v.; yon, yonder; ulterior; transmarine † , 

transpontine † , transatlantic, transalpine; tramontane; ultramontane, 

ultramundane † ; hyperborean, antipodean; inaccessible, out of the 

way; unapproached † , unapproachable; incontiguous † . 

Adv. far off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a 

great way off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; 

out of the way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, farther, further, 

beyond; outre mer [Fr.], over the border, far and wide, over the 

hills and far away" [Gay]; from pole to pole &c. (over great space) 

180; to the uttermost parts, to the ends of the earth; out of hearing, 

nobody knows where, a perte de vue [Fr.], out of the sphere of, 

wide of the mark; a far cry to. apart, asunder; wide apart, wide 

asunder; longo intervallo [It]; at arm's length. 

Phr. distance lends enchantment" [Campbell]; it's a long long way 

to Tipperary;" out of sight, out of mind. 

strangulated, tabid † , wizened, stunted; waning &c. v.; neap, 

compact. unexpanded &c. (expand) &c. 194 † ; contractile; 

compressible; smaller &c. (small) &c. 193. 

#197. Nearness -- N. nearness &c. adj.; proximity, propinquity; 

vicinity, vicinage; neighborhood, adjacency; contiguity &c. 199. 

short distance, short step, short cut; earshot, close quarters, 

stone's throw; bow shot, gun shot, pistol shot; hair's breadth, span. 

purlieus, neighborhood, vicinage, environs, alentours [Fr.], 

suburbs, confines, banlieue † , borderland; whereabouts. 

bystander; neighbor, borderer † . approach &c. 286; convergence 

&c. 290; perihelion. 

V. be near &c. adj.; adjoin, hang about, trench on; border upon, 

verge upon; stand by, approximate, tread on the heels of, cling to, 

clasp, hug; huddle; hang upon the skirts of, hover over; burn. touch 

&c. 199; bring near, draw near &c. 286; converge &c. 290; crowd 

&c. 72; place side by side &c. adv.. 

Adj. near, nigh; close at hand, near at hand; close, neighboring; 

bordering upon, contiguous, adjacent, adjoining; proximate, 

proximal; at hand, handy; near the mark, near run; home, intimate. 

Adv. near, nigh; hard by, fast by; close to, close upon; hard upon; 

at the point of; next door to; within reach, within call, within hearing, 

within earshot; within an ace of; but a step, not far from, at no great 

distance; on the verge of, on the brink of, on the skirts of; in the 

environs &c. n.; at one's door, at one's feet, at one's elbow, at 

one's finger's end, at one's side; on the tip of one's tongue; under 

one's nose; within a stone's throw &c. n.; in sight of, in presence 

of; at close quarters; cheek by jole † , cheek by jowl; beside, 

alongside, side by side, tete-a-tete; in juxtaposition &c. (touching) 

199; yardarm to yardarm, at the heels of; on the confines of, at the 

threshold, bordering upon, verging to; in the way. about; 

hereabouts, thereabouts; roughly, in round numbers; 

approximately, approximatively † ; as good as, well-nigh. 

#198. Interval -- N. interval, interspace † ; separation &c. 44; 

break, gap, opening; hole &c. 260; chasm, hiatus, caesura; 

interruption, interregnum; interstice, lacuna, cleft, mesh, crevice, 

chink, rime, creek, cranny, crack, chap, slit, fissure, scissure † , rift, 

flaw, breach, rent, gash, cut, leak, dike, ha-ha. gorge, defile, 

ravine, canon, crevasse, abyss, abysm; gulf; inlet, frith † , strait, 

gully; pass; furrow &c. 259; abra † ; barranca † , barranco † ; clove 

[U.S.], gulch [U.S.], notch [U.S.]; yawning gulf; hiatus maxime 

[Lat.], hiatus valde deflendus [Lat.]; parenthesis &c. (interjacence) 

228 † ; void &c. (absence) 187; incompleteness &c. 53. [interval of 

time] period &c. 108; interim (time) 106. 

V. gape &c. (open) 260. 

Adj. with an interval, far between; breachy † , rimose † , rimulose † #199. Contiguity -- N. contiguity, contact, proximity, apposition, 

abuttal 

. 

Adv. at intervals &c. (discontinuously) 70; longo intervallo [It]. 

† , juxtaposition; abutment, osculation; meeting, appulse † , 

rencontre † , rencounter † , syzygy [Astr.], coincidence, coexistence; 

adhesion &c. 46; touching &c. v.. (touch) 379. borderland; frontier 

&c. (limit) 233; tangent; abutter. 

V. be contiguous &c. adj.; join, adjoin, abut on, march with; graze, 

touch, meet, osculate, come in contact, coincide; coexist; adhere 

&c. 46. [cause to be contiguous] juxtapose; contact; join (unite) 

43; link (vinculum) 45. 

Adj. contiguous; touching &c. v.; in contact &c. n.; conterminous, 

end to end, osculatory; pertingent † ; tangential. hand to hand; close 

to &c. (near) 197; with no interval &c. 198. 

2. LINEAR DIMENSIONS 

#200. Length -- N. length, longitude, span; mileage; distance &c. 

196. line, bar, rule, stripe, streak, spoke, radius. lengthening &c. 

v.; prolongation, production, protraction; tension, tensure † ; 

extension. [Measures of length] line, nail, inch, hand, palm, foot, 

cubit, yard, ell, fathom, rood, pole, furlong, mile, league; chain, link; 

arpent † , handbreadth † , jornada [U.S.], kos † , vara † #201. Shortness -- N. shortness &c. adj.; brevity; littleness &c. 

193; a span. shortening &c. v.; abbreviation, abbreviature 

. [astronomical 

units of distance] astronomical unit, AU, light-year, parsec. [metric 

units of length] nanometer, nm, micron, micrometer, millimicron, 

millimeter, mm, centimeter, cm, meter, kilometer, km. pedometer, 

perambulator; scale &c. (measurement) 466. 

V. be long &c. adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to, stretch 

† ; 

abridgment, concision, retrenchment, curtailment, decurtation † ; 

reduction &c. (contraction) 195; epitome &c. (compendium) 596. 

elision, ellipsis; conciseness &c. (in style) 572. abridger, 

epitomist † , epitomizer † . 

V. be short &c. adj.; render short &c. adj.; shorten, curtail, abridge, 

abbreviate, take in, reduce; compress &c. (contract) 195; 

epitomize &c. 596. retrench, cut short, obtruncate † ; scrimp, cut, 

chop up, hack, hew; cut down, pare down; clip, dock, lop, prune,

V. be long &c. adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to, stretch 

to; make a long arm, drag its slow length along." render long &c. 

adj.; lengthen, extend, elongate; stretch; prolong, produce, 

protract; let out, draw out, spin out † ; drawl. enfilade, look along, 

view in perspective. distend (expand) 194. 

Adj. long, longsome † ; lengthy, wiredrawn † , outstretched; 

lengthened &c. v.; sesquipedalian &c. (words) 577; interminable, 

no end of; macrocolous † . linear, lineal; longitudinal, oblong. as 

long as my arm, as long as today and tomorrow; unshortened &c. 

(shorten) &c. 201 † . 

Adv. lengthwise, at length, longitudinally, endlong † shear, shave, mow, reap, crop; snub; truncate, pollard, stunt, nip, 

check the growth of; foreshorten (in drawing). 

Adj. short, brief, curt; compendious, compact; stubby, scrimp; 

shorn, stubbed; stumpy, thickset, pug; chunky [U.S.], decurtate 

, along; tandem; 

in a line &c. (continuously) 69; in perspective. from end to end, 

from stem to stern, from head to foot, from the crown of the head 

to the sole of the from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot, 

from top to toe; fore and aft. 

† ; 

retrousse † ; stocky; squab, squabby † ; squat, dumpy; little &c. 193; 

curtailed of its fair proportions; short by; oblate; concise &c. 572; 

summary. 

Adv. shortly &c. adj.; in short &c. (concisely) 572. 

#202. Breadth, Thickness, -- N. breadth, width, latitude, 

amplitude; diameter, bore, caliber, radius; superficial extent &c. 

(space) 180. thickness, crassitude † ; corpulence &c. (size) 192; 

dilation &c. (expansion) 194. 

V. be broad &c. adj.; become broad, render broad &c. adj.; 

expand &c. 194; thicken, widen, calibrate. 

Adj. broad, wide, ample, extended; discous † ; fanlike; outspread, 

outstretched; wide as a church-door" [Romeo and Juliet]; 

latifoliate † , latifolous † . thick, dumpy, squab, squat, thickset; thick 

as a rope. 

#203. Narrowness. Thinness -- N. narrowness &c. adj.; 

closeness, exility † ; exiguity &c. (little) 193. line; hair's breadth, 

finger's breadth; strip, streak, vein. monolayer; epitaxial 

deposition [Eng.]. thinness &c. adj.; tenuity; emaciation, 

macilency † , marcor † . shaving, slip &c. (filament) 205; thread 

paper, skeleton, shadow, anatomy, spindleshanks † , lantern jaws, 

mere skin and bone. middle constriction, stricture, neck, waist, 

isthmus, wasp, hourglass; ridge, ghaut † , ghat † , pass; ravine &c. 

198. narrowing, coarctation † , angustation † , tapering; contraction 

&c. 195. 

V. be narrow &c. adj.; narrow, taper, contract &c. 195; render 

narrow &c. adj.; waste away. 

Adj. narrow, close; slender, thin, fine; thread-like &c. (filament) 

205; finespun † , gossamer; paper-thin; taper, slim, slight-made; 

scant, scanty; spare, delicate, incapacious † ; contracted &c. 195; 

unexpanded &c. (expand) &c. 194 † ; slender as a thread. [in 

reference to people or animals] emaciated, lean, meager, gaunt, 

macilent † ; lank, lanky; weedy, skinny; scrawny slinky [U.S.]; 

starved, starveling; herring gutted; worn to a shadow, lean as a 

rake [Chaucer]; thin as a lath, thin as a whipping post, thin as a 

wafer; hatchet-faced; lantern-jawed. attenuated, shriveled, 

extenuated, tabid † , marcid † , barebone, rawboned. 

monomolecular. 

#204. Layer -- N. layer, stratum, strata, course, bed, zone, 

substratum, substrata, floor, flag, stage, story, tier, slab, 

escarpment; table, tablet; dess † ; flagstone; board, plank; trencher, 

platter. plate; lamina, lamella; sheet, foil; wafer; scale, flake, peel; 

coat, pellicle; membrane, film; leaf; slice, shive † , cut, rasher, 

shaving, integument &c. (covering) 223; eschar † . stratification, 

scaliness, nest of boxes, coats of an onion. monolayer; bilayer; 

trilayer [Bioch.]. 

V. slice, shave, pare, peel; delaminate; plate, coat, veneer; cover 

&c. 223. 

Adj. lamellar, lamellated † , lamelliform † , layered; laminated, 

laminiferous † ; micaceous † ; schistose, schistous † ; scaly, filmy, 

membranous, pellicular, flaky, squamous [Anat.]; foliated, 

foliaceous † ; stratified, stratiform; tabular, discoid; spathic † , 

spathose † . trilamellar † . graphitic † #205. Filament -- N. filament, line; fiber, fibril; funicle 

. 

† , vein; hair, 

capillament † , cilium, cilia, pilus, pili; tendril, gossamer; hair stroke; 

veinlet † , venula † , venule † . wire, string, thread, packthread, cotton, 

sewing silk, twine, twist, whipcord, tape, ribbon, cord, rope, yarn, 

hemp, oakum, jute. strip, shred, slip, spill, list, band, fillet, fascia, 

ribbon, riband, roll, lath, splinter, shiver, shaving. beard &c. 

(roughness) 256; ramification; strand. 

Adj. filamentous, filamentiferous † , filaceous † , filiform † ; fibrous, 

fibrillous † ; thread-like, wiry, stringy, ropy; capillary, capilliform † ; 

funicular, wire-drawn; anguilliform † ; flagelliform † ; hairy &c. (rough) 

256; taeniate † , taeniform † , taenioid † ; venose † , venous. 

#206. Height -- N. height, altitude, elevation; eminence, pitch; 

loftiness &c. adj.; sublimity. tallness &c. adj.; stature, procerity † ; 

prominence &c. 250. colossus &c. (size) 192; giant, grenadier, 

giraffe, camelopard. mount, mountain; hill alto, butte [U.S.], 

monticle † , fell, knap † ; cape; headland, foreland † ; promontory; 

ridge, hog's back, dune; rising ground, vantage ground; down; 

moor, moorland; Alp; uplands, highlands; heights &c. (summit) 

210; knob, loma † , pena [U.S.], picacho † , tump † ; knoll, hummock, 

hillock, barrow, mound, mole; steeps, bluff, cliff, craig † , tor † , peak, 

pike, clough † ; escarpment, edge, ledge, brae; dizzy height. tower, 

#207. Lowness -- N. lowness &c. adj.; debasement, depression, 

prostration &c. (horizontal) 213; depression &c. (concave) 252. 

molehill; lowlands; basement floor, ground floor; rez de chaussee 

[Fr.]; cellar; hold, bilge; feet, heels. low water; low tide, ebb tide, 

neap tide, spring tide. 

V. be low &c. adj.; lie low, lie flat; underlie; crouch, slouch, wallow, 

grovel; lower &c. (depress) 308. 

Adj. low, neap, debased; nether, nether most; flat, level with the 

ground; lying low &c. v.; crouched, subjacent, squat, prostrate &c. 

(horizontal) 213.

pike, clough † ; escarpment, edge, ledge, brae; dizzy height. tower, 

pillar, column, obelisk, monument, steeple, spire, minaret, 

campanile, turret, dome, cupola; skyscraper. pole, pikestaff, 

maypole, flagstaff; top mast, topgallant mast. ceiling &c. 

(covering) 223. high water; high tide, flood tide, spring tide. 

altimetry &c. (angel) 244 † ; batophobia † . satellite, spy-in-the-sky. 

V. be high &c. adj.; tower, soar, command; hover, hover over, fly 

over; orbit, be in orbit; cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, 

impend, beetle, bestride, ride, mount; perch, surmount; cover &c. 

223; overtop &c. (be superior) 33; stand on tiptoe. become high 

&c. adj.; grow higher, grow taller; upgrow † ; rise &c. (ascend) 305; 

send into orbit. render high &c. adj.; heighten &c. (elevate) 307. 

Adj. high, elevated, eminent, exalted, lofty, tall; gigantic &c. (big) 

192; Patagonian; towering, beetling, soaring, hanging (gardens); 

elevated &c. 307; upper; highest &c. (topmost) 210; high 

reaching, insessorial † , perching. upland, moorland; hilly, knobby 

[U.S.]; mountainous, alpine, subalpine, heaven kissing; cloudtopt † , 

cloudcapt † , cloudtouching † ; aerial. overhanging &c. v.; incumbent, 

overlying, superincumbent † , supernatant, superimposed; 

prominent &c. v. 250. tall as a maypole, tall as a poplar, tall as a 

steeple, lanky &c. (thin) 203. 

Adv. on high, high up, aloft, up, above, aloof, overhead; airwind † ; 

upstairs, abovestairs † Adv. under; beneath, underneath; below; downwards; adown 

; in the clouds; on tiptoe, on stilts, on the 

shoulders of; over head and ears; breast high. over, upwards; 

from top to bottom &c. (completely) 52. 

Phr. e meglio cader dalle finistre che dal tetto [It]. 

† , at 

the foot of; under foot, under ground; down stairs, below stairs; at 

a low ebb; below par. 

#208. Depth -- N. depth; deepness &c. adj.; profundity, 

depression &c. (concavity) 252. hollow, pit, shaft, well, crater; gulf 

&c. 198; bowels of the earth, botttomless pit † , hell. soundings, 

depth of water, water, draught, submersion; plummet, sound, 

probe; sounding rod, sounding line; lead. bathymetry. [instrument 

to measure depth] sonar, side-looking sonar; bathometer † . 

V. be deep &c. adj.; render deep &c. adj.; deepen. plunge &c. 

310; sound, fathom, plumb, cast the lead, heave the lead, take 

soundings, make soundings; dig &c. (excavate) 252. 

Adj. deep, deep seated; profound, sunk, buried; submerged &c. 

310; subaqueous, submarine, subterranean, subterraneous, 

subterrene † ; underground. bottomless, soundless, fathomless; 

unfathomed, unfathomable; abysmal; deep as a well; 

bathycolpian † ; benthal † , benthopelagic † ; downreaching † #209. Shallowness -- N. shallowness &c. adj.; shoals; mere 

scratch. 

Adj. shallow, slight, superficial; skin deep, ankle deep, knee deep; 

just enough to wet one's feet; shoal, shoaly 

, yawning. 

knee deep, ankle deep. 

Adv. beyond one's depth, out of one's depth; over head and ears; 

mark twine, mark twain. 

† . 

#210. Summit -- N. summit, summity † ; top, peak, vertex, apex, 

zenith, pinnacle, acme, culmination, meridian, utmost height, ne 

plus utra, height, pitch, maximum, climax, culminating point, 

crowning point, turning point; turn of the tide, fountain head; water 

shed, water parting; sky, pole. tip, tip top; crest, crow's nest, cap, 

truck, nib; end &c. 67; crown, brow; head, nob † , noddle † , pate; 

capsheaf † . high places, heights. topgallant mast, sky scraper; 

quarter deck, hurricane deck. architrave, frieze, cornice, coping 

stone, zoophorus † , capital, epistyle † , sconce, pediment, 

entablature † ; tympanum; ceiling &c. (covering) 223. attic, loft, 

garret, house top, upper story. [metaphorical use] summit 

conference, summit; peak of achievement, peak of performance; 

peaks and troughs, peaks and valleys (in graphs). 

V. culminate, crown, top; overtop &c. (be superior to) 33. 

Adj. highest &c. (high) &c. 206; top; top most, upper most; tiptop; 

culminating &c. v.; meridian, meridional † ; capital, head, polar, 

supreme, supernal, topgallant. 

Adv. atop, at the top of the tree. 

Phr. en flute; fleur deau [Fr.]. 

#212. Verticality -- N. verticality; erectness &c. adj.; 

perpendicularity &c. 216.1; right angle, normal; azimuth circle. 

#211. Base -- N. base, basement; plinth, dado, wainscot; 

baseboard, mopboard † ; bedrock, hardpan [U.S.]; foundation &c. 

(support) 215; substructure, substratum, ground, earth, pavement, 

floor, paving, flag, carped, ground floor, deck; footing, ground 

work, basis; hold, bilge. bottom, nadir, foot, sole, toe, hoof, keel, 

root; centerboard. 

Adj. bottom, undermost, nethermost; fundamental; founded on, 

based on, grounded on, built on. 

#213. Horizontality -- N. horizontality † ; flatness; level, plane; 

stratum &c. 204; dead level, dead flat; level plane. recumbency,

wall, precipice, cliff. elevation, erection; square, plumb line, lying down &c. v.; reclination 

plummet. 

V. be vertical &c. adj.; stand up, stand on end, stand erect, stand 

upright; stick up, cock up. render vertical &c. adj.; set up, stick up, 

raise up, cock up; erect, rear, raise on its legs. 

Adj. vertical, upright, erect, perpendicular, plumb, normal, straight, 

bolt, upright; rampant; standing up &c. v.; rectangular, orthogonal 

&c. 216.1. 

Adv. vertically &c. adj.; up, on end; up on end, right on end; a 

plomb [Fr.], endwise; one one's legs; at right angles. 

† , decumbence † ; decumbency † , 

discumbency † ; proneness &c. adj.; accubation † , supination † , 

resupination † , prostration; azimuth. plain, floor, platform, bowling 

green; cricket ground; croquet ground, croquet lawn; billiard table; 

terrace, estrade † , esplanade, parterre. [flat land area] table land, 

plateau, ledge; butte; mesa (plain) 344. [instrument to measure 

horizontality] level, spirit level. 

V. be horizontal &c. adj.; lie, recline, couch; lie down, lie flat, lie 

prostrate; sprawl, loll, sit down. render horizontal &c. adj.; lay 

down, lay out; level, flatten; prostrate, knock down, floor, fell. 

Adj. horizontal, level, even, plane; flat &c. 251; flat as a billiard 

table, flat as a bowling green; alluvial; calm, calm as a mill pond; 

smooth, smooth as glass. recumbent, decumbent, procumbent, 

accumbent † ; lying &c. v.; prone, supine, couchant, jacent † , 

prostrate, recubant † . 

Adv. horizontally &c. adj.; on one's back, on all fours, on its beam 

ends. 

#214. Pendency -- N. pendency † , dependency; suspension, 

hanging &c. v.; pedicel, pedicle, peduncle; tail, train, flap, skirt, 

pigtail, pony tail, pendulum; hangnail peg, knob, button, hook, nail, 

stud, ring, staple, tenterhook; fastening &c. 45; spar, horse. 

V. be pendent &c. adj.; hang, depend, swing, dangle; swag; 

daggle † , flap, trail, flow; beetle. suspend, hang, sling, hook up, 

hitch, fasten to, append. 

Adj. pendent, pendulous; pensile; hanging &c. v.; beetling, jutting 

over, overhanging, projecting; dependent; suspended &c. v.; 

loose, flowing. having a peduncle &c. n.; pedunculate † , tailed, 

caudate. 

#215. Support -- N. support, ground, foundation, base, basis; 

terra firma; bearing, fulcrum, bait [U.S.], caudex crib † ; point 

d'appui [Fr.], pou sto [Gr.], purchase footing, hold, locus standi 

[Lat.]; landing place, landing stage; stage, platform; block; rest, 

resting place; groundwork, substratum, riprap, sustentation, 

subvention; floor &c. (basement) 211. supporter; aid &c. 707; 

prop, stand, anvil, fulciment † ; cue rest, jigger; monkey; stay, shore, 

skid, rib, truss, bandage; sleeper; stirrup, stilts, shoe, sole, heel, 

splint, lap, bar, rod, boom, sprit † , outrigger; ratlings † . staff, stick, 

crutch, alpenstock, baton, staddle † ; bourdon † , cowlstaff † , lathi † , 

mahlstick † . post, pillar, shaft, thill † , column, pilaster; pediment, 

pedicle; pedestal; plinth, shank, leg, socle † , zocle † ; buttress, jamb, 

mullion, abutment; baluster, banister, stanchion; balustrade; 

headstone; upright; door post, jamb, door jamb. frame, 

framework; scaffold, skeleton, beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, 

travis † , trave † , corner stone, summer, transom; rung, round, step, 

sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever, modillion † ; crown post, king 

post; vertebra. columella † , backbone; keystone; axle, axletree; 

axis; arch, mainstay. trunnion, pivot, rowlock † ; peg &c. (pendency) 

214 † ; tiebeam &c. (fastening) 45; thole pin † . board, ledge, shelf, 

hob, bracket, trevet † , trivet, arbor, rack; mantel, mantle piece [Fr.], 

mantleshelf † ; slab, console; counter, dresser; flange, corbel; table, 

trestle; shoulder; perch; horse; easel, desk; clotheshorse, hatrack; 

retable; teapoy † . seat, throne, dais; divan, musnud † ; chair, bench, 

form, stool, sofa, settee, stall; arm chair, easy chair, elbow chair, 

rocking chair; couch, fauteuil [Fr.], woolsack † , ottoman, settle, 

squab, bench; aparejo † , faldstool † , horn; long chair, long sleeve 

chair, morris chair; lamba chauki † , lamba kursi † ; saddle, pannel † , 

pillion; side saddle, pack saddle; pommel. bed, berth, pallet, 

tester, crib, cot, hammock, shakedown, trucklebed † , cradle, litter, 

stretcher, bedstead; four poster, French bed, bunk, kip, palang † ; 

bedding, bichhona, mattress, paillasse † ; pillow, bolster; mat, rug, 

cushion. footstool, hassock; tabouret † ; tripod, monopod. Atlas, 

Persides, Atlantes † , Caryatides, Hercules. 

V. be supported &c.; lie on, sit on, recline on, lean on, loll on, rest 

on, stand on, step on, repose on, abut on, bear on, be based on 

&c.; have at one's back; bestride, bestraddle † . support, bear, 

carry, hold, sustain, shoulder; hold up, back up, bolster up, shore 

up; uphold, upbear † ; prop; under prop, under pin, under set; 

riprap; bandage &c. 43. give support, furnish support, afford 

support, supply support, lend support, give foundations, furnish 

foundations, afford foundations, supply foundations, lend 

foundations; bottom, found, base, ground, imbed, embed. 

maintain, keep on foot; aid &c. 707. 

Adj. supporting, supported &c. v.; fundamental; dorsigerous † . 

Adv. astride on, straddle.

#216. Parallelism -- N. parallelism; coextension † ; equidistance † ; 

similarity &c. 17. 

Adj. parallel; coextensive; equidistant. 

Adv. alongside &c. (laterally) 236. 

#216a. Perpendicularity -- N. perpendicularity, orthogonality; 

verticality, &c. 212. 

V. be perpendicular, be orthogonal; intersect at right angles, be 

rectangular, be at right angles to, intersect at 90 degrees; have no 

correlation. 

Adj. orthogonal, perpendicular; rectangular; uncorrelated. 

#217. Obliquity -- N. obliquity, inclination, slope, slant, crookedness &c. adj.; slopeness † ; leaning &c. v.; bevel, tilt; bias, list, twist, 

swag, cant, lurch; distortion &c. 243; bend &c. (curve) 245; tower of Pisa. acclivity, rise, ascent, gradient, khudd † , rising ground, hill, 

bank, declivity, downhill, dip, fall, devexity † ; gentle slope, rapid slope, easy ascent, easy descent; shelving beach; talus; monagne 

Russe [Fr.]; facilis descensus averni [Lat.]. 

V. intersect; lack parallelism. 

#218. Inversion -- N. inversion, eversion, subversion, reversion, retroversion, introversion; contraposition &c. 237 † ; contrariety &c. 

14; reversal; turn of the tide. overturn; somersault, somerset; summerset † ; culbute † ; revulsion; pirouette. transposition, transposal † , 

anastrophy † , metastasis, hyperbaton † , anastrophe † , hysteron proteron [Gr.], hypallage † , synchysis † , tmesis † , parenthesis; 

metathesis; palindrome. pronation and supination [Anat.]. 

V. be inverted &c.; turn round, turn about, turn to the right about, go round, go about, go to the right about, wheel round, wheel about, 

wheel to the right about; turn over, go over, tilt over, topple over; capsize, turn turtle. invert, subvert, retrovert † , introvert; reverse; up 

turn, over turn, up set, over set; turn topsy turvy &c. adj.; culbuter † ; transpose, put the cart before the horse, turn the tables. 

Adj. inverted &c. v.; wrong side out, wrong side up; inside out, upside down; bottom upwards, keel upwards; supine, on one's head, 

topsy-turvy, sens dessus dessous [Fr.]. inverse; reverse &c. (contrary) 14; opposite &c. 237. top heavy. 

Adv. inversely &c. adj.; hirdy-girdy † ; heels over head, head over heels. 

#219. Crossing -- N. crossing &c. v.; intersection, interdigitation; decussation † , transversion † ; convolution &c. 248; level crossing. 

reticulation, network; inosculation † , anastomosis, intertexture † , mortise. net, plexus, web, mesh, twill, skein, sleeve, felt, lace; wicker; 

mat, matting; plait, trellis, wattle, lattice, grating, grille, gridiron, tracery, fretwork, filigree, reticle; tissue, netting, mokes † ; rivulation † . 

cross, chain, wreath, braid, cat's cradle, knot; entangle &c. (disorder) 59. [woven fabrics] cloth, linen, muslin, cambric &c. 

V. cross, decussate † ; intersect, interlace, intertwine, intertwist † , interweave, interdigitate, interlink. twine, entwine, weave, inweave † , 

twist, wreathe; anastomose [Med.], inosculate † , dovetail, splice, link; lace, tat. mat, plait, plat, braid, felt, twill; tangle, entangle, ravel; 

net, knot; dishevel, raddle † . 

Adj. crossing &c. v.; crossed, matted &c., v.. transverse. cross, cruciform, crucial; retiform † , reticular, reticulated; areolar † , 

cancellated † , grated, barred, streaked; textile; crossbarred † , cruciate † , palmiped † , secant; web-footed. 

Adv. cross, thwart, athwart, transversely; at grade [U.S.]; crosswise. 

3. CENTRICAL DIMENSIONS 

1. General. 

#220. Exteriority -- N. exteriority † ; outside, exterior; surface, 

superficies; skin &c. (covering) 223; superstratum † ; disk, disc; 

face, facet; extrados † . excentricity † ; eccentricity; circumjacence 

&c. 227 † . 

V. be exterior &c. adj.; lie around &c. 227. place exteriorly, place 

outwardly, place outside; put out, turn out. 

Adj. exterior, external; outer most; outward, outlying, outside, 

outdoor; round about &c. 227; extramural; extralimitary † , 

extramundane. superficial, skin-deep; frontal, discoid. 

extraregarding † ; excentric † , eccentric; outstanding; extrinsic &c. 6; 

ecdemic [Med.], exomorphic † #221. Interiority -- N. interiority; inside, interior; interspace 

. 

Adv. externally &c. adj.; out, with out, over, outwards, ab extra, out 

of doors; extra muros [Lat.]. in the open air; sub Jove, sub dio 

[Lat.]; a la belle etoile [Fr.], al fresco. 

† , 

subsoil, substratum; intrados. contents &c. 190; substance, pith, 

marrow; backbone &c. (center) 222; heart, bosom, breast; 

abdomen; vitals, viscera, entrails, bowels, belly, intestines, guts, 

chitterings † , womb, lap; penetralia [Lat.], recesses, innermost 

recesses; cave &c. (concavity) 252. 

V. be inside &c. adj.; within &c. adv.. place within, keep within; 

inclose &c. (circumscribe) 229; intern; imbed &c. (insert) 300. 

Adj. interior, internal; inner, inside, inward, intraregarding † ; 

inmost, innermost; deep seated, gut; intestine, intestinal; inland; 

subcutaneous; abdominal, coeliac, endomorphic [Physio.]; 

interstitial &c. (interjacent) 228 † ; inwrought &c. (intrinsic) 5; 

inclosed &c. v.. home, domestic, indoor, intramural, vernacular; 

endemic. 

Adv. internally &c. adj.; inwards, within, in, inly † ; here in, there in, 

where in; ab intra, withinside † ; in doors, within doors; at home, in 

the bosom of one's family. 

#222. Centrality -- N. centrality, centricalness † , center; middle &c. 68; focus &c. 74. core, kernel; nucleus, nucleolus; heart, pole axis, 

bull's eye; nave, navel; umbilicus, backbone, marrow, pith; vertebra, vertebral column; hotbed; concentration &c. (convergence) 290; 

centralization; symmetry. center of gravity, center of pressure, center of percussion, center of oscillation, center of buoyancy &c.; 

metacenter † . 

V. be central &c. adj.; converge &c. 290. render central, centralize, concentrate; bring to a focus. 

Adj. central, centrical † ; middle &c. 68; azygous, axial, focal, umbilical, concentric; middlemost; rachidian † ; spinal, vertebral. 

Adv. middle; midst; centrally &c. adj..

#223. Covering -- N. covering, cover; baldachin, baldachino † , 

baldaquin † ; canopy, tilt, awning, tent, marquee, tente d'abri [Fr.], 

umbrella, parasol, sunshade; veil (shade) 424; shield &c. 

(defense) 717. roof, ceiling, thatch, tile; pantile, pentile † ; tiling, 

slates, slating, leads; barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment [U.S.], 

tiling, shed &c. (abode) 189. top, lid, covercle † , door, operculum; 

bulkhead [U.S.]. bandage, plaster, lint, wrapping, dossil † , finger 

stall. coverlet, counterpane, sheet, quilt, tarpaulin, blanket, rug, 

drugget † ; housing; antimacassar, eiderdown, numdah † , 

pillowcase, pillowslip † ; linoleum; saddle cloth, blanket cloth; tidy; 

tilpah [U.S.], apishamore [U.S.]. integument, tegument; skin, 

pellicle, fleece, fell, fur, leather, shagreen † , hide; pelt, peltry † ; 

cordwain † ; derm † ; robe, buffalo robe [U.S.]; cuticle, scarfskin, 

epidermis. clothing &c. 225; mask &c. (concealment) 530. peel, 

crust, bark, rind, cortex, husk, shell, coat; eggshell, glume † . 

capsule; sheath, sheathing; pod, cod; casing, case, theca † ; 

elytron † ; elytrum † ; involucrum [Lat.]; wrapping, wrapper; envelope, 

vesicle; corn husk, corn shuck [U.S.]; dermatology, conchology; 

testaceology † . inunction † ; incrustation, superimposition, 

superposition, obduction † ; scale &c. (layer) 204. [specific 

coverings] veneer, facing; overlay; plate, silver plate, gold plate, 

copper plate; engobe † ; ormolu; Sheffield plate; pavement; 

coating, paint; varnish &c. (resin) 216.1; plating, barrel plating, 

anointing &c. v.; enamel; epitaxial deposition [Eng.], vapor 

deposition; ground, whitewash, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; 

cerement; ointment &c. (grease) 356. 

V. cover; superpose, superimpose; overlay, overspread; wrap &c. 

225; encase, incase † ; face, case, veneer, pave, paper; tip, cap, 

bind; bulkhead, bulkhead in; clapboard [U.S.]. coat, paint, varnish, 

pay, incrust, stucco, dab, plaster, tar; wash; besmear, bedaub; 

anoint, do over; gild, plate, japan, lacquer, lacker † , enamel, 

whitewash; parget † ; lay it on thick. overlie, overarch † ; endome † ; 

conceal &c. 528. [of aluminum] anodize. [of steel] galvanize. 

Adj. covering &c. v.; superimposed, overlaid, plated &c. v.; 

cutaneous, dermal, cortical, cuticular, tegumentary † , skinny, scaly, 

squamous [Anat.]; covered &c. v.; imbricated, loricated † , armor 

plated, ironclad; under cover; cowled, cucullate † , dermatoid † , 

encuirassed † , hooded, squamiferous † , tectiform † ; vaginate † #224. Lining -- N. lining, inner coating; coating &c. (covering) 

223; stalactite, stalagmite. filling, stuffing, wadding, padding. 

wainscot, parietes [Lat.], wall. 

V. line, stuff, incrust, wad, pad, fill. 

Adj. lined &c. v.. 

. 

#225. Clothing -- N. clothing, investment; covering &c. 223; 

dress, raiment, drapery, costume, attire, guise, toilet, toilette, trim; 

habiliment; vesture, vestment; garment, garb, palliament † , 

apparel, wardrobe, wearing apparel, clothes, things; underclothes. 

array; tailoring, millinery; finery &c. (ornament) 847; full dress &c. 

(show) 882; garniture; theatrical properties. outfit, equipment, 

trousseau; uniform, regimentals; continentals [U.S.]; canonicals 

&c. 999; livery, gear, harness, turn-out, accouterment, caparison, 

suit, rigging, trappings, traps, slops, togs, toggery † ; day wear, 

night wear, zoot suit; designer clothes; masquerade. dishabille, 

morning dress, undress. kimono; lungi † ; shooting-coat; mufti; rags, 

tatters, old clothes; mourning, weeds; duds; slippers. robe, tunic, 

paletot † , habit, gown, coat, frock, blouse, toga, smock frock, claw 

coat, hammer coat, Prince Albert coat † , sack coat, tuxedo coat, 

frock coat, dress coat, tail coat. cloak, pall, mantle, mantlet 

mantua † , shawl, pelisse, wrapper; veil; cape, tippet, kirtle † , plaid, 

muffler, comforter, haik † , huke † , chlamys † , mantilla, tabard, 

housing, horse cloth, burnoose, burnous, roquelaure † ; 

houppelande [Fr.]; surcoat, overcoat, great coat; surtout [Fr.], 

spencer † ; mackintosh, waterproof, raincoat; ulster, P-coat, 

dreadnought, wraprascal † , poncho, cardinal, pelerine † ; barbe † , 

chudder † , jubbah † , oilskins, pajamas, pilot jacket, talma jacket † , 

vest, jerkin, waistcoat, doublet, camisole, gabardine; farthingale, 

kilt, jupe † , crinoline, bustle, panier, skirt, apron, pinafore; bloomer, 

bloomers; chaqueta † , songtag [G.], tablier † . pants, trousers, 

#226. Divestment -- N. divestment; taking off &c. v.. nudity; 

bareness &c. adj.; undress; dishabille &c. 225; the altogether; 

nudation † , denudation; decortication, depilation, excoriation, 

desquamation; molting; exfoliation; trichosis [Med.]. 

V. divest; uncover &c. (cover) &c. 223; denude, bare, strip; 

disfurnish † ; undress, disrobe &c. (dress, enrobe) &c. 225; uncoif † ; 

dismantle; put off, take off, cast off; doff; peel, pare, decorticate, 

excoriate, skin, scalp, flay; expose, lay open; exfoliate, molt, mew; 

cast the skin. 

Adj. divested &c. v.; bare, naked, nude; undressed, undraped; 

denuded; exposed; in dishabille; bald, threadbare, ragged, callow, 

roofless. in a state of nature, in nature's garb, in the buff, in native 

buff, in birthday suit; in puris naturalibus [Lat.]; with nothing on, 

stark naked, stark raving naked [Joc.]; bald as a coot, bare as the 

back of one's hand; out at elbows; barefoot; bareback, 

barebacked; leafless, napless † , hairless.

trowsers † ; breeches, pantaloons, inexpressibles † , overalls, 

smalls, small clothes; shintiyan † ; shorts, jockey shorts, boxer 

shorts; tights, drawers, panties, unmentionables; knickers, 

knickerbockers; philibeg † , fillibeg † ; pants suit; culottes; jeans, blue 

jeans, dungarees, denims. [brand names for jeans] Levis, Calvin 

Klein, Calvins, Bonjour, Gloria Vanderbilt. headdress, headgear; 

chapeau [Fr.], crush hat, opera hat; kaffiyeh; sombrero, jam, tamo-shanter, 

tarboosh † , topi, sola topi [Lat.], pagri † , puggaree † ; cap, 

hat, beaver hat, coonskin cap; castor, bonnet, tile, wideawake, 

billycock † , wimple; nightcap, mobcap † , skullcap; hood, coif; 

capote † , calash; kerchief, snood, babushka; head, coiffure; crown 

&c. (circle) 247; chignon, pelt, wig, front, peruke, periwig, caftan, 

turban, fez, shako, csako † , busby; kepi † , forage cap, bearskin; 

baseball cap; fishing hat; helmet &c. 717; mask, domino. body 

clothes; linen; hickory shirt [U.S.]; shirt, sark † , smock, shift, 

chemise; night gown, negligee, dressing gown, night shirt; 

bedgown † , sac de nuit [Fr.]. underclothes [underclothing], 

underpants, undershirt; slip [for women], brassiere, corset, stays, 

corsage, corset, corselet, bodice, girdle &c. (circle) 247; 

stomacher; petticoat, panties; under waistcoat; jock [for men], 

athletic supporter, jockstrap. sweater, jersey; cardigan; turtleneck, 

pullover; sweater vest. neckerchief, neckcloth † ; tie, ruff, collar, 

cravat, stock, handkerchief, scarf; bib, tucker; boa; cummerbund, 

rumal † , rabat † . shoe, pump, boot, slipper, sandal, galoche † , 

galoshes, patten, clog; sneakers, running shoes, hiking boots; 

high-low; Blucher boot, wellington boot, Hessian boot, jack boot, 

top boot; Balmoral † ; arctics, bootee, bootikin † , brogan, 

chaparajos † ; chavar † , chivarras † , chivarros † ; gums [U.S.], larrigan 

[U.S.], rubbers, showshoe, stogy † , veldtschoen [G.], legging, 

buskin, greave † , galligaskin † , gamache † , gamashes † , moccasin, 

gambado, gaiter, spatterdash † , brogue, antigropelos † ; stocking, 

hose, gaskins † , trunk hose, sock; hosiery. glove, gauntlet, mitten, 

cuff, wristband, sleeve. swaddling cloth, baby linen, layette; ice 

wool; taffeta. pocket handkerchief, hanky † , hankie. clothier, tailor, 

milliner, costumier, sempstress † , snip; dressmaker, habitmaker † , 

breechesmaker † , shoemaker; Crispin; friseur [Fr.]; cordwainer † , 

cobbler, hosier † , hatter; draper, linen draper, haberdasher, 

mercer. [underpants for babies] diaper, nappy [Brit.]; disposable 

diaper, cloth diaper; [brand names for diapers], Luvs Huggies. 

V. invest; cover &c. 223; envelope, lap, involve; inwrap † , enwrap; 

wrap; fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up; overlap; sheath, swathe, 

swaddle, roll up in, circumvest. vest, clothe, array, dress, dight † , 

drape, robe, enrobe, attire, apparel, accounter † , rig, fit out; deck 

&c. (ornament) 847; perk, equip, harness, caparison. wear; don; 

put on, huddle on, slip on; mantle. 

Adj. invested &c. v.; habited; dighted † ; barbed, barded; clad, 

costume, shod, chausse [Fr.]; en grande tenue [Fr.] &c. (show) 

882. sartorial. 

Phr. the soul of this man is his clothes" [All's Well]. 

#227. Circumjacence -- N. circumjacence † , circumambience † ; 

environment, encompassment; atmosphere, medium, 

surroundings. outpost; border &c. (edge) 231; girdle &c. 

(circumference) 230; outskirts, boulebards, suburbs, purlieus, 

precincts, faubourgs † , environs, entourage, banlieue † ; 

neighborhood, vicinage, vicinity. 

V. lie around &c. adv.; surround, beset, compass, encompass, 

environ, inclose, enclose, encircle, embrace, circumvent, lap, gird; 

belt; begird, engird † ; skirt, twine round; hem in &c. (circumscribe) 

229. 

Adj. circumjacent, circumambient † , circumfluent † #228. Interposition -- N. interposition, interjacence 

; ambient; 

surrounding &c. v.; circumferential, suburban. 

Adv. around, about; without; on every side; on all sides; right and 

left, all round, round about. 

† , 

intercurrence † , intervenience † , interlocation † , interdigitation, 

interjection, interpolation, interlineation, interspersion, 

intercalation. [interposition at a fine-grained level] 

interpenetration; permeation; infiltration. [interposition by one 

person in another's affairs, at the intervenor's initiative] 

intervention, interference; intrusion, obtrusion; insinuation. 

insertion &c. 300; dovetailing; embolism. intermediary, 

intermedium † ; go between, bodkin † , intruder, interloper; 

parenthesis, episode, flyleaf. partition, septum, diaphragm; midriff; 

dissepiment † ; party wall, panel, room divider. halfway house. 

V. lie between, come between, get between; intervene, slide in, 

interpenetrate, permeate. put between, introduce, import, throw in, 

wedge in, edge in, jam in, worm in, foist in, run in, plow in, work in; 

interpose, interject, intercalate, interpolate, interline, interleave, 

intersperse, interweave, interlard, interdigitate, sandwich in, fit in,

squeeze in; let in, dovetail, splice, mortise; insinuate, smuggle; 

infiltrate, ingrain. interfere, put in an oar, thrust one's nose in; 

intrude, obtrude; have a finger in the pie; introduce the thin end of 

the wedge; thrust in &c. (insert) 300. 

Adj. interjacent † , intercurrent † , intervenient † , intervening &c. v., 

intermediate, intermediary, intercalary, interstitial; embolismal † . 

parenthetical, episodic; mediterranean; intrusive; embosomed † ; 

merged. 

Adv. between, betwixt; twixt; among, amongst; amid, amidst; mid, 

midst; in the thick of; betwixt and between; sandwich-wise; 

parenthetically, obiter dictum. 

#229. Circumscription -- N. circumscription, limitation, inclosure; confinement &c. (restraint) 751; circumvallation † ; encincture; 

envelope &c. 232. container (receptacle) 191. 

V. circumscribe, limit, bound, confine, inclose; surround &c. 227; compass about; imprison &c. (restrain) 751; hedge in, wall in, rail in; 

fence round, fence in, hedge round; picket; corral. enfold, bury, encase, incase † , pack up, enshrine, inclasp † ; wrap up &c. (invest) 

225; embay † , embosom † . containment (inclusion) 76. 

Adj. circumscribed &c. v.; begirt † , lapt † ; buried in, immersed in; embosomed † , in the bosom of, imbedded, encysted, mewed up; 

imprisoned &c. 751; landlocked, in a ring fence. 

#230. Outline -- N. outline, circumference; perimeter, periphery, ambit, circuit, lines tournure † , contour, profile, silhouette; bounds; 

coast line. zone, belt, girth, band, baldric, zodiac, girdle, tyre [Brit.], cingle † , clasp, girt; cordon &c. (inclosure) 232; circlet, &c. 247. 

#231. Edge -- N. edge, verge, brink, brow, brim, margin, border, confine, skirt, rim, flange, side, mouth; jaws, chops, chaps, fauces; 

lip, muzzle. threshold, door, porch; portal &c. (opening) 260; coast, shore. frame, fringe, flounce, frill, list, trimming, edging, skirting, 

hem, selvedge, welt, furbelow, valance, gimp. 

Adj. border, marginal, skirting; labial, labiated † , marginated † . 

#232. Inclosure -- N. inclosure, envelope; case &c. (receptacle) 191; wrapper; girdle &c. 230. pen, fold; pen fold, in fold, sheep fold; 

paddock, pound; corral; yard; net, seine net. wall, hedge, hedge row; espalier; fence &c. (defense) 717; pale, paling, balustrade, rail, 

railing, quickset hedge, park paling, circumvallation † , enceinte, ring fence. barrier, barricade; gate, gateway; bent, dingle [U.S.]; door, 

hatch, cordon; prison &c. 752. dike, dyke, ditch, fosse † , moat. 

V. inclose, circumscribe &c. 229. 

#233. Limit -- N. limit, boundary, bounds, confine, enclave, term, bourn, verge, curbstone † , but, pale, reservation; termination, 

terminus; stint, frontier, precinct, marches; backwoods. boundary line, landmark; line of demarcation, line of circumvallation † ; pillars of 

Hercules; Rubicon, turning point; ne plus ultra [Lat.]; sluice, floodgate. 

Adj. definite; conterminate † , conterminable † ; terminal, frontier; bordering. 

Adv. thus far, thus far and no further. 

Phr. stick to the reservation; go beyond the pale. 

2. Special 

#234. Front -- N. front; fore, forepart; foreground; face, disk, disc, 

frontage; facade, proscenium, facia [Lat.], frontispiece; 

anteriority † ; obverse (of a medal or coin). fore rank, front rank; 

van, vanguard; advanced guard; outpost; first line; scout. brow, 

forehead, visage, physiognomy, phiz † , countenance, mut [Slang]; 

rostrum, beak, bow, stem, prow, prore † , jib. pioneer &c. 

(precursor) 64; metoposcopy † #235. Rear -- N. rear, back, posteriority; rear rank, rear guard; 

background, hinterland. occiput [Anat.], nape, chine; heels; tail, 

rump, croup, buttock, posteriors, backside scut 

. 

V. be in front, stand in front &c. adj.; front, face, confront; bend 

forwards; come to the front, come to the fore. 

Adj. fore, anterior, front, frontal. 

Adv. before; in front, in the van, in advance; ahead, right ahead; 

forehead, foremost; in the foreground, in the lee of; before one's 

face, before one's eyes; face to face, vis-a-vis; front a front. 

Phr. formosa muta commendatio est [Lat.] [Syrus]; frons est animi 

janua [Lat.] [Cicero]; Human face divine" [Milton]; imago animi 

vultus est indices oculi [Lat.] [Cicero]; sea of upturned faces" 

[Scott]. 

† , breech, dorsum, 

loin; dorsal region, lumbar region; hind quarters; aitchbone † ; 

natch, natch bone. stern, poop, afterpart † , heelpiece † , crupper. 

wake; train &c. (sequence) 281. reverse; other side of the shield. 

V. be behind &c. adv.; fall astern; bend backwards; bring up the 

rear. 

Adj. back, rear; hind, hinder, hindmost, hindermost † ; postern, 

posterior; dorsal, after; caudal, lumbar; mizzen, tergal † . 

Adv. behind; in the rear, in the background; behind one's back; at 

the heels of, at the tail of, at the back of; back to back. after, aft, 

abaft, astern, sternmost † , aback, rearward. 

Phr. ogni medaglia ha il suo rovescio [It]; the other side of the 

coin. 

#236. Laterality -- N. laterality † ; side, flank, quarter, lee; hand; 

cheek, jowl, jole † , wing; profile; temple, parietes [Lat.], loin, 

haunch, hip; beam. gable, gable end; broadside; lee side. points 

of the compass; East, Orient, Levant; West; orientation. 

V. be on one side &c. adv.; flank, outflank; sidle; skirt; orientate. 

#237. Contraposition -- N. contraposition † , opposition; polarity; 

inversion &c. 218; opposite side; reverse, inverse; counterpart; 

antipodes; opposite poles, North and South. antonym, opposite 

(contrariety) 14. 

V. be opposite &c. adj.; subtend.

Adj. lateral, sidelong; collateral; parietal, flanking, skirting; flanked; Adj. opposite; reverse, inverse; converse, antipodal, subcontrary 

sideling. many sided; multilateral, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral. 

Eastern; orient, oriental; Levantine; Western, occidental, 

Hesperian. 

Adv. sideways, sidelong; broadside on; on one side, abreast, 

alongside, beside, aside; by the side of; side by side; cheek by 

jowl &c. (near) 197; to windward, to leeward; laterally &c. adj.; 

right and left; on her beam ends. 

Phr. his cheek the may of days outworn" [Shakespeare]. 

† ; 

fronting, facing, diametrically opposite. Northern, septentrional, 

Boreal, arctic; Southern, Austral, antarctic. 

Adv. over, over the way, over against; against; face to face, vis-avis; 

as poles asunder. 

#238. Dextrality -- N. dextrality † ; right, right hand; dexter, offside, 

starboard. 

Adj. dextral, right-handed; dexter, dextrorsal † , dextrorse † ; 

ambidextral † , ambidextrous; dextro-. 

Adv. dextrad † , dextrally † . 

#239. Sinistrality -- N. sinistrality † ; left, left hand, a gauche; 

sinister, nearside † , larboard, port. 

Adj. left-handed; sinister; sinistral, sinistrorsal † , sinistrorse † , 

sinistrous † ; laevo- [Pref.]. 

Adv. sinistrally, sinistrously † . 

SECTION III. 

FORM 

1. GENERAL FORM 

#240. Form -- N. form, figure, shape; conformation, configuration; 

make, formation, frame, construction, cut, set, build, trim, cut of 

one's jib; stamp, type, cast, mold; fashion; contour &c. (outline) 

230; structure &c. 329; plasmature † . feature, lineament, turn; 

phase &c. (aspect) 448; posture, attitude, pose. [Science of form] 

morphism. [Similarity of form] isomorphism. forming &c. v.; 

formation, figuration, efformation † ; sculpture; plasmation † . 

V. form, shape, figure, fashion, efform † , carve, cut, chisel, hew, 

cast; rough hew, rough cast; sketch; block out, hammer out; trim; 

lick into shape, put into shape; model, knead, work up into, set, 

mold, sculpture; cast, stamp; build &c. (construct) 161. 

Adj. formed &c. v.. [Receiving form] plastic, fictile † ; formative; 

fluid. [Giving form] plasmic † #241. [Absence of form.] Amorphism -- N. amorphism 

. [Similar in form] isomorphous. 

[taking several forms] pleomorphic; protean; changeable, &c. 

149. 

† , 

informity † ; unlicked cub † ; rudis indigestaque moles [Lat.]; disorder 

&c. 59; deformity &c. 243. disfigurement, defacement; mutilation; 

deforming. chaos, randomness (disorder) 59. [taking form from 

surroundings] fluid &c. 333. 

V. deface [Destroy form], disfigure, deform, mutilate, truncate; 

derange &c. 61; blemish, mar. 

Adj. shapeless, amorphous, formless; unformed, unhewn † , 

unfashioned † , unshaped, unshapen; rough, rude, Gothic, 

barbarous, rugged. 

#242. [Regularity of form.] Symmetry -- N. symmetry, 

shapeliness, finish; beauty &c. 845; proportion, eurythmy † , 

uniformity, parallelism; bilateral symmetry, trilateral symmetry, 

multilateral symmetry; centrality &c. 222. arborescence † , 

branching, ramification; arbor vitae. 

Adj. symmetrical, shapely, well set, finished; beautiful &c. 845; 

classic, chaste, severe. regular, uniform, balanced; equal &c. 27; 

parallel, coextensive. arborescent † , arboriform † ; dendriform † , 

dendroid † ; branching; ramous † , ramose; filiciform † , filicoid † ; 

subarborescent † ; papilionaceous † . fuji-shaped, fujigata [Jap.]. 

#243. [Irregularity of form.] Distortion -- N. distortion, detortion † , 

contortion; twist, crookedness &c. (obliquity) 217; grimace; 

deformity; malformation, malconformation † ; harelip; monstrosity, 

misproportion † , want of symmetry, anamorphosis † ; ugliness &c. 

846; talipes † ; teratology. asymmetry; irregularity. 

V. distort, contort, twist, warp, wrest, writhe, make faces, deform, 

misshape. 

Adj. distorted &c. v.; out of shape, irregular, asymmetric, 

unsymmetric † , awry, wry, askew, crooked; not true, not straight; on 

one side, crump † , deformed; harelipped; misshapen, 

misbegotten; misproportioned † , ill proportioned; ill-made; 

grotesque, monstrous, crooked as a ram's horn; camel backed, 

hump backed, hunch backed, bunch backed, crook backed; 

bandy; bandy legged, bow legged; bow kneed, knock kneed; 

splay footed, club footed; round shouldered; snub nosed; curtailed 

of one's fair proportions; stumpy &c. (short) 201; gaunt &c. (thin) 

203; bloated &c. 194; scalene; simous † ; taliped † , talipedic † . 

Adv. all manner of ways. 

Phr. crooked as a Virginia fence [U.S.]. 

2. SPECIAL FORM 

#244. Angularity -- N. angularity, angularness † ; aduncity † ; angle, cusp, bend; fold &c. 258; notch &c. 257; fork, bifurcation. elbow, 

knee, knuckle, ankle, groin, crotch, crutch, crane, fluke, scythe, sickle, zigzag, kimbo † , akimbo. corner, nook, recess, niche, oriel 

[Arch.], coign † . right angle &c. (perpendicular) 216.1, 212; obliquity &c. 217; angle of 45 degrees, miter; acute angle, obtuse angle, 

salient angle, reentering angle, spherical angle. angular measurement, angular elevation, angular distance, angular velocity; 

trigonometry, goniometry; altimetry † ; clinometer, graphometer † , goniometer; theodolite; sextant, quadrant; dichotomy. triangle, 

trigon † , wedge; rectangle, square, lozenge, diamond; rhomb, rhombus; quadrangle, quadrilateral; parallelogram; quadrature; polygon, 

pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, oxygon † , decagon. pyramid, cone. Platonic bodies; cube, rhomboid; tetrahedron,

pentahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, eicosahedron; prism, pyramid; parallelopiped; curb roof, 

gambrel roof, mansard roof. 

V. bend, fork, bifurcate, crinkle. 

Adj. angular, bent, crooked, aduncous † , uncinated † , aquiline, jagged, serrated; falciform † , falcated † ; furcated † , forked, bifurcate, 

zigzag; furcular † ; hooked; dovetailed; knock kneed, crinkled, akimbo, kimbo † , geniculated † ; oblique &c. 217. fusiform [Micro.], 

wedge-shaped, cuneiform; cuneate † , multangular † , oxygonal † ; triangular, trigonal † , trilateral; quadrangular, quadrilateral; foursquare; 

rectangular, square, multilateral; polygonal &c. n.; cubical, rhomboid, rhomboidal, pyramidal. 

#245. Curvature -- N. curvature, curvity † , curvation † ; incurvature † , 

incurvity † ; incurvation † ; bend; flexure, flexion, flection † ; conflexure † ; 

crook, hook, bought, bending; deflection, deflexion † ; inflection, 

inflexion † ; concameration † ; arcuation † , devexity † , turn, deviation, 

detour, sweep; curl, curling; bough; recurvity † , recurvation † ; 

sinuosity &c. 248. kink. carve, arc, arch, arcade, vault, bow, 

crescent, half-moon, lunule † , horseshoe, loop, crane neck; 

parabola, hyperbola; helix, spiral; catenary † , festoon; conchoid † , 

cardioid; caustic; tracery; arched ceiling, arched roof; bay window, 

bow window. sine curve; spline, spline curve, spline function; 

obliquity &c. 217. 

V. be curved, &c. adj.; curve, sweep, sway, swag, sag; deviate 

&c. 279; curl, turn; reenter. render curved &c. adj.; flex, bend, 

curve, incurvate † ; inflect; deflect, scatter [Phys.]; refract (light) 420; 

crook; turn, round, arch, arcuate, arch over, concamerate † ; bow, 

curl, recurve, frizzle. rotundity &c. 249; convexity &c. 250. 

Adj. curved &c. v.; curviform † , curvilineal † , curvilinear; devex † , 

devious; recurved, recurvous † ; crump † ; bowed &c. v.; vaulted, 

hooked; falciform † , falcated † ; semicircular, crescentic; sinusoid 

[Geom.], parabolic, paraboloid; luniform † , lunular † ; semilunar, 

conchoidal † ; helical, double helical, spiral; kinky; cordiform † , 

cordated † ; cardioid; heart shaped, bell shaped, boat shaped, 

crescent shaped, lens shaped, moon shaped, oar shaped, shield 

shaped, sickle shaped, tongue shaped, pear shaped, fig shaped; 

kidney-shaped, reniform; lentiform † , lenticular; bow-legged &c. 

(distorted) 243; oblique &c. 217; circular &c. 247. aduncated † , 

arclike † , arcuate, arched, beaked; bicorn † , bicornuous † , 

bicornute † ; clypeate † , clypeiform † ; cymbiform † , embowed † , 

galeiform † ; hamate † , hamiform † , hamous † ; hooked; linguiform † , 

lingulate † ; lobiform † , lunate, navicular † , peltate † , remiform † , 

rhamphoid † ; rostrate † , rostriferous † , rostroid † ; scutate † , 

scaphoid † , uncate † ; unguiculate † , unguiform † . 

#247. [Simple circularity.] Circularity -- N. circularity, roundness; 

rotundity &c. 249. circle, circlet, ring, areola, hoop, roundlet † , 

annulus, annulet † , bracelet, armlet; ringlet; eye, loop, wheel; cycle, 

orb, orbit, rundle, zone, belt, cordon, band; contrate wheel † , crown 

wheel; hub; nave; sash, girdle, cestus † , cincture, baldric, fillet, 

fascia, wreath, garland; crown, corona, coronet, chaplet, snood, 

necklace, collar; noose, lasso, lassoo † . ellipse, oval, ovule; 

ellipsoid, cycloid; epicycloid [Geom.], epicycle; semicircle; 

quadrant, sextant, sector. sphere &c. 249. 

V. make round &c. adj.; round. go round; encircle &c. 227; 

describe a circle &c. 311. 

Adj. round, rounded, circular, annular, orbicular; oval, ovate; 

elliptic, elliptical; egg-shaped; pear-shaped &c. 245; cycloidal &c. 

n. † ; spherical &c. 249. 

Phr. I watched the little circles die" [Tennyson]. 

#246. Straightness -- N. straightness, rectilinearity † , directness; 

inflexibility &c. (stiffness) 323; straight line, right line, direct line; 

short cut. 

V. be straight &c. adj.; have no turning; not incline to either side, 

not bend to either side, not turn to either side, not deviate to either 

side; go straight; steer for &c. (directions) 278. render straight, 

straighten, rectify; set straight, put straight; unbend, unfold, uncurl 

&c. 248, unravel &c. 219, unwrap. 

Adj. straight; rectilinear, rectilineal † ; direct, even, right, true, in a 

line; unbent, virgate † &c. v.; undeviating, unturned, undistorted, 

unswerving; straight as an arrow &c. (direct) 278; inflexible &c. 

323. laser-straight; ramrod-straight. 

#248. [Complex curvature.] Convolution -- N. winding &c. v.; 

convolution, involution, circumvolution; wave, undulation, tortuosity, 

anfractuosity † ; sinuosity, sinuation † ; meandering, circuit, 

circumbendibus † , twist, twirl, windings and turnings, ambages † ; 

torsion; inosculation † ; reticulation &c. (crossing) 219; rivulation † ; 

roughness &c. 256. coil, roll, curl; buckle, spiral, helix, corkscrew, 

worm, volute, rundle; tendril; scollop † , scallop, escalop † ; kink; 

ammonite, snakestone † . serpent, eel, maze, labyrinth. knot. 

V. be convoluted &c. adj.; wind, twine, turn and twist, twirl; wave, 

undulate, meander; inosculate † ; entwine, intwine † ; twist, coil, roll; 

wrinkle, curl, crisp, twill; frizzle; crimp, crape, indent, scollop † , 

scallop, wring, intort † ; contort; wreathe &c. (cross) 219. 

Adj. convoluted; winding, twisted &c. v.; tortile † , tortive † ; wavy; 

undated, undulatory; circling, snaky, snake-like, serpentine; 

serpent, anguill † , vermiform; vermicular; mazy, tortuous, sinuous, 

flexuous, anfractuous † , reclivate † , rivulose † , scolecoid † ; sigmoid, 

sigmoidal [Geom.]; spiriferous † , spiroid † ; involved, intricate, 

complicated, perplexed; labyrinth, labyrinthic † , labyrinthian † , 

labyrinthine; peristaltic; daedalian † ; kinky, knotted. wreathy † , 

frizzly, crepe, buckled; raveled &c. (in disorder) 59. spiral, coiled, 

helical; cochleate, cochleous; screw-shaped; turbinated, 

turbiniform † . 

Adv. in and out, round and round; a can of worms; Gordian knot.

#249. Rotundity -- N. rotundity; roundness &c. adj.; cylindricity † ; sphericity, spheroidity † ; globosity † . cylinder, cylindroid † , cylindrical; 

barrel, drum; roll, roller; rouleau † , column, rolling-pin, rundle. cone, conoid † ; pear shape, egg shape, bell shape. sphere, globe, ball, 

boulder, bowlder † ; spheroid, ellipsoid; oblong spheroid; oblate spheroid, prolate spheroid; drop, spherule, globule, vesicle, bulb, 

bullet, pellet, pelote † , clew, pill, marble, pea, knob, pommel, horn; knot (convolution) 248. curved surface, hypersphere; 

hyperdimensional surface. 

V. render spherical &c. adj.; form into a sphere, sphere, roll into a ball; give rotundity &c. n.; round. 

Adj. rotund; round &c. (circular) 247; cylindric, cylindrical, cylindroid † ; columnar, lumbriciform † ; conic, conical; spherical, spheroidal; 

globular, globated † , globous † , globose; egg shaped, bell shaped, pear shaped; ovoid, oviform; gibbous; rixiform † ; campaniform † , 

campanulate † , campaniliform † ; fungiform † , bead-like, moniliform † , pyriform † , bulbous; tres atque rotundus [Lat.]; round as an orange, 

round as an apple, round as a ball, round as a billiard ball, round as a cannon ball. 

3. SUPERFICIAL FORM 

#250. Convexity -- N. convexity, prominence, projection, 

swelling, gibbosity † , bilge, bulge, protuberance, protrusion; 

camber, cahot [U.S.]. thank-ye-ma'am [U.S.]. swell. intumescence; 

tumour [Brit.], tumor; tubercle, tuberosity [Anat.]; excrescence; 

hump, hunch, bunch. boss, embossment, hub, hubble; [convex 

body parts] tooth [U.S.], knob, elbow, process, apophysis † , 

condyle, bulb, node, nodule, nodosity † , tongue, dorsum, bump, 

clump; sugar loaf &c. (sharpness) 253; bow; mamelon † ; molar; 

belly, corporation † , pot belly, gut [Coll.]; withers, back, shoulder, 

lip, flange. [convexities on skin] pimple, zit [Slang]; wen, wheel, 

papula [Med.], pustule, pock, proud flesh, growth, sarcoma, 

caruncle † , corn, wart, pappiloma, furuncle, polypus † , fungus, 

fungosity † , exostosis † , bleb, blister, blain † ; boil &c. (disease) 655; 

airbubble † , blob, papule, verruca. [convex body parts on chest] 

papilla, nipple, teat, tit [Vulg.], titty [Vulg.], boob [Vulg.], knocker 

[Vulg.], pap, breast, dug, mammilla † . [prominent convexity on the 

face] proboscis, nose, neb, beak, snout, nozzle, schnoz [Coll.]. 

peg, button, stud, ridge, rib, jutty, trunnion, snag. cupola, dome, 

arch, balcony, eaves; pilaster. relief, relievo [It], cameo; 

bassorilievo † , mezzorilevo † , altorivievo; low relief, bas relief [Fr.], 

high relief. hill &c. (height) 206; cape, promontory, mull; forehead, 

foreland † ; point of land, mole, jetty, hummock, ledge, spur; naze † , 

ness. 

V. be prominent &c. adj.; project, bulge, protrude, pout, bouge 

[Fr.], bunch; jut out, stand out, stick out, poke out; stick up, bristle 

up, start up, cock up, shoot up; swell over, hang over, bend over; 

beetle. render prominent &c. adj.; raise 307; emboss, chase. 

[become convex] belly out. 

Adj. convex, prominent, protuberant, projecting &c. v.; bossed, 

embossed, bossy, nodular, bunchy; clavate, clavated † , claviform; 

hummocky † , moutonne † , mammiliform † ; papulous † , papilose † ; 

hemispheric, bulbous; bowed, arched; bold; bellied; tuberous, 

tuberculous; tumous † ; cornute † , odontoid † ; lentiform † , lenticular; 

gibbous; club shaped, hubby [U.S.], hubbly [U.S.], knobby, 

papillose, saddle-shaped, selliform † , subclavate † , torose † , 

ventricose † , verrucose † . salient, in relief, raised, repousse; 

bloated &c., (expanded) 194. 

#251. Flatness -- N. flatness &c. adj.; smoothness &c. 255. 

plane; level &c. 213; plate, platter, table, tablet, slab. 

V. render flat, flatten; level &c. 213. 

Adj. flat, plane, even, flush, scutiform † , discoid; level &c. 

(horizontal) 213; flat as a pancake, flat as a fluke, flat as a 

flounder, flat as a board, flat as my hand. 

#252. Concavity -- N. concavity, depression, dip; hollow, 

hollowness; indentation, intaglio, cavity, dent, dint, dimple, follicle, 

pit, sinus, alveolus † , lacuna; excavation, strip mine; trough &c. 

(furrow) 259; honeycomb. cup, basin, crater, punch bowl; cell &c. 

(receptacle) 191; socket. valley, vale, dale, dell, dingle, combe † , 

bottom, slade † , strath † , glade, grove, glen, cave, cavern, cove; 

grot † , grotto; alcove, cul-de-sac; gully &c. 198; arch &c. (curve) 

245; bay &c. (of the sea) 343. excavator, sapper, miner. 

honeycomb (sponge) 252.1. 

V. be concave &c. adj.; retire, cave in. render concave &c. adj.; 

depress, hollow; scoop, scoop out; gouge, gouge out, dig, delve, 

excavate, dent, dint, mine, sap, undermine, burrow, tunnel, stave 

in. 

Adj. depressed &c. v.; alveolate † , calathiform † , cup-shaped, 

dishing; favaginous † , faveolate † , favose † ; scyphiform † , scyphose † ; 

concave, hollow, stove in; retiring; retreating; cavernous; porous 

&c. (with holes) 260; infundibul † , infundibular † , infundibuliform † ; 

funnel shaped, bell shaped; campaniform † , capsular; vaulted, 

arched. 

#252a Sponge -- N. sponge, honeycomb, network; frit [Chem], filter. sieve, net, screen (opening) 260. 

Adj. cellular, spongy, spongious † ; honeycombed, alveolar; sintered; porous (opening) 260. 

#253. Sharpness -- N. sharpness &c. adj.; acuity, acumination † ; 

spinosity † . point, spike, spine, spicule [Biol.], spiculum † ; needle, 

hypodermic needle, tack, nail, pin; prick, prickle; spur, rowel, barb; 

spit, cusp; horn, antler; snag; tag thorn, bristle; Adam's needle † , 

bear grass [U.S.], tine, yucca. nib, tooth, tusk; spoke, cog, ratchet. 

crag, crest, arete [Fr.], cone peak, sugar loaf, pike, aiguille † ; spire, 

pyramid, steeple. beard, chevaux de frise [Fr.], porcupine, 

hedgehog, brier, bramble, thistle; comb; awn, beggar's lice, bur, 

burr, catchweed † , cleavers, clivers † , goose, grass, hairif † , hariff, 

flax comb, hackle, hatchel † #254. Bluntness -- N. bluntness &c. adj.. 

V. be blunt, render blunt &c. adj.; obtund 

, heckle. wedge; knife edge, cutting 

† , dull; take off the point, 

take off the edge; turn. 

Adj. blunt, obtuse, dull, bluff; edentate, toothless.

edge; blade, edge tool, cutlery, knife, penknife, whittle, razor, razor 

blade, safety razor, straight razor, electric razor; scalpel; bistoury † , 

lancet; plowshare, coulter, colter † ; hatchet, ax, pickax, mattock, 

pick, adze, gill; billhook, cleaver, cutter; scythe, sickle; scissors, 

shears, pruning shears, cutters, wire cutters, nail clipper, paper 

cutter; sword &c. (arms) 727; bodkin &c. (perforator) 262; 

belduque † , bowie knife † , paring knife; bushwhacker [U.S.]; 

drawing knife, drawing shave; microtome [Micro.]; chisel, 

screwdriver blade; flint blade; guillotine. sharpener, hone, strop; 

grindstone, whetstone; novaculite † ; steel, emery. 

V. be sharp &c. adj.; taper to a point; bristle with. render sharp &c. 

adj.; sharpen, point, aculeate, whet, barb, spiculate † , set, strop, 

grind; chip (flint). cut &c. (sunder) 44. 

Adj. sharp, keen; acute; acicular, aciform † ; aculeated † , 

acuminated † ; pointed; tapering; conical, pyramidal; mucronate † , 

mucronated † ; spindle shaped, needle shaped; spiked, spiky, 

ensiform † , peaked, salient; cusped, cuspidate, cuspidated † ; 

cornute † , cornuted † , cornicultate † ; prickly; spiny, spinous † , 

spicular; thorny, bristling, muricated † , pectinated † , studded, thistly, 

briary † ; craggy &c. (rough) 256; snaggy, digitated † , two-edged, 

fusiform [Micro.]; dentiform † , denticulated; toothed; odontoid † ; 

starlike; stellated † , stelliform † ; sagittate † , sagittiform † ; 

arrowheaded † ; arrowy † , barbed, spurred. acinaciform; apiculate † , 

apiculated † ; aristate † , awned, awny † , bearded, calamiform † , 

cone-shaped, coniform † , crestate † , echinate † , gladiate † ; 

lanceolate † , lanciform; awl, awl-shaped, lance-shaped, awlshaped, 

scimitar-shaped, sword-shaped; setarious † , 

spinuliferous † , subulate † , tetrahedral, xiphoid † . cutting; sharp 

edged, knife edged; sharp as a razor, keen as a razor; sharp as a 

needle, sharp as a tack; sharpened &c. v.; set 

#255. Smoothness -- N. smoothness &c. adj.; polish, gloss; 

lubricity, lubrication. [smooth materials] down, velvet, velure, silk, 

satin; velveteen, velour, velours, velumen † ; glass, ice. slide; 

bowling green &c. (level) 213; asphalt, wood pavement, flagstone, 

flags. [objects used to smooth other objects] roller, steam roller, 

lawn roller, rolling pin, rolling mill; sand paper, emery paper, emery 

cloth, sander; flat iron, sad iron; burnisher, turpentine and 

beeswax; polish, shoe polish. [art of cutting and polishing 

gemstones] lapidary. [person who polishes gemstones] lapidary, 

lapidarian. 

V. smooth, smoothen † ; plane; file; mow, shave; level, roll; 

macadamize; polish, burnish, calender † , glaze; iron, hot-press, 

mangle; lubricate &c. (oil) 332. 

Adj. smooth; polished &c. v.; leiodermatous † , slick, velutinous † ; 

even; level &c. 213; plane &c. (flat) 251; sleek, glossy; silken, 

silky; lanate † , downy, velvety; glabrous, slippery, glassy, lubricous, 

oily, soft, unwrinkled † ; smooth as glass, smooth as ice, smooth as 

monumental alabaster, smooth as velvet, smooth as oil; slippery 

as an eel; woolly &c. (feathery) 256. 

Phr. smooth as silk; slippery as coonshit on a pump handle; 

slippery as a greased pig. 

#256. Roughness -- N. roughness &c. adj.; tooth, grain, texture, 

ripple; asperity, rugosity † , salebrosity † , corrugation, nodosity † ; 

arborescence † &c. 242; pilosity † . brush, hair, beard, shag, mane, 

whisker, moustache, imperial, tress, lock, curl, ringlet; fimbriae, 

pili, cilia, villi; lovelock; beaucatcher † ; curl paper; goatee; 

papillote, scalp lock. plumage, plumosity † ; plume, panache, crest; 

feather, tuft, fringe, toupee. wool, velvet, plush, nap, pile, floss, fur, 

down; byssus † , moss, bur; fluff. knot (convolution) 248. 

V. be rough &c. adj.; go against the grain. render-rough &c. adj.; 

roughen, ruffle, crisp, crumple, corrugate, set on edge, stroke the 

wrong way, rumple. 

Adj. rough, uneven, scabrous, scaly, knotted; rugged, rugose † , 

rugous † ; knurly † ; asperous † , crisp, salebrous † , gnarled, 

unpolished, unsmooth † , roughhewn † ; craggy, cragged; crankling † , 

scraggy; prickly &c. (sharp) 253; arborescent &c. 242 † ; leafy, wellwooded; 

feathery; plumose, plumigerous † ; laciniate † , laciniform † , 

laciniose † ; pappose † ; pileous † , pilose † ; trichogenous † , trichoid 

[Med.]; tufted, fimbriated, hairy, ciliated, filamentous, hirsute; 

crinose † , crinite † ; bushy, hispid, villous, pappous † , bearded, 

pilous † , shaggy, shagged; fringed, befringed † ; setous † , setose † , 

setaceous; like quills upon the fretful porcupine" [Hamlet]; rough 

as a nutmeg grater, rough as a bear. downy, velvety, flocculent, 

woolly; lanate † , lanated † ; lanuginous † , lanuginose † ; tomentose † ; 

fluffy. 

Adv. against the grain. 

Phr. cabello luengo y corto el seso [Sp.]. 

#257. Notch -- N. notch, dent, nick, cut; indent, indentation; dimple. embrasure, battlement, machicolation † ; saw, tooth, crenelle † , 

scallop, scollop † , vandyke; depression; jag. 

V. notch, nick, cut, dent, indent, jag, scarify, scotch, crimp, scallop, scollop † , crenulate † , vandyke. 

Adj. notched &c. v.; crenate † , crenated † ; dentate, dentated; denticulate, denticulated; toothed, palmated † , serrated. 

#258. Fold -- N. fold, plicature † , plait, pleat, ply, crease; tuck, gather; flexion, flexure, joint, elbow, double, doubling, duplicature † ,

gather, wrinkle, rimple † , crinkle, crankle † , crumple, rumple, rivel † , ruck † , ruffle, dog's ear, corrugation, frounce † , flounce, lapel; pucker, 

crow's feet; plication † . 

V. fold, double, plicate † , plait, crease, wrinkle, crinkle, crankle † , curl, cockle up, cocker, rimple † , rumple, flute, frizzle, frounce † , rivel † , 

twill, corrugate, ruffle, crimple † , crumple, pucker; turn down, double down, down under; tuck, ruck † , hem, gather. 

Adj. folded, fluted, pleated &c. v.. 

#259. Furrow -- N. furrow, groove, rut, sulcus [Anat.], scratch, streak, striae, crack, score, incision, slit; chamfer, fluting; corduroy 

road, cradle hole. channel, gutter, trench, ditch, dike, dyke; moat, fosse † , trough, kennel; ravine &c. (interval) 198; tajo [U.S.], thankye-ma'am 

[U.S.]. 

V. furrow &c. n.; flute, plow; incise, engrave, etch, bite in. 

Adj. furrowed &c. v.; ribbed, striated, sulcated [Anat.], fluted, canaliculated † ; bisulcous † , bisulcate † , bisulcated † ; canaliferous † ; 

trisulcate † ; corduroy; unisulcate † ; costate † , rimiform † . 

#260. Opening -- N. hole, foramen; puncture, perforation; 

fontanel † ; transforation † ; pinhole, keyhole, loophole, porthole, 

peephole, mousehole, pigeonhole; eye of a needle; eyelet; slot. 

opening; aperture, apertness † ; hiation † , yawning, oscitancy † , 

dehiscence, patefaction † , pandiculation † ; chasm &c. (interval) 

198. embrasure, window, casement; abatjour † ; light; sky light, fan 

light; lattice; bay window, bow window; oriel [Arch.]; dormer, 

lantern. outlet, inlet; vent, vomitory; embouchure; orifice, mouth, 

sucker, muzzle, throat, gullet, weasand † , wizen, nozzle; placket. 

portal, porch, gate, ostiary † , postern, wicket, trapdoor, hatch, door; 

arcade; cellarway † , driveway, gateway, doorway, hatchway, 

gangway; lich gate † . way, path &c. 627; thoroughfare; channel; 

passage, passageway; tube, pipe; water pipe &c. 350; air pipe 

&c. 351; vessel, tubule, canal, gut, fistula; adjutage † , ajutage † ; 

ostium † ; smokestack; chimney, flue, tap, funnel, gully, tunnel, main; 

mine, pit, adit † , shaft; gallery. alley, aisle, glade, vista. bore, 

caliber; pore; blind orifice; fulgurite † , thundertube † . porousness, 

porosity. sieve, cullender † , colander; cribble † , riddle, screen; 

honeycomb. apertion † , perforation; piercing &c. v.; terebration † , 

empalement † , pertusion † , puncture, acupuncture, penetration. key 

&c. 631, opener, master key, password, combination, passepartout. 

V. open, ope † , gape, yawn, bilge; fly open. perforate, pierce, 

empierce † , tap, bore, drill; mine &c. (scoop out) 252; tunnel; 

transpierce † , transfix; enfilade, impale, spike, spear, gore, spit, 

stab, pink, puncture, lance, stick, prick, riddle, punch; stave in. cut 

a passage through; make way for, make room for. uncover, 

unclose, unrip † ; lay open, cut open, rip open, throw open, pop 

open, blow open, pry open, tear open, pull open. 

Adj. open; perforated &c. v.; perforate; wide open, ajar, unclosed, 

unstopped; oscitant † , gaping, yawning; patent. tubular, cannular † , 

fistulous; pervious, permeable; foraminous † ; vesicular, vasicular † ; 

porous, follicular, cribriform † , honeycombed, infundibular † , riddled; 

tubulous † , tubulated † ; piped, tubate † . opening &c. v.; aperient † . 

Int. open sesame!, 

#262. Perforator -- N. perforator, piercer, borer, auger, chisel, 

gimlet, stylet † , drill, wimble † , awl, bradawl, scoop, terrier, 

corkscrew, dibble, trocar [Med.], trepan, probe, bodkin, needle, 

stiletto, rimer, warder, lancet; punch, puncheon; spikebit † , gouge; 

spear &c. (weapon) 727; puncher; punching machine, punching 

press; punch pliers. 

#264. [Successive change of place.] Motion -- N. motion, 

movement, move; going &c. v.; unrest. stream, flow, flux, run, 

course, stir; evolution; kinematics; telekinesis. step, rate, pace, 

tread, stride, gait, port, footfall, cadence, carriage, velocity, 

#261. Closure -- N. closure, occlusion, blockade; shutting up &c. 

v.; obstruction &c. (hindrance) 706; embolus; contraction &c. 195; 

infarction; constipation, obstipation † ; blind alley, blind corner; 

keddah † ; cul-de-sac, caecum; imperforation † , imperviousness &c. 

adj.; impermeability; stopper &c. 263. 

V. close, occlude, plug; block up, stop up, fill up, bung up, cork up, 

button up, stuff up, shut up, dam up; blockade, obstruct &c. 

(hinder) 706; bar, bolt, stop, seal, plumb; choke, throttle; ram 

down, dam, cram; trap, clinch; put to the door, shut the door. 

Adj. closed &c. v.; shut, operculated † ; unopened. unpierced † , 

imporous † , caecal [Med.]; closable; imperforate, impervious, 

impermeable; impenetrable; impassable, unpassable † ; invious † ; 

pathless, wayless † ; untrodden, untrod. unventilated; air tight, water 

tight; hermetically sealed; tight, snug. 

#263. Stopper -- N. stopper, stopple; plug, cork, bung, spike, 

spill, stopcock, tap; rammer † ; ram, ramrod; piston; stop-gap; 

wadding, stuffing, padding, stopping, dossil † , pledget † , tompion † , 

tourniquet. cover &c. 223; valve, vent peg, spigot, slide valve. 

janitor, doorkeeper, porter, warder, beadle, cerberus, ostiary † . 

SECTION IV. 

MOTION 

1. MOTION IN GENERAL 

#265. Quiescence -- N. rest; stillness &c. adj.; quiescence; 

stagnation, stagnancy; fixity, immobility, catalepsy; indisturbance † ; 

quietism. quiet, tranquility, calm; repose &c. 687; peace; dead 

calm, anticyclone † ; statue-like repose; silence &c. 203; not a

angular velocity; clip, progress, locomotion; journey &c. 266; 

voyage &c. 267; transit &c. 270. restlessness &c. 

(changeableness) 149; mobility; movableness, motive power; 

laws of motion; mobilization. 

V. be in motion &c. adj.; move, go, hie, gang, budge, stir, pass, 

flit; hover about, hover round, hover about; shift, slide, glide; roll, 

roll on; flow, stream, run, drift, sweep along; wander &c. (deviate) 

279; walk &c. 266; change one's place, shift one's place, change 

one's quarters, shift one's quarters; dodge; keep going, keep 

moving; put in motion, set in motion; move; impel &c. 276; propel 

&c. 284; render movable, mobilize. 

Adj. moving &c. v.; in motion; transitional; motory † , motive; 

shifting, movable, mobile, mercurial, unquiet; restless &c. 

(changeable) 149; nomadic &c. 266; erratic &c. 279. 

Adv. under way; on the move, on the wing, on the tramp, on the 

march. 

Phr. eppur si muove [Galileo]; es bildet ein Talent sich in der 

Stille [G.], sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt [G.]. 

#266. [Locomotion by land.] Journey -- N. travel; traveling &c. v.. 

wayfaring, campaigning. journey, excursion, expedition, tour, trip, 

grand tour, circuit, peregrination, discursion † , ramble, pilgrimage, 

hajj, trek, course, ambulation † , march, walk, promenade, 

constitutional, stroll, saunter, tramp, jog trot, turn, stalk, 

perambulation; noctambulation † , noctambulism; somnambulism; 

outing, ride, drive, airing, jaunt. equitation, horsemanship, riding, 

manege [Fr.], ride and tie; basophobia † . roving, vagrancy, 

pererration † ; marching and countermarching; nomadism; 

vagabondism, vagabondage; hoboism [U.S.]; gadding; flit, flitting, 

migration; emigration, immigration, demigration † , intermigration † ; 

wanderlust. plan, itinerary, guide; handbook, guidebook, road 

book; Baedeker † , Bradshaw, Murray; map, road map, 

transportation guide, subway map. procession, cavalcade, 

caravan, file, cortege, column. [Organs and instruments of 

locomotion] vehicle &c. 272; automobile, train, bus, airplane, 

plane, autobus, omnibus, subway, motorbike, dirt bike, off-road 

vehicle, van, minivan, motor scooter, trolley, locomotive; legs, feet, 

pegs, pins, trotters. traveler &c. 268. depot [U.S.], railway station, 

station. 

V. travel, journey, course; take a journey, go a journey; take a walk, 

go out for walk &c. n.; have a run; take the air. flit, take wing; 

migrate, emigrate; trek; rove, prowl, roam, range, patrol, pace up 

and down, traverse; scour the country, traverse the country; 

peragrate † ; circumambulate, perambulate; nomadize † , wander, 

ramble, stroll, saunter, hover, go one's rounds, straggle; gad, gad 

about; expatiate. walk, march, step, tread, pace, plod, wend, go 

by shank's mare; promenade; trudge, tramp; stalk, stride, 

straddle, strut, foot it, hoof it, stump, bundle, bowl along, toddle; 

paddle; tread a path. take horse, ride, drive, trot, amble, canter, 

prance, fisk † , frisk, caracoler † , caracole; gallop &c. (move 

quickly) 274. [start riding] embark, board, set out, hit the road, get 

going, get underway. peg on, jog on, wag on, shuffle on; stir one's 

stumps; bend one's steps, bend one's course; make one's way, 

find one's way, wend one's way, pick one's way, pick one's way, 

thread one's way, plow one's way; slide, glide, coast, skim, skate; 

march in procession, file on, defile. go to, repair to, resort to, hie 

to, betake oneself to. 

Adj. traveling &c. v.; ambulatory, itinerant, peripatetic, roving, 

rambling, gadding, discursive, vagrant, migratory, monadic; 

calm, anticyclone ; statue-like repose; silence &c. 203; not a 

breath of air, not a mouse stirring; sleep &c. (inactivity) 683. 

pause, lull &c. (cessation) 142; stand still; standing still &c. v.; 

lock; dead lock, dead stop, dead stand; full stop; fix; embargo. 

resting place; gite [Fr.]; bivouac; home &c. (abode) 189; pillow &c. 

(support) 215; haven &c. (refuge) 666; goal &c. (arrival) 292. 

V. be quiescent &c. adj.; stand still, lie still; keep quiet, repose, 

hold the breath. remain, stay; stand, lie to, ride at anchor, remain 

in situ, tarry, mark time; bring to, heave to, lay to; pull up, draw up; 

hold, halt; stop, stop short; rest, pause, anchor; cast to an anchor, 

come to an anchor; rest on one's oars; repose on one's laurels, 

take breath; stop &c. (discontinue) 142. stagnate; quieta non 

movere [Lat.]; let alone; abide, rest and be thankful; keep within 

doors, stay at home, go to bed. dwell &c. (be present) 186; settle 

&c. (be located) 184; alight &c. (arrive) 292; stick, stick fast; stand 

like a post; not stir a peg, not stir a step; be at a stand &c. n.. 

quell, becalm, hush, stay, lull to sleep, lay an embargo on. 

Adj. quiescent, still; motionless, moveless; fixed; stationary; 

immotile; at rest at a stand, at a standstill, at anchor; stock, still; 

standing still &c. v.; sedentary, untraveled, stay-at-home; 

becalmed, stagnant, quiet; unmoved, undisturbed, unruffled; calm, 

restful; cataleptic; immovable &c. (stable) 150; sleeping &c. 

(inactive) 683; silent &c. 403; still as a statue, still as a post, still 

as a mouse, still as death; vegetative, vegetating. 

Adv. at a stand &c. adj.; tout court; at the halt. 

Int. stop!, stay!, avast!, halt!, hold hard!, whoa!, hold!, sabr karo! † . 

Phr. requiescat in pace [Lat.]; Deus nobis haec otia fecit [Lat.] 

[Vergil]; the noonday quiet holds the hill" [Tennyson]. 

#267. [Locomotion by water, or air.] Navigation -- N. navigation; 

aquatics; boating, yachting; ship &c. 273; oar, paddle, screw, sail, 

canvas, aileron. natation † , swimming; fin, flipper, fish's tail. 

aerostation † , aerostatics † , aeronautics; balloonery † ; balloon &c. 

273; ballooning, aviation, airmanship; flying, flight, volitation † ; 

wing, pinion; rocketry, space travel, astronautics, orbital 

mechanics, orbiting. voyage, sail, cruise, passage, 

circumnavigation, periplus † ; headway, sternway, leeway; fairway. 

mariner &c. 269. flight, trip; shuttle, run, airlift. 

V. sail; put to sea &c. (depart) 293; take ship, get under way; set 

sail, spread sail, spread canvas; gather way, have way on; make 

sail, carry sail; plow the waves, plow the deep, plow the main, 

plow the ocean; walk the waters. navigate, warp, luff † , scud, boom, 

kedge; drift, course, cruise, coast; hug the shore, hug the land; 

circumnavigate. ply the oar, row, paddle, pull, scull, punt, steam. 

swim, float; buffet the waves, ride the storm, skim, effleurer [Fr.], 

dive, wade. fly, be wafted, hover, soar, flutter, jet, orbit, rocket; 

take wing, take a flight, take off, ascend, blast off, land, alight; 

wing one's flight, wing one's way; aviate; parachute, jump, glide. 

Adj. sailing &c. v.; volant † , aerostatic † ; seafaring, nautical, 

maritime, naval; seagoing, coasting; afloat; navigable; aerial, 

aeronautic; grallatory † . 

Adv. under way, under sail, under canvas, under steam; on the 

wing, in flight, in orbit. 

Phr. bon voyage; spread the thin oar and catch the driving spread 

the thin oar and catch the driving gale" [Pope].

circumforanean † , circumforaneous † ; noctivagrant † , mundivagrant; 

locomotive. wayfaring, wayworn; travel-stained. 

Adv. on foot, on horseback, on Shanks's mare; by the 

Marrowbone stage; in transitu [Lat.] &c. 270; en route &c. 282. 

Int. come along!, 

#268. Traveler -- N. traveler, wayfarer, voyager, itinerant, 

passenger, commuter. tourist, excursionist, explorer, adventurer, 

mountaineer, hiker, backpacker, Alpine Club; peregrinator † , 

wanderer, rover, straggler, rambler; bird of passage; gadabout, 

gadling † ; vagrant, scatterling † , landloper † , waifs and estrays † , 

wastrel, foundling; loafer; tramp, tramper; vagabond, nomad, 

Bohemian, gypsy, Arab † , Wandering Jew, Hadji, pilgrim, palmer; 

peripatetic; somnambulist, emigrant, fugitive, refugee; beach 

comber, booly † ; globegirdler † , globetrotter; vagrant, hobo [U.S.], 

night walker, sleep walker; noctambulist, runabout, straphanger, 

swagman, swagsman [Austral.]; trecker † , trekker, zingano † , 

zingaro † . runner, courier; Mercury, Iris, Ariel † , comet. pedestrian, 

walker, foot passenger; cyclist; wheelman. rider, horseman, 

equestrian, cavalier, jockey, roughrider, trainer, breaker. driver, 

coachman, whip, Jehu, charioteer, postilion, postboy † , carter, 

wagoner, drayman † ; cabman, cabdriver; voiturier † , vetturino † , 

condottiere † ; engine driver; stoker, fireman, guard; chauffeur, 

conductor, engineer, gharry-wallah † , gari-wala † , hackman, syce † , 

truckman † . 

Phr. on the road 

#269. Mariner -- N. sailor, mariner, navigator; seaman, seafarer, 

seafaring man; dock walloper [Slang]; tar, jack tar, salt, able 

seaman, A. B.; man-of-war's man, bluejacket, galiongee † , 

galionji † , marine, jolly, midshipman, middy; skipper; shipman † , 

boatman, ferryman, waterman † , lighterman † , bargeman, 

longshoreman; bargee † , gondolier; oar, oarsman; rower; 

boatswain, cockswain † ; coxswain; steersman, pilot; crew. aerial 

navigator, aeronaut, balloonist, Icarus; aeroplanist † , airman, 

aviator, birdman, man-bird, wizard of the air, aviatrix, flier, pilot, 

test pilot, glider pilot, bush pilot, navigator, flight attendant, 

steward, stewardess, crew; astronaut, cosmonaut; parachutist, 

paratrooper. 

#270. Transference -- N. transfer, transference; translocation, elocation † ; displacement; metastasis, metathesis; removal; 

remotion † , amotion † ; relegation; deportation, asportation † ; extradition, conveyance, draft, carrying, carriage; convection, conduction, 

contagion; transfer &c. (of property) 783. transit, transition; passage, ferry, gestation; portage, porterage † , carting, cartage; shoveling 

&c. v.; vection † , vecture † , vectitation † ; shipment, freight, wafture † ; transmission, transport, transportation, importation, exportation, 

transumption † , transplantation, translation; shifting, dodging; dispersion &c. 73; transposition &c. (interchange) 148; traction &c. 285. 

[Thing transferred] drift. 

V. transfer, transmit, transport, transplace † , transplant, translocate; convey, carry, bear, fetch and carry; carry over, ferry over; hand 

pass, forward; shift; conduct, convoy, bring, fetch, reach; tote [U.S.]; port, import, export. send, delegate, consign, relegate, turn over 

to, deliver; ship, embark; waft; shunt; transpose &c. (interchange) 148; displace &c. 185; throw &c. 284; drag &c. 285; mail, post. 

shovel, ladle, decant, draft off, transfuse, infuse, siphon. 

Adj. transferred &c. v.; drifted, movable; portable, portative † ; mailable [U.S.]; contagious. 

Adv. from hand to hand, from pillar to post. on the way, by the way; on the road, on the wing, under way, in transit, on course; as one 

goes; in transitu [Lat.], en route, chemin faisant [Fr.], en passant [Fr.], in mid progress, in mid course. 

#271. Carrier -- N. carrier, porter, bearer, tranter † , conveyer; cargador † ; express, expressman; stevedore, coolie; conductor, 

locomotive, motor. beast, beast of burden, cattle, horse, nag, palfrey, Arab † , blood horse, thoroughbred, galloway † , charger, courser, 

racer, hunter, jument † , pony, filly, colt, foal, barb, roan, jade, hack, bidet, pad, cob, tit, punch, roadster, goer † ; racehorse, pack horse, 

draft horse, cart horse, dray horse, post horse; ketch; Shetland pony, shelty, sheltie; garran † , garron † ; jennet, genet † , bayard † , mare, 

stallion, gelding; bronco, broncho † , cayuse [U.S.]; creature, critter [U.S.]; cow pony, mustang, Narraganset, waler † ; stud. Pegasus, 

Bucephalus, Rocinante. ass, donkey, jackass, mule, hinny; sumpter horse, sumpter mule; burro, cuddy † , ladino [U.S.]; reindeer; 

camel, dromedary, llama, elephant; carrier pigeon. [object used for carrying] pallet, brace, cart, dolley; support &c. 215; fork lift. 

carriage &c. (vehicle) 272; ship &c. 273. 

Adj. equine, asinine. 

#272. Vehicle -- N. vehicle, conveyance, carriage, caravan, van; 

common carrier; wagon, waggon † , wain, dray, cart, lorry. truck, 

tram; cariole, carriole † ; limber, tumbrel, pontoon; barrow; wheel 

barrow, hand barrow; perambulator; Bath chair, wheel chair, 

sedan chair; chaise; palankeen † , palanquin; litter, brancard † , 

crate, hurdle, stretcher, ambulance; black Maria; conestoga 

wagon, conestoga wain; jinrikisha, ricksha, brett † , dearborn [U.S.], 

dump cart, hack, hackery † , jigger, kittereen † , mailstate † , 

manomotor † , rig, rockaway † , prairie schooner [U.S.], shay, sloven, 

team, tonga † , wheel; hobbyhorse, go-cart; cycle; bicycle, bike, 

two-wheeler; tricycle, velocipede, quadricycle † . equipage, turn-out; 

coach, chariot, phaeton, break, mail phaeton, wagonette, drag, 

curricle † , tilbury † , whisky, landau, barouche, victoria, brougham, 

clarence † , calash, caleche [Fr.], britzka † , araba † , kibitka † ; berlin; 

#273. Ship -- N. ship, vessel, sail; craft, bottom. navy, marine, 

fleet, flotilla; shipping. man of war &c. (combatant) 726; transport, 

tender, storeship † ; merchant ship, merchantman; packet, liner; 

whaler, slaver, collier, coaster, lighter; fishing boat, pilot boat; 

trawler, hulk; yacht; baggala † ; floating hotel, floating palace; ocean 

greyhound. ship, bark, barque, brig, snow, hermaphrodite brig; 

brigantine, barkantine † ; schooner; topsail schooner, for and aft 

schooner, three masted schooner; chasse-maree [Fr.]; sloop, 

cutter, corvette, clipper, foist, yawl, dandy, ketch, smack, lugger, 

barge, hoy † , cat, buss; sailer, sailing vessel; windjammer; 

steamer, steamboat, steamship, liner, ocean liner, cruisp, flap, 

dab, pat, thump, beat, blow, bang, slam, dash; punch, thwack, 

whack; hit hard, strike hard; swap, batter, dowse † , baste; pelt, 

patter, buffet, belabor; fetch one a blow; poke at, pip, ship of the

clarence † , calash, caleche [Fr.], britzka † , araba † , kibitka † ; berlin; 

sulky, desobligeant [Fr.], sociable, vis-a-vis, dormeuse [Fr.]; 

jaunting car, outside car; dandi † ; doolie † , dooly † ; munchil † , palki † ; 

roller skates, skate; runabout; ski; tonjon † ; vettura † . post chaise, 

diligence, stage; stage coach, mail coach, hackney coach, glass 

coach; stage wagon, car, omnibus, fly, cabriolet † , cab, hansom, 

shofle † , four-wheeler, growler, droshki † , drosky † . dogcart, trap, 

whitechapel, buggy, four-in-hand, unicorn, random, tandem; 

shandredhan † , char-a-bancs [Fr.]. motor car, automobile, 

limousine, car, auto, jalopy, clunker, lemon, flivver, coupe, sedan, 

two-door sedan, four-door sedan, luxury sedan; wheels [Coll.], 

sports car, roadster, gran turismo [It], jeep, four-wheel drive 

vehicle, electric car, steamer; golf cart, electric wagon; taxicab, 

cab, taxicoach † , checker cab, yellow cab; station wagon, family 

car; motorcycle, motor bike, side car; van, minivan, bus, minibus, 

microbus; truck, wagon, pick-up wagon, pick-up, tractor-trailer, 

road train, articulated vehicle; racing car, racer, hot rod, stock car, 

souped-up car. bob, bobsled, bobsleigh † ; cutter; double ripper, 

double runner [U.S.]; jumper, sled, sledge, sleigh, toboggan. train; 

accommodation train, passenger train, express trail, special train, 

corridor train, parliamentary train, luggage train, freight train, 

goods train; 1st class train, 2nd class train, 3rd class train, 1st 

class carriage, 2nd class carriage, 3rd class carriage, 1st class 

compartment, 2nd class compartment, 3rd class compartment; 

rolling stock; horse box, cattle truck; baggage car, express car, 

freight car, parlor car, dining car, Pullman car, sleeping car, 

sleeper, dome car; surface car, tram car, trolley car; box car, box 

wagon; horse car [U.S.]; bullet train, shinkansen [Jap.], cannonball, 

the Wabash cannonball, lightning express; luggage van; mail, mail 

car, mail van. shovel, spool, spatula, ladle, hod, hoe; spade, 

spaddle † , loy † ; spud; pitchfork; post hole digger. [powered 

construction vehicles] tractor, steamshovel, backhoe, fork lift, 

earth mover, dump truck, bulldozer, grader, caterpillar, trench 

digger, steamroller; pile driver; crane, wrecking crane. 

#274. Velocity -- N. velocity, speed, celerity; swiftness &c. adj.; 

rapidity, eagle speed; expedition &c. (activity) 682; pernicity † ; 

acceleration; haste &c. 684. spurt, rush, dash, race, steeple 

chase; smart rate, lively rate, swift rate &c. adj.; rattling rate, 

spanking rate, strapping rate, smart pace, lively pace, swift pace, 

rattling pace, spanking pace, strapping pace; round pace; flying, 

flight. lightning, greased lightning, light, electricity, wind; cannon 

ball, rocket, arrow, dart, hydrargyrum [Lat.], quicksilver; telegraph, 

express train; torrent. eagle, antelope, courser, race horse, 

gazelle, greyhound, hare, doe, squirrel, camel bird, chickaree † , 

chipmunk, hackee [U.S.], ostrich, scorcher [Slang]. Mercury, 

Ariel † , Camilla † , Harlequin. [Measurement of velocity] log, log 

line; speedometer, odometer, tachometer, strobe, radar speed 

detector, radar trap, air speed gauge, wind sock, wind speed 

meter; pedometer. 

V. move quickly, trip, fisk † ; speed, hie, hasten, post, spank, 

scuttle; scud, scuddle † ; scour, scour the plain; scamper; run like 

mad, beat it; fly, race, run a race, cut away, shot, tear, whisk, 

zoom, swoosh, sweep, skim, brush; cut along, bowl along, barrel 

along, barrel; scorch, burn up the track; rush &c. (be violent) 173; 

dash on, dash off, dash forward; bolt; trot, gallop, amble, troll, 

bound, flit, spring, dart, boom; march in quick time, march in 

double time; ride hard, get over the ground. hurry &c. (hasten) 

684; accelerate, put on; quicken; quicken one's pace, mend one's 

pace; clap spurs to one's horse; make haste, make rapid strides, 

make forced marches, make the best of one's way; put one's best 

leg foremost, stir one's stumps, wing one's way, set off at a score; 

carry sail, crowd sail; go off like a shot, go like a shot, go ahead, 

gain ground; outstrip the wind, fly on the wings of the wind. keep 

up with, keep pace with; outstrip &c. 303; outmarch † . 

Adj. fast, speedy, swift, rapid, quick, fleet; aliped † ; nimble, agile, 

line; destroyer, cruiser, frigate; landing ship, LST; aircraft carrier, 

carrier, flattop [Coll.], nuclear powered carrier; submarine, 

submersible, atomic submarine. boat, pinnace, launch; life boat, 

long boat, jolly boat, bum boat, fly boat, cock boat, ferry boat, 

canal boat; swamp boat, ark, bully, battery, bateau [Can.], 

broadhorn † , dory, droger † , drogher; dugout, durham boat, flatboat, 

galiot † ; shallop † , gig, funny, skiff, dingy, scow, cockleshell, wherry, 

coble † , punt, cog, kedge, lerret † ; eight oar, four oar, pair oar; 

randan † ; outrigger; float, raft, pontoon; prame † ; iceboat, ice 

canoe, ice yacht. catamaran, hydroplane, hovercraft, coracle, 

gondola, carvel † , caravel; felucca, caique † , canoe, birch bark 

canoe, dugout canoe; galley, galleyfoist † ; bilander † , dogger † , 

hooker, howker † ; argosy, carack † ; galliass † , galleon; polacca † , 

polacre † , tartane † , junk, lorcha † , praam † , proa † , prahu † , saick † , 

sampan, xebec, dhow; dahabeah † ; nuggah † ; kayak, keel boat 

[U.S.], log canoe, pirogue; quadrireme † , trireme; stern-wheeler 

[U.S.]; wanigan † , wangan [U.S.], wharf boat. balloon; airship, 

aeroplane; biplane, monoplane, triplane † ; hydroplane; aerodrome; 

air balloon, pilot balloon, fire balloon, dirigible, zeppelin; aerostat, 

Montgolfier; kite, parachute. jet plane, rocket plane, jet liner, 

turbojet, prop-jet, propeller plane; corporate plane, corporate jet, 

private plane, private aviation; airline, common carrier; fighter, 

bomber, fighter-bomber, escort plane, spy plane; supersonic 

aircraft, subsonic aircraft. 

Adv. afloat, aboard; on board, on ship board; hard a lee, hard a 

2. DEGREES OF MOTION 

port, hard a starboard, hard a weather. 

#275. Slowness -- N. slowness &c. adj.; languor &c. (inactivity) 

683; drawl; creeping &c. v., lentor † . retardation; slackening &c. v.; 

delay &c. (lateness) 133; claudication † . jog trot, dog trot; mincing 

steps; slow march, slow time. slow goer † , slow coach, slow back; 

lingerer, loiterer, sluggard, tortoise, snail; poke [U.S.]; dawdle &c. 

(inactive) 683. 

V. move slowly &c. adv.; creep, crawl, lag, slug, drawl, linger, 

loiter, saunter; plod, trudge, stump along, lumber; trail, drag; 

dawdle &c. (be inactive) 683; grovel, worm one's way, steal along; 

job on, rub on, bundle on; toddle, waddle, wabble † , slug, traipse, 

slouch, shuffle, halt, hobble, limp, caludicate † , shamble; flag, falter, 

trotter, stagger; mince, step short; march in slow time, march in 

funeral procession; take one's time; hang fire &c. (be late) 133. 

retard, relax; slacken, check, moderate, rein in, curb; reef; strike 

sail, shorten sail, take in sail; put on the drag, apply the brake; clip 

the wings; reduce the speed; slacken speed, slacken one's pace; 

lose ground. 

Adj. slow, slack; tardy; dilatory &c. (inactive) 683; gentle, easy; 

leisurely; deliberate, gradual; insensible, imperceptible; glacial, 

languid, sluggish, slow paced, tardigrade † , snail-like; creeping &c. 

v.; reptatorial † . 

Adv. slowly &c. adj.; leisurely; piano, adagio; largo, larghetto; at 

half speed, under easy sail; at a foots pace, at a snail's pace, at a 

funeral pace; in slow time, with mincing steps, with clipped wings; 

haud passibus aequis [Lat.] [Vergil]. gradually &c. adj.; gradatim 

[Lat.]; by degrees, by slow degrees, by inches, by little and little; 

step by step, one step at a time; inch by inch, bit by bit, little by 

little, seriatim; consecutively. 

Phr. dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit [Lat.]; at a glacial pace.

expeditious; express; active &c. 682; flying, galloping &c. v.; light 

footed, nimble footed; winged, eagle winged, mercurial, electric, 

telegraphic; light-legged, light of heel; swift as an arrow &c. n.; 

quick as lightning &c. n., quick as a thought. 

Adv. swiftly &c. adj.; with speed &c. n.; apace; at a great rate, at 

full speed, at railway speed; full drive, full gallop; posthaste, in full 

sail, tantivy † ; trippingly; instantaneously &c. 113. under press of 

sail, under press of canvas, under press of sail and steam; velis et 

remis [Lat.], on eagle's wing, in double quick time; with rapid 

strides, with giant strides; a pas de geant [Fr.]; in seven league 

boots; whip and spur; ventre a terre [Fr.]; as fast as one's legs will 

carry one, as fast as one's heels will carry one; as fast as one can 

lay legs to the ground, at the top of one's speed; by leaps and 

bounds; with haste &c. 684. 

Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Lat.]; I'll put a girdle about the earth in 

forty I'll put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes" [M.N.D.]; 

swifter than arrow from the Tartar's bow" [M.N.D.]; go like a bat 

out of hell; tempus fugit [Lat.]. 

3. MOTION CONJOINED WITH FORCE 

#276. Impulse -- N. impulse, impulsion, impetus; momentum; 

push, pulsion † , thrust, shove, jog, jolt, brunt, booming, boost [U.S.], 

throw; explosion &c. (violence) 173; propulsion &c. 284. 

percussion, concussion, collision, occursion † , clash, encounter, 

cannon, carambole † , appulse † , shock, crash, bump; impact; elan; 

charge &c. (attack) 716; beating &c. (punishment) 972. blow, 

dint, stroke, knock, tap, rap, slap, smack, pat, dab; fillip; slam, 

bang; hit, whack, thwack; cuff &c. 972; squash, dowse, swap, 

whap † , punch, thump, pelt, kick, punce † , calcitration † ; ruade † ; 

arietation † ; cut, thrust, lunge, yerk † ; carom, carrom † , clip [Slang], 

jab, plug [Slang], sidewinder [U.S.], sidewipe † , sideswipe [U.S.]. 

hammer, sledge hammer, mall, maul, mallet, flail; ram, rammer † ; 

battering ram, monkey, pile-driving engine, punch, bat; cant hook; 

cudgel &c. (weapon) 727; ax &c. (sharp) 253. [Science of 

mechanical forces] dynamics; seismometer, accelerometer, 

earthquake detector. 

V. give an impetus &c. n.; impel, push; start, give a start to, set 

going; drive, urge, boom; thrust, prod, foin [Fr.]; cant; elbow, 

shoulder, jostle, justle † , hustle, hurtle, shove, jog, jolt, encounter; 

run against, bump against, butt against; knock one's head against, 

run one's head against; impinge; boost [U.S.]; bunt, carom, clip y; 

fan, fan out; jab, plug [Slang]. strike, knock, hit, tap, rap, slap, flap, 

dab, pat, thump, beat, blow, bang, slam, dash; punch, thwack, 

whack; hit hard, strike hard; swap, batter, dowse † , baste; pelt, 

patter, buffet, belabor; fetch one a blow; poke at, pink, lunge, 

yerk † ; kick, calcitrate † ; butt, strike at &c. (attack) 716; whip &c. 

(punish) 972. come into a collision, enter into collision; collide; 

sideswipe; foul; fall foul of, run foul of; telescope. throw &c. 

(propel) 284. 

Adj. impelling &c. v.; impulsive, impellent † #277. Recoil -- N. recoil; reaction, retroaction; revulsion; bounce, 

rebound, ricochet; repercussion, recalcitration 

; booming; dynamic, 

dynamical; impelled &c. v.. 

Phr. a hit, a very palpable hit" [Hamlet]. 

† ; kick, contrecoup 

[Fr.]; springing back &c. v.; elasticity &c. 325; reflection, reflexion 

[Brit.], reflex, reflux; reverberation &c. (resonance) 408; rebuff, 

repulse; return. ducks and drakes; boomerang; spring, 

reactionist † . elastic collision, coefficient of restitution. 

V. recoil, react; spring back, fly back, bounce back, bound back; 

rebound, reverberate, repercuss † , recalcitrate † ; echo, ricochet. 

Adj. recoiling &c. v.; refluent † , repercussive, recalcitrant, 

reactionary; retroactive. 

Adv. on the rebound, on the recoil &c. n.. 

Phr. for every action there is a reaction, equal in force for every 

action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in direction 

[Newton]. 

#278. Direction -- N. direction, bearing, course, vector; set, drift, 

tenor; tendency &c. 176; incidence; bending, trending &c. v.; dip, 

tack, aim, collimation; steering steerage. point of the compass, 

cardinal points; North East, South, West; N by E, ENE, NE by N, 

NE, &c.; rhumb † , azimuth, line of collimation. line, path, road, 

range, quarter, line of march; alignment, allignment † ; air line, 

beeline; straight shoot. 

V. tend towards, bend towards, point towards; conduct to, go to; 

point to, point at; bend, trend, verge, incline, dip, determine. steer 

for, steer towards, make for, make towards; aim at, level at; take 

aim; keep a course, hold a course; be bound for; bend one's 

4. MOTION WITH REFERENCE TO DIRECTION 

#279. Deviation -- N. deviation; swerving &c. v.; obliquation † , 

warp, refraction; flection † , flexion; sweep; deflection, deflexure † ; 

declination. diversion, digression, depart from, aberration; 

divergence &c. 291; zigzag; detour &c. (circuit) 629; divagation. 

[Desultory motion] wandering &c. v.; vagrancy, evagation † ; 

bypaths and crooked ways; byroad. [Motion sideways, oblique 

motion] sidling &c. v.; knight's move at chess. 

V. alter one's course, deviate, depart from, turn, trend; bend, curve 

&c. 245; swerve, heel, bear off; gybe † , wear. intervert † ; deflect; 

divert, divert from its course; put on a new scent, shift, shunt, draw 

aside, crook, warp. stray, straggle; sidle; diverge &c. 291;

steps towards; direct one's course, steer one's course, bend 

one's course, shape one's course; align one's march, allign one's 

march † ; to straight, go straight to the point; march on, march on a 

point. ascertain one's direction &c. n.; s'orienter [Fr.], see which 

way the wind blows; box the compass; take the air line. 

Adj. directed &c. v.. directed towards; pointing towards &c. v.; 

bound for; aligned, with alligned with † aside, crook, warp. stray, straggle; sidle; diverge &c. 291; 

tralineate 

; direct, straight; undeviating, 

unswerving; straightforward; North, Northern, Northerly, &c. n.. 

Adv. towards; on the road, on the high road to; en avant; versus, 

to; hither, thither, whither; directly; straight as an arrow, forwards 

as an arrow; point blank; in a bee line to, in a direct line to, as the 

crow flies, in a straight line to, in a bee line for, in a direct line for, 

in a straight line for, in a bee line with, in a direct line with, in a 

straight line with; in a line with; full tilt at, as the crow flies. before 

the wind, near the wind, close to the wind, against the wind; 

windwards, in the wind's eye. through, via, by way of; in all 

directions, in all manner of ways; quaquaversum [Lat.], from the 

four winds. 

Phr. the shortest distance between two points is a the shortest 

distance between two points is a straight line. 

† ; digress, wander; wind, twist, meander; veer, tack; 

divagate; sidetrack; turn aside, turn a corner, turn away from; 

wheel, steer clear of; ramble, rove, drift; go astray, go adrift; yaw, 

dodge; step aside, ease off, make way for, shy. fly off at a tangent; 

glance off; wheel about, face about; turn to the right about, face to 

the right about; waddle &c. (oscillate) 314; go out of one's way &c. 

(perform a circuit) 629; lose one's way. 

Adj. deviating &c. v.; aberrant, errant; excursive, discursive; 

devious, desultory, loose; rambling; stray, erratic, vagrant, 

undirected, circuitous, indirect, zigzag; crab-like. 

Adv. astray from, round about, wide of the mark; to the right about; 

all manner of ways; circuitously &c. 629. obliquely, sideling, like 

the move of the knight on a chessboard. 

#280. [Going before.] Precession -- N. precession, leading, 

heading; precedence &c. 62; priority &c. 116; the lead, le pas; van 

&c. (front) 234; precursor &c. 64. 

V. go before, go ahead, go in the van, go in advance; precede, 

forerun; usher in, introduce, herald, head, take the lead; lead the 

way, lead the dance; get the start, have the start; steal a march; 

get before, get ahead, get in front of; outstrip &c. 303; take 

precedence &c. (first in order) 62. 

Adj. leading, precedent &c. v.. 

Adv. in advance, before, ahead, in the van, in the lead; foremost, 

headmost † #281. [Going after.] Sequence -- N. sequence; coming after &c. 

(order) 63; (time) 117; following pursuit &c. 622. follower, 

attendant, satellite, shadow, dangler, train. 

V. follow; pursue &c. 622; go after, fly after. attend, beset, dance 

attendance on, dog; tread in the steps of, tread close upon; be in 

the wake of, be in the trail of, be in the rear of, go in the wake of, 

go in the trail of, go in the rear of, follow in the wake of, follow in 

the trail of, follow in the rear of; follow as a shadow, hang on the 

; in front; at the head, out in front; way out in front, far 

ahead. 

Phr. seniores priores [Lat.], ahead of his time. 

skirts of; tread on the heels of, follow on the heels of; camp on the 

trail. 

Adj. subsequent, next, succeeding; following &c. v.. 

Adv. behind; in the rear &c. 235, in the train of, in the wake of; 

after &c. (order) 63, (time) 117. 

#282. [Motion forward; progressive motion.] Progression -- N. 

progress, progression, progressiveness; advancing &c. v.; 

advance, advancement; ongoing; flood, tide, headway; march &c. 

266; rise; improvement &c. 658. 

V. advance; proceed, progress; get on, get along, get over the 

ground; gain ground; forge ahead; jog on, rub on, wag on; go with 

the stream; keep one's course, hold on one's course; go on, move 

on, come one, get on, pass on, push on, press on, go forward, 

move forward, come forward, get forward, pass forward, push 

forward, press forward, go forwards, move forwards, come 

forwards, get forwards, pass forwards, push forwards, press 

forwards, go ahead, move ahead, come ahead, get ahead, pass 

ahead, push ahead, press ahead; make one's way, work one's 

way, carve one's way, push one's way, force one's way, edge 

one's way, elbow one's way; make progress, make head, make 

way, make headway, make advances, make strides, make rapid 

strides &c. (velocity) 274; go ahead, shoot ahead; distance; 

make up leeway. 

Adj. advancing &c. v.; progressive, profluent † ; advanced. 

Adv. forward, onward; forth, on, ahead, under way, en route for, on 

one's way, on the way, on the road, on the high road, on the road 

to; in progress; in mid progress; in transitu [Lat.] &c. 270. 

Phr. vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat.]; westward the course of empire 

takes its westward the course of empire takes its way" [Berkeley]. 

#284. [Motion given to an object situated in front.] Propulsion -- 

N. propulsion, projection; propelment † ; vis a tergo [Lat.], force 

from behind; push, shove &c. (impulse) 276; ejaculate; ejection 

&c. 297; throw, fling, toss, shot, discharge, shy; launch, release. 

[Science of propulsion] projectiles, ballistics, archery. [devices to 

give propulsion] propeller, screw, twin screws, turbine, jet engine. 

#283. [Motion backwards.] Regression -- N. regress, regression; 

retrocession † , retrogression, retrograduation † , retroaction; 

reculade † ; retreat, withdrawal, retirement, remigration † ; recession 

&c. (motion from) 287; recess; crab-like motion. refluence † , reflux; 

backwater, regurgitation, ebb, return; resilience reflection, 

reflexion [Brit.] (recoil) 277; flip-flop, volte-face [Fr.]. counter 

motion, retrograde motion, backward movement, motion in 

reverse, counter movement, counter march; veering, 

tergiversation, recidivation † , backsliding, fall; deterioration &c. 

659; recidivism, recidivity † . reversal, relapse, turning point &c. 

(reversion) 145. 

V. recede, regrade, return, revert, retreat, retire; retrograde, 

retrocede; back out; back down; balk; crawfish [U.S.], crawl 

[Slang]; withdraw; rebound &c. 277; go back, come back, turn 

back, hark back, draw back, fall back, get back, put back, run 

back; lose ground; fall astern, drop astern; backwater, put about; 

backtrack, take the back track; veer round; double, wheel, 

countermarch; ebb, regurgitate; jib, shrink, shy. turn tail, turn round, 

turn upon one's heel, turn one's back upon; retrace one's steps, 

dance the back step; sound a retreat, beat a retreat; go home. 

Adj. receding &c. v.; retrograde, retrogressive; regressive, 

refluent † , reflex, recidivous, resilient; crab-like; balky; reactionary 

&c. 277. 

Adv. back, backwards; reflexively, to the right about; a reculons 

[Fr.], a rebours [Fr.]. 

Phr. revenons a nos moutons [Fr.], as you were. 

#285. [Motion given to an object situated behind.] Traction -- N. 

traction; drawing &c. v.; draught, pull, haul; rake; a long pull a 

strong pull and a pull all a long pull a strong pull and a pull all 

together;" towage † , haulage. 

V. draw, pull, haul, lug, rake, drag, tug, tow, trail, train; take in tow. 

wrench, jerk, twitch, touse † ; yank [U.S.].

give propulsion] propeller, screw, twin screws, turbine, jet engine. 

[objects propelled] missile, projectile, ball, discus, quoit, brickbat, 

shot; [weapons which propel] arrow, gun, ballista &c. (arms) 727 † . 

[preparation for propulsion] countdown, windup. shooter; shot; 

archer, toxophilite † ; bowman, rifleman, marksman; good shot, 

crack shot; sharpshooter &c. (combatant) 726. 

V. propel, project, throw, fling, cast, pitch, chuck, toss, jerk, heave, 

shy, hurl; flirt, fillip. dart, lance, tilt; ejaculate, jaculate † ; fulminate, 

bolt, drive, sling, pitchfork. send; send off, let off, fire off; 

discharge, shoot; launch, release, send forth, let fly; put in orbit, 

send into orbit, launch into orbit dash. put in motion, set in motion; 

set agoing † wrench, jerk, twitch, touse ; yank [U.S.]. 

Adj. drawing &c. v.; tractile 

, start; give a start, give an impulse to; impel &c. 276; 

trundle &c. (set in rotation) 312; expel &c. 297. carry one off one's 

legs; put to flight. 

Adj. propelled &c. v.; propelling &c. v.; propulsive, projectile. 

† , tractive. 

#286. [Motion towards.] Approach -- N. approach, 

approximation, appropinquation † ; access; appulse † ; afflux † , 

affluxion † ; advent &c. (approach of time) 121; pursuit &c. 622. 

V. approach, approximate, appropinquate † ; near; get near, go 

near, draw near; come to close quarters, come near; move 

towards, set in towards; drift; make up to; gain upon; pursue &c. 

622; tread on the heels of; bear up; make the land; hug the shore, 

hug the land. 

Adj. approaching &c. v.; approximative † ; affluent; impending, 

imminent &c. (destined) 152. 

Adv. on the road. 

Int. come hither!, approach!, here!, come!, come near!, forward!, 

#287. [Motion from.] Recession -- N. recession, retirement, 

withdrawal; retreat; retrocession &c. 283 † ; departure, &c. 293; 

recoil &c. 277; flight &c. (avoidance) 623. 

V. recede, go, move back, move from, retire; withdraw, shrink, 

back off; come away, move away, back away, go away, get away, 

drift away; depart &c. 293; retreat &c. 283; move off, stand off, 

sheer off; fall back, stand aside; run away &c. (avoid) 623. 

remove, shunt, distance. 

Adj. receding &c. v.. 

Phr. distance oneself from a person. 

#288. [Motion towards, actively; force causing to draw closer.] 

Attraction -- N. attraction, attractiveness; attractivity † ; drawing to, 

pulling towards, adduction † . electrical attraction, electricity, static 

electricity, static, static cling; magnetism, magnetic attraction; 

gravity, attraction of gravitation. [objects which attract by physical 

force] lodestone, loadstone, lodestar, loadstar † ; magnet, 

permanent magnet, siderite, magnetite; electromagnet; magnetic 

coil, voice coil; magnetic dipole; motor coil, rotor, stator. electrical 

charge; positive charge, negative charge. magnetic pole; north 

pole, south pole; magnetic monopole. 

V. attract, draw; draw towards, pull towards, drag towards; 

adduce. 

Adj. attracting &c. v.; attrahent † , attractive, adducent † , adductive † #289. [Motion from, actively; force driving apart.] Repulsion -- N. 

repulsion; driving from &c. v.; repulse, abduction. magnetic 

repulsion, magnetic levitation; antigravity. 

V. repel, push from, drive apart, drive from &c. 276; chase, dispel; 

retrude 

. 

centrifugal. 

Phr. ubi mel ibi apes [Lat.] [Plautus]. 

† ; abduce † , abduct; send away; repulse. keep at arm's 

length, turn one's back upon, give the cold shoulder; send off, send 

away with a flea in one's ear. 

Adj. repelling &c. v.; repellent, repulsive; abducent † , abductive † . 

centripetal 

Phr. like charges repel; opposite charges attract; like poles repel, 

opposite poles attract. 

#290. [Motion nearer to.] Convergence -- N. convergence, 

confluence, concourse, conflux † , congress, concurrence, 

concentration; convergency; appulse † , meeting; corradiation † . 

assemblage &c. 72; resort &c. (focus) 74; asymptote. 

V. converge, concur, come together, unite, meet, fall in with; close 

with, close in upon; center round, center in; enter in; pour in. gather 

together, unite, concentrate, bring into a focus. 

Adj. converging &c. v.; convergent, confluent, concurrent; 

centripetal; asymptotical, asymptotic; confluxible † #291. [Motion further off.] Divergence -- N. divergence, 

divergency 

. 

† ; divarication, ramification, forking; radiation; 

separation &c. (disjunction) 44; dispersion &c. 73; deviation &c. 

279; aberration. 

V. diverge, divaricate, radiate; ramify; branch off, glance off, file 

off; fly off, fly off at a tangent; spread, scatter, disperse &c. 73; 

deviate &c. 279; part &c. (separate) 44. 

Adj. diverging &c. v.; divergent, radiant, centrifugal; aberrant. 

#292. [Terminal motion at.] Arrival -- N. arrival, advent; landing; 

debarkation, disembarkation; reception, welcome, vin d'honneur 

[Fr.]. home, goal, goalpost; landing place, landing stage; bunder † ; 

resting place; destination, harbor, haven, port, airport, spaceport; 

terminus, halting place, halting ground, landing strip, runway, 

terminal; journey's end; anchorage &c. (refuge) 666. return, 

remigration † ; meeting; rencounter † , encounter. completion &c. 

729. recursion [Comp.]. 

V. arrive; get to, come to; come; reach, attain; come up with, 

come up to; overtake, make, fetch; complete &c. 729; join, rejoin. 

light, alight, dismount; land, go ashore; debark, disembark; put in, 

put into; visit, cast anchor, pitch one's tent; sit down &c. (be 

#293. [Initial motion from.] Departure -- N. departure, 

decession † , decampment; embarkation; outset, start; removal; 

exit &c. (egress) 295; exodus, hejira, flight. leave taking, 

valediction, adieu, farewell, goodbye, auf wiedersehen [G.], 

sayonara, dosvidanya [Rus.], ciao, aloha, hasta la vista [Sp.]; 

stirrup cup; valedictorian. starting point, starting post; point of 

departure, point of embarkation, place of departure, place of 

embarkation; port of embarkation; airport, take-off point, taxiing 

runway, runway, launching pad, spaceport. 

V. depart; go away; take one's departure, set out; set off, march 

off, put off, start off, be off, move off, get off, whip off, pack off, go 

off, take oneself off; start, issue, march out, debouch; go forth, 

sally forth; sally, set forward; be gone; hail from. leave a place,

located) 184; get to one's journey's end; make the land; be in at 

the death; come back, get back, come home, get home; return; 

come in &c. (ingress) 294; make one's appearance &c. (appear) 

446; drop in; detrain, deplane; outspan; de-orbit. come to hand; 

come at, come across; hit; come upon, light upon, pop upon, 

bounce upon, plump upon, burst upon, pitch upon; meet; 

encounter, rencounter † ; come in contact. 

Adj. arriving &c. v.; homeward bound. 

Adv. here, hither. 

Int. welcome!, hail!, all Hail!, good-day, good morrow!, 

Phr. any port in a storm. 

#294. [Motion into.] Ingress -- N. ingress; entrance, entry; 

introgression; influx, intrusion, inroad, incursion, invasion, irruption; 

ingression; penetration, interpenetration; illapse † , import, 

infiltration; immigration; admission &c. (reception) 296; 

insinuation &c. (interjacence) 228 † ; insertion &c. 300. inlet; way 

in; mouth, door, &c. (opening) 260; barway † ; path &c. (way) 627; 

conduit &c. 350; immigrant. 

V. have the entree; enter; go into, go in, come into, come in, pour 

into, pour in, flow into, flow in, creep into, creep in, slip into, slip in, 

pop into, pop in, break into, break in, burst into, burst in; set foot 

on; ingress; burst in upon, break in upon; invade, intrude; insinuate 

itself; interpenetrate, penetrate; infiltrate; find one's way into, 

wriggle into, worm oneself into. give entrance to &c. (receive) 296; 

insert &c. 300. 

Adj. incoming. 

#296. [Motion into, actively.] Reception -- N. reception; 

admission, admittance, entree, importation; introduction, 

intromission; immission † , ingestion, imbibation † , introception † , 

absorption, ingurgitation † , inhalation; suction, sucking; eating, 

drinking &c. (food) 298; insertion &c. 300; interjection &c. 228; 

introit. 

V. give entrance to, give admittance to, give the entree; introduce, 

intromit; usher, admit, receive, import, bring in, open the door to, 

throw in, ingest, absorb, imbibe, inhale, breathe in; let in, take in, 

suck in, draw in; readmit, resorb, reabsorb; snuff up, swallow, 

ingurgitate † ; engulf, engorge; gulp; eat, drink &c. (food) 298. 

Adj. admitting &c. v., admitted &c. v.; admissable; absorbent. 

sally forth; sally, set forward; be gone; hail from. leave a place, 

quit, vacate, evacuate, abandon; go off the stage, make one's exit; 

retire, withdraw, remove; vamoose [Slang], vamose [U.S.]; go 

one's way, go along, go from home; take flight, take wing; spring, 

fly, flit, wing one's flight; fly away, whip away; embark; go on board, 

go aboard; set sail' put to sea, go to sea; sail, take ship; hoist blue 

Peter; get under way, weigh anchor; strike tents, decamp; walk 

one's chalks, cut one's stick; take leave; say good bye, bid 

goodbye &c. n.; disappear &c. 449; abscond &c. (avoid) 623; 

entrain; inspan † . 

Adj. departing &c. v.; valedictory; outward bound. 

Adv. whence, hence, thence; with a foot in the stirrup; on the wing, 

on the move. 

Int. begone!, &c. (ejection) 297; farewell!, adieu!, goodbye!, good 

day!, au revoir! [Fr.], fare you well!, God bless you!, God speed!, 

all aboard!, auf wiedersehen! [G.], au plaisir de vous revoir! [Fr.], 

bon voyage!, gluckliche Reise! [G.], vive valeque! [Fr.], 

#295. [Motion out of.] Egress -- N. egress, exit, issue; emersion, 

emergence; outbreak, outburst; eruption, proruption † ; emanation; 

egression; evacuation; exudation, transudation; extravasation 

[Med.], perspiration, sweating, leakage, percolation, distillation, 

oozing; gush &c. (water in motion) 348; outpour, outpouring; 

effluence, effusion; effluxion † , drain; dribbling &c. v.; defluxion † ; 

drainage; outcome, output; discharge &c. (excretion) 299. export, 

expatriation; emigration, remigration † ; debouch, debouche; 

emunctory † ; exodus &c. (departure) 293; emigrant. outlet, vent, 

spout, tap, sluice, floodgate; pore; vomitory, outgate † , sally port; 

way out; mouth, door &c. (opening) 260; path &c. (way) 627; 

conduit &c. 350; airpipe &c. 351 † . 

V. emerge, emanate, issue; egress; go out of, come out of, move 

out of, pass out of, pour out of, flow out of; pass out of, evacuate. 

exude, transude; leak, run through, out through; percolate, 

transcolate † ; egurgitate † ; strain, distill; perspire, sweat, drain, 

ooze; filter, filtrate; dribble, gush, spout, flow out; well, well out; 

pour, trickle, &c. (water in motion) 348; effuse, extravasate [Med.], 

disembogue † , discharge itself, debouch; come forth, break forth; 

burst out, burst through; find vent; escape &c. 671. 

Adj. effused &c. v.; outgoing. 

#297. [Motion out of, actively] Ejection -- N. ejection, emission, 

effusion, rejection, expulsion, exportation, eviction, extrusion, 

trajection † ; discharge. emesis, vomiting, vomition † . egestion † , 

evacuation; ructation † , eructation; bloodletting, venesection 

[Med.], phlebotomy, paracentesis † ; expuition, exspuition; tapping, 

drainage; clearance, clearage † . deportation; banishment &c. 

(punishment ) 972; rouge's march; relegation, extradition; 

dislodgment. bouncer [U.S.], chucker-out [Slang]. [material 

vomited] vomit, vomitus [Med.], puke, barf [Coll.]. 

V. give exit, give vent to; let out, give out, pour out, squeeze out, 

send out; dispatch, despatch; exhale, excern † , excrete; 

embogue † ; secrete, secern † ; extravasate [Med.], shed, void, 

evacuation; emit; open the sluices, open the floodgates; turn on 

the tap; extrude, detrude † ; effuse, spend, expend; pour forth; 

squirt, spirt † , spurt, spill, slop; perspire &c. (exude) 295; breathe, 

blow &c. (wind) 349. tap, draw off; bale out, lade out; let blood, 

broach. eject, reject; expel, discard; cut, send to coventry, boycott; 

chasser [Fr.]; banish &c. (punish) 972; bounce [U.S.]; fire [Slang], 

fire out [Slang]; throw &c. 284, throw out, throw up, throw off, throw 

away, throw aside; push &c. 276; throw out, throw off, throw away, 

throw aside; shovel out, shovel away, sweep out, sweep away; 

brush off, brush away, whisk off, whisk away, turn off, turn away, 

send off, send away; discharge; send adrift, turn adrift, cast adrift; 

turn out, bundle out; throw overboard; give the sack to; send 

packing, send about one's business, send to the right about; strike 

off the roll &c. (abrogate) 756; turn out neck and heels, turn out 

head and shoulders, turn out neck and crop; pack off; send away

#298. [Eating.] Food -- N. eating &c. v.; deglutition, gulp, 

epulation † , mastication, manducation † , rumination; gluttony &c. 

957. [eating specific foods] hippophagy † , ichthyophagy † . [Eating 

anatomy:] (appetite) &c. 865; mouth, jaws, mandible, mazard † , 

gob [Slang], chops. drinking &c. v.; potation, draught, libation; 

carousal &c. (amusement) 840; drunkenness &c. 959. food, 

pabulum; aliment, nourishment, nutriment; sustenance, 

sustentation, sustention; nurture, subsistence, provender, corn, 

feed, fodder, provision, ration, keep, commons, board; 

commissariat &c. (provision) 637; prey, forage, pasture, 

pasturage; fare, cheer; diet, dietary; regimen; belly timber, staff of 

life; bread, bread and cheese. comestibles, eatables, victuals, 

edibles, ingesta; grub, grubstake, prog † , meat; bread, bread 

stuffs; cerealia † ; cereals; viands, cates † , delicacy, dainty, creature 

comforts, contents of the larder, fleshpots; festal board; ambrosia; 

good cheer, good living. beef, bisquit † , bun; cornstarch [U.S.]; 

cookie, cooky [U.S.]; cracker, doughnut; fatling † ; hardtack, 

hoecake [U.S.], hominy [U.S.]; mutton, pilot bread; pork; roti † , 

rusk, ship biscuit; veal; joint, piece de resistance [Fr.], roast and 

boiled; remove, entremet † , releve [Fr.], hash, rechauffe [Fr.], stew, 

ragout, fricassee, mince; pottage, potage † , broth, soup, 

consomme, puree, spoonmeat † ; pie, pasty, volauvent † ; pudding, 

omelet; pastry; sweets &c. 296; kickshaws † ; condiment &c. 393. 

appetizer, hors d'oeuvre [Fr.]. main course, entree. alligator pear, 

apple &c., apple slump; artichoke; ashcake † , griddlecake, 

pancake, flapjack; atole † , avocado, banana, beche de mer [Fr.], 

barbecue, beefsteak; beet root; blackberry, blancmange, bloater, 

bouilli † , bouillon, breadfruit, chop suey [U.S.]; chowder, chupatty † , 

clam, compote, damper, fish, frumenty † , grapes, hasty pudding, 

ice cream, lettuce, mango, mangosteen, mince pie, oatmeal, 

oyster, pineapple, porridge, porterhouse steak, salmis † , 

sauerkraut, sea slug, sturgeon ("Albany beef"), succotash [U.S.], 

supawn [U.S.], trepang † , vanilla, waffle, walnut. table, cuisine, bill 

of fare, menu, table d'hote [Fr.], ordinary, entree. meal, repast, 

feed, spread; mess; dish, plate, course; regale; regalement † , 

refreshment, entertainment; refection, collation, picnic, feast, 

banquet, junket; breakfast; lunch, luncheon; dejeuner [Fr.], bever † , 

tiffin † , dinner, supper, snack, junk food, fast food, whet, bait, 

dessert; potluck, table d'hote [Fr.], dejeuner a la fourchette [Fr.]; 

hearty meal, square meal, substantial meal, full meal; blowout 

[Slang]; light refreshment; bara † , chotahazri † ; bara khana † . 

mouthful, bolus, gobbet † , morsel, sop, sippet † . drink, beverage, 

liquor, broth, soup; potion, dram, draught, drench, swill [Slang]; 

nip, sip, sup, gulp. wine, spirits, liqueur, beer, ale, malt liquor, Sir 

John Barleycorn, stingo † , heavy wet; grog, toddy, flip, purl, punch, 

with a flea in the ear; send to Jericho; bow out, show the door to, 

turn out of doors, turn out of house and home; evict, oust; unhouse, 

unkennel; dislodge; unpeople † , dispeople † ; depopulate; relegate, 

deport. empty; drain to the dregs; sweep off; clear off, clear out, 

clear away; suck, draw off; clean out, make a clean sweep of, 

clear decks, purge. embowel † , disbowel † , disembowel; 

eviscerate, gut; unearth, root out, root up; averuncate † ; weed out, 

get out; eliminate, get rid of, do away with, shake off; exenterate † . 

vomit, throw up, regurgitate, spew, puke, keck † , retch, heave, 

upchuck, chuck up, barf; belch out; cast up, bring up, be sick, get 

sick, worship the porcelain god. disgorge; expectorate, clear the 

throat, hawk, spit, sputter, splutter, slobber, drivel, slaver, slabber † ; 

eructate; drool. unpack, unlade, unload, unship, offload; break 

bulk; dump. be let out. spew forth, erupt, ooze &c. (emerge) 295. 

Adj. emitting, emitted, &c. v.. 

Int. begone!, get you gone!, get away, go away, get along, go 

along, get along with you, go along with you!, go your way!, away 

with!, off with you!, get the hell out of here! [Vulg.], go about your 

business!, be off!, avaunt! † , aroynt! † , allez-vous-en! [Fr.], jao! † , 

va-t'en! [Fr.], 

#299. Excretion -- N. excretion, discharge, emanation; 

exhalation, exudation, extrusion, secretion, effusion, extravasation 

[Med.], ecchymosis [Med.]; evacuation, dejection, faeces, 

excrement, shit, stools, crap [Vulg.]; bloody flux; cacation † ; 

coeliac-flux, coeliac-passion; dysentery; perspiration, sweat; 

subation † , exudation; diaphoresis; sewage; eccrinology [Med.]. 

saliva, spittle, rheum; ptyalism † , salivation, catarrh; diarrhoea; 

ejecta, egesta [Biol.], sputa; excreta; lava; exuviae &c. 

(uncleanness) 653 [Lat.]. hemorrhage, bleeding; outpouring &c. 

(egress) 295. 

V. excrete &c. (eject) 297; emanate &c. (come out) 295.

John Barleycorn, stingo , heavy wet; grog, toddy, flip, purl, punch, 

negus † , cup, bishop, wassail; gin &c. (intoxicating liquor) 959; 

coffee, chocolate, cocoa, tea, the cup that cheers but not 

inebriates; bock beer, lager beer, Pilsener beer, schenck beer † ; 

Brazil tea, cider, claret, ice water, mate, mint julep [U.S.]; near 

beer, 3.2 beer, non-alcoholic beverage. eating house &c. 189. 

[person who eats] diner; hippophage; glutton &c. 957. 

V. eat, feed, fare, devour, swallow, take; gulp, bolt, snap; fall to; 

despatch, dispatch; discuss; take down, get down, gulp down; lay 

in, tuck in [Slang]; lick, pick, peck; gormandize &c. 957; bite, 

champ, munch, cranch † , craunch † , crunch, chew, masticate, 

nibble, gnaw, mumble. live on; feed upon, batten upon, fatten 

upon, feast upon; browse, graze, crop, regale; carouse &c. (make 

merry) 840; eat heartily, do justice to, play a good knife and fork, 

banquet. break bread, break one's fast; breakfast, lunch, dine, 

take tea, sup. drink in, drink up, drink one's fill; quaff, sip, sup; 

suck, suck up; lap; swig; swill [Slang], chugalug [Slang], tipple &c. 

(be drunken) 959; empty one's glass, drain the cup; toss off, toss 

one's glass; wash down, crack a bottle, wet one's whistle. purvey 

&c. 637. 

Adj. eatable, edible, esculent † , comestible, alimentary; cereal, 

cibarious † ; dietetic; culinary; nutritive, nutritious; gastric; succulent; 

potable, potulent † ; bibulous. omnivorous, carnivorous, 

herbivorous, granivorous, graminivorous, phytivorous; 

ichthyivorous; omophagic, omophagous; pantophagous, 

phytophagous, xylophagous. 

Phr. across the walnuts and the wine" [Tennyson]; blessed hour 

of our dinners! " [O. Meredith]; now good digestion wait on 

appetite, and health on now good digestion wait on appetite, and 

health on both! " [Macbeth]; who can cloy the hungry edge of 

appetite? [Richard II], 

#300. [Forcible ingress.] Insertion -- N. insertion, implantation, 

introduction; insinuation &c. (intervention) 228; planting, &c. v.; 

injection, inoculation, importation, infusion; forcible ingress &c. 

294; immersion; submersion, submergence, dip, plunge; bath &c. 

(water) 337; interment &c. 363. clyster [Med.], enema, glyster † , 

lavage, lavement † . 

V. insert; introduce, intromit; put into, run into; import; inject; 

interject &c. 298; infuse, instill, inoculate, impregnate, imbue, 

imbrue. graft, ingraft † , bud, plant, implant; dovetail. obtrude; thrust 

in, stick in, ram in, stuff in, tuck in, press, in, drive in, pop in, whip 

in, drop in, put in; impact; empierce † &c. (make a hole) 260 † . 

imbed; immerse, immerge, merge; bathe, soak &c. (water) 337; 

dip, plunge &c. 310. bury &c. (inter) 363. insert itself, lodge itself 

&c.; plunge in medias res. 

Adj. inserted &c. v.. 

#301. [Forcible egress.] Extraction -- N. extraction; extracting 

&c. v.; removal, elimination, extrication, eradication, evolution. 

evulsion † , avulsion † ; wrench; expression, squeezing; extirpation, 

extermination; ejection &c. 297; export &c. (egress) 295. 

extractor, corkscrew, forceps, pliers. 

V. extract, draw; take out, draw out, pull out, tear out, pluck out, 

pick out, get out; wring from, wrench; extort; root up, weed up, grub 

up, rake up, root out, weed out, grub out, rake out; eradicate; pull 

up by the roots, pluck up by the roots; averruncate † ; unroot † ; 

uproot, pull up, extirpate, dredge. remove; educe, elicit; evolve, 

extricate; eliminate &c. (eject) 297; eviscerate &c. 297. express, 

squeeze out, press out. 

Adj. extracted &c. v.. 

#302. [Motion through.] Passage -- N. passage, transmission; permeation; penetration, interpenetration; transudation, infiltration; 

endosmose exosmose † ; endosmosis [Chem]; intercurrence † ; ingress &c. 294; egress &c. 295; path &c. 627; conduit &c. 350; 

opening &c. 260; journey &c. 266; voyage &c. 267. 

V. pass, pass through; perforate &c. (hole) 260; penetrate, permeate, thread, thrid † , enfilade; go through, go across; go over, pass 

over; cut across; ford, cross; pass and repass, work; make one's way, thread one's way, worm one's way, force one's way; make a 

passage form a passage; cut one's way through; find its way, find its vent; transmit, make way, clear the course; traverse, go over the 

ground. 

Adj. passing &c. v.; intercurrent † ; endosmosmic † , endosmotic [Chem]. 

Adv. en passant [Fr.] &c. (transit) 270. 

#303. [Motion beyond] Transcursion -- N. transcursion † , 

transiliency † , transgression; trespass; encroachment, 

infringement; extravagation † , transcendence; redundancy &c. 641. 

V. transgress, surpass, pass; go beyond, go by; show in front, 

come to the front; shoot ahead of; steal a march upon, steal a gain 

upon. overstep, overpass, overreach, overgo † , override, overleap, 

overjump † , overskip † , overlap, overshoot the mark; outstrip, 

outleap, outjump, outgo, outstep † , outrun, outride, outrival, outdo; 

beat, beat hollow; distance; leave in the lurch, leave in the rear; 

#304. [motion short of] Shortcoming -- N. shortcoming, failure; 

falling short &c. v.; default, defalcation; leeway; labor in vain, no 

go. incompleteness &c. 53; imperfection &c. 651; insufficiency 

&c. 640; noncompletion &c. 730; failure &c. 732. 

V. 303, come short of, fall short of, stop short of, come short, fall 

short, stop short; not reach; want; keep within bounds, keep within 

the mark, keep within the compass. break down, stick in the mud, 

collapse, flat out [U.S.], come to nothing; fall through, fall to the 

ground; cave in, end in smoke, miss the mark, fail; lose ground; 

miss stays.

throw into the shade; exceed, transcend, surmount; soar &c. (rise) 

305. encroach, trespass, infringe, trench upon, entrench on, 

intrench on † miss stays. 

Adj. unreached; deficient; short, short of; minus; out of depth; 

perfunctory &c. (neglect) 460. 

; strain; stretch a point, strain a point; cross the Adv. within the mark, within the compass, within the bounds; 

Rubicon. 

behindhand; re infecta [Lat.]; to no purpose; for from it. 

Adj. surpassing &c. v.. 

Phr. the bubble burst. 

Adv. beyond the mark, ahead. 

#305. [Motion upwards] Ascent -- N. ascent, ascension; rising 

&c. 309; acclivity, hill &c. 217; flight of steps, flight of stairs; ladder 

rocket, lark; sky rocket, sky lark; Alpine Club. 

V. ascend, rise, mount, arise, uprise; go up, get up, work one's 

way up, start up; shoot up, go into orbit; float up; bubble up; aspire. 

climb, clamber, ramp, scramble, escalade † , surmount; shin, 

shinny, shinney; scale, scale the heights. [cause to go up] raise, 

elevate &c. 307. go aloft, fly aloft; tower, soar, take off; spring up, 

pop up, jump up, catapult upwards, explode upwards; hover, spire, 

plane, swim, float, surge; leap &c. 309. 

Adj. rising &c. v.. scandent † , buoyant; supernatant, superfluitant † ; 

excelsior. 

Adv. uphill. 

#306. [Motion downwards] Descent -- N. descent, descension † , 

declension, declination; fall; falling &c. v.; slump; drop, plunge, 

plummet, cadence; subsidence, collapse, lapse; downfall, tumble, 

slip, tilt, trip, lurch; cropper, culbute † ; titubation † , stumble; fate of 

Icarus. avalanche, debacle, landslip, landslide. declivity, dip, hill. 

[equipment for descending by rappeling] rappel. 

V. descend; go down, drop down, come down; fall, gravitate, drop, 

slip, slide, rappel, settle; plunge, plummet, crash; decline, set, 

sink, droop, come down a peg; slump. dismount, alight, light, get 

down; swoop; stoop &c. 308; fall prostrate, precipitate oneself; let 

fall &c. 308. tumble, trip, stumble, titubate † , lurch, pitch, swag, 

topple, topple over, tumble over, topple down, tumble down; tilt, 

sprawl, plump down, come down a cropper. 

Adj. descending &c. v.; descendent; decurrent † , decursive † ; 

labent † , deciduous; nodding to its fall. 

Adv. downhill, downwards. 

Phr. the bottom fell out. 

#307. Elevation -- N. elevation; raising &c. v.; erection, lift; 

sublevation † , upheaval; sublimation, exaltation; prominence &c. 

(convexity) 250. lever &c. 633; crane, derrick, windlass, capstan, 

winch; dredge, dredger, dredging machine. dumbwaiter, elevator, 

escalator, lift. 

V. heighten, elevate, raise, lift, erect; set up, stick up, perch up, 

perk up, tilt up; rear, hoist, heave; uplift, upraise, uprear, upbear † , 

upcast † , uphoist † , upheave; buoy, weigh mount, give a lift; exalt; 

sublimate; place on a pedestal, set on a pedestal. escalate &c. 

(increase) 35 102 194. take up, drag up, fish up; dredge. stand 

up, rise up, get up, jump up; spring to one's feet; hold oneself, hold 

one's head up; drawn oneself up to his full height. 

Adj. elevated &c. v.; stilted, attollent † #308. Depression -- N. lowering &c. v.; depression; dip &c. 

(concavity) 252; abasement; detrusion 

, rampant. 

Adv. on stilts, on the shoulders of, on one's legs, on one's hind 

legs. 

† ; reduction. overthrow, 

overset † , overturn; upset; prostration, subversion, precipitation. 

bow; courtesy, curtsy; genuflexion † , genuflection, kowtow, 

obeisance, salaam. 

V. depress, lower, let down, take down, let down a peg, take down 

a peg; cast; let drop, let fall; sink, debase, bring low, abase, 

reduce, detrude † , pitch, precipitate. overthrow, overturn, overset † ; 

upset, subvert, prostate, level, fell; cast down, take down, throw 

down, fling down, dash down, pull down, cut down, knock down, 

hew down; raze, raze to the ground, rase to the ground † ; trample 

in the dust, pull about one's ears. sit, sit down; couch, squat, 

crouch, stoop, bend, bow; courtesy, curtsy; bob, duck, dip, kneel; 

bend the knee, bow the knee, bend the head, bow the head; 

cower; recline &c. (be horizontal) 213. 

Adj. depressed &c. v.; at a low ebb; prostrate &c. (horizontal) 

213; detrusive † . 

Phr. facinus quos inquinat aequat [Lat.] [Lucan]. 

#309. Leap -- N. leap, jump, hop, spring, bound, vault, saltation † . 

ance, caper; curvet, caracole; gambade † , gambado † ; capriole, 

demivolt † ; buck, buck jump; hop skip and jump; falcade † . 

kangaroo, jerboa; chamois, goat, frog, grasshopper, flea; 

buckjumper † ; wallaby. 

V. leap; jump up, jump over the moon; hop, spring, bound, vault, 

ramp, cut capers, trip, skip, dance, caper; buck, buck jump; curvet, 

caracole; foot it, bob, bounce, flounce, start; frisk &c. 

(amusement) 840; jump about &c. (agitation) 315; trip it on the 

light fantastic toe, trip the light fantastic, dance oneself off one's 

legs, dance off one's shoes. 

Adj. leaping &c. v.; saltatory † , frisky. 

Adv. on the light fantastic toe. 

Phr. di salto in salto [It]. 

#310. Plunge -- N. plunge, dip, dive, header; ducking &c. v.; 

diver. 

V. plunge, dip, souse, duck; dive, plump; take a plunge, take a 

header; make a plunge; bathe &c. (water) 337. submerge, 

submerse; immerse; douse, sink, engulf, send to the bottom. get 

out of one's depth; go to the bottom, go down like a stone, drop 

like a lead balloon; founder, welter, wallow. 

#311. [Curvilinear motion.] Circuition -- N. circuition † , circulation; turn, curvet; excursion, circumvention, circumnavigation, 

circumambulation; northwest passage; circuit &c. 629. turning &c. v.; wrench; evolution; coil, corkscrew. 

V. turn, bend, wheel; go about, put about; heel; go round to the right about, turn round to the right about; turn on one's heel; make a 

circle, make a complete circle, describe a circle, describe a complete circle; go through 180 degrees, go through 360 degrees, pass 

through 180 degrees, pass through 360 degrees. circumnavigate, circumambulate, circumvent; put a girdle round about the earth" 

[M.N.D.]; go the round, make the round of. wind, circulate, meander; whisk, twirl; twist &c. (convolution) 248; make a detour &c. 

(circuit) 629.

Adj. turning &c. v.; circuitous; circumforaneous † , circumfluent † . 

Adv. round about. 

#312. [Motion in a continued circle.] Rotation -- N. rotation, 

revolution, spinning, gyration, turning about an axis, turning aound 

an axis, circulation, roll; circumrotation † , circumvolution, 

circumgyration † ; volutation † , circination † , turbination † , pirouette, 

convolution. verticity † , whir, whirl, eddy, vortex, whirlpool, gurge † ; 

countercurrent; Maelstrom, Charybdis; Ixion. [rotating air] cyclone; 

tornado, whirlwind; dust devil. [rotation of an automobile] spin-out. 

axis, axis of rotation, swivel, pivot, pivot point; axle, spindle, pin, 

hinge, pole, arbor, bobbin, mandrel; axle shaft; gymbal; hub, hub 

of rotation. [rotation and translation together] helix, helical motion. 

[measure of rotation] angular momentum, angular velocity; 

revolutions per minute, RPM. [result of rotation] centrifugal force; 

surge; vertigo, dizzy round; coriolus force. [things that go around] 

carousel, merry-go-round; Ferris wheel; top, dreidel † , teetotum; 

gyroscope; turntable, lazy suzan; screw, whirligig, rollingstone † , 

water wheel, windmill; wheel, pulley wheel, roulette wheel, potter's 

wheel, pinwheel, gear; roller; flywheel; jack; caster; centrifuge, 

ultracentrifuge, bench centrifuge, refrigerated centrifuge, gas 

centrifuge, microfuge; drill, augur, oil rig; wagon wheel, wheel, tire, 

tyre [Brit.]. [Science of rotary motion] trochilics † . [person who 

rotates] whirling dervish. 

V. rotate; roll along; revolve, spin; turn round; circumvolve † ; 

circulate; gyre, gyrate, wheel, whirl, pirouette; twirl, trundle, troll, 

bowl. roll up, furl; wallow, welter; box the compass; spin like a top, 

spin like a teetotum † . [of an automobile] spin out. 

Adj. rotating &c. v.; rotary, rotary; circumrotatory † , trochilic † , 

vertiginous, gyratory; vortical, vorticose † #313. [Motion in the reverse circle.] Evolution -- N. evolution, 

counter-rotation, unfolding, development; evolvement; unfoldment; 

eversion &c. (inversion) 218. 

V. counter-rotate, evolve; unfold, unroll, unwind, uncoil, untwist, 

unfurl, untwine, unravel; untangle, disentangle; develop. 

Adj. evolving &c. v.; evolved &c. v.. 

Adv. counter-clockwise, anti-clockwise. 

. 

Adv. head over heels, round and round, like a horse in a mill. 

#314. [Reciprocating motion, motion to and fro.] Oscillation -- N. oscillation; vibration, libration; motion of a pendulum; nutation; 

undulation; pulsation; pulse. alternation; coming and going &c. v.; ebb and flow, flux and reflux, ups and down. fluctuation; vacillation 

&c. (irresolution) 605. wave, vibratiuncle † , swing, beat, shake, wag, seesaw, dance, lurch, dodge; logan † , loggan † , rocking-stone, 

vibroscope † . 

V. oscillate; vibrate, librate † ; alternate, undulate, wave; rock, swing; pulsate, beat; wag, waggle; nod, bob, courtesy, curtsy; tick; play; 

wamble † , wabble † ; dangle, swag. fluctuate, dance, curvet, reel, quake; quiver, quaver; shake, flicker; wriggle; roll, toss, pitch; flounder, 

stagger, totter; move up and down, bob up and down &c. adv.; pass and repass, ebb and flow, come and go; vacillate &c. 605; teeter 

[U.S.]. brandish, shake, flourish. 

Adj. oscillating &c. v.; oscillatory, undulatory, pulsatory † , libratory, rectilinear; vibratory, vibratile † ; pendulous. 

Adv. to and fro, up and down, backwards and forwards, hither and yon, seesaw, zigzag, wibble-wabble † , in and out, from side to 

side, like buckets in a well. 

#315. [Irregular motion] Agitation -- N. agitation, stir, tremor, shake, ripple, jog, jolt, jar, jerk, shock, succussion † , trepidation, quiver, 

quaver, dance; jactitation † , quassation † ; shuffling &c. v.; twitter, flicker, flutter. turbulence, perturbation; commotion, turmoil, disquiet; 

tumult, tumultuation † ; hubbub, rout, bustle, fuss, racket, subsultus † , staggers, megrims, epilepsy, fits; carphology † , chorea, 

floccillation † , the jerks, St. Vitus's dance, tilmus † . spasm, throe, throb, palpitation, convulsion. disturbance, chaos &c. (disorder) 59; 

restlessness &c. (changeableness) 149. ferment, fermentation; ebullition, effervescence, hurly-burly, cahotage † ; tempest, storm, 

ground swell, heavy sea, whirlpool, vortex &c. 312; whirlwind &c. (wind) 349. 

V. be agitated &c.; shake; tremble, tremble like an aspen leaf; quiver, quaver, quake, shiver, twitter, twire † , writhe, toss, shuffle, 

tumble, stagger, bob, reel, sway, wag, waggle; wriggle, wriggle like an eel; dance, stumble, shamble, flounder, totter, flounce, flop, 

curvet, prance, cavort [U.S.]; squirm. throb, pulsate, beat, palpitate, go pitapat; flutter, flitter, flicker, bicker; bustle. ferment, effervesce, 

foam; boil, boil over; bubble up; simmer. toss about, jump about; jump like a parched pea; shake like an aspen leaf; shake to its 

center, shake to its foundations; be the sport of the winds and waves; reel to and fro like a drunken man; move from post to pillar and 

from pillar to move from post to pillar and from pillar to post, drive from post to pillar and from pillar to drive from post to pillar and 

from pillar to post, keep between hawk and buzzard. agitate, shake, convulse, toss, tumble, bandy, wield, brandish, flap, flourish, 

whisk, jerk, hitch, jolt; jog, joggle, jostle, buffet, hustle, disturb, stir, shake up, churn, jounce, wallop, whip, vellicate † . 

Adj. shaking &c. v.; agitated tremulous; desultory, subsultory † ; saltatoric † ; quasative † ; shambling; giddy-paced, saltatory † , convulsive, 

unquiet, restless, all of a twitter. 

Adv. by fits and starts; subsultorily † &c. adj. † ; per saltum [Lat.]; hop skip and jump; in convulsions, in fits. 

Phr. tempete dans un verre d'eau [Fr.]. 

CLASS III 

WORDS RELATING TO MATTER

#316. Materiality -- N. materiality, materialness; corporeity † , 

corporality † ; substantiality, substantialness, flesh and blood, 

plenum; physical condition. matter, body, substance, brute matter, 

stuff, element, principle, parenchyma [Biol.], material, substratum, 

hyle † , corpus, pabulum; frame. object, article, thing, something; 

still life; stocks and stones; materials &c. 635. [Science of matter] 

physics; somatology † , somatics; natural philosophy, experimental 

philosophy; physicism † ; physical science, philosophie positive 

[Fr.], materialism; materialist; physicist; somatism † , somatist † . 

Adj. material, bodily; corporeal, corporal; physical; somatic, 

somatoscopic † ; sensible, tangible, ponderable, palpable, 

substantial. objective, impersonal, nonsubjective † , neuter, 

unspiritual, materialistic. 

SECTION I. 

MATTER IN GENERAL 

#317. Immateriality -- N. immateriality, immaterialness; 

incorporeity † , spirituality; inextension † ; astral plane. personality; I, 

myself, me; ego, spirit &c. (soul) 450; astral body; immaterialism † ; 

spiritualism, spiritualist. 

V. disembody, spiritualize. 

Adj. immaterial, immateriate † ; incorporeal, incorporal † ; 

incorporate, unfleshly † ; supersensible † ; asomatous † , 

unextended † ; unembodied † , disembodied; extramundane, 

unearthly; pneumatoscopic † ; spiritual &c. (psychical) 450 † . 

personal, subjective, nonobjective. 

#318. World -- N. world, creation, nature, universe; earth, globe, wide world; cosmos; kosmos † ; terraqueous globe † , sphere; 

macrocosm, megacosm † ; music of the spheres. heavens, sky, welkin † , empyrean; starry cope, starry heaven, starry host; firmament; 

Midgard; supersensible regions † ; varuna; vault of heaven, canopy of heaven; celestial spaces. heavenly bodies, stars, asteroids; 

nebulae; galaxy, milky way, galactic circle, via lactea [Lat.], ame no kawa [Jap.]. sun, orb of day, Apollo † , Phoebus; photosphere, 

chromosphere; solar system; planet, planetoid; comet; satellite, moon, orb of night, Diana, silver-footed queen; aerolite † , meteor; 

planetary ring; falling star, shooting star; meteorite, uranolite † . constellation, zodiac, signs of the zodiac, Charles's wain, Big Dipper, 

Little Dipper, Great Bear, Southern Cross, Orion's belt, Cassiopea's chair, Pleiades. colures † , equator, ecliptic, orbit. [Science of 

heavenly bodies] astronomy; uranography, uranology † ; cosmology, cosmography † , cosmogony; eidouranion † , orrery; geodesy &c. 

(measurement) 466; star gazing, star gazer † ; astronomer; observatory; planetarium. 

Adj. cosmic, cosmical † ; mundane, terrestrial, terrestrious † , terraqueous † , terrene, terreous † , telluric, earthly, geotic † , under the sun; 

sublunary † , subastral † . solar, heliacal † ; lunar; celestial, heavenly, sphery † ; starry, stellar; sidereal, sideral † ; astral; nebular; uranic. 

Adv. in all creation, on the face of the globe, here below, under the sun. 

Phr. die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltergesicht [G.]; earth is but the frozen echo of the silent voice of earth is but the frozen echo of the 

silent voice of God" [Hageman]; green calm below, blue quietness above" [Whittier]; hanging in a golden chain this pendant hanging 

in a golden chain this pendant World" [Paradise Lost]; nothing in nature is unbeautiful" [Tennyson]; silently as a dream the fabric 

rose" [Cowper]; some touch of nature's genial glow" [Scott]; this majestical roof fretted with golden fire" [Hamlet]; through knowledge 

we behold the World's through knowledge we behold the World's creation" [Spenser]. 

#319. Gravity -- N. gravity, gravitation; weight; heaviness &c. adj.; 

specific gravity; pondorosity † , pressure, load; burden, burthen † ; 

ballast, counterpoise; lump of, mass of, weight of. lead, millstone, 

mountain, Ossa on Pelion. weighing, ponderation † , trutination † ; 

weights; avoirdupois weight, troy weight, apothecaries' weight; 

grain, scruple, drachma † , ounce, pound, lb, arroba † , load, stone, 

hundredweight, cwt, ton, long ton, metric ton, quintal, carat, 

pennyweight, tod † . [metric weights] gram, centigram, milligram, 

microgram, kilogram; nanogram, picogram, femtogram, attogram. 

[Weighing Instrument] balance, scale, scales, steelyard, beam, 

weighbridge † ; spring balance, piezoelectric balance, analytical 

balance, two-pan balance, one-pan balance; postal scale, baby 

scale. [Science of gravity] statics. 

V. be heavy &c. adj.; gravitate, weigh, press, cumber, load. 

[Measure the weight of] weigh, poise. 

Adj. weighty; weighing &c. v.; heavy as lead; ponderous, 

ponderable; lumpish † , lumpy, cumbersome, burdensome; 

cumbrous, unwieldy, massive. incumbent, superincumbent † #320. Levity -- N. levity; lightness &c. adj.; imponderability, 

buoyancy, volatility. feather, dust, mote, down, thistle, down, flue, 

cobweb, gossamer, straw, cork, bubble, balloon; float, buoy; ether, 

air. leaven, ferment, barm 

. 

† , yeast. lighter-than-air balloon, helium 

balloon, hydrogen balloon, hot air balloon. convection, thermal 

draft, thermal. 

V. be light &c. adj.; float, rise, swim, be buoyed up. render light 

&c. adj.; lighten, leaven. 

Adj. light, subtile, airy; imponderous † , imponderable; astatic † , 

weightless, ethereal, sublimated; gossamery; suberose † , 

suberous † ; uncompressed, volatile; buoyant, floating &c. v.; 

portable. light as a feather, light as a thistle, light as air; lighter 

than air; rise like a balloon, float like a balloon 

#321. Density -- N. density, solidity; solidness &c. adj.; 

impenetrability, impermeability; incompressibility; imporosity † ; 

cohesion &c. 46; constipation, consistence, spissitude † . specific 

gravity; hydrometer, areometer † . condensation; caseation † ; 

solidation † , solidification; consolidation; concretion, coagulation; 

petrification &c. (hardening) 323; crystallization, precipitation; 

SECTION II. 

INORGANIC MATTER 

1. SOLID MATTER 

#322. Rarity -- N. rarity, tenuity; absence of solidity &c. 321; 

subtility † ; subtilty † , subtlety; sponginess, compressibility. 

rarefaction, expansion, dilatation, inflation, subtilization † . 

vaporization, evaporation, diffusion, gassification † . ether &c. (gas) 

334. 

V. rarefy, expand, dilate, subtilize † .

deposit, precipitate; inspissation † ; gelation, thickening &c. v.. 

indivisibility, indiscerptibility † , insolubility, indissolvableness. solid 

body, mass, block, knot, lump; concretion, concrete, 

conglomerate; cake, clot, stone, curd, coagulum; bone, gristle, 

cartilage; casein, crassamentum † ; legumin † . superdense matter, 

condensed states of matter; dwarf star, neutron star. 

V. be dense &c. adj.; become solid, render solid &c. adj.; solidify, 

solidate † ; concrete, set, take a set, consolidate, congeal, 

coagulate; curd, curdle; lopper; fix, clot, cake, candy, precipitate, 

deposit, cohere, crystallize; petrify &c. (harden) 323. condense, 

thicken, gel, inspissate † , incrassate † ; compress, squeeze, ram 

down, constipate. 

Adj. dense, solid; solidified &c. v.; caseous; pukka † ; coherent, 

cohesive &c. 46; compact, close, serried, thickset; substantial, 

massive, lumpish † ; impenetrable, impermeable, nonporous, 

imporous † ; incompressible; constipated; concrete &c. (hard) 323; 

knotted, knotty; gnarled; crystalline, crystallizable; thick, grumous † , 

stuffy. undissolved, unmelted † , unliquefied † , unthawed † . 

indivisible, indiscerptible † , infrangible † , indissolvable † Adj. rare, subtile, thin, fine, tenuous, compressible, flimsy, slight; 

light &c. 320; cavernous, spongy &c. (hollow) 252. rarefied &c. v.; 

unsubstantial; uncompact 

, 

indissoluble, insoluble, infusible. 

† , incompressed † ; rarefiable † . 

#323. Hardness -- N. hardness &c. adj.; rigidity; renitence † , 

renitency; inflexibility, temper, callosity, durity † . induration, 

petrifaction; lapidification † , lapidescence † ; vitrification, 

ossification; crystallization. stone, pebble, flint, marble, rock, fossil, 

crag, crystal, quartz, granite, adamant; bone, cartilage; hardware; 

heart of oak, block, board, deal board; iron, steel; cast iron, 

decarbonized iron, wrought iron; nail; brick, concrete; cement. 

V. render hard &c. adj.; harden, stiffen, indurate, petrify, temper, 

ossify, vitrify; accrust † . 

Adj. hard, rigid, stubborn, stiff, firm; starch, starched; stark, 

unbending, unlimber, unyielding; inflexible, tense; indurate, 

indurated; gritty, proof. adamant, adamantine, adamantean † ; 

concrete, stony, granitic, calculous, lithic † , vitreous; horny, 

corneous † ; bony; osseous, ossific † ; cartilaginous; hard as a rock 

&c. n.; stiff as buckram, stiff as a poker; stiff as starch, stiff as as 

board. 

#325. Elasticity -- N. elasticity, springiness, spring, resilience, 

renitency, buoyancy. rubber, India rubber, Indian rubber, latex, 

caoutchouc, whalebone, gum elastic, baleen, natural rubber; 

neoprene, synthetic rubber, Buna-S, plastic. flexibility, Young's 

modulus. 

V. stretch, flex, extend, distend, be elastic &c. adj.; bounce, spring 

back &c. (recoil) 277. 

Adj. elastic, flexible, tensile, spring, resilient, renitent, buoyant; 

ductile, stretchable, extendable. 

Phr. the stress is proportional to the strain. 

#327. Tenacity -- N. tenacity, toughness, strength; (cohesion) 46; 

grip, grasp, stickiness, (cohesion) 46; sequacity † ; stubbornness 

&c. (obstinacy);; glue, cement, glutinousness † , sequaciousness † , 

viscidity, (semiliquidity) 352. leather; white leather, whitleather † ; 

gristle, cartilage. unbreakability, tensile strength. 

V. be tenacious &c. adj.; resist fracture. grip, grasp, stick 

(cohesion) 46. 

Adj. tenacious, tough, strong, resisting, sequacious † , stringy, 

gristly cartilaginous, leathery, coriaceous † , tough as whitleather † ; 

stubborn &c. (obstinate) 606. unbreakable, indivisible; atomic. 

#324. Softness -- N. softness, pliableness &c. adj.; flexibility; 

pliancy, pliability; sequacity † , malleability; ductility, tractility † ; 

extendibility, extensibility; plasticity; inelasticity, flaccidity, laxity. 

penetrability. clay, wax, butter, dough, pudding; alumina, argil; 

cushion, pillow, feather bed, down, padding, wadding; foam. 

mollification; softening &c. v.. 

V. render soft &c. adj.; soften, mollify, mellow, relax, temper; 

mash, knead, squash. bend, yield, relent, relax, give. plasticize'. 

Adj. soft, tender, supple; pliant, pliable; flexible, flexile; lithe, 

lithesome; lissom, limber, plastic; ductile; tractile † , tractable; 

malleable, extensile, sequacious † , inelastic; aluminous † ; 

remollient † . yielding &c. v.; flabby, limp, flimsy. doughy, spongy, 

penetrable, foamy, cushiony † . flaccid, flocculent, downy; 

edematous, oedematous † , medullary [Anat.], argillaceous, 

mellow. soft as butter, soft as down, soft as silk; yielding as wax, 

tender as chicken. 

#326. Inelasticity -- N. want of elasticity, absence of elasticity &c. 

325; inelasticity &c. (softness) 324, 

Adj. unyielding, inelastic, inflexible &c. (soft) 324; irresilient † . 

#328. Brittleness -- N. brittleness &c. adj.; fragility, friability, 

frangibility, fissibility † ; house of cards, house of glass. 

V. be brittle &c. adj.; live in a glass house. break, crack, snap, 

split, shiver, splinter, crumble, break short, burst, fly, give way; fall 

to pieces; crumble to, crumble into dust. 

Adj. brittle, brash [U.S.], breakable, weak, frangible, fragile, frail, 

gimcrack † , shivery, fissile; splitting &c. v.; lacerable † , splintery, 

crisp, crimp, short, brittle as glass. 

#329. [Structure.] Texture -- N. structure (form) 240, organization, anatomy, frame, mold, fabric, construction; framework, carcass, 

architecture; stratification, cleavage. substance, stuff, compages † , parenchyma [Biol.]; constitution, staple, organism. [Science of 

structures] organography † , osteology, myology, splanchnology † , neurology, angiography † , adeology † ; angiography † , adenography † . 

texture, surface texture; intertexture † , contexture † ; tissue, grain, web, surface; warp and woof, warp and weft; tooth, nap &c. 

(roughness) 256; flatness (smoothness) 255; fineness of grain; coarseness of grain, dry goods. silk, satin; muslin, burlap. [Science 

of textures] histology.

Adj. structural, organic; anatomic, anatomical. textural, textile; fine grained, coarse grained; fine, delicate, subtile, gossamery, filmy, 

silky, satiny; coarse; homespun. rough, gritty; smooth. smooth as silk, smooth as satin. 

#330. Pulverulence -- N. powderiness † [State of powder.], pulverulence † ; sandiness &c. adj.; efflorescence; friability. powder, dust, 

sand, shingle; sawdust; grit; meal, bran, flour, farina, rice, paddy, spore, sporule † ; crumb, seed, grain; particle &c. (smallness) 32; 

limature † , filings, debris, detritus, tailings, talus slope, scobs † , magistery † , fine powder; flocculi [Lat.]. smoke; cloud of dust, cloud of 

sand, cloud of smoke; puff of smoke, volume of smoke; sand storm, dust storm. [Reduction to powder] pulverization, comminution † , 

attenuation, granulation, disintegration, subaction † , contusion, trituration [Chem], levigation † , abrasion, detrition, multure † ; limitation; 

tripsis † ; filing &c. v.. [Instruments for pulverization] mill, arrastra † , gristmill, grater, rasp, file, mortar and pestle, nutmeg grater, teeth, 

grinder, grindstone, kern † , quern † , koniology † . 

V. come to dust; be disintegrated, be reduced to powder &c.. reduce to powder, grind to powder; pulverize, comminute, granulate, 

triturate, levigate † ; scrape, file, abrade, rub down, grind, grate, rasp, pound, bray, bruise; contuse, contund † ; beat, crush, cranch † , 

craunch † , crunch, scranch † , crumble, disintegrate; attenuate &c. 195. 

Adj. powdery, pulverulent † , granular, mealy, floury, farinaceous, branny † , furfuraceous † , flocculent, dusty, sandy, sabulous † , 

psammous † ; arenose † , arenarious † , arenaceous † ; gritty, efflorescent, impalpable; lentiginous † , lepidote † , sabuline † ; sporaceous † , 

sporous † . pulverizable; friable, crumbly, shivery; pulverized &c. v.; attrite † ; in pieces. 

#331. Friction -- N. friction, attrition; rubbing, abrasion, scraping 

&c. v.; confrication † , detrition, contrition † , affriction † , abrasion, 

arrosion † , limature † , frication † , rub; elbow grease; rosin; 

massage; roughness &c. 256. rolling friction, sliding friction, 

starting friction. 

V. rub, scratch, scrape, scrub, slide, fray, rasp, graze, curry, scour, 

polish, rub out, wear down, gnaw; file, grind &c. (reduce to 

powder) 330. set one's teeth on edge; rosin. 

Adj. anatriptic † ; attrite † #332. [Absence of friction. Prevention of friction.] Lubrication -- 

N. smoothness &c. 255; unctuousness &c. 355. lubrication, 

lubrification 

. 

† ; anointment; oiling &c. v.. synovia [Anat.]; glycerine, 

oil, lubricating oil, grease &c. 356; saliva; lather. teflon. 

V. lubricate, lubricitate † ; oil, grease, lather, soap; wax. 

Adj. lubricated &c. v.; lubricous. 

#333. Fluidity -- N. fluidity, liquidity; liquidness &c. adj. † ; gaseity 

&c. 334 † . fluid, inelastic fluid; liquid, liquor; lymph, humor, juice, 

sap, serum, blood, serosity † , gravy, rheum, ichor † , sanies † ; chyle 

[Med.]. solubility, solubleness † . [Science of liquids at rest] 

hydrology, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics. 

V. be fluid &c. adj.; flow &c. (water in motion) 348; liquefy, melt, 

condense &c. 335. 

Adj. liquid, fluid, serous, juicy, succulent, sappy; ichorous † ; fluent 

&c. (flowing) 348. liquefied &c. 335; uncongealed; soluble. 

#335. Liquefaction -- N. liquefaction; liquescence † , liquescency † ; 

melting &c. (heat) 384; colliquation † , colliquefaction † ; thaw; 

liquation † , deliquation † , deliquescence; lixiviation † , dissolution. 

solution, apozem † , lixivium † , infusion, flux. solvent, menstruum, 

alkahest † . 

V. render liquid &c. 333; liquefy, run; deliquesce; melt &c. (heat) 

384; solve; dissolve, resolve; liquate † ; hold in solution; condense, 

precipitate, rain. 

Adj. liquefied &c. v., liquescent, liquefiable; deliquescent, soluble, 

colliquative † . 

#337. Water -- N. water; serum, serosity † ; lymph; rheum; diluent; 

agua [Sp.], aqua, pani † . dilution, maceration, lotion; washing &c. 

v.; immersion † , humectation † , infiltration, spargefaction † , 

affusion † , irrigation, douche, balneation † , bath. deluge &c. (water 

in motion) 348; high water, flood tide. 

V. be watery &c. adj.; reek. add water, water, wet; moisten &c. 

339; dilute, dip, immerse; merge; immerge, submerge; plunge, 

souse, duck, drown; soak, steep, macerate, pickle, wash, 

2. FLUID MATTER 

1. Fluids in General 

#334. Gaseity -- N. gaseity † ; vaporousness &c. adj.; flatulence, 

flatulency; volatility; aeration, aerification. elastic fluid, gas, air, 

vapor, ether, steam, essence, fume, reek, effluvium, flatus; cloud 

&c. 353; ammonia, ammoniacal gas † ; volatile alkali; vacuum, 

partial vacuum. [Science of elastic fluids] pneumatics, 

pneumatostatics † ; aerostatics † , aerodynamics. gasmeter † , 

gasometer † ; air bladder, swimming bladder, sound, (of a fish). 

V. vaporize, evaporate, evanesce, gasify, emit vapor &c. 336; 

diffuse. 

Adj. gaseous, aeriform † , ethereal, aerial, airy, vaporous, volatile, 

evaporable † , flatulent. 

#336. Vaporization -- N. vaporization, volatilization; gasification, 

evaporation, vaporation † ; distillation, cupellation [Chem], 

cohobation, sublimination † , exhalation; volatility. vaporizer, still, 

retort; fumigation, steaming; bay salt, chloride of sodium † . mister, 

spray. bubble, effervescence.' 

V. render gaseous &c. 334; vaporize, volatilize; distill, sublime; 

evaporate, exhale, smoke, transpire, emit vapor, fume, reek, 

steam, fumigate; cohobate † ; finestill † . bubble, sparge, effervesce, 

boil. 

Adj. volatilized &c. v.; reeking &c. v.; volatile; evaporable † , 

vaporizable. bubbly, effervescent, boiling. 

2. Specific Fluids 

#338. Air -- N. air &c. (gas) 334; common air, atmospheric air; 

atmosphere; aerosphere † . open air; sky, welkin; blue sky; cloud 

&c. 353. weather, climate, rise and fall of the barometer, isobar. 

[Science of air] aerology, aerometry † , aeroscopy † , aeroscopy † , 

aerography † ; meteorology, climatology; pneumatics; 

eudioscope † , baroscope † , aeroscope † , eudiometer † , barometer, 

aerometer † ; aneroid, baroscope † ; weather gauge, weather glass, 

weather cock. exposure to the air, exposure to the weather;

sprinkle, lave, bathe, affuse † , splash, swash, douse, drench; 

dabble, slop, slobber, irrigate, inundate, deluge; syringe, inject, 

gargle. 

Adj. watery, aqueous, aquatic, hydrous, lymphatic; balneal † weather cock. exposure to the air, exposure to the weather; 

ventilation; aerostation 

, 

diluent; drenching &c. v.; diluted &c. v.; weak; wet &c. (moist) 339. 

Phr. the waters are out. 

† , aeronautics, aeronaut. 

V. air, ventilate, fan &c. (wind) 349. 

Adj. containing air, flatulent, effervescent; windy &c. 349. 

atmospheric, airy; aerial, aeriform † ; meteorological; 

weatherwise † . 

Adv. in the open air, a la belle etoile [Fr.], al fresco; sub jove dio 

[Lat.]. 

#339. Moisture -- N. moisture; moistness &c. adj.; humidity, 

humectation † ; madefaction † , dew; serein † ; marsh &c. 345; 

hygrometry, hygrometer. 

V. moisten, wet; humect † , humectate † ; sponge, damp, bedew; 

imbue, imbrue, infiltrate, saturate; soak, drench &c. (water) 337. 

be moist &c. adj.; not have a dry thread; perspire &c. (exude) 

295. 

Adj. moist, damp; watery &c. 337; madid † , roric † ; undried † , 

humid, sultry, wet, dank, luggy † , dewy; roral † , rorid † ; roscid † ; juicy. 

wringing wet, soaking wet; wet through to the skin; saturated &c. 

v.. swashy † , soggy, dabbled; reeking, dripping, soaking, soft, 

sodden, sloppy, muddy; swampy &c. (marshy) 345; irriguous † . 

#341. Ocean -- N. sea, ocean, main, deep, brine, salt water, 

waves, billows, high seas, offing, great waters, watery waste, 

vasty deep;" wave, tide, &c. (water in motion) 348. hydrography, 

hydrographer; Neptune, Poseidon, Thetis, Triton, Naiad, Nereid; 

sea nymph, Siren; trident, dolphin. 

Adj. oceanic; marine, maritime; pelagic, pelagian; seagoing; 

hydrographic; bathybic † , cotidal † . 

Adv. at sea, on sea; afloat. 

#343. Gulf. Lake -- N. land covered with water, gulf, gulph † , bay, 

inlet, bight, estuary, arm of the sea, bayou [U.S.], fiord, armlet; 

frith † , firth, ostiary † , mouth; lagune † , lagoon; indraught † ; cove, 

creek; natural harbor; roads; strait; narrows; Euripus; sound, belt, 

gut, kyles † ; continental slope, continental shelf. lake, loch, lough † , 

mere, tarn, plash, broad, pond, pool, lin † , puddle, slab, well, 

artesian well; standing water, dead water, sheet of water; fish 

pond, mill pond; ditch, dike, dyke, dam; reservoir &c. (store) 636; 

alberca † , barachois † , hog wallow [U.S.]. 

Adj. lacustrine † . 

#345. Marsh -- N. marsh, swamp, morass, marish † , moss, fen, 

bog, quagmire, slough, sump, wash; mud, squash, slush; baygall 

[U.S.], cienaga † , jhil † , vlei † . 

Adj. marsh, marshy; swampy, boggy, plashy † , poachy † , quaggy † , 

soft; muddy, sloppy, squashy; paludal † ; moorish, moory; fenny. 

#340. Dryness -- N. dryness &c. adj.; siccity † , aridity, drought, 

ebb tide, low water. exsiccation † , desiccation; arefaction † , 

dephlegmation † , drainage; drier. [chemical subs. which renders 

dry] desiccative, dessicator. [device to render dry] dessicator; 

hair drier, clothes drier, gas drier, electric drier; vacuum oven, 

drying oven, kiln; lyophilizer. clothesline. 

V. be dry &c. adj.. render dry &c. adj.; dry; dry up, soak up; 

sponge, swab, wipe; drain. desiccate, dehydrate, exsiccate † ; 

parch. kiln dry; vacuum dry, blow dry, oven dry; hang out to dry. 

mummify. be fine, hold up. 

Adj. dry, anhydrous, arid; adust † , arescent † ; dried &c. v.; 

undamped; juiceless † , sapless; sear; husky; rainless, without rain, 

fine; dry as a bone, dry as dust, dry as a stick, dry as a mummy, 

dry as a biscuit. water proof, water tight. dehydrated, dessicated. 

#342. Land -- N. land, earth, ground, dry land, terra firma. 

continent, mainland, peninsula, chersonese [Fr.], delta; tongue of 

land, neck of land; isthmus, oasis; promontory &c. (projection) 

250; highland &c. (height) 206. coast, shore, scar, strand, beach; 

playa; bank, lea; seaboard, seaside, seabank † , seacoast, 

seabeach † ; ironbound coast; loom of the land; derelict; innings; 

alluvium, alluvion † ; ancon. riverbank, river bank, levee. soil, glebe, 

clay, loam, marl, cledge † , chalk, gravel, mold, subsoil, clod, clot; 

rock, crag. acres; real estate &c. (property) 780; landsman † . 

V. land, come to land, set foot on the soil, set foot on dry land; 

come ashore, go ashore, debark. 

Adj. earthy, continental, midland, coastal, littoral, riparian; alluvial; 

terrene &c. (world) 318; landed, predial † , territorial; geophilous † ; 

ripicolous. 

Adv. ashore; on shore, on land. 

#344. Plain -- N. plain, table-land, face of the country; open 

country, champaign country † ; basin, downs, waste, weary waste, 

desert, wild, steppe, pampas, savanna, prairie, heath, common, 

wold † , veldt; moor, moorland; bush; plateau &c. (level) 213; 

campagna † ; alkali flat, llano; mesa, mesilla [U.S.], playa; shaking 

prairie, trembling prairie; vega [Sp.]. meadow, mead, haugh † , 

pasturage, park, field, lawn, green, plat, plot, grassplat † , 

greensward, sward, turf, sod, heather; lea, ley, lay; grounds; 

maidan † , agostadero † . 

Adj. champaign † , alluvial; campestral † , campestrial † , 

campestrian † , campestrine † . 

#346. Island -- N. island, isle, islet, eyot † , ait † , holf † , reef, atoll, 

breaker; archipelago; islander. 

Adj. insular, seagirt; archipelagic † . 

3. Fluids in Motion 

#347. [Fluid in motion.] Stream -- N. stream &c. (of water) 348, (of air) 349. flowmeter. 

V. flow &c. 348; blow &c. 349. 

#348. [Water in motion.] River -- N. running water. jet, spirt † , 

spurt, squirt, spout, spray, splash, rush, gush, jet d'eau [Fr.]; sluice. 

water spout, water fall; cascade, force, foss † ; lin † , linn † ; ghyll † , 

#349. [Air in motion] Wind -- N. wind, draught, flatus, afflatus, 

efflation † , eluvium † ; air; breath, breath of air; puff, whiff, zephyr; 

blow, breeze, drift; aura; stream, current, jet stream; undercurrent. 

gust, blast, squall, gale, half a gale, storm, tempest, hurricane,

Niagara; cataract, rapids, white water, catadupe † , cataclysm; 

debacle, inundation, deluge; chute, washout. rain, rainfall; serein † ; 

shower, scud; downpour; driving rain, drenching rain, cloudburst; 

hyetology † , hyetography † ; predominance of Aquarius † , reign of St. 

Swithin; mizzle † , drizzle, stillicidum † , plash; dropping &c. v.; falling 

weather; northeaster, hurricane, typhoon. stream, course, flux, 

flow, profluence † ; effluence &c. (egress) 295; defluxion † ; flowing 

&c. v.; current, tide, race, coulee. spring, artesian well, fount, 

fountain; rill, rivulet, gill, gullet, rillet † ; streamlet, brooklet; branch 

[U.S.]; runnel, sike † , burn, beck, creek, brook, bayou, stream, 

river; reach, tributary. geyser, spout, waterspout. body of water, 

torrent, rapids, flush, flood, swash; spring tide, high tide, full tide; 

bore, tidal bore, eagre † , hygre † ; fresh, freshet; indraught † , reflux, 

undercurrent, eddy, vortex, gurge † , whirlpool, Maelstrom, 

regurgitation, overflow; confluence, corrivation † . wave, billow, 

surge, swell, ripple; anerythmon gelasma [Gr.]; beach comber, 

riffle [U.S.], rollers, ground swell, surf, breakers, white horses, 

whitecaps; rough sea, heavy sea, high seas, cross sea, long sea, 

short sea, chopping sea. [Science of fluids in motion] 

hydrodynamics; hydraulics, hydraulicostatics † ; rain gauge, 

flowmeter; pegology † . irrigation &c. (water) 337; pump; watering 

pot, watering cart; hydrant, syringe; garden hose, lawn spray; 

bhisti † , mussuk † . 

V. flow, run; meander; gush, pour, spout, roll, jet, well, issue; drop, 

drip, dribble, plash, spirtle † , trill, trickle, distill, percolate; stream, 

overflow, inundate, deluge, flow over, splash, swash; guggle † , 

murmur, babble, bubble, purl, gurgle, sputter, spurt, spray, 

regurgitate; ooze, flow out &c. (egress) 295. rain hard, rain in 

torrents, rain cats and dogs, rain pitchforks; pour with rain, drizzle, 

spit, set in; mizzle † . flow into, fall into, open into, drain into; 

discharge itself, disembogue † . [Cause a flow] pour; pour out &c. 

(discharge) 297; shower down, irrigate, drench &c. (wet) 337; 

spill, splash. [Stop a flow] stanch; dam, up &c. (close) 261; 

obstruct &c. 706. 

Adj. fluent; diffluent † , profluent † , affluent; tidal; flowing &c. v.; 

meandering, meandry † , meandrous † ; fluvial, fluviatile; streamy † , 

showery, rainy, pluvial, stillicidous † ; stillatitious † gust, blast, squall, gale, half a gale, storm, tempest, hurricane, 

whirlwind, tornado, samiel, cyclone, anticyclone, typhoon; 

simoon 

. 

Phr. for men may come and men may go but I go on for men may 

come and men may go but I go on forever" [Tennyson]; that old 

man river, he just keeps rolling that old man river, he just keeps 

rolling along" [Showboat]. 

† , simoom; harmattan † , monsoon, trade wind, sirocco, 

mistral, bise † , tramontane, levanter; capful of wind; fresh breeze, 

stiff breeze; keen blast; blizzard, barber [Can.], candelia † , 

chinook, foehn, khamsin † , norther, vendaval † , wuther † . windiness 

&c. adj.; ventosity † ; rough weather, dirty weather, ugly weather, 

stress of weather; dirty sky, mare's tail; thick squall, black squall, 

white squall. anemography † , aerodynamics; wind gauge, 

weathercock, vane, weather-vane, wind sock; anemometer, 

anemoscope † . sufflation † , insufflation † , perflation † , inflation, 

afflation † ; blowing, fanning &c. v.; ventilation. sneezing &c. v.; 

errhine † ; sternutative † , sternutatory † ; sternutation; hiccup, 

hiccough; catching of the breath. Eolus, Boreas, Zephyr, cave of 

Eolus. air pump, air blower, lungs, bellows, blowpipe, fan, 

ventilator, punkah † ; branchiae † , gills, flabellum † , vertilabrum † . 

whiffle ball. 

V. blow, waft; blow hard, blow great guns, blow a hurricane &c. n.; 

wuther † ; stream, issue. respire, breathe, puff; whiff, whiffle; gasp, 

wheeze; snuff, snuffle; sniff, sniffle; sneeze, cough. fan, ventilate; 

inflate, perflate † ; blow up. 

Adj. blowing &c. v.; windy, flatulent; breezy, gusty, squally; stormy, 

tempestuous, blustering; boisterous &c. (violent) 173. pulmonic 

[Med.], pulmonary. 

Phr. lull'd by soft zephyrs" [Pope]; the storm is up and all is on the 

hazard" [Julius Caesar]; the winds were wither'd in the stagnant 

air" [Byron]; while mocking winds are piping loud" [Milton]; 

winged with red lightning and tempestuous winged with red 

lightning and tempestuous rage" [Paradise Lost]. 

#350. [Channel for the passage of water.] Conduit -- N. conduit, 

channel, duct, watercourse, race; head race, tail race; abito † , 

aboideau † , aboiteau [Fr.], bito † ; acequia † , acequiador † , 

acequiamadre † ; arroyo; adit † , aqueduct, canal, trough, gutter, 

pantile; flume, ingate † , runner; lock-weir, tedge † ; vena † ; dike, 

main, gully, moat, ditch, drain, sewer, culvert, cloaca, sough, 

kennel, siphon; piscina † ; pipe &c. (tube) 260; funnel; tunnel &c. 

(passage) 627; water pipe, waste pipe; emunctory † , gully hole, 

artery, aorta, pore, spout, scupper; adjutage † , ajutage † ; hose; 

gargoyle; gurgoyle † #351. [Channel for the passage of air.] Airpipe -- N. air pipe, air 

tube; airhole 

; penstock, weir; flood gate, water gate; sluice, 

lock, valve; rose; waterworks. pipeline. 

Adj. vascular &c. (with holes) 260. 

† , blowhole, breathinghole † , venthole; shaft, flue, 

chimney, funnel, vent, nostril, nozzle, throat, weasand † , trachea; 

bronchus, bronchia [Med.]; larynx, tonsils, windpipe, spiracle; 

ventiduct † , ventilator; louvre, jalousie, Venetian blinds; blowpipe 

&c. (wind) 349; pipe &c. (tube) 260; jhilmil † ; smokestack. screen, 

window screen.' artificial lung, iron lung, heart and lung machine. 

#352. Semiliquidity -- N. semiliquidity; stickiness &c. adj.; 

viscidity, viscosity; gummosity † , glutinosity † , mucosity † ; 

spissitude † , crassitude † ; lentor † ; adhesiveness &c. (cohesion) 46. 

inspissation † , incrassation † ; thickening. jelly, mucilage, gelatin, 

gluten; carlock † , fish glue; ichthyocol † , ichthycolla † ; isinglass; 

mucus, phlegm, goo; pituite † , lava; glair † , starch, gluten, albumen, 

milk, cream, protein † ; treacle; gum, size, glue (tenacity) 327; wax, 

beeswax. emulsion, soup; squash, mud, slush, slime, ooze; 

3. IMPERFECT FLUIDS 

#353. [Mixture of air and water.] Bubble [Cloud.] -- N. bubble, 

foam, froth, head, spume, lather, suds, spray, surf, yeast, barm † , 

spindrift. cloud, vapor, fog, mist, haze, steam, geyser; scud, 

messenger, rack, nimbus; cumulus, woolpack † , cirrus, stratus; 

cirrostratus, cumulostratus; cirrocumulus; mackerel sky, mare's 

tale, dirty sky; curl cloud; frost smoke; thunderhead. [Science of 

clouds] nephelognosy † ; nephograph † , nephology † . effervescence, 

fermentation; bubbling &c. v.. nebula; cloudliness &c. (opacity) 

426 † ; nebulosity &c. (dimness) 422.

moisture &c. 339; marsh &c. 345. 

V. inspissate † , incrassate † ; thicken, mash, squash, churn, beat up. 

sinter. 

Adj. semifluid, semiliquid; tremellose † ; half melted, half frozen; 

milky, muddy &c. n.; lacteal, lactean † , lacteous † , lactescent † , 

lactiferous † ; emulsive, curdled, thick, succulent, uliginous † . 

gelatinous, albuminous, mucilaginous, glutinous; glutenous, 

gelatin, mastic, amylaceous † , ropy, clammy, clotted; viscid, 

viscous; sticky, tacky, gooey; slab, slabby † ; lentous † , pituitous † ; 

mucid † , muculent † , mucous; gummy. 

#354. Pulpiness -- N. pulpiness &c. adj.; pulp, taste, dough, curd, 

pap, rob, jam, pudding, poultice, grume † . mush, oatmeal, baby 

food. 

Adj. pulpy &c. n.; pultaceous † , grumous † ; baccate † . 

426 † ; nebulosity &c. (dimness) 422. 

V. bubble, boil, foam, froth, mantle, sparkle, guggle † , gurgle; 

effervesce, ferment, fizzle. 

Adj. bubbling &c. v.; frothy, nappy † , effervescent, sparkling, 

mousseux [Fr.], frothy [Fr.Tr.], up. cloudy &c. n.; thunderheaded † ; 

vaporous, nebulous, overcast. 

Phr. the lowring element scowls o'er the darkened the lowring 

element scowls o'er the darkened landscip" [Paradise Lost]. 

#355. Unctuousness -- N. unctuousness &c. adj.; unctuosity † , 

lubricity; ointment &c. (oil) 356; anointment; lubrication &c. 332. 

V. oil &c. (lubricate) 332. 

Adj. unctuous, oily, oleaginous, adipose, sebaceous; unguinous † ; 

fat, fatty, greasy; waxy, butyraceous, soapy, saponaceous † , 

pinguid, lardaceous † ; slippery. 

#356. Oil -- N. oil, fat, butter, cream, grease, tallow, suet, lard, dripping exunge † , blubber; glycerin, stearin, elaine [Chem], oleagine † ; 

soap; soft soap, wax, cerement; paraffin, spermaceti, adipocere † ; petroleum, mineral, mineral rock, mineral crystal, mineral oil; 

vegetable oil, colza oil † , olive oil, salad oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, nut oil; animal oil, neat's foot oil, train oil; ointment, 

unguent, liniment; aceite † , amole † , Barbados tar † ; fusel oil, grain oil, rape oil, seneca oil; hydrate of amyl, ghee † ; heating oil, #2 oil, 

No. 2 oil, distillate, residual oils, kerosene, jet fuel, gasoline, naphtha; stearin. 

#356a. Resin -- N. resin, rosin; gum; lac, sealing wax; amber, ambergris; bitumen, pitch, tar; asphalt, asphaltum; camphor; varnish, 

copal † , mastic, magilp † , lacquer, japan. artificial resin, polymer; ion-exchange resin, cation-exchange resin, anion exchange resin, 

water softener, Amberlite † , Dowex [Chem], Diaion. 

V. varnish &c. (overlay) 223. 

Adj. resiny † , resinous; bituminous, pitchy, tarry; asphaltic, asphaltite. 

SECTION III. 

ORGANIC MATTER 

1. VITALITY 

1. Vitality in general 

#357. Organization -- N. organized world, organized nature; 

living nature, animated nature; living beings; organic remains, 

fossils. protoplasm, cytoplasm, protein; albumen; structure &c. 

329; organization, organism. [Science of living beings] biology; 

natural history, organic chemistry, anatomy, physiology; zoology 

&c. 368; botany; microbiology, virology, bacteriology, mycology 

&c. 369; naturalist. archegenesis &c. (production) 161 † ; 

antherozoid † , bioplasm † , biotaxy † , chromosome, dysmeromorph † ; 

ecology, oecology; erythroblast [Physio.], gametangium † , gamete, 

germinal matter, invagination [Biol.]; isogamy † , oogamy † ; 

karyaster † ; macrogamete † , microgamete † ; metabolism, 

anabolism, catabolism; metaplasm † , ontogeny, ovary, ovum, 

oxidation, phylogeny, polymorphism, protozoa, spermary † , 

spermatozoon, trophoplasm † , vacuole, vertebration † , zoogloea † , 

zygote. Darwinism, neo-Darwinism, Lamarkism, neoLamarkism, 

Weismannism. morphology, taxonomy. 

Adj. organic, organized; karyoplasmic † , unsegmentic † , vacuolar, 

zoogloeic † , zoogloeoid † #358. Inorganization -- N. mineral world, mineral kingdom; 

unorganized matter, inorganic matter, brute matter, inanimate 

matter. [Science of the mineral kingdom] mineralogy, geology, 

geognosy 

. 

† , geoscopy † ; metallurgy, metallography † ; lithology; 

oryctology † , oryctography † . 

V. turn to dust; mineralize, fossilize. 

Adj. inorganic, inanimate, inorganized † ; lithoidal † ; azoic; mineral. 

#359. Life -- N. life, vitality, viability; animation; vital spark, vital 

flame, soul, spirit. respiration, wind; breath of life, breath of one's 

nostrils; oxygen, air. [devices to sustain respiration] respirator, 

artificial respirator, heart and lung machine, iron lung; medical 

devices &c. 662. lifeblood; Archeus † ; existence &c. 1. vivification; 

vital force; vitalization; revivification &c. 163; Prometheus; life to 

come &c. (destiny) 152. [Science of life] physiology, biology; 

animal ecology. nourishment, staff of life &c. (food) 298. genetics, 

heredity, inheritance, evolution, natural selection, reproduction 

#360. Death -- N. death; decease, demise; dissolution, 

departure, obit, release, rest, quietus, fall; loss, bereavement; 

mortality, morbidity. end of life &c. 67, cessation of life &c. 142, 

loss of life, extinction of life, ebb of life &c. 359. death warrant, 

death watch, death rattle, death bed; stroke of death, agonies of 

death, shades of death, valley of death, jaws of death, hand of 

death; last breath, last gasp, last agonies; dying day, dying breath, 

dying agonies; chant du cygne [Fr.]; rigor mortis [Lat.]; Stygian 

shore. King of terrors, King Death; Death; doom &c. (necessity) 

601; Hell's grim Tyrant" [Pope]. euthanasia; break up of the

(production) 161. microbe, aerobe, anaerobe, facultative 

anaerobe, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, halophile [Micro.], 

methanogen [Micro.], archaebacteria [Micro.], microaerophile 

[Micro.]. animal &c. 366; vegetable &c. 367. artificial life, robot, 

robotics, artificial intelligence. [vital signs] breathing, breathing 

rate, heartbeat, pulse, temperature. preservation of life, healing 

(medicine) 662. 

V. be alive &c. adj.; live, breathe, respire; subsist &c. (exist) 1; 

walk the earth, strut and fret one's hour upon the stage" [Macbeth]; 

be spared. see the light, be born, come into the world, fetch 

breath, draw breath, fetch the breath of life, draw the breath of life; 

quicken; revive; come to life. give birth to &c. (produce) 161; bring 

to life, put into life, vitalize; vivify, vivificate † ; reanimate &c. 

(restore) 660; keep alive, keep body and soul together, keep the 

wolf from the door; support life. hive nine lives like a cat. 

Adj. living, alive; in life, in the flesh, in the land of the living; on this 

side of the grave, above ground, breathing, quick, animated; 

animative † ; lively &c. (active) 682; all alive and kicking; tenacious 

of life; full of life, yeasty. vital, vitalic † ; vivifying, vivified, &c. v.; 

viable, zoetic † ; Promethean. 

Adv. vivendi causa [Lat.]. 

Phr. atqui vivere militare est [Lat.] [Seneca]; non est vivere sed 

valere vita [Lat.] [Marial]. 

601; Hell's grim Tyrant" [Pope]. euthanasia; break up of the 

system; natural death, natural decay; sudden death, violent death; 

untimely end, watery grave; debt of nature; suffocation, asphyxia; 

fatal disease &c. (disease) 655; death blow &c. (killing) 361. 

necrology, bills of mortality, obituary; death song &c. (lamentation) 

839. 

V. die, expire, perish; meet one's death, meet one's end; pass 

away, be taken; yield one's breath, resign one's breath; resign 

one's being, resign one's life; end one's days, end one's life, end 

one's earthly career; breathe one's last; cease to live, cease to 

breathe; depart this life; be no more &c. adj.; go off, drop off, pop 

off; lose one's life, lay down one's life, relinquish one's life, 

surrender one's life; drop into the grave, sink into the grave; close 

one's eyes; fall dead, drop dead, fall down dead, drop down dead; 

break one's neck; give up the ghost, yield up the ghost; be all over 

with one. pay the debt to nature, shuffle off this mortal coil, take 

one's last sleep; go the way of all flesh; hand in one's checks, 

pass in one's checks, hand in one's chips, pass in one's chips 

[U.S.]; join the greater number, join the majority; come to dust, turn 

to dust; cross the Stygian ferry, cross the bar; go to one's long 

account, go to one's last home, go to Davy Jones's locker, go to 

the wall; receive one's death warrant, make one's will, step out, 

die a natural death, go out like the snuff of a candle; come to an 

untimely end; catch one's death; go off the hooks, kick the bucket, 

buy the farm, hop the twig, turn up one's toes; die a violent death 

&c. (be killed) 361. 

Adj. dead, lifeless; deceased, demised, departed, defunct, 

extinct; late, gone, no more; exanimate † , inanimate; out of the 

world, taken off, released; departed this life &c. v.; dead and 

gone; dead as a doornail, dead as a doorpost † , dead as a 

mutton, dead as a herring, dead as nits; launched into eternity, 

gone to one's eternal reward, gone to meet one's maker, pushing 

up daisies, gathered to one's fathers, numbered with the dead. 

dying &c. v.; moribund, morient † ; hippocratic; in articulo, in 

extremis; in the jaws of death, in the agony of death; going off; aux 

abois [Fr.]; one one's last legs, on one's death bed; at the point of 

death, at death's door, at the last gasp; near one's end, given 

over, booked; with one foot in the grave, tottering on the brink of 

the grave. stillborn; mortuary; deadly &c. (killing) 361. 

Adv. post obit, post mortem [Lat.]. 

Phr. life ebbs, life fails, life hangs by a thread; one's days are 

numbered, one's hour is come, one's race is run, one's doom is 

sealed; Death knocks at the door, Death stares one in the face; 

the breath is out of the body; the grave closes over one; sic itur ad 

astra [Lat.] [Vergil]; de mortuis nil nisi bonum [Lat.]; dulce et 

decorum est pro patria mori [Lat.] [Horace]; honesta mors turpi 

vita potior [Lat.] [Tacitus]; in adamantine chains shall death be 

bound" [Pope]; mors ultima linea rerum est [Lat.] [Girace]; ominia 

mors aequat [Lat.] [Claudianus]; Spake the grisly Terror" 

[Paradise Lost]; the lone couch of this everlasting sleep" 

[Shelley]; nothing is certain but death and taxes. 

#361. [Destruction of life; violent death.] Killing -- N. killing &c. v.; homicide, manslaughter, murder, assassination, trucidation † , 

iccusion † ; effusion of blood; blood, blood shed; gore, slaughter, carnage, butchery; battue † . massacre; fusillade, noyade † ; thuggery, 

Thuggism † . deathblow, finishing stroke, coup de grace, quietus; execution &c. (capital punishment) 972; judicial murder; martyrdom. 

butcher, slayer, murderer, Cain, assassin, terrorist, cutthroat, garroter, bravo, Thug, Moloch, matador, sabreur † ; guet-a-pens; gallows, 

executioner &c. (punishment) 975; man-eater, apache † , hatchet man [U.S.], highbinder [U.S.]. regicide, parricide, matricide, 

fratricide, infanticide, feticide, foeticide † , uxoricide † , vaticide † . suicide, felo de se † , hara-kiri, suttee, Juggernath † ; immolation, auto 

da fe, holocaust. suffocation, strangulation, garrote; hanging &c. v.; lapidation † . deadly weapon &c. (arms) 727; Aceldama † . 

[Destruction of animals] slaughtering; phthisozoics † ; sport, sporting; the chase, venery; hunting, coursing, shooting, fishing; pigsticking; 

sportsman, huntsman, fisherman; hunter, Nimrod; slaughterhouse, meat packing plant, shambles, abattoir. fatal accident, 

violent death, casualty. 

V. kill, put to death, slay, shed blood; murder, assassinate, butcher, slaughter, victimize, immolate; massacre; take away life, deprive 

of life; make away with, put an end to; despatch, dispatch; burke, settle, do for. strangle, garrote, hang, throttle, choke, stifle, 

suffocate, stop the breath, smother, asphyxiate, drown. saber; cut down, cut to pieces, cut the throat; jugulate † ; stab, run through the 

body, bayonet, eviscerate; put to the sword, put to the edge of the sword. shoot dead; blow one's brains out; brain, knock on the 

head; stone, lapidate † ; give a deathblow; deal a deathblow; give a quietus, give a coupe de grace. behead, bowstring, electrocute, 

gas &c. (execute) 972. hunt, shoot &c. n.. cut off, nip in the bud, launch into eternity, send to one's last account, sign one's death

warrant, strike the death knell of. give no quarter, pour out blood like water; decimate; run amuck; wade knee deep in blood, imbrue 

one's hands in blood. die a violent death, welter in one's blood; dash out one's brains, blow out one's brains; commit suicide; kill 

oneself, make away with oneself, put an end to oneself, put an end to it all. 

Adj. killing &c. v.; murderous, slaughterous; sanguinary, sanguinolent † ; blood stained, blood thirsty; homicidal, red handed; bloody, 

bloody minded; ensanguined † , gory; thuggish. mortal, fatal, lethal; dead, deadly; mortiferous † , lethiferous † ; unhealthy &c. 657; 

internecine; suicidal. sporting; piscatorial, piscatory † . 

Adv. in at the death. 

Phr. assassination has never changed the history of the assassination has never changed the history of the world" [Disraeli]. 

#362. Corpse -- N. corpse, corse † , carcass, cadaver, bones, skeleton, dry bones; defunct, relics, reliquiae [Lat.], remains, mortal 

remains, dust, ashes, earth, clay; mummy; carrion; food for worms, food for fishes; tenement of clay this mortal coil. shade, ghost, 

manes. organic remains, fossils. 

Adj. cadaverous, corpse-like; unburied &c. 363; sapromyiophyllous † . 

#363. Interment -- N. interment, burial, sepulture † ; inhumation † ; obsequies, exequies † ; funeral, wake, pyre, funeral pile; cremation. 

funeral, funeral rite, funeral solemnity; kneel, passing bell, tolling; dirge &c. (lamentation) 839; cypress; orbit, dead march, muffled 

drum; mortuary, undertaker, mute; elegy; funeral, funeral oration, funeral sermon; epitaph. graveclothes † , shroud, winding sheet, 

cerecloth; cerement. coffin, shell, sarcophagus, urn, pall, bier, hearse, catafalque, cinerary urn † . grave, pit, sepulcher, tomb, vault, 

crypt, catacomb, mausoleum, Golgotha, house of death, narrow house; cemetery, necropolis; burial place, burial ground; grave yard, 

church yard; God's acre; tope, cromlech, barrow, tumulus, cairn; ossuary; bone house, charnel house, dead house; morgue; lich 

gate † ; burning ghat † ; crematorium, crematory; dokhma † , mastaba † , potter's field, stupa † , Tower of Silence. sexton, gravedigger. 

monument, cenotaph, shrine; grave stone, head stone, tomb stone; memento mori [Lat.]; hatchment † , stone; obelisk, pyramid. 

exhumation, disinterment; necropsy, autopsy, post mortem examination [Lat.]; zoothapsis † . 

V. inter, bury; lay in the grave, consign to the grave, lay in the tomb, entomb, in tomb; inhume; lay out, perform a funeral, embalm, 

mummify; toll the knell; put to bed with a shovel; inurn † . exhume, disinter, unearth. 

Adj. burried &c. v.; burial, funereal, funebrial † ; mortuary, sepulchral, cinerary † ; elegiac; necroscopic † . 

Adv. in memoriam; post obit, post mortem [Lat.]; beneath the sod. 

Phr. hic jacet [Lat.], ci-git [Fr.]; RIP; requiescat in pace [Lat.]; the lone couch of his everlasting sleep" [Shelley]; without a graveunknell'd, 

uncoffin'd, and without a grave-unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown" [Byron]; in the dark union of insensate dust" [Byron]; the 

deep cold shadow of the tomb" [Moore]. 

#364. Animality -- N. animal life; animation, animality † , 

animalization † ; animalness, corporeal nature, human system; 

breath. flesh, flesh and blood; physique; strength &c. 159. 

Adj. fleshly, human, corporeal. 

2. Special Vitality 

#365. Vegetability † -- N. vegetable life; vegetation, vegetability † ; 

vegetality † . 

V. vegetate, grow roots, put down roots. 

Adj. rank, lush; vegetable, vegetal, vegetive † . 

#366. Animal -- N. animal, animal kingdom; fauna; brute creation. 

beast, brute, creature, critter [U.S.]; wight, created being; creeping 

thing, living thing; dumb animal, dumb creature; zoophyte. [major 

divisions of animals] mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, 

crustacean, shellfish, mollusk, worm, insect, arthropod, microbe. 

[microscopic animals] microbe, animalcule &c. 193. [reptiles] 

alligator, crocodile; saurian; dinosaur (extinct); snake, serpent, 

viper, eft; asp, aspick † . [amphibians] frog, toad. [fishes] trout, 

bass, tuna, muskelunge, sailfish, sardine, mackerel. [insects] ant, 

mosquito, bee, honeybee. [arthropods] tardigrade, spider. 

[classification by number of feet] biped, quadruped; [web-footed 

animal] webfoot. flocks and herds, live stock; domestic animals, 

wild animals; game, ferae naturae [Lat.]; beasts of the field, fowls 

of the air, denizens of the sea; black game, black grouse; 

blackcock † , duck, grouse, plover, rail, snipe. [domesticated 

mammals] horse &c. (beast of burden) 271; cattle, kine † , ox; bull, 

bullock; cow, milch cow, calf, heifer, shorthorn; sheep; lamb, 

lambkin † ; ewe, ram, tup; pig, swine, boar, hog, sow; steer, stot † ; 

tag, teg † ; bison, buffalo, yak, zebu, dog, cat. [dogs] dog, hound; 

pup, puppy; whelp, cur, mongrel; house dog, watch dog, sheep 

dog, shepherd's dog, sporting dog, fancy dog, lap dog, toy dog, 

bull dog, badger dog; mastiff; blood hound, grey hound, stag 

hound, deer hound, fox hound, otter hound; harrier, beagle, 

spaniel, pointer, setter, retriever; Newfoundland; water dog, water 

spaniel; pug, poodle; turnspit; terrier; fox terrier, Skye terrier; 

Dandie Dinmont; collie. [cats--generally] feline, puss, pussy; 

grimalkin † #367. Vegetable -- N. vegetable, vegetable kingdom; flora, 

verdure. plant; tree, shrub, bush; creeper; herb, herbage; grass. 

annual; perennial, biennial, triennial; exotic. timber, forest; wood, 

woodlands; timberland; hurst 

; gib cat, tom cat. [wild mammals] fox, Reynard, vixen, 

stag, deer, hart, buck, doe, roe; caribou, coyote, elk, moose, musk 

† , frith † , holt, weald † , park, chase, 

greenwood, brake, grove, copse, coppice, bocage † , tope, clump 

of trees, thicket, spinet, spinney; underwood, brushwood; scrub; 

boscage, bosk † , ceja [Sp.], chaparal, motte [U.S.]; arboretum &c. 

371. bush, jungle, prairie; heath, heather; fern, bracken; furze, 

gorse, whin; grass, turf; pasture, pasturage; turbary † ; sedge, rush, 

weed; fungus, mushroom, toadstool; lichen, moss, conferva † , 

mold; growth; alfalfa, alfilaria † , banyan; blow, blowth † ; floret † , 

petiole; pin grass, timothy, yam, yew, zinnia. foliage, branch, 

bough, ramage † , stem, tigella † ; spray &c. 51; leaf. flower, 

blossom, bine † ; flowering plant; timber tree, fruit tree; pulse, 

legume. 

Adj. vegetable, vegetal, vegetive † , vegitous † ; herbaceous, herbal; 

botanic † ; sylvan, silvan † ; arborary † , arboreous † , arborescent † , 

arborical † ; woody, grassy; verdant, verdurous; floral, mossy; 

lignous † , ligneous; wooden, leguminous; vosky † , cespitose † , turflike, 

turfy; endogenous, exogenous. 

Phr. green-robed senators of mighty woods" [Keats]; this is the 

forest primeval" [Longfellow].

ox, sambar † . [birds] bird; poultry, fowl, cock, hen, chicken, 

chanticleer, partlet † , rooster, dunghill cock, barn door fowl; 

feathered tribes, feathered songster; singing bird, dicky bird; 

canary, warbler; finch; aberdevine † , cushat † , cygnet, ringdove † , 

siskin, swan, wood pigeon. [undesirable animals] vermin, varmint 

[U.S.], pest. 

Adj. animal, zoological equine, bovine, vaccine, canine, feline, 

fishy; piscatory † , piscatorial; molluscous † , vermicular; 

gallinaceous, rasorial † , solidungulate † , soliped † . 

#368. [The science of animals.] Zoology -- N. zoology, 

zoonomy † , zoography † , zootomy † ; anatomy; comparative 

anatomy; animal physiology, comparative physiology; morphology; 

mammalogy. anthropology, ornithology, ichthyology, herpetology, 

ophiology † , malacology † , helminthology [Med.], entomology, 

oryctology † , paleontology, mastology † , vermeology † ; ornithotomy † , 

ichthyotomy † , &c.; taxidermy. zoologist &c. 

Adj. zoological &c. n.. 

#369. [The science of plants.] Botany -- N. botany; physiological 

botany, structural botany, systematic botany; phytography † , 

phytology † , phytotomy † ; vegetable physiology, herborization † , 

dendrology, mycology, fungology † , algology † ; flora, romona; 

botanic garden &c. (garden) 371 † ; hortus siccus [Lat.], herbarium, 

herbal. botanist &c.; herbist † , herbarist † , herbalist, herborist † , 

herbarian † . 

V. botanize, herborize † . 

Adj. botanical &c. n.; botanic † . 

#370. [The economy or management of animals.] Husbandry -- 

N. husbandry, taming &c. v.; circuration † , zoohygiantics † ; 

domestication, domesticity; manege [Fr.], veterinary art; farriery † ; 

breeding, pisciculture. menagerie, vivarium, zoological garden; 

bear pit; aviary, apiary, alveary † , beehive; hive; aquarium, fishery; 

duck pond, fish pond. phthisozoics &c. (killing) 361 † [Destruction 

of animals]; euthanasia, sacrifice, humane destruction. neatherd † , 

cowherd, shepherd; grazier, drover, cowkeeper † ; trainer, breeder; 

apiarian † , apiarist; bull whacker [U.S.], cowboy, cow puncher 

[U.S.], farrier; horse leech, horse doctor; vaquero, veterinarian, 

vet, veterinary surgeon. cage &c. (prison) 752; hencoop † , bird 

cage, cauf † #371. [The economy or management of plants.] Agriculture -- 

N. agriculture, cultivation, husbandry, farming; georgics, 

geoponics 

; range, sheepfold, &c. (inclosure) 232. 

V. tame, domesticate, acclimatize, breed, tend, break in, train; 

cage, bridle, &c. (restrain) 751. 

Adj. pastoral, bucolic; tame, domestic. 

† ; tillage, agronomy, gardening, spade husbandry, 

vintage; horticulture, arboriculture † , floriculture; landscape 

gardening; viticulture. husbandman, horticulturist, gardener, florist; 

agricultor † , agriculturist; yeoman, farmer, cultivator, tiller of the soil, 

woodcutter, backwoodsman; granger, habitat, vigneron † , 

viticulturist; Triptolemus. field, meadow, garden; botanic garden † , 

winter garden, ornamental garden, flower garden, kitchen garden, 

market garden, hop garden; nursery; green house, hot house; 

conservatory, bed, border, seed plot; grassplot † , grassplat † , lawn; 

park &c. (pleasure ground) 840; parterre, shrubbery, plantation, 

avenue, arboretum, pinery † , pinetum † , orchard; vineyard, vinery; 

orangery † ; farm &c. (abode) 189. 

V. cultivate; till the soil; farm, garden; sow, plant; reap, mow, cut; 

manure, dress the ground, dig, delve, dibble, hoe, plough, plow, 

harrow, rake, weed, lop and top; backset [U.S.]. 

Adj. agricultural, agrarian, agrestic † . arable, predial † , rural, rustic, 

country; horticultural. 

#372. Mankind -- N. man, mankind; human race, human species, human kind, human nature; humanity, mortality, flesh, generation. 

[Science of man] anthropology, anthropogeny † , anthropography † , anthroposophy † ; ethnology, ethnography; humanitarian. human 

being; person, personage; individual, creature, fellow creature, mortal, body, somebody; one; such a one, some one; soul, living soul; 

earthling; party, head, hand; dramatis personae [Lat.]; quidam [Lat.]. people, persons, folk, public, society, world; community, 

community at large; general public; nation, nationality; state, realm; commonweal, commonwealth; republic, body politic; million &c. 

(commonalty) 876; population &c. (inhabitant) 188. tribe, clan (paternity) 166; family (consanguinity) 11. cosmopolite; lords of the 

creation; ourselves. 

Adj. human, mortal, personal, individual, national, civic, public, social; cosmopolitan; anthropoid. 

Phr. am I not a man and a brother? [Wedgwood]. 

#373. Man -- N. man, male, he, him; manhood &c. (adolescence) 

131; gentleman, sir, master; sahib; yeoman, wight † , swain, fellow, 

blade, beau, elf, chap, gaffer, good man; husband &c. (married 

man) 903; Mr., mister; boy &c. (youth) 129. [Male animal] cock, 

drake, gander, dog, boar, stag, hart, buck, horse, entire horse, 

stallion; gibcat † , tomcat; he goat, Billy goat; ram, tup; bull, bullock; 

capon, ox, gelding, steer, stot † . androgen. homosexual, gay, 

queen [Slang]. 

V. masculinize 

Adj. male, he-, masculine; manly, virile; unwomanly, unfeminine. 

Pron. he, him, his. 

Phr. hominem pagina nostra sapit [Lat.] [Martial]; homo homini 

aut deus aut lupus [Lat.] [Erasmus]; homo vitae commodatus non 

donatus est [Lat.] [Syrus]. 

#374. Woman -- N. woman, she, her, female, petticoat. 

feminality † , muliebrity † ; womanhood &c. (adolescence) 131. 

womankind; the sex, the fair; fair sex, softer sex; weaker vessel. 

dame, madam, madame, mistress, Mrs. lady, donna belle [Sp.], 

matron, dowager, goody, gammer † ; Frau [G.], frow † , Vrouw [Du.], 

rani; good woman, good wife; squaw; wife &c. (marriage) 903; 

matronage, matronhood † . bachelor girl, new woman, feminist, 

suffragette, suffragist. nymph, wench, grisette † ; girl &c. (youth) 

129. [Effeminacy] sissy, betty, cot betty [U.S.], cotquean † , 

henhussy † , mollycoddle, muff, old woman. [Female animal] hen, 

bitch, sow, doe, roe, mare; she goat, Nanny goat, tabita; ewe, 

cow; lioness, tigress; vixen. gynecaeum † . estrogen, oestrogen. 

consanguinity &c. 166 [Female relatives], paternity &c. 11. 

lesbian, dyke [Slang]. 

V. feminize.

Adj. female, she-; feminine, womanly, ladylike, matronly, maidenly, 

wifely; womanish, effeminate, unmanly; gynecic † , gynaecic † . Pron. 

she, her, hers.' 

Phr. a perfect woman nobly planned" [Wordsworth]; a lovely lady 

garmented in white" [Shelley]; das Ewig-Weibliche zieht uns 

hinan [Goethe]; earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected" [Lowell]; 

es de vidrio la mujer [Sp.]; she moves a goddess and she looks a 

queen" [Pope]; the beauty of a lovely woman is like music" [G. 

Eliot]; varium et mutabile semper femina [Lat.] [Vergil]; woman is 

the lesser man" [Tennyson]. 

#374a. Sexuality [human] -- N. sex, sexuality, gender; male, masculinity, maleness &c. 373; female, femininity &c. 374. sexual 

intercourse, copulation, mating, coitus, sex; lovemaking, marital relations, sexual union; sleeping together, carnal knowledge. sex 

instinct, sex drive, libido, lust, concupiscence; hots, horns [Coll.]; arousal, heat, rut, estrus, oestrus; tumescence; erection, hard-on, 

boner. masturbation, self-gratification, autoeroticism, onanism, self-abuse. orgasm, climax, ejaculation. sexiness, attractiveness; 

sensuality, voluptuousness. [sexual intercourse outside of marriage] fornication, adultery. [person who is sexy] sex symbol, sex 

goddess; stud, hunk. one-night stand. pornography, porn, porno; hardcore pornography, softcore pornography; pin-up, cheesecake; 

beefcake; [magazines with sexual photos], Playboy, Esquire, Hustler. [unorthodox sexual activity] perversion, deviation, sexual 

abnormality; fetish, fetishism; homosexuality, lesbianism, bisexuality; sodomy, buggery; pederasty; sadism. masochism, sadomasochism; 

incest. 

V. mate, copulate; make love, have intercourse, fornicate, have sex, do it, sleep together, fuck [Vulg.]; sleep around, play the field. 

masturbate, jerk off [Coll.], jack off [Coll.], play with oneself. have the hots [Coll.]; become aroused, get hot; have an erection, get it 

up. come, climax, ejaculate. 

Adj. sexy, erotic, sexual, carnal, sensual. hot, horny, randy, rutting; passionate, lusty, hot-blooded, libidinous; up, in the mood. 

homosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual. 

2. SENSATION 

1. Sensation in general 

#375. Physical Sensibility -- N. sensibility; sensitiveness &c. #376. Physical Insensibility -- N. insensibility, physical 

adj.; physical sensibility, feeling, impressibility, perceptivity, insensibility; obtuseness &c. adj.; palsy, paralysis, paraesthesia 

aesthetics; moral sensibility &c. 822. sensation, impression; [Med.], anaesthesia; sleep &c. 823; hemiplegia 

consciousness &c. (knowledge) 490. external senses. 

V. be sensible of &c. adj.; feel, perceive. render sensible &c. adj.; 

sharpen, cultivate, tutor. cause sensation, impress; excite an 

impression, produce an impression. 

Adj. sensible, sensitive, sensuous; aesthetic, perceptive, sentient; 

conscious &c. (aware) 490. acute, sharp, keen, vivid, lively, 

impressive, thin-skinned. 

Adv. to the quick. 

Phr. the touch'd needle trembles to the pole" [Pope]. 

† , motor paralysis; 

vegetable state; coma. anaesthetic agent, opium, ether, 

chloroform, chloral; nitrous oxide, laughing gas; exhilarating gas, 

protoxide of nitrogen; refrigeration. 

V. be insensible &c. adj.; have a thick skin, have a rhinoceros 

hide. render insensible &c. adj.; anaesthetize † , blunt, pall, 

obtund † , benumb, paralyze; put under the influence of chloroform 

&c. n.; stupefy, stun. 

Adj. insensible, unfeeling, senseless, impercipient † , callous, thickskinned, 

pachydermatous; hard, hardened; case hardened; proof, 

obtuse, dull; anaesthetic; comatose, paralytic, palsied, numb, 

dead. 

#377. Physical Pleasure -- N. pleasure; physical pleasure, #378. Physical Pain -- N. pain; suffering, sufferance, suffrance 

sensual pleasure, sensuous pleasure; bodily enjoyment, animal 

gratification, hedonism, sensuality; luxuriousness &c. adj.; 

dissipation, round of pleasure, titillation, gusto, creature comforts, 

comfort, ease; pillow &c. (support) 215; luxury, lap of luxury; purple 

and fine linen; bed of downs, bed of roses; velvet, clover; cup of 

Circe &c. (intemperance) 954. treat; refreshment, regale; feast; 

delice [Fr.]; dainty &c. 394; bonne bouche [Fr.]. source of pleasure 

&c. 829; happiness &c. (mental enjoyment) 827. 

V. feel pleasure, experience pleasure, receive pleasure; enjoy, 

relish; luxuriate in, revel in, riot in, bask in, swim in, drink up, eat 

up, wallow in; feast on; gloat over, float on; smack the lips. live on 

the fat of the land, live in comfort &c. adv.; bask in the sunshine, 

faire ses choux gras [Fr.]. give pleasure &c. 829. 

Adj. enjoying &c. v.; luxurious, voluptuous, sensual, comfortable, 

cosy, snug, in comfort, at ease. pleasant, agreeable &c. 829. 

Adv. in comfort &c. n.; on a bed of roses &c. n.; at one's ease. 

Phr. ride si sapis [Lat.] [Martial]; voluptales commendat rarior 

usus [Lat.] [Juvenal]. 

† ; 

bodily pain, physical pain, bodily suffering, physical suffering, body 

pain; mental suffering &c. 828; dolour, ache; aching &c. v.; smart; 

shoot, shooting; twinge, twitch, gripe, headache, stomach ache, 

heartburn, angina, angina pectoris [Lat.]; hurt, cut; sore, soreness; 

discomfort, malaise; cephalalgia [Med.], earache, gout, 

ischiagra † , lumbago, neuralgia, odontalgia † , otalgia † , podagra † , 

rheumatism, sciatica; tic douloureux [Fr.], toothache, tormina † , 

torticollis † . spasm, cramp; nightmare, ephialtes † ; crick, stitch; thrill, 

convulsion, throe; throb &c. (agitation) 315; pang; colic; kink. 

sharp pain, piercing pain, throbbing pain, shooting pain, sting, 

gnawing pain, burning pain; excruciating pain. anguish, agony; 

torment, torture; rack; cruciation † , crucifixion; martyrdom, toad 

under a harrow, vivisection. 

V. feel pain, experience pain, suffer pain, undergo pain &c. n.; 

suffer, ache, smart, bleed; tingle, shoot; twinge, twitch, lancinate † ; 

writhe, wince, make a wry face; sit on thorns, sit on pins and 

needles. give pain, inflict pain; lacerate; pain, hurt, chafe, sting, 

bite, gnaw, gripe; pinch, tweak; grate, gall, fret, prick, pierce, 

wring, convulse; torment, torture; rack, agonize; crucify; cruciate † , 

excruciate † ; break on the wheel, put to the rack; flog &c. (punish) 

972; grate on the ear &c. (harsh sound) 410.

Adj. in pain &c. n., in a state of pain; pained &c. v.; gouty, 

podagric † , torminous † . painful; aching &c. v.; sore, raw. 

2. Special Sensation 

(1) Touch 

#379. [Sensation of pressure] Touch -- N. touch; tact, taction † , tactility; feeling; palpation, palpability; contrectation † ; manipulation; 

massage. [Organ of touch] hand, finger, forefinger, thumb, paw, feeler, antenna; palpus † . 

V. touch, feel, handle, finger, thumb, paw, fumble, grope, grabble; twiddle, tweedle; pass the fingers over, run the fingers over; 

manipulate, wield; throw out a feeler. 

Adj. tactual, tactile; tangible, palpable; lambent. 

#380. Sensations of Touch -- N. itching, pruritis [Med.] &c. v.; 

titillation, formication † , aura; stereognosis † . 

V. itch, tingle, creep, thrill, sting; prick, prickle; tickle, titillate. 

Adj. itching &c. v.; stereognostic † , titillative. 

#381. [insensibility to touch.] Numbness -- N. numbness &c. 

(physical insensibility) 376; anaesthesia; pins and needles. 

V. benumb &c. 376. 

Adj. numb; benumbed &c. v.; deadened; intangible, impalpable. 

(2) Heat 

#382. Heat -- N. heat, caloric; temperature, warmth, fervor, 

calidity † ; incalescence † , incandescence; glow, flush; fever, hectic. 

phlogiston; fire, spark, scintillation, flash, flame, blaze; bonfire; 

firework, pyrotechnics, pyrotechny † ; wildfire; sheet of fire, lambent 

flame; devouring element; adiathermancy † ; recalescence [Phys.]. 

summer, dog days; canicular days † ; baking &c. 384; heat, white 

heat, tropical heat, Afric heat † , Bengal heat † , summer heat, blood 

heat; sirocco, simoom; broiling sun; insolation; warming &c. 384. 

sun &c. (luminary) 423. [Science of heat] pyrology † ; thermology † , 

thermotics † , thermodynamics; thermometer &c. 389. [thermal 

units] calorie, gram-calorie, small calorie; kilocalorie, kilogram 

calorie, large calorie; British Thermal Unit, B.T.U.; therm, quad. 

[units of temperature] degrees Kelvin, kelvins, degrees 

centigrade, degrees Celsius; degrees Fahrenheit. 

V. be hot &c. adj.; glow, flush, sweat, swelter, bask, smoke, reek, 

stew, simmer, seethe, boil, burn, blister, broil, blaze, flame; 

smolder; parch, fume, pant. heat &c. (make hot) 384; recalesce † ; 

thaw, give. 

Adj. hot, warm, mild, genial, tepid, lukewarm, unfrozen; thermal, 

thermic; calorific; fervent, fervid; ardent; aglow. sunny, torrid, 

tropical, estival † , canicular † , steamy; close, sultry, stifling, stuffy, 

suffocating, oppressive; reeking &c. v.; baking &c. 384. red hot, 

white hot, smoking hot, burning &c. v.. hot, piping hot; like a 

furnace, like an oven; burning, hot as fire, hot as pepper; hot 

enough to roast an ox, hot enough to boil an egg. fiery; 

incandescent, incalescent † ; candent † , ebullient, glowing, smoking; 

live; on fire; dazzling &c. v.; in flames, blazing, in a blaze; alight, 

afire, ablaze; unquenched, unextinguished † ; smoldering; in a heat, 

in a glow, in a fever, in a perspiration, in a sweat; sudorific † ; 

sweltering, sweltered; blood hot, blood warm; warm as a toast, 

warm as wool. volcanic, plutonic, igneous; isothermal † , 

isothermic † , isotheral † #383. Cold -- N. cold, coldness &c. adj.; frigidity, inclemency, 

fresco. winter; depth of winter, hard winter; Siberia, Nova Zembla; 

wind-chill factor. [forms of frozen water] ice; snow, snowflake, 

snow crystal, snow drift; sleet; hail, hailstone; rime, frost; hoar 

frost, white frost, hard frost, sharp frost; barf; glaze [U.S.], lolly 

[U.S.]; icicle, thick-ribbed ice; fall of snow, heavy fall; iceberg, 

icefloe; floe berg; glacier; nev_ee, serac 

. 

Phr. not a breath of air; whirlwinds of tempestuous fire" [Paradise 

Lost]. 

† ; pruina † . [cold 

substances] freezing mixture, dry ice, liquid nitrogen, liquid 

helium. [Sensation of cold] chilliness &c. adj.; chill; shivering &c. 

v.; goose skin, horripilation † ; rigor; chattering of teeth; numbness, 

frostbite. 

V. be cold &c. adj.; shiver, starve, quake, shake, tremble, 

shudder, didder † , quiver; freeze, freeze to death, perish with cold. 

freeze &c. (render cold) 385; horripilate † , make the skin crawl, 

give one goose flesh. 

Adj. cold, cool; chill, chilly; icy; gelid, frigid, algid † ; fresh, keen, 

bleak, raw, inclement, bitter, biting, niveous † , cutting, nipping, 

piercing, pinching; clay-cold; starved &c. (made cold) 385; chilled 

to the bone, shivering &c. v.; aguish, transi de froid [Fr.]; 

frostbitten, frost-bound, frost-nipped. cold as a stone, cold as 

marble, cold as lead, cold as iron, cold as a frog, cold as charity, 

cold as Christmas; cool as a cucumber, cool as custard. icy, 

glacial, frosty, freezing, pruinose † , wintry, brumal † , hibernal † , 

boreal, arctic, Siberian, hyemal † ; hyperborean, hyperboreal † ; 

icebound; frozen out. unwarmed † , unthawed † ; lukewarm, tepid; 

isocheimal † , isocheimenal † , isocheimic † . frozen, numb, frostbitten. 

Adv. coldly, bitterly &c. adj.; pierre fendre [Fr.]; 

#384. Calefaction -- N. increase of temperature; heating &c. v.; 

calefaction † , tepefaction † , torrefaction † ; melting, fusion; 

liquefaction &c. 335; burning &c. v.; ambustion † , combustion; 

incension † , accension † ; concremation † , cremation; scorification † ; 

cautery, cauterization; ustulation † , calcination; cracking, refining; 

incineration, cineration † ; carbonization; cupellation [Chem]. 

ignition, inflammation, adustion † , flagration † ; deflagration, 

conflagration; empyrosis † , incendiarism; arson; auto dafe [Fr.]. 

boiling &c. v.; coction † , ebullition, estuation † , elixation † , decoction; 

ebullioscope † #385. Refrigeration -- N. refrigeration, infrigidation 

; geyser; distillation (vaporization) 336. furnace &c. 

† , reduction of 

temperature; cooling &c. v.; congelation † , conglaciation † ; ice &c. 

383; solidification &c. (density) 321; ice box (refrigerator) 385. 

extincteur [Fr.]; fire annihilator; amianth † , amianthus † ; earth-flax, 

mountain-flax; flexible asbestos; fireman, fire brigade 

(incombustibility) 388.1. incombustibility, incombustibleness &c. 

adj. † . (insulation) 388.1. air conditioning [residential cooling], 

central air conditioning; air conditioner; fan, attic fan; dehumidifier. 

V. cool, fan, refrigerate, refresh, ice; congeal, freeze, glaciate; 

benumb, starve, pinch, chill, petrify, chill to the marrow, regelate † , 

nip, cut, pierce, bite, make one's teeth chatter, damp, slack

386; blanket, flannel, fur; wadding &c. (lining) 224; clothing &c. 

225. still; refinery; fractionating column, fractionating tower, 

cracking tower. match &c. (fuel) 388; incendiary; petroleuse [Fr.]; 

[biological effects resembling the effects of heat] [substances 

causing a burning sensation and damage on skin or tissue] 

cauterizer † ; caustic, lunar caustic, alkali, apozem † , moxa † ; acid, 

aqua fortis [Lat.], aqua regia; catheretic † , nitric acid, nitrochlorohydric 

acid, nitromuriatic acid; radioactivity, gamma rays, alpha 

particles, beta rays, X-rays, radiation, cosmic radiation, 

background radiation, radioactive isotopes, tritium, uranium, 

plutonium, radon, radium. sunstroke, coup de soleil [Fr.]; 

insolation. [artifacts requiring heat in their manufacture] pottery, 

ceramics, crockery, porcelain, china; earthenware, stoneware; 

pot, mug, terra cotta [Sp.], brick, clinker. [products of combustion] 

cinder, ash, scoriae, embers, soot; slag. [products of heating 

organic materials] coke, carbon, charcoal; wood alcohol, 

turpentine, tea tree oil; gasoline, kerosene, naptha, fuel oil (fuel) 

388; wax, paraffin; residue, tar. inflammability, combustibility. 

[Transmission of heat] diathermancy † , transcalency † , conduction; 

convection; radiation, radiant heat; heat conductivity, conductivity. 

[effects of heat 2] thermal expansion; coefficient of expansion. 

V. heat, warm, chafe, stive † , foment; make hot &c. 382; sun 

oneself, sunbathe. go up in flames, burn to the ground (flame) 

382. fire; set fire to, set on fire; kindle, enkindle, light, ignite, strike 

a light; apply the match to, apply the torch to; rekindle, relume † ; fan 

the flame, add fuel to the flame; poke the fire, stir the fire, blow the 

fire; make a bonfire of. melt, thaw, fuse; liquefy &c. 335. burn, 

inflame, roast, toast, fry, grill, singe, parch, bake, torrefy † , scorch; 

brand, cauterize, sear, burn in; corrode, char, calcine, incinerate; 

smelt, scorify † ; reduce to ashes; burn to a cinder; commit to the 

flames, consign to the flames. boil, digest, stew, cook, seethe, 

scald, parboil, simmer; do to rags. take fire, catch fire; blaze &c. 

(flame) 382. 

Adj. heated &c. v.; molten, sodden; r_echauff_e; heating &c. v.; 

adust † . inflammable, combustible; diathermal † , diathermanous † nip, cut, pierce, bite, make one's teeth chatter, damp, slack 

quench; put out, stamp out; extinguish; go out, burn out 

(incombustibility) 388.1. 

Adj. cooled &c. v.; frozen out; cooling &c. v.; frigorific 

; 

burnt &c. v.; volcanic, radioactive. 

† . 

#386. Furnace -- N. furnace, stove, kiln, oven; cracker; hearth, 

focus, combustion chamber; athanor † , hypocaust † , reverberatory; 

volcano; forge, fiery furnace; limekiln; Dutch oven; tuyere, brasier † , 

salamander, heater, warming pan; boiler, caldron, seething 

caldron, pot; urn, kettle; chafing-dish; retort, crucible, alembic, still; 

waffle irons; muffle furnace, induction furnace; electric heater, 

electric furnace, electric resistance heat. [steel-making furnace] 

open-hearth furnace. fireplace, gas fireplace; coal fire, wood fire; 

fire-dog, fire-irons; grate, range, kitchener; caboose, camboose † ; 

poker, tongs, shovel, ashpan, hob, trivet; andiron, gridiron; 

ashdrop; frying-pan, stew-pan, backlog. [area near a fireplace] 

hearth, inglenook. [residential heating methods] oil burner, gas 

burner, Franklin stove, pot-bellied stove; wood-burning stove; 

central heating, steam heat, hot water heat, gas heat, forced hot 

air, electric heat, heat pump; solar heat, convective heat. 

hothouse, bakehouse † , washhouse † ; laundry; conservatory; 

sudatory † ; Turkish bath, Russian bath, vapor bath, steam bath, 

sauna, warm bath; vaporarium † #387. Refrigerator -- N. refrigerator, refrigeratory 

. 

† ; frigidarium † ; 

cold storage, cold room, cold laboratory; icehouse, icepail, 

icebag, icebox; cooler, damper, polyurethane cooler; wine cooler. 

freezer, deep freeze, dry ice freezer, liquid nitrogen freezer, 

refigerator-freezer. freezing mixture [refrigerating substances], 

ice, ice cubes, blocks of ice, chipped ice; liquid nitrogen, dry ice, 

dry ice-acetone, liquid helium. 

#388. Fuel -- N. fuel, firing, combustible. [solid fuels] coal, 

wallsend † , anthracite, culm † , coke, carbon, charcoal, bituminous 

coal, tar shale; turf, peat, firewood, bobbing, faggot, log; cinder 

&c. (products of combustion) 384; ingle, tinder, touchwood; 

sulphur, brimstone; incense; port-fire; fire-barrel, fireball, brand; 

amadou † , bavin † ; blind coal, glance coal; German tinder, 

pyrotechnic sponge, punk, smudge [U.S.]; solid fueled rocket. 

[fuels for candles and lamps] wax, paraffin wax, paraffin oil; lamp 

oil, whale oil. [liquid fuels] oil, petroleum, gasoline, high octane 

gasoline, nitromethane, petrol, gas, juice [Coll.], gasohol, alcohol, 

ethanol, methanol, fuel oil, kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil, number 2 

#388a. Insulation [Fire extinction] -- N. insulation, incombustible 

material, noncombustible material; fire retardant, flame retardant; 

fire wall, fire door. incombustibility, incombustibleness &c. adj.. 

extincteur [Fr.]; fire annihilator; amianth † , amianthus † ; earth-flax, 

mountain-flax; asbestos; fireman, fire fighter, fire eater, fire 

department, fire brigade, engine company; pumper, fire truck, 

hook and ladder, aerial ladder, bucket; fire hose, fire hydrant. 

[forest fires] backfire, firebreak, trench; aerial water 

bombardment. wet blanket; fire extinguisher, soda and acid 

extinguisher, dry chemical extinguisher, CO-two extinguisher, 

carbon tetrachloride, foam; sprinklers, automatic sprinkler system; 

fire bucket, sand bucket. [warning of fire] fire alarm, evacuation

oil, number 4 oil, naphtha; rocket fuel, high specific impulse fuel, 

liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, lox. [gaseous fuels] natural gas, 

synthetic gas, synthesis gas, propane, butane, hydrogen. brand, 

torch, fuse; wick; spill, match, light, lucifer, congreve † , vesuvian, 

vesta † , fusee, locofoco † ; linstock † . candle &c. (luminary) 423; oil 

&c. (grease) 356. 

Adj. carbonaceous; combustible, inflammable; high octane, high 

specific impulse; heat of combustion, 

fire bucket, sand bucket. [warning of fire] fire alarm, evacuation 

alarm, [laws to prevent fire] fire code, fire regulations, fire; fire 

inspector; code violation, citation. 

V. go out, die out, burn out; fizzle. extinguish; damp, slack, quench, 

smother; put out, stamp out; douse, snuff, snuff out, blow out. 

fireproof, flameproof. 

Adj. incombustible; nonflammable, uninflammable, unflammable † ; 

fireproof. 

Phr. fight fire with fire 

#389. Thermometer -- N. thermometer, thermometrograph † , mercury thermometer, alcohol thermometer, clinical thermometer, drybulb 

thermometer, wet-bulb thermometer, Anschutz thermometer [G.], gas thermometer, telethermometer; color-changing 

temperature indicator; thermopile, thermoscope † ; pyrometer, calorimeter, bomb calorimeter; thermistor, thermocouple. [temperaturecontrol 

devices] thermostat, thermoregulator. 

(3) Taste 

#390. Taste -- N. taste, flavor, gust, gusto, savor; gout, relish; 

sapor † , sapidity † ; twang, smack, smatch † ; aftertaste, tang. tasting; 

degustation, gustation. palate, tongue, tooth, stomach. 

V. taste, savor, smatch † , smack, flavor, twang; tickle the palate 

&c. (savory) 394; smack the lips. 

Adj. sapid, saporific † ; gustable † , gustatory; gustful † #391. Insipidity -- N. insipidity, blandness; tastelessness &c. 

adj.. 

V. be tasteless &c. adj.. 

Adj. bland, void of taste &c. 390; insipid; tasteless, gustless 

; strong, gamy; 

palatable &c. 394. 

† , 

savorless; ingustible † , mawkish, milk and water, weak, stale, flat, 

vapid, fade, wishy-washy, mild; untasted † . 

#392. Pungency -- N. pungency, piquance, piquancy, poignancy haut-gout, strong taste, twang, race. sharpness &c. adj.; acrimony; 

roughness &c. (sour) 392; unsavoriness &c. 395. mustard, cayenne, caviare; seasoning &c. (condiment) 393; niter, saltpeter, brine 

(saltiness) 392.1; carbonate of ammonia; sal ammoniac † , sal volatile, smelling salts; hartshorn (acridity) 401.1. dram, cordial, nip. 

nicotine, tobacco, snuff, quid, smoke; segar † ; cigar, cigarette; weed; fragrant weed, Indian weed; Cavendish, fid † , negro head, old 

soldier, rappee † , stogy † . 

V. be pungent &c. adj.; bite the tongue. render pungent &c. adj.; season, spice, salt, pepper, pickle, brine, devil. smoke, chew, take 

snuff. 

Adj. pungent, strong; high-, full-flavored; high-tasted, high-seasoned; gamy, sharp, stinging, rough, piquant, racy; biting, mordant; 

spicy; seasoned &c. v.; hot, hot as pepper; peppery, vellicating † , escharotic † , meracious † ; acrid, acrimonious, bitter; rough &c. (sour) 

397; unsavory &c. 395. 

#392a. Saltiness -- N. saltiness. niter, saltpeter, brine. 

Adj. salty, salt, saline, brackish, briny; salty as brine, salty as a herring, salty as Lot's wife. salty, racy (indecent) 961. 

Phr. take it with a grain of salt. 

#392b. Bitterness -- N. bitterness, acridness † , acridity, acrimony; caustic, alkali; acerbity; gall, wormwood; bitters, astringent bitters. 

Angostura [additive for alcoholic beverages], aromatic bitters. sourness &c. 397; pungency &c. 392. [bitter substances] alkaloids; 

turmeric. 

Adj. bitter, bitterish, acrid, acerb, acerbic. 

Phr. bitter as gall; bitter pill to take; sugar coating on a bitter pill. 

#393. Condiment -- N. condiment, seasoning, sauce, spice, relish, appetizer. [Condiments] salt; mustard, grey poupon mustard; 

pepper, black pepper, white pepper, peppercorn, curry, sauce piquante [Fr.]; caviare, onion, garlic, pickle; achar † , allspice; bell 

pepper, Jamaica pepper, green pepper; chutney; cubeb † , pimento. [capsicum peppers] capsicum, red pepper, chili peppers, 

cayenne. nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, oregano, cloves, fennel. [herbs] pot herbs, parsley, sage, rosemary, thyme, bay leaves, 

marjoram. [fragrant woods and gums] frankincense, balm, myrrh. [from pods] paprika. [from flower stigmas] saffron. [from roots] 

ginger, turmeric. 

V. season, spice, flavor, spice up &c. (render pungent) 392. 

#394. Savoriness -- N. savoriness &c. adj.; good taste, 

deliciousness, delectability. relish, zest; appetizer. tidbit, titbit † , 

dainty, delicacy, tasty morsel; appetizer, hors d'ouvres [Fr.]; 

ambrosia, nectar, bonne-bouche [Fr.]; game, turtle, venison; 

delicatessen. 

V. be savory &c. adj.; tickle the palate, tickle the appetite; flatter 

the palate. render palatable &c. adj.. relish, like, smack the lips. 

Adj. savory, delicious, tasty, well-tasted, to one's taste, good, 

palatable, nice, dainty, delectable; toothful † , toothsome; gustful † , 

appetizing, lickerish † , delicate, exquisite, rich, luscious, 

ambrosial, scrumptious, delightful. 

Adv. per amusare la bocca [It] 

#395. Unsavoriness -- N. unsavoriness &c. adj.; amaritude † ; 

acrimony, acridity (bitterness) 392.2; roughness &c. (sour) 397; 

acerbity, austerity; gall and wormwood, rue, quassia † , aloes; 

marah † ; sickener † . 

V. be unpalatable &c. adj.; sicken, disgust, nauseate, pall, turn the 

stomach. 

Adj. unsavory, unpalatable, unsweetened, unsweet † ; ill-flavored; 

bitter, bitter as gall; acrid, acrimonious; rough. offensive, repulsive, 

nasty; sickening &c. v.; nauseous; loathsome, fulsome; unpleasant 

&c. 830.

Phr. cela se laisse manger [Fr.]. 

#396. Sweetness -- N. sweetness, dulcitude † . sugar, syrup, 

treacle, molasses, honey, manna; confection, confectionary; 

sweets, grocery, conserve, preserve, confiture † , jam, julep; sugarcandy, 

sugar-plum; licorice, marmalade, plum, lollipop, bonbon, 

jujube, comfit, sweetmeat; apple butter, caramel, damson, 

glucose; maple sirup † , maple syrup, maple sugar; mithai † , 

sorghum, taffy. nectar; hydromel † , mead, meade † , metheglin † , 

honeysuckle, liqueur, sweet wine, aperitif. [sources of sugar] 

sugar cane, sugar beets. [sweet foods] desert, pastry, pie, cake, 

candy, ice cream, tart, puff, pudding (food) 298. dulcification † , 

dulcoration † . sweetener, corn syrup, cane sugar, refined sugar, 

beet sugar, dextrose; artificial sweetener, saccharin, cyclamate, 

aspartame, Sweet'N Low. 

V. be sweet &c. adj.. render sweet &c. adj.; sweeten; edulcorate † ; 

dulcorate † , dulcify † ; candy; mull. 

Adj. sweet; saccharine, sacchariferous † ; dulcet, candied, honied † , 

luscious, lush, nectarious † , melliferous † #397. Sourness -- N. sourness &c. adj.; acid, acidity, low pH; 

acetous fermentation, lactic fermentation. vinegar, verjuice 

; sweetened &c. v.. sweet 

as a nut, sweet as sugar, sweet as honey. sickly sweet. 

Phr. eau sucr_ee [Fr.]; sweets to the sweet" [Hamlet]. 

† , crab, 

alum; acetic acid, lactic acid. 

V. be sour; sour, turn sour &c. adj.; set the teeth on edge. render 

sour &c. adj.; acidify, acidulate. 

Adj. sour; acid, acidulous, acidulated; tart, crabbed; acetous, 

acetose † ; acerb, acetic; sour as vinegar, sourish, acescent † , 

subacid [Chem]; styptic, hard, rough. 

Phr. sour as a lemon. 

(4) Odor 

#398. Odor -- N. odor, smell, odorament † , scent, effluvium; 

emanation, exhalation; fume, essence, trail, nidor † , redolence. 

sense of smell; scent; act of smelling &c. v.; olfaction, olfactories † . 

[pleasant odor] fragrance &c. 400. odorant. [animal with acute 

sense of smell] bloodhound, hound. [smell detected by a hound] 

spoor. 

V. have an odor &c. n.; smell, smell of, smell strong of; exhale; 

give out a smell &c. n.; reek, reek of; scent. smell, scent; snuff, 

snuff up; sniff, nose, inhale. 

Adj. odorous, odoriferous; smelling, reeking, foul-smelling, strongscented; 

redolent, graveolent † , nidorous † #399. Inodorousness -- N. inodorousness 

, pungent; putrid, foul. 

[Relating to the sense of smell] olfactory, quick-scented. 

† ; absence of smell, 

want of smell. deodorant, deodorization, deodorizer. 

V. be inodorous &c. adj. † ; not smell. deodorize. 

Adj. inodorous † , onodorate; scentless; without smell, wanting 

smell &c. 398. deodorized, deodorizing. 

#400. Fragrance -- N. fragrance, aroma, redolence, perfume, 

bouquet, essence, scent; sweet smell, aromatic perfume. 

agalloch † , agallochium † ; aloes wood; bay rum; calambac † , 

calambour † ; champak † , horehound, lign-aloes † , marrubium † , mint, 

muskrat, napha water † , olibanum † , spirit of myrcia † . essential oil. 

incense; musk, frankincense; pastil † , pastille; myrrh, perfumes of 

Arabia † ; otto † , ottar † , attar; bergamot, balm, civet, potpourri, 

pulvil † ; nosegay; scentbag † ; sachet, smelling bottle, vinaigrette; 

eau de Cologne [Fr.], toilet water, lotion, after-shave lotion; 

thurification † . perfumer. [fragrant wood oils] eucalyptus oil, pinene. 

V. be fragrant &c. adj.; have a perfume &c. n.; smell sweet. scent 

[render fragrant], perfume, embalm. 

Adj. fragrant, aromatic, redolent, spicy, savory, balmy, scented, 

sweet-smelling, sweet-scented; perfumed, perfumatory † ; 

thuriferous; fragrant as a rose, muscadine † #401. Fetor -- N. fetor 

, ambrosial. 

† ; bad &c. adj.. smell, bad odor; stench, 

stink; foul odor, malodor; empyreuma † ; mustiness &c. adj.; 

rancidity; foulness &c. (uncleanness) 653. stoat, polecat, skunk; 

assafoetida † ; fungus, garlic; stinkpot; fitchet † , fitchew † , fourmart † , 

peccary. acridity &c. 401.1. 

V. have a bad smell &c. n.; smell; stink, stink in the nostrils, stink 

like a polecat; smell strong &c. adj., smell offensively. 

Adj. fetid; strong-smelling; high, bad, strong, fulsome, offensive, 

noisome, rank, rancid, reasty † , tainted, musty, fusty, frouzy † ; olid † , 

olidous † ; nidorous † ; smelling, stinking; putrid &c. 653; suffocating, 

mephitic; empyreumatic † . 

#401a. Acridity -- N. acridity, astringency, bite. [acrid substances] tear gas; smoke, acrid fumes. 

Adj. acrid, biting, astringent, sharp, harsh; bitter &c. 392.2. 

#402. Sound -- N. sound, noise, strain; accent, twang, intonation, 

tone; cadence; sonorousness &c. adj.; audibility; resonance &c. 

408; voice &c. 580; aspirate; ideophone † ; rough breathing. 

[Science, of sound] acoustics; phonics, phonetics, phonology, 

phonography † ; diacoustics † , diaphonics † ; phonetism † . 

(5) Sound 

(i) SOUND IN GENERAL 

#403. Silence -- N. silence; stillness &c. (quiet) 265; peace, hush, 

lull; muteness &c. 581; solemn silence, awful silence, dead 

silence, deathlike silence. 

V. be silent &c. adj.; hold one's tongue &c. (not speak) 585. 

render silent &c. adj.; silence, still, hush; stifle, muffle, stop; 

muzzle, put to silence &c. (render mute) 581.

V. produce sound; sound, make a noise; give out sound, emit 

sound; resound &c. 408. 

Adj. sounding; soniferous † ; sonorous, sonorific † ; resonant, 

audible, distinct; stertorous; phonetic; phonic, phonocamptic † . 

Phr. a thousand trills and quivering sounds" [Addison]; forensis 

strepitus [Lat.]. 

#404. Loudness -- N. loudness, power; loud noise, din; blare; 

clang, clangor; clatter, noise, bombilation † , roar, uproar, racket, 

hubbub, bobbery † , fracas, charivari † , trumpet blast, flourish of 

trumpets, fanfare, tintamarre † , peal, swell, blast, larum † , boom; 

bang (explosion) 406; resonance &c. 408. vociferation, 

hullabaloo, &c. 411; lungs; Stentor. artillery, cannon; thunder. 

V. be loud &c. adj.; peal, swell, clang, boom, thunder, blare, 

fulminate, roar; resound &c. 408. speak up, shout &c. (vociferate) 

411; bellow &c. (cry as an animal) 412. rend the air, rend the 

skies; fill the air; din in the ear, ring in the ear, thunder in the ear; 

pierce the ears, split the ears, rend the ears, split the head; 

deafen, stun; faire le diable a quatre [Fr.]; make one's windows 

shake, rattle the windows; awaken the echoes, startle the echoes; 

wake the dead. 

Adj. loud, sonorous; high-sounding, big-sounding; deep, full, 

powerful, noisy, blatant, clangorous, multisonous † ; thundering, 

deafening &c. v.; trumpet-tongued; ear-splitting, ear-rending, eardeafening; 

piercing; obstreperous, rackety, uproarious; enough to 

wake the dead, enough to wake seven sleepers. shrill &c. 410 

clamorous &c. (vociferous) 411 stentorian, stentorophonic † . 

Adv. loudly &c. adj.. aloud; at the top of one's voice, at the top of 

one's lungs, lustily, in full cry. 

Phr. the air rings with; the deep dread-bolted thunder" [Lear]. 

#406. [Sudden and violent sounds.] Snap -- N. snap &c. v.; 

rapping &c. v.; decrepitation, crepitation; report, thud; burst, 

explosion, blast, boom, discharge, detonation, firing, salvo, volley. 

squib, cracker, firecracker, cherry bomb, M80, gun, cap, cap gun, 

popgun. implosion. bomb burst, atomic explosion, nuclear 

explosion (arms) 727. [explosive substances] gunpowder, 

dynamite, gun cotton, nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, plastic 

explosive, plastique, TNT, cordite, trinitrotoluene, picric acid, 

picrates, mercury fulminate (arms) 727. whack, wham, pow. 

V. rap, snap, tap, knock, ping; click; clash; crack, crackle; crash; 

pop; slam, bang, blast, boom, clap, clang, clack, whack, wham; 

brustle † ; burst on the ear; crepitate, rump. blow up, blow; detonate. 

Adj. rapping &c. v.. 

Int. kaboom!, whamo!, Heewhack!, pow!, 

#408. Resonance -- N. resonance; ring &c. v.; ringing, 

tintinabulation &c. v.; reflexion [Brit.], reflection, reverberation; 

echo, reecho; zap, zot [Coll.]; buzz (hiss) 409. low note, base 

note, bass note, flat note, grave note, deep note; bass; basso, 

basso profondo [It]; baritone, barytone † ; contralto. [device to 

cause resonance] echo chamber, resonator. [ringing in the ears] 

tinnitus [Med.]. [devices which make a resonating sound] bell, 

doorbell, buzzer; gong, cymbals (musical instruments) 417. 

muzzle, put to silence &c. (render mute) 581. 

Adj. silent; still, stilly; noiseless, soundless; hushed &c. v.; mute 

&c. 581. soft, solemn, awful, deathlike, silent as the grave; 

inaudible &c. (faint) 405. 

Adv. silently &c. adj.; sub silentio [Lat.]. 

Int. hush!, silence!, soft!, whist!, tush!, chut! † , tut!, pax! [Lat.], be 

quiet!, be silent!, be still!, shut up! [Slang]; chup! † , chup rao! † , 

tace! [It], 

Phr. one might hear a feather drop, one might hear a pin drop, so 

quiet you could hear a pin drop; grosse Seelen dulden still [G.]; le 

silence est la vertu de ceux qui ne sont pas le silence est la vertu 

de ceux qui ne sont pas sages [Fr.]; le silence est le parti le plus 

sar de celui se le silence est le parti le plus sar de celui se d_efie 

de soi-meme [Fr.]; silence more musical than any song" [C.G. 

Rossetti]; tacent satis laudant [Lat.]; better to be silent and thought 

a fool than to speak better to be silent and thought a fool than to 

speak up and remove all doubt. 

#405. Faintness -- N. faintness &c. adj.; faint sound, whisper, 

breath; undertone, underbreath † ; murmur, hum, susurration; tinkle; 

still small voice." hoarseness &c. adj.; raucity † . 

V. whisper, breathe, murmur, purl, hum, gurgle, ripple, babble, 

flow; tinkle; mutter &c. (speak imperfectly) 583; susurrate † . steal 

on the ear; melt in the air, float on the air. 

Adj. inaudible; scarcely audible, just audible; low, dull; stifled, 

muffled; hoarse, husky; gentle, soft, faint; floating; purling, flowing 

&c. v.; whispered &c. v.; liquid; soothing; dulcet &c. (melodious) 

413; susurrant † , susurrous † . 

Adv. in a whisper, with bated breath, sotto voce [Lat.], between 

the teeth, aside; piano, pianissimo; d la sourdine † ; out of earshot 

inaudibly &c. adj.. 

(ii) SPECIFIC SOUNDS 

#407. [Repeated and protracted sounds.] Roll -- N. roll &c. v.; 

drumming &c. v.; berloque † , bombination † , rumbling; tattoo, 

drumroll; dingdong; tantara † ; rataplan † ; whirr; ratatat, ratatat-tat; 

rubadub; pitapat; quaver, clutter, charivari † , racket; cuckoo; 

repetition &c. 104; peal of bells, devil's tattoo; reverberation &c. 

408. [sound of railroad train rolling on rails] clickety-clack. hum, 

purr. [animals that hum] hummingbird. [animals that purr] cat, 

kitten (animal sounds) 412. 

V. roll, drum, rumble, rattle, clatter, patter, clack; bombinate † . hum, 

trill, shake; chime, peal, toll; tick, beat. drum in the ear, din in the 

ear. 

Adj. rolling &c. v.; monotonous &c. (repeated) 104; like a bee in a 

bottle. 

#408a. Nonresonance † -- N. thud, thump, dead sound; 

nonresonance † ; muffled drums, cracked bell; damper; silencer. 

V. sound dead; stop the sound, damp the sound, deaden the 

sound, deaden the reverberations, dampen the reverberations. 

Adj. nonresonant † , dead; dampened, muffled.

[physical resonance] sympathetic vibrations; natural frequency, 

coupled vibration frequency; overtone; resonating cavity; sounding 

board, tuning fork. [electrical resonance] tuning, squelch, 

frequency selection; resonator, resonator circuit; radio &c.. 

[chemical resonance] resonant structure, aromaticity, alternating 

double bonds, non-bonded resonance; pi clouds, unsaturation, 

double bond, (valence). 

V. resound, reverberate, reecho, resonate; ring, jingle, gingle † , 

chink, clink; tink † , tinkle; chime; gurgle &c. 405; plash, goggle, 

echo, ring in the ear. 

Adj. resounding &c. v.; resonant, reverberant, tinnient † , 

tintinnabulary; sonorous, booming, deep-toned, deep-sounding, 

deep-mouthed, vibrant; hollow, sepulchral; gruff &c. (harsh) 410. 

Phr. sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh" [Hamlet]; echoing 

down the mountain and through the echoing down the mountain 

and through the dell. 

#409. [Hissing sounds.] Sibilation -- N. sibilance, sibilation; zip; hiss &c. v.; sternutation; high note &c. 410. [animals that hiss] 

goose, serpent, snake (animal sounds) 412. [animals that buzz] insect, bug; bee, mosquito, wasp, fly. [inanimate things that hiss] 

tea kettle, pressure cooker; air valve, pressure release valve, safety valve, tires, air escaping from tires, punctured tire; escaping 

steam, steam, steam radiator, steam release valve. 

V. hiss, buzz, whiz, rustle; fizz, fizzle; wheeze, whistle, snuffle; squash; sneeze; sizzle, swish. 

Adj. sibilant; hissing &c. v.; wheezy; sternutative † . 

#410. [Harsh sounds.] Stridor -- N. creak &c. v.; creaking &c. v.; discord, &c. 414; stridor; roughness, sharpness, &c. adj.; 

cacophony; cacoepy † . acute note, high note; soprano, treble, tenor, alto, falsetto, penny trumpet, voce di testa [It]. 

V. creak, grate, jar, burr, pipe, twang, jangle, clank, clink; scream &c. (cry) 411; yelp &c. (animal sound) 412; buzz &c. (hiss) 409. set 

the teeth on edge, corcher les oreilles [Fr.]; pierce the ears, split the ears, split the head; offend the ear, grate upon the ear, jar upon 

the ear. 

Adj. creaking &c. v.; stridulous † , harsh, coarse, hoarse, horrisonous † , rough, gruff, grum † , sepulchral, hollow. sharp, high, acute, shrill; 

trumpet-toned; piercing, ear-piercing, high-pitched, high-toned; cracked; discordant &c. 414; cacophonous. 

#411. Cry -- N. cry &c. v.; voice &c. (human) 580; hubbub; bark 

&c. (animal) 412. vociferation, outcry, hullabaloo, chorus, clamor, 

hue and cry, plaint; lungs; stentor. 

V. cry, roar, shout, bawl, brawl, halloo, halloa, hoop, whoop, yell, 

bellow, howl, scream, screech, screak † , shriek, shrill, squeak, 

squeal, squall, whine, pule, pipe, yaup † . cheer; hoot; grumble, 

moan, groan. snore, snort; grunt &c. (animal sounds) 412. 

vociferate; raise up the voice, lift up the voice; call out, sing out, cry 

out; exclaim; rend the air; thunder at the top of one's voice, shout 

at the top of one's voice, shout at the pitch of one's breath, thunder 

at the pitch of one's breath; s'_egosiller; strain the throat, strain the 

voice, strain the lungs; give a cry &c. 

Adj. crying &c. v.; clamant † , clamorous; vociferous; stentorian &c. 

(loud) 404; open-mouthed. 

#412. [Animal sounds.] Ululation -- N. cry &c. v.; crying &c. v.; 

bowwow, ululation, latration † , belling; reboation † ; wood-note; 

insect cry, fritiniancy † , drone; screech owl; cuckoo. wailing 

(lamentation) 839. 

V. cry, roar, bellow, blare, rebellow † ; growl, snarl. [specific animal 

sounds] bark [dog, seal]; bow-wow, yelp [dog]; bay, bay at the 

moon [dog, wolf]; yap, yip, yipe, growl, yarr † , yawl, snarl, howl [dog, 

wolf]; grunt, gruntle † ; snort [pig, hog, swine, horse]; squeak, [swine, 

mouse]; neigh, whinny [horse]; bray [donkey, mule, hinny, ass]; 

mew, mewl [kitten]; meow [cat]; purr [cat]; caterwaul, pule [cats]; 

baa † , bleat [lamb]; low, moo [cow, cattle]; troat † , croak, peep 

[frog]; coo [dove, pigeon]; gobble [turkeys]; quack [duck]; honk, 

gaggle, guggle [goose]; crow, caw, squawk, screech, [crow]; 

cackle, cluck, clack [hen, rooster, poultry]; chuck, chuckle; hoot, 

hoo [owl]; chirp, cheep, chirrup, twitter, cuckoo, warble, trill, tweet, 

pipe, whistle [small birds]; hum [insects, hummingbird]; buzz [flying 

insects, bugs]; hiss [snakes, geese]; blatter † ; ratatat 

[woodpecker]. 

Adj. crying &c. v.; blatant, latrant † , remugient † , mugient † ; deepmouthed, 

full-mouthed; rebellowing † , reboant † . 

Adv. in full cry. 

(iii) MUSICAL SOUNDS 

#413. Melody. Concord -- N. melody, rhythm, measure; rhyme 

&c. (poetry) 597. pitch, timbre, intonation, tone. scale, gamut; 

diapason; diatonic chromatic scale † , enharmonic scale † ; key, clef, 

chords. modulation, temperament, syncope, syncopation, 

preparation, suspension, resolution. staff, stave, line, space, 

brace; bar, rest; appoggiato † , appoggiatura † ; acciaccatura † . note, 

musical note, notes of a scale; sharp, flat, natural; high note &c. 

(shrillness) 410; low note &c. 408; interval; semitone; second, 

third, fourth &c.; diatessaron † . breve, semibreve [Mus.], minim, 

crotchet, quaver; semiquaver, demisemiquaver, 

#414. Discord -- N. discord, discordance; dissonance, 

cacophony, want of harmony, caterwauling; harshness &c. 410. 

[Confused sounds], Babel, Dutch concert, cat's concert; 

marrowbones and cleavers. 

V. be discordant &c. adj.; jar &c. (sound harshly) 410. 

Adj. discordant; dissonant, absonant † ; out of tune, tuneless; 

unmusical, untunable † ; unmelodious, immelodious † ; 

unharmonious † , inharmonious; singsong; cacophonous; harsh &c. 

410; jarring.

hemidemisemiquaver; sustained note, drone, burden. tonic; key 

note, leading note, fundamental note; supertonic † , mediant † , 

dominant; submediant † , subdominant † ; octave, tetrachord † ; major 

key, minor key, major scale, minor scale, major mode, minor 

mode; passage, phrase. concord, harmony; emmeleia † ; unison, 

unisonance † ; chime, homophony; euphony, euphonism † ; tonality; 

consonance; consent; part. [Science of harmony] harmony, 

harmonics; thorough-bass, fundamental-bass; counterpoint; 

faburden † . piece of music &c. 415 [Fr.]; composer, harmonist † , 

contrapuntist (musician) 416. 

V. be harmonious &c. adj.; harmonize, chime, symphonize † , 

transpose; put in tune, tune, accord, string. 

Adj. harmonious, harmonical † ; in concord &c. n., in tune, in 

concert; unisonant † , concentual † , symphonizing † , isotonic, 

homophonous † , assonant; ariose † , consonant. measured, 

rhythmical, diatonic † , chromatic, enharmonic † . melodious, 

musical; melic † ; tuneful, tunable; sweet, dulcet, canorous † ; mellow, 

mellifluous; soft, clear, clear as a bell; silvery; euphonious, 

euphonic, euphonical † ; symphonious; enchanting &c. (pleasuregiving) 

829; fine-toned, full-toned, silver-toned. 

Adv. harmoniously, in harmony; as one &c. adj.. 

Phr. the hidden soul of harmony" [Milton]. 

#415. Music -- N. music; concert; strain, tune, air; melody &c. 413; aria, arietta † ; piece of music [Fr.], work, number, opus; sonata; 

rondo, rondeau [Fr.]; pastorale, cavatina † , roulade † , fantasia, concerto, overture, symphony, variations, cadenza; cadence; fugue, 

canon, quodlibet, serenade, notturno [It], dithyramb; opera, operetta; oratorio; composition, movement; stave; passamezzo [It], 

toccata, Vorspiel [G.]. instrumental music; full score; minstrelsy, tweedledum and tweedledee, band, orchestra; concerted piece [Fr.], 

potpourri, capriccio. vocal music, vocalism † ; chaunt, chant; psalm, psalmody; hymn; song &c. (poem) 597; canticle, canzonet † , 

cantata, bravura, lay, ballad, ditty, carol, pastoral, recitative, recitativo † , solfeggio † . Lydian measures; slow music, slow movement; 

adagio &c. adv.; minuet; siren strains, soft music, lullaby; dump; dirge &c. (lament) 839; pibroch † ; martial music, march; dance 

music; waltz &c. (dance) 840. solo, duet, duo, trio; quartet, quartett † ; septett † ; part song, descant, glee, madrigal, catch, round, 

chorus, chorale; antiphon † , antiphony; accompaniment, second, bass; score; bourdon † , drone, morceau † , terzetto † . composer &c. 

413; musician &c. 416. 

V. compose, perform &c. 416; attune. 

Adj. musical; instrumental, vocal, choral, lyric, operatic; harmonious &c. 413; Wagnerian. 

Adv. adagio; largo, larghetto, andante, andantino † ; alla capella [It]; maestoso † , moderato; allegro, allegretto; spiritoso † , vivace † , 

veloce † ; presto, prestissimo † ; con brio; capriccioso † ; scherzo, scherzando † ; legato, staccato, crescendo, diminuendo, rallentando † , 

affettuoso † ; obbligato; pizzicato; desto † . 

Phr. in notes by distance made more sweet" [Collins]; like the faint exquisite music of a dream" [Moore]; music arose with its 

voluptuous swell" [Byron]; music is the universal language of mankind" [Longfellow]; music's golden tongue" [Keats]; the speech of 

angels" [Carlyle]; will sing the savageness out of a bear" [Othello]; music hath charms to soothe the savage beast. 

#416. Musician [Performance of Music.] -- N. musician, artiste, performer, player, minstrel; bard &c. (poet) 597; [specific types of 

musicians] accompanist, accordionist, instrumentalist, organist, pianist, violinist, flautist; harper, fiddler, fifer † , trumpeter, piper, 

drummer; catgut scraper. band, orchestral waits. vocalist, melodist; singer, warbler; songster, chaunter † , chauntress † , songstress; 

cantatrice † . choir, quire, chorister; chorus, chorus singer; liedertafel [G.]. nightingale, philomel † , thrush; siren; bulbul, mavis; Pierides; 

sacred nine; Orpheus, Apollo † , the Muses Erato, Euterpe, Terpsichore; tuneful nine, tuneful quire. composer &c. 413. performance, 

execution, touch, expression, solmization † . 

V. play, pipe, strike up, sweep the chords, tweedle, fiddle; strike the lyre, beat the drum; blow the horn, sound the horn, wind the horn; 

doodle; grind the organ; touch the guitar &c. (instruments) 417; thrum, strum, beat time. execute, perform; accompany; sing a 

second, play a second; compose, set to music, arrange. sing, chaunt, chant, hum, warble, carol, chirp, chirrup, lilt, purl, quaver, trill, 

shake, twitter, whistle; sol-fa † ; intone. have an ear for music, have a musical ear, have a correct ear. 

Adj. playing &c. v.; musical. 

Adv. adagio, andante &c. (music) 415. 

#417. Musical Instruments -- N. musical instruments; band; string-band, brass-band; orchestra; orchestrina † . [Stringed 

instruments], monochord † , polychord † ; harp, lyre, lute, archlute † ; mandola † , mandolin, mandoline † ; guitar; zither; cither † , cithern † ; 

gittern † , rebeck † , bandurria † , bandura, banjo; bina † , vina † ; xanorphica † . viol, violin, fiddle, kit; viola, viola d'amore [Fr.], viola di gamba 

[It]; tenor, cremona, violoncello, bass; bass viol, base viol; theorbo † , double base, contrabasso † , violone † , psaltery [Slang]; bow, 

fiddlestick † . piano, pianoforte; harpsichord, clavichord, clarichord † , manichord † ; clavier, spinet, virginals, dulcimer, hurdy-gurdy, 

vielle † , pianino † , Eolian harp. [Wind instruments]; organ, harmonium, harmoniphon † ; American organ † , barrel organ, hand organ; 

accordion, seraphina † , concertina; humming top. flute, fife, piccolo, flageolet; clarinet, claronet † ; basset horn, corno di bassetto [It], 

oboe, hautboy, cor Anglais [Fr.], corno Inglese † , bassoon, double bassoon, contrafagotto † , serpent, bass clarinet; bagpipes, union 

pipes; musette, ocarina, Pandean pipes; reed instrument; sirene † , pipe, pitch-pipe; sourdet † ; whistle, catcall; doodlesack † ,

harmoniphone † . horn, bugle, cornet, cornet-a-pistons, cornopean † , clarion, trumpet, trombone, ophicleide † ; French horn, saxophone, 

sax [Slang], buglehorn † , saxhorn, flugelhorn † , althorn † , helicanhorn † , posthorn † ; sackbut, euphonium, bombardon tuba † . [Vibrating 

surfaces] cymbal, bell, gong; tambour † , tambourine, tamborine † ; drum, tom-tom; tabor, tabret † , tabourine † , taborin † ; side drum, kettle 

drum; timpani, tympani † ; tymbal † , timbrel † , castanet, bones; musical glasses, musical stones; harmonica, sounding-board, rattle; tamtam, 

zambomba † . [Vibrating bars] reed, tuning fork, triangle, Jew's harp, musical box, harmonicon † , xylophone. sordine † , sordet † ; 

sourdine † , sourdet † ; mute. 

(iv) PERCEPTION OF SOUND 

#418. [Sense of sound.] Hearing -- N. hearing &c. v.; audition, 

auscultation; eavesdropping; audibility. acute ear, nice ear, 

delicate ear, quick ear, sharp ear, correct ear, musical ear; ear for 

music. ear, auricle, lug, acoustic organs, auditory apparatus; 

eardrum, tympanum, tympanic membrane. [devices to aid human 

hearing by amplifying sound] ear trumpet, speaking trumpet, 

hearing aid, stethoscope. [distance within which direct hearing is 

possible] earshot, hearing distance, hearing, hearing range, 

sound, carrying distance. [devices for talking beyond hearing 

distance: list] telephone, phone, telephone booth, intercom, house 

phone, radiotelephone, radiophone, wireless, wireless telephone, 

mobile telephone, car radio, police radio, two-way radio, walkietalkie 

[Mil.], handie-talkie, citizen's band, CB, amateur radio, ham 

radio, short-wave radio, police band, ship-to-shore radio, airplane 

radio, control tower communication; (communication) 525, 527, 

529, 531, 532; electronic devices [devices for recording and 

reproducing recorded sound], phonograph, gramophone, 

megaphone, phonorganon † #419. Deafness -- N. deafness, hardness of hearing, surdity 

. [device to convert sound to electrical 

signals] microphone, directional microphone, mike, hand mike, 

lapel microphone. [devices to convert recorded sound to 

electronic signals] phonograph needle, stylus, diamond stylus, 

pickup; reading head (electronic devices). hearer, auditor, 

listener, eavesdropper, listener-in. auditory, audience. [science of 

hearing] otology, otorhinolaryngology. [physicians specializing in 

hearing] otologist, otorhinolaryngologist. 

V. hear, overhear; hark, harken; list, listen, pay attention, take 

heed; give an ear, lend an ear, bend an ear; catch, catch a sound, 

prick up one's ears; give ear, give a hearing, give audience to. 

hang upon the lips of, be all ears, listen with both ears. become 

audible; meet the ear, fall upon the ear, catch the ear, reach the 

ear; be heard; ring in the ear &c. (resound) 408. 

Adj. hearing &c. v.; auditory, auricular, acoustic; phonic. 

Adv. arrectis auribus [Lat.]. 

Int. hark, hark ye!, hear!, list, listen!, O yes!, Oyez!, listen up 

[Coll.]; listen here!, hear ye!, attention!, achtung [G.]. 

† ; 

inaudibility, inaudibleness † . 

V. be deaf &c. adj.; have no ear; shut one's ears, stop one's ears, 

close one's ears; turn a deaf ear to. render deaf, stun, deafen. 

Adj. deaf, earless † , surd; hard of hearing, dull of hearing; deafmute, 

stunned, deafened; stone deaf; deaf as a post, deaf as an 

adder, deaf as a beetle, deaf as a trunkmaker † . inaudible, out of 

hearing. 

Phr. hear no evil. 

#420. Light -- N. light, ray, beam, stream, gleam, streak, pencil; 

sunbeam, moonbeam; aurora. day; sunshine; light of day, light of 

heaven; moonlight, starlight, sunlight &c. (luminary) 432; daylight, 

broad daylight, noontide light; noontide, noonday, noonday sun. 

glow &c. v.; glimmering &c. v.; glint; play of light, flood of light; 

phosphorescence, lambent flame. flush, halo, glory, nimbus, 

aureola. spark, scintilla; facula; sparkling &c. v.; emication † , 

scintillation, flash, blaze, coruscation, fulguration † ; flame &c. (fire) 

382; lightning, levin † , ignis fatuus [Lat.], &c. (luminary) 423. luster, 

sheen, shimmer, reflexion [Brit.], reflection; gloss, tinsel, spangle, 

brightness, brilliancy, splendor; effulgence, refulgence; fulgor † , 

fulgidity † ; dazzlement † , resplendence, transplendency † ; 

luminousness &c. adj.; luminosity; lucidity; renitency † , nitency † ; 

radiance, radiation; irradiation, illumination. actinic rays, actinism; 

Roentgen-ray, Xray; photography, heliography; photometer &c. 

445. [Science of light] optics; photology † , photometry; dioptrics † , 

catoptrics † . [Distribution of light] chiaroscuro, clairobscur † , clear 

obscure, breadth, light and shade, black and white, tonality. 

(6) Light 

(i) LIGHT IN GENERAL 

#421. Darkness -- N. darkness &c. adj., absence of light; 

blackness &c. (dark color) 431; obscurity, gloom, murk; dusk &c. 

(dimness) 422. Cimmerian darkness † , Stygian darkness, 

Egyptian darkness; night; midnight; dead of night, witching hour of 

night, witching time of night; blind man's holiday; darkness visible, 

darkness that can be felt; palpable obscure; Erebus [Lat.]; the 

jaws of darkness" [Midsummer Night's Dream]; sablevested 

night" [Milton]. shade, shadow, umbra, penumbra; sciagraphy † . 

obscuration; occultation, adumbration, obumbration † ; 

obtenebration † , offuscation † , caligation † ; extinction; eclipse, total 

eclipse; gathering of the clouds. shading; distribution of shade; 

chiaroscuro &c. (light) 420. noctivagation † . [perfectly black 

objects] black body; hohlraum [Phys.]; black hole; dark star; dark 

matter, cold dark matter. 

V. be dark &c. adj.. darken, obscure, shade; dim; tone down, 

lower; overcast, overshadow; eclipse; obfuscate, offuscate † ; 

obumbrate † , adumbrate; cast into the shade becloud, bedim † , 

bedarken † ; cast a shade, throw a shade, spread a shade, cast a

eflection, refraction, dispersion; refractivity. 

V. shine, glow, glitter; glister, glisten; twinkle, gleam; flare, flare up; 

glare, beam, shimmer, glimmer, flicker, sparkle, scintillate, 

coruscate, flash, blaze; be bright &c. adj.; reflect light, daze, 

dazzle, bedazzle, radiate, shoot out beams; fulgurate. clear up, 

brighten. lighten, enlighten; levin † ; light, light up; irradiate, shine 

upon; give out a light, hang out a light; cast light upon, cast light in, 

throw light upon, throw light in, shed light upon, shed luster upon; 

illume † , illumine, illuminate; relume † , strike a light; kindle &c. (set 

fire to) 384. 

Adj. shining &c. v.; luminous, luminiferous † ; lucid, lucent, luculent † , 

lucific † , luciferous; light, lightsome; bright, vivid, splendent † , nitid † , 

lustrous, shiny, beamy † , scintillant † , radiant, lambent; sheen, 

sheeny; glossy, burnished, glassy, sunny, orient, meridian; 

noonday, tide; cloudless, clear; unclouded, unobscured † . gairish † , 

garish; resplendent, transplendent † ; refulgent, effulgent; fulgid † , 

fulgent † ; relucent † , splendid, blazing, in a blaze, ablaze, rutilant † , 

meteoric, phosphorescent; aglow. bright as silver; light as day, 

bright as day, light as noonday, bright as noonday, bright as the 

sun at noonday. actinic; photogenic, graphic; heliographic; 

heliophagous † . 

Phr. a day for gods to stoop and men to soar" [Tennyson]; dark 

with excessive bright" [Milton]. 

bedarken ; cast a shade, throw a shade, spread a shade, cast a 

shadow, cast a gloom, throw a shadow, spread a shadow, cast 

gloom, throw gloom, spread gloom. extinguish; put out, blow out, 

snuff out; doubt. turn out the lights, douse the lights, dim the lights, 

turn off the lights, switch off the lights. 

Adj. dark, darksome † , darkling; obscure, tenebrious † , sombrous † , 

pitch dark, pitchy, pitch black; caliginous † ; black &c. (in color) 

431. sunless, lightless &c. (sun) (light), &c. 423; somber, dusky; 

unilluminated &c. (illuminate) &c. 420 † ; nocturnal; dingy, lurid, 

gloomy; murky, murksome † ; shady, umbrageous; overcast &c. 

(dim) 422; cloudy &c. (opaque) 426; darkened; &c. v.. dark as 

pitch, dark as a pit, dark as Erebus [Lat.]. benighted; noctivagant † , 

noctivagous † . 

Adv. in the dark, in the shade. 

Phr. brief as the lightning in the collied night" [M. N. D.]; eldest 

Night and Chaos, ancestors of Nature" [Paradise Lost]; the 

blackness of the noonday night" [Longfellow]; the prayer of Ajax 

was for light" [Longfellow]. 

#422. Dimness -- N. dimness &c. adj.; darkness &c. 421; 

paleness &c. (light color) 429. half light, demi-jour; partial shadow, 

partial eclipse; shadow of a shade; glimmer, gliming † ; nebulosity; 

cloud &c. 353; eclipse. aurora, dusk, twilight, shades of evening, 

crepuscule, cockshut time † ; break of day, daybreak, dawn. 

moonlight, moonbeam, moonglade † , moonshine; starlight, owl's 

light, candlelight, rushlight, firelight; farthing candle. 

V. be dim, grow dim &c. adj.; flicker, twinkle, glimmer; loom, 

lower; fade; pale, pale its ineffectual fire [Hamlet]. render dim &c. 

adj.; dim, bedim † , obscure; darken, tone down. 

Adj. dim, dull, lackluster, dingy, darkish, shorn of its beams, dark 

421. faint, shadowed forth; glassy; cloudy; misty &c. (opaque) 

426; blear; muggy † , fuliginous † ; nebulous, nebular; obnubilated † , 

overcast, crepuscular, muddy, lurid, leaden, dun, dirty; looming &c. 

v.. pale &c. (colorless) 429; confused &c. (invisible) 447. 

#423. [Source of light, self-luminous body.] Luminary -- N. 

luminary; light &c. 420; flame &c. (fire) 382. spark, scintilla; 

phosphorescence, fluorescence. sun, orb of day, Phoebus, 

Apollo † , Aurora; star, orb; meteor, falling star, shooting star; 

blazing star, dog star, Sirius; canicula, Aldebaran † ; constellation, 

galaxy; zodiacal light; anthelion † ; day star, morning star; Lucifer; 

mock sun, parhelion; phosphor, phosphorus; sun dog † ; Venus. 

aurora, polar lights; northern lights, aurora borealis; southern 

lights, aurora australis. lightning; chain lightning, fork lightning, 

sheet lightning, summer lightning; ball lightning, kugelblitz [G.]; 

[chemical substances giving off light without burning] 

phosphorus, yellow phosphorus; scintillator, phosphor; firefly 

luminescence. ignis fatuus [Lat.]; Jack o'lantern, Friar's lantern; 

will-o'-the-wisp, firedrake † , Fata Morgana [Lat.]; Saint Elmo's fire. 

[luminous insects] glowworm, firefly, June bug, lightning bug. 

[luminous fish] anglerfish. [Artificial light] gas; gas light, lime light, 

lantern, lanthorn † ; dark lantern, bull's-eye; candle, bougie [Fr.], 

taper, rushlight; oil &c. (grease) 356; wick, burner; Argand † , 

moderator, duplex; torch, flambeau, link, brand; gaselier † , 

chandelier, electrolier † , candelabrum, candelabra, girandole † , 

sconce, luster, candlestick. [non-combustion based light sources] 

lamp, light; incandescent lamp, tungsten bulb, light bulb; flashlight, 

torch [Brit.]; arc light; laser; [microwave radiation]; maser neon 

bulb, neon sign; fluorescent lamp. [parts of a light bulb] filament; 

socket; contacts; filler gas. firework, fizgig † ; pyrotechnics; rocket, 

lighthouse &c. (signal) 550. 

V. illuminate &c. (light) 420. 

Adj. self-luminous, glowing; phosphoric † #424. Shade -- N. shade; awning &c. (cover) 223; parasol, 

sunshade, umbrella; chick; portiere; screen, curtain, shutter, blind, 

gauze, veil, chador, mantle, mask; cloud, mist, gathering. of 

clouds. umbrage, glade; shadow &c. 421. beach umbrella, folding 

umbrella. 

V. draw a curtain; put up a shutter, close a shutter; veil &c. v.; cast 

a shadow &c. (darken) 421. 

Adj. shady, umbrageous. 

Phr. welcome ye shades! ye bowery thickets hail" [Thomson]. 

, phosphorescent, 

fluorescent; incandescent; luminescent, chemiluminescent; radiant 

&c. (light) 420. 

Phr. blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of blossomed 

the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels" [Longfellow]; the

sentinel stars set their watch in the sky" [Campbell]; the planets in 

their station list'ning stood" [Paradise Lost]; the Scriptures of the 

skies" [Bailey]; that orbed continent, the fire that severs day from 

that orbed continent, the fire that severs day from night" [Twelfth 

Night]. 

#425. Transparency -- N. transparence, transparency; clarity; 

translucence, translucency; diaphaneity † ; lucidity, pellucidity † , 

limpidity; fluorescence; transillumination, translumination † . 

transparent medium, glass, crystal, lymph, vitrite † , water. 

V. be transparent &c. adj.; transmit light. 

Adj. transparent, pellucid, lucid, diaphanous, translucent, 

tralucent † , relucent † ; limpid, clear, serene, crystalline, clear as 

crystal, vitreous, transpicuous † , glassy, hyaline; hyaloid [Med.], 

vitreform † . 

#426. Opacity -- N. opacity; opaqueness &c. adj.. film; cloud &c. 

353. 

V. be opaque &c. adj.; obstruct the passage of light; obfuscate, 

offuscate † . 

Adj. opaque, impervious to light; adiaphanous † ; dim &c. 422; 

turbid, thick, muddy, opacous † , obfuscated, fuliginous † , cloud, 

hazy, misty, foggy, vaporous, nubiferous † , muggy † &c. (turbidity) 

426.1. smoky, fumid † , murky, dirty. 

#426a. Turbidity -- N. turbidity, cloudiness, fog, haze, muddiness, 

haziness, obscurity. nephelometer [instrument to measure 

turbidity]. 

Adj. turbid, thick, muddy, obfuscated, fuliginous † , hazy, misty, 

foggy, vaporous, nubiferous † ; cloudy (cloud) 353. smoky, fumid † , 

murky, dirty. 

#427. Semitransparency -- N. semitransparency, translucency, semiopacity; opalescence, milkiness, pearliness † ; gauze, muslin; 

film; mica, mother-of-pearl, nacre; mist &c. (cloud) 353. [opalescent jewel] opal. turbidity &c. 426.1. 

Adj. semitransparent, translucent, semipellucid † , semidiaphanous † , semiopacous † , semiopaque; opalescent, opaline † ; pearly, milky; 

frosted, nacreous. 

V. opalesce. 

#428. Color -- N. color, hue, tint, tinge, dye, complexion, shade, 

tincture, cast, livery, coloration, glow, flush; tone, key. pure color, 

positive color, primary color, primitive complementary color; three 

primaries; spectrum, chromatic dispersion; broken color, 

secondary color, tertiary color. local color, coloring, keeping, tone, 

value, aerial perspective. [Science of color] chromatics, spectrum 

analysis, spectroscopy; chromatism † , chromatography † , 

chromatology † . [instruments to measure color] prism, 

spectroscope, spectrograph, spectrometer, colorimeter (optical 

instruments) 445. pigment, coloring matter, paint, dye, wash, 

distemper, stain; medium; mordant; oil paint &c. (painting) 556. 

V. color, dye, tinge, stain, tint, tinct † , paint, wash, ingrain, grain, 

illuminate, emblazon, bedizen, imbue; paint &c. (fine art) 556. 

Adj. colored &c. v.; colorific † , tingent † , tinctorial † ; chromatic, 

prismatic; full-colored, high-colored, deep-colored; doubly-dyed; 

polychromatic; chromatogenous † ; tingible † . bright, vivid, intense, 

deep; fresh, unfaded † ; rich, gorgeous; gay. gaudy, florid; gay, 

garish; rainbow-colored, multihued; showy, flaunting, flashy; raw, 

crude; glaring, flaring; discordant, inharmonious. mellow, pastel, 

harmonious, pearly, sweet, delicate, tender, refined. 

#430. Whiteness -- N. whiteness &c. adj.; argent. albification † , 

etiolation; lactescence † . snow, paper, chalk, milk, lily, ivory, 

alabaster; albata † , eburin † , German silver, white metal, barium 

sulphate [Chem], titanium oxide, blanc fixe [Fr.], ceruse † , pearl 

white; white lead, carbonate of lead. 

V. be white &c. adj.. render white &c. adj.; whiten, bleach, blanch, 

etiolate, whitewash, silver. 

Adj. white; milk-white, snow-white; snowy; niveous † , candid, 

chalky; hoar, hoary; silvery; argent, argentine; canescent † , 

cretaceous, lactescent † . whitish, creamy, pearly, fair, blond; 

blanched &c. v.; high in tone, light. white as a sheet, white as 

driven snow, white as a lily, white as silver; like ivory &c. n.. 

(ii) SPECIFIC LIGHT 

#429. [Absence of color.] Achromatism -- N. achromatism † ; 

decoloration † , discoloration; pallor, pallidness, pallidity † ; paleness 

&c. adj.; etiolation; neutral tint, monochrome, black and white. 

V. lose color &c. 428; fade, fly, go; become colorless &c. adj.; turn 

pale, pale. deprive of color, decolorize, bleach, tarnish, 

achromatize, blanch, etiolate, wash out, tone down. 

Adj. uncolored &c. (color) &c. 428; colorless, achromatic, 

aplanatic † ; etiolate, etiolated; hueless † , pale, pallid; palefaced † , 

tallow-faced; faint, dull, cold, muddy, leaden, dun, wan, sallow, 

dead, dingy, ashy, ashen, ghastly, cadaverous, glassy, lackluster; 

discolored &c. v.. light-colored, fair, blond; white &c. 430. pale as 

death, pale as ashes, pale as a witch, pale as a ghost, pale as a 

corpse, white as a corpse. 

#431. Blackness -- N. blackness, &c. adj.; darkness, &c. (want of 

light).. 421; swartliness † , lividity, dark color, tone, color; 

chiaroscuro &c. 420. nigrification † , infuscation † . jet, ink, ebony, 

coal pitch, soot, charcoal, sloe, smut, raven, crow. [derogatory 

terms for black-skinned people] negro, blackamoor, man of color, 

nigger, darkie, Ethiop, black; buck, nigger [U.S.]; coon [U.S.], 

sambo. [Pigments] lampblack, ivory black, blueblack; writing ink, 

printing ink, printer's ink, Indian ink, India ink. 

V. be black &c. adj.; render black &c. adj.. blacken, infuscate † , 

denigrate; blot, blotch; smutch † ; smirch; darken &c. 421. black, 

sable, swarthy, somber, dark, inky, ebony, ebon, atramentous † , 

jetty; coal-black, jet-black; fuliginous † , pitchy, sooty, swart, dusky, 

dingy, murky, Ethiopic; low-toned, low in tone; of the deepest dye. 

black as jet &c. n., black as my hat, black as a shoe, black as a 

tinker's pot, black as November, black as thunder, black as

midnight; nocturnal &c. (dark) 421; nigrescent † ; gray &c. 432; 

obscure &c. 421. 

Adv. in mourning. 

#432. Gray -- N. gray &c. adj.; neutral tint, silver, pepper and salt, 

chiaroscuro, grisaille [Fr.]. [Pigments] Payne's gray; black &c. 

431. 

Adj. gray, grey; iron-gray, dun, drab, dingy, leaden, livid, somber, 

sad, pearly, russet, roan; calcareous, limy, favillous † ; silver, silvery, 

silvered; ashen, ashy; cinereous † , cineritious † #433. Brown -- N. brown &c. adj.. [Pigments],, bister ocher, 

sepia, Vandyke brown. 

V. render brown &c. adj.; tan, embrown 

; grizzly, grizzled; 

slate-colored, stone-colored, mouse-colored, ash-colored; cool. 

† , bronze. 

Adj. brown, bay, dapple, auburn, castaneous † , chestnut, nutbrown, 

cinnamon, russet, tawny, fuscous † , chocolate, maroon, 

foxy, tan, brunette, whitey brown † ; fawn-colored, snuff-colored, 

liver-colored; brown as a berry, brown as mahogany, brown as the 

oak leaves; khaki. sun-burnt; tanned &c. v.. 

#434. Redness -- N. red, scarlet, vermilion, carmine, crimson, 

pink, lake, maroon, carnation, couleur de rose [Fr.], rose du 

Barry † ; magenta, damask, purple; flesh color, flesh tint; color; fresh 

color, high color; warmth; gules [Heral.]. ruby, carbuncle; rose; 

rust, iron mold. [Dyes and pigments] cinnabar, cochineal; 

fuchsine † ; ruddle † , madder; Indian red, light red, Venetian red; red 

ink, annotto † ; annatto † , realgar, minium † , red lead. redness &c. 

adj.; rubescence † , rubicundity, rubification † ; erubescence † , blush. 

V. be red, become red &c. adj.; blush, flush, color up, mantle, 

redden. render red &c. adj.; redden, rouge; rubify † , rubricate; 

incarnadine.; ruddle † . 

Adj. red &c. n., reddish; rufous, ruddy, florid, incarnadine, 

sanguine; rosy, roseate; blowzy, blowed † ; burnt; rubicund, 

rubiform † ; lurid, stammell blood red † ; russet buff, murrey † , 

carroty † , sorrel, lateritious † ; rubineous † , rubricate, rubricose † , 

rufulous † . rose-colored, ruby-colored, cherry-colored, claretcolored, 

flame-colored, flesh-colored, peach-colored, salmoncolored, 

brick-colored, brick-colored, dust-colored. blushing &c. 

v.; erubescent † ; reddened &c. v.. red as fire, red as blood, red as 

scarlet, red as a turkey cock, red as a lobster; warm, hot; foxy. 

#436. Yellowness -- N. yellow &c. adj.; or. [Pigments] gamboge; 

cadmium-yellow, chrome-yellow, Indian-yellow king's-yellow, 

lemonyellow; orpiment † , yellow ocher, Claude tint, aureolin † ; 

xanthein [Chem], xanthin † ; zaofulvin † . crocus, saffron, topaz; 

xanthite † ; yolk. jaundice; London fog † ; yellowness &c. adj.; 

icterus † ; xantho-cyanopia † , xanthopsia [Med.]. 

Adj. yellow, aureate, golden, flavous † , citrine, fallow; fulvous † , 

fulvid † ; sallow, luteous † , tawny, creamy, sandy; xanthic † , 

xanthous † ; jaundiced † , auricomous † . gold-colored, citron-colored, 

saffron-colored, lemon-colored, lemon yellow, sulphur-colored, 

amber-colored, straw-colored, primrose-colored, creamcolored; 

xanthocarpous † , xanthochroid † , xanthopous † . yellow as a quince, 

yellow as a guinea, yellow as a crow's foot. warm, advancing. 

#435. Greenness -- N. green &c. adj.; blue and yellow; vert 

[Heral.]. emerald, verd antique [Fr.], verdigris, malachite, beryl, 

aquamarine; absinthe, cr=eme de menthe [Fr.]. [Pigments] terre 

verte [Fr.], verditer † , verdine † , copperas. greenness, verdure; 

viridity † , viridescence † ; verditure † . [disease of eyes with green 

tint] glaucoma, rokunaisho [Jap.Tr.]. 

Adj. green, verdant; glaucous, olive, olive green; green as grass; 

verdurous. emerald green, pea green, grass green, apple green, 

sea green, olive green, bottle green, coke bottle green. greenish; 

virent † , virescent † . green (learner) 541, new, inexperienced, 

novice, (unskillful) 699. green (ill, sick). 

Phr. green with envy; the green grass of Ireland; the wearing of the 

green. 

#437. Purple -- N. purple &c. adj.; blue and red, bishop's purple; 

aniline dyes, gridelin † , amethyst; purpure [Heral.]; heliotrope. 

lividness, lividity. 

V. empurple † . 

Adj. purple, violet, ultraviolet; plum-colored, lavender, lilac, puce, 

mauve; livid. 

#438. Blueness -- N. blue &c. adj.; garter-blue; watchet † . 

[Pigments] ultramarine, smalt, cobalt, cyanogen [Chem]; Prussian 

blue, syenite blue † ; bice † , indigo; zaffer † . lapis lazuli, sapphire, 

turquoise; indicolite † . blueness, bluishness; bloom. 

Adj. blue, azure, cerulean; sky-blue, sky-colored, sky-dyed; 

cerulescent † #439. Orange -- N. orange, red and yellow; gold; or; flame color 

&c. adj.. [Pigments] ocher, Mars'orange 

; powder blue, bluish; atmospheric, retiring; cold. 

† , cadmium. cardinal bird, 

cardinal flower, cardinal grosbeak, cardinal lobelia (a flowering 

plant). 

V. gild, warm. 

Adj. orange; ochreous † ; orange-colored, gold-colored, flamecolored, 

copper-colored, brass-colored, apricot-colored; warm, 

hot, glowing. 

#440. Variegation -- N. variegation; colors, dichroism, trichroism; iridescence, play of colors, polychrome, maculation, spottiness, 

striae. spectrum, rainbow, iris, tulip, peacock, chameleon, butterfly, tortoise shell; mackerel, mackerel sky; zebra, leopard, cheetah, 

nacre, ocelot, ophite † , mother-of-pearl, opal, marble. check, plaid, tartan, patchwork; marquetry-, parquetry; mosaic, tesserae † , 

strigae † ; chessboard, checkers, chequers; harlequin; Joseph's coat; tricolor. 

V. be variegated &c. adj.; variegate, stripe, streak, checker, chequer; bespeckle † , speckle; besprinkle, sprinkle; stipple, maculate, 

dot, bespot † ; tattoo, inlay, damascene; embroider, braid, quilt. 

Adj. variegated &c. v.; many-colored, many-hued; divers-colored, party-colored; dichromatic, polychromatic; bicolor † , tricolor, 

versicolor † ; of all the colors of the rainbow, of all manner of colors; kaleidoscopic. iridescent; opaline † , opalescent; prismatic,

nacreous, pearly, shot, gorge de pigeon, chatoyant † ; irisated † , pavonine † . pied, piebald; motley; mottled, marbled; pepper and salt, 

paned, dappled, clouded, cymophanous † . mosaic, tesselated, plaid; tortoise shell &c. n.. spotted, spotty; punctated † , powdered; 

speckled &c. v.; freckled, flea-bitten, studded; flecked, fleckered † ; striated, barred, veined; brinded † , brindled; tabby; watered; 

grizzled; listed; embroidered &c. v.; daedal † ; naevose † , stipiform † ; strigose † , striolate † . 

#441. Vision -- N. vision, sight, optics, eyesight. view, look, 

espial † , glance, ken [Scot.], coup d'oeil [Fr.]; glimpse, glint, peep; 

gaze, stare, leer; perlustration † , contemplation; conspection † , 

conspectuity † ; regard, survey; introspection; reconnaissance, 

speculation, watch, espionage, espionnage [Fr.], autopsy; ocular 

inspection, ocular demonstration; sight-seeing. point of view; 

gazebo, loophole, belvedere, watchtower. field of view; theater, 

amphitheater, arena, vista, horizon; commanding view, bird's eye 

view; periscope. visual organ, organ of vision; eye; naked eye, 

unassisted eye; retina, pupil, iris, cornea, white; optics, orbs; 

saucer eyes, goggle eyes, gooseberry eyes. short sight &c. 443; 

clear sight, sharp sight, quick sight, eagle sight, piercing sight, 

penetrating sight, clear glance, sharp glance, quick glance, eagle 

glance, piercing glance, penetrating glance, clear eye, sharp eye, 

quick eye, eagle eye, piercing eye, penetrating eye; perspicacity, 

discernment; catopsis † . eagle, hawk; cat, lynx; Argus † . evil eye; 

basilisk, cockatrice [Myth.]. 

V. see, behold, discern, perceive, have in sight, descry, sight, 

make out, discover, distinguish, recognize, spy, espy, ken [Scot.]; 

get a sight of, have a sight of, catch a sight of, get a glimpse of, 

have a glimpse of, catch a glimpse of; command a view of; 

witness, contemplate, speculate; cast the eyes on, set the eyes 

on; be a spectator of &c. 444; look on &c. (be present) 186; see 

sights &c. (curiosity) 455; see at a glance &c. (intelligence) 498. 

look, view, eye; lift up the eyes, open one's eye; look at, look on, 

look upon, look over, look about one, look round; survey, scan, 

inspect; run the eye over, run the eye through; reconnoiter, glance 

round, glance on, glance over turn one's looks upon, bend one's 

looks upon; direct the eyes to, turn the eyes on, cast a glance. 

observe &c. (attend to) 457; watch &c. (care) 459; see with one's 

own eyes; watch for &c. (expect) 507; peep, peer, pry, take a 

peep; play at bopeep † . look full in the face, look hard at, look 

intently; strain one's eyes; fix the eyes upon, rivet the eyes upon; 

stare, gaze; pore over, gloat on; leer, ogle, glare; goggle; cock the 

eye, squint, gloat, look askance. 

Adj. seeing &c. v.; visual, ocular; optic, optical; ophthalmic. cleareyesighted 

&c. n.; eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed, lynx-eyed, keen-eyed, 

Argus-eyed. visible &c. 446. 

Adv. visibly &c. 446; in sight of, with one's eyes open at sight, at 

first sight, at a glance, at the first blush; prima facie [Lat.]. 

Int. look!, &c. (attention) 457. 

Phr. the scales falling from one's eyes; an eye like Mars to 

threaten or command" [Hamlet]; her eyes are homes of silent 

prayer" [Tennyson]; looking before and after" [Hamlet]; thy rapt 

soul sitting in thine eyes" [Milton]. 

(iii) PERCEPTIONS OF LIGHT 

#442. Blindness -- N. blindness, cecity † , excecation † , 

amaurosis † , cataract, ablepsy † , ablepsia † , prestriction † ; dimsightedness 

&c. 443; Braille, Braille-type; guttaserena (drop 

serene), noctograph † , teichopsia † . 

V. be blind &c. adj.; not see; lose sight of; have the eyes 

bandaged; grope in the dark. not look; close the eyes, shut the 

eyes-, turn away the eyes, avert the eyes; look another way; wink 

&c. (limited vision) 443; shut the eyes to, be blind to, wink at, blink 

at. render blind &c. adj.; blind, blindfold; hoodwink, dazzle, put 

one's eyes out; throw dust into one's eyes, pull the wool over one's 

eyes; jeter de la poudre aux yeux [Fr.]; screen from sight &c. 

(hide) 528. 

Adj. blind; eyeless, sightless, visionless; dark; stone-blind, sandblind, 

stark-blind; undiscerning † ; dimsighted &c. 443. blind as a 

bat, blind as a buzzard, blind as a beetle, blind as a mole, blind as 

an owl; wall-eyed. blinded &c. v.. 

Adv. blindly, blindfold, blindfolded; darkly. 

Phr. O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon" [Milton]. 

#443. [Imperfect vision.] Dimsightedness [Fallacies of vision.] -- N. dim sight, dull sight half sight, short sight, near sight, long sight, 

double sight, astigmatic sight, failing sight; dimsightedness &c.; purblindness, lippitude † ; myopia, presbyopia † ; confusion of vision; 

astigmatism; color blindness, chromato pseudo blepsis † , Daltonism; nyctalopia † ; strabismus, strabism † , squint; blearedness † , day 

blindness, hemeralopia † , nystagmus; xanthocyanopia † , xanthopsia [Med.]; cast in the eye, swivel eye, goggle-eyes; obliquity of 

vision. winking &c. v.; nictitation; blinkard † , albino. dizziness, swimming, scotomy † ; cataract; ophthalmia. [Limitation of vision] blinker; 

screen &c. (hider) 530. [Fallacies of vision] deceptio visus [Lat.]; refraction, distortion, illusion, false light, anamorphosis † , virtual 

image, spectrum, mirage, looming, phasma † ; phantasm, phantasma † , phantom; vision; specter, apparition, ghost; ignis fatuus [Lat.] 

&c. (luminary) 423; specter of the Brocken; magic mirror; magic lantern &c. (show) 448; mirror lens &c. (instrument) 445. 

V. be dimsighted &c. n.; see double; have a mote in the eye, have a mist before the eyes, have a film over the eyes; see through a 

prism, see through a glass darkly; wink, blink, nictitate; squint; look askant † , askant askance † ; screw up the eyes, glare, glower; 

nictate † . dazzle, loom. 

Adj. dim-sighted &c. n.; myopic, presbyopic † ; astigmatic, moon-eyed, mope-eyed, blear-eyed, goggle-eyed, gooseberry-eyed, oneeyed; 

blind of one eye, monoculous † ; half-blind, purblind; cock-eyed, dim-eyed, mole-eyed; dichroic. blind as a bat &c. (blind) 442;

winking &c. v.. 

#444. Spectator -- N. spectator, beholder, observer, looker-on, onlooker, witness, eyewitness, bystander, passer by; sightseer; 

rubberneck, rubbernecker [U.S.]. spy; sentinel &c. (warning) 668. 

V. witness, behold &c. (see) 441; look on &c. (be present) 186; gawk, rubber [Slang], rubberneck [U.S.]. 

#445. Optical Instruments -- N. optical instruments; lens, meniscus, magnifier, sunglass, magnifying glass, hand lens; microscope, 

megascope † , tienoscope † . spectacles, specs [Coll.], glasses, barnacles, goggles, eyeglass, pince-nez, monocle, reading glasses, 

bifocals; contact lenses, soft lenses, hard lenses; sunglasses, shades [Coll.]. periscopic lens † ; telescope, glass, lorgnette; spyglass, 

opera glass, binocular, binoculars, field glass; burning glass, convex lens, concave lens, convexo-concave lens † , coated lens, multiple 

lens, compound lens, lens system, telephoto lens, wide-angle lens, fish-eye lens, zoom lens; optical bench. astronomical telescope, 

reflecting telescope, reflector, refracting telescope, refractor, Newtonian telescope, folded-path telescope, finder telescope, 

chromatoscope; X-ray telescope; radiotelescope, phased-array telescope, Very Large Array radiotelescope; ultraviolet telescope; 

infrared telescope; star spectroscope; space telescope. [telescope mounts] altazimuth mount, equatorial mount. refractometer, 

circular dichroism spectrometer. interferometer. phase-contrast microscope, fluorescence microscope, dissecting microscope; 

electron microscope, transmission electron microscope; scanning electron microscope, SEM; scanning tunneling electron 

microscope. [microscope components] objective lens, eyepiece, barrel, platform, focusing knob; slide, slide glass, cover glass, 

counting chamber; illuminator, light source, polarizer, [component parts of telescopes] reticle, cross-hairs. light pipe, fiber optics 

mirror, reflector, speculum; looking-glass, pier-glass, cheval-glass, rear-view mirror, hand mirror, one-way mirror, magnifying mirror. 

[room with distorting mirrors] fun house. prism, diffraction grating; beam splitter, half-wave plate, quarter-wave plate. camera lucida 

[Lat.], camera obscura [Lat.]; magic lantern &c. (show) 448; stereopticon; chromatrope † , thaumatrope † ; stereoscope, pseudoscope † , 

polyscope † , kaleidoscope. photometer, eriometer † , actinometer † , lucimeter † , radiometer; ligth detector, photodiode, photomultiplier, 

photodiode array, photocell. X-ray diffractometer, goniometer. spectrometer, monochrometer, UV spectrometer, visible 

spectrometer, Infrared spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, recording spectrometer; densitometer, scanning 

densitometer, two-dimensional densitometer. abdominoscope † , gastroscope [Med.], helioscope † , polariscope † , polemoscope † , 

spectroscope. abdominoscopy † ; gastroscopy [Med.]; microscopy, microscopist. 

#446. Visibility -- N. visibility, perceptibility; conspicuousness, 

distinctness &c. adj.; conspicuity † , conspicuousness; appearance 

&c. 448; bassetting † ; exposure; manifestation &c. 525; ocular 

proof, ocular evidence, ocular demonstration; field of view &c. 

(vision) 441; periscopism † . 

V. be become visible &c. adj.; appear, open to the view; meet the 

eye, catch the eye; basset; present itself, show manifest itself, 

produce itself, discover itself, reveal itself, expose itself, betray 

itself; stand forth, stand out; materialize; show; arise; peep out, 

peer out, crop out; start up, spring up, show up, turn up, crop up; 

glimmer, loom; glare; burst forth; burst upon the view, burst upon 

the sight; heave in sight; come in sight, come into view, come out, 

come forth, come forward; see the light of day; break through the 

clouds; make its appearance, show its face, appear to one's 

eyes, come upon the stage, float before the eyes, speak for itself 

&c. (manifest) 525; attract the attention &c. 457; reappear; live in 

a glass house. expose to view &c. 525. 

Adj. visible, perceptible, perceivable, discernible, apparent; in 

view, in full view, in sight; exposed to view, en vidence; unclouded, 

unobscured † , in the foreground. obvious &c. (manifest) 525; plain, 

clear, distinct, definite; well defined, well marked; in focus; 

recognizable, palpable, autoptical † ; glaring, staring, conspicuous; 

stereoscopic; in bold, in strong relief. periscopic † #447. Invisibility -- N. invisibility, invisibleness, nonappearance, 

imperceptibility; indistinctness &c. adj.; mystery, delitescence 

, panoramic. 

before one's eyes, under one's eyes; before one, +a vue d'oeil 

[Fr.], in one's eye, oculis subjecta fidelibus [Lat.]. 

Adv. visibly &c. adj.; in sight of; before one's eyes &c. adj.; veluti 

in speculum [Lat.]. 

† . 

concealment &c. 528; latency &c. 526. 

V. be invisible &c. adj.; be hidden &c. (hide) 528; lurk &c. (lie 

hidden) 526; escape notice. render invisible &c. adj.; conceal &c. 

528; put out of sight. not see &c. (be blind) 442; lose sight of. 

Adj. invisible, imperceptible; undiscernible † , indiscernible; 

unapparent, non-apparent; out of sight, not in sight; a perte de vue 

[Fr.]; behind the scenes, behind the curtain; viewless, sightless; 

inconspicuous, unconspicuous † ; unseen &c. (see) &c. 441; covert 

&c. (latent) 526; eclipsed, under an eclipse. dim &c. (faint) 422; 

mysterious, dark, obscure, confused; indistinct, indistinguishable; 

shadowy, indefinite, undefined; ill-defined, ill-marked; blurred, 

fuzzy, out of focus; misty &c. (opaque) 426; delitescent † . hidden, 

obscured, covered, veiled (concealed) 528. 

Phr. full many a flower is born to blush unseen" [Gray]. 

#448. Appearance -- N. appearance, phenomenon, sight, 

spectacle, show, premonstration † , scene, species, view, coup 

d'oeil [Fr.]; lookout, outlook, prospect, vista, perspective, bird'seye 

view, scenery, landscape, picture, tableau; display, exposure, 

mise en sc ne [Fr.]; rising of the curtain. phantasm, phantom &c. 

(fallacy of vision) 443. pageant, spectacle; peep-show, rareeshow, 

gallanty-show; ombres chinoises [Sp.]; magic lantern, 

phantasmagoria, dissolving views; biograph † , cinematograph, 

moving pictures; panorama, diorama, cosmorama † , georama † ; 

coup de theatre, jeu de theatre [Fr.]; pageantry &c. (ostentation) 

882; insignia &c. (indication) 550. aspect, angle, phase, phasis † , 

seeming; shape &c. (form) 240; guise, look, complexion, color, 

#449. Disappearance -- N. disappearance, evanescence, 

eclipse, occultation. departure &c. 293; exit; vanishing point; 

dissolving views. 

V. disappear, vanish, dissolve, fade, melt away, pass, go, 

avaunt † , evaporate, vaporize; be gone &c. adj.; leave no trace, 

leave 'not a rack behind'" [Tempest]; go off the stage &c. (depart) 

293; suffer an eclipse, undergo an eclipse; retire from sight; be 

lost to view, pass out of sight. lose sight of. efface &c. 552. 

Adj. disappearing &c. v.; evanescent; missing, lost; lost to sight, 

lost to view; gone. 

Int. vanish!, disappear!, avaunt! † , get lost!, get out of here &c. 

(ejection) 297.

image, mien, air, cast, carriage, port, demeanor; presence, 

expression, first blush, face of the thing; point of view, light. 

lineament feature trait lines; outline, outside; contour, face, 

countenance, physiognomy, visage, phiz., cast of countenance, 

profile, tournure † , cut of one s jib, metoposcopy † ; outside &c. 220. 

V. appear; be visible, become visible &c. 446; seem, look, show; 

present the appearance of, wear the appearance of, carry the 

appearance of, have the appearance of, bear the appearance of, 

exhibit the appearance of, take the appearance of, take on the 

appearance of, assume the appearance, present the semblance 

of, wear the semblance of, carry the semblance of, have the 

semblance of, bear the semblance of, exhibit the semblance of, 

take the semblance of, take on the semblance of, assume the 

semblance of; look like; cut a figure, figure; present to the view; 

show &c. (make manifest) 525. 

Adj. apparent, seeming, ostensible; on view. 

Adv. apparently; to all seeming, to all appearance; ostensibly, 

seemingly, as it seems, on the face of it, prima facie [Lat.]; at the 

first blush, at first sight; in the eyes of; to the eye. 

Phr. editio princeps [Lat.]. 

CLASS IV 

WORDS RELATING TO THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES 

DIVISION I 

FORMATION OF IDEAS 

SECTION I. 

OPERATIONS OF INTELLECT IN GENERAL 

#450. Intellect -- N. intellect, mind, understanding, reason, 

thinking principle; rationality; cogitative faculties, cognitive 

faculties, discursive faculties, reasoning faculties, intellectual 

faculties; faculties, senses, consciousness, observation, 

percipience, intelligence, intellection, intuition, association of 

ideas, instinct, conception, judgment, wits, parts, capacity, 

intellectuality, genius; brains, cognitive powers, intellectual 

powers; wit &c. 498; ability &c. (skill) 698; wisdom &c. 498; 

Vernunft [G.], Verstand [G.]. soul, spirit, ghost, inner man, heart, 

breast, bosom, penetralia mentis [Lat.], divina particula aurae 

[Lat.], heart's core; the Absolute, psyche, subliminal 

consciousness, supreme principle. brain, organ of thought, seat of 

thought; sensorium † , sensory; head, headpiece; pate, noddle † , 

noggin, skull, scull, pericranium [Med.], cerebrum, cranium, 

brainpan † , sconce, upper story. [in computers] [Comp.] central 

processing unit, CPU; arithmetic and logical unit, ALU. [Science 

of mind] metaphysics; psychics, psychology; ideology; mental 

philosophy, moral philosophy; philosophy of the mind; 

pneumatology † , phrenology; craniology [Med.], cranioscopy 

[Med.]. ideality, idealism; transcendentalism, spiritualism; 

immateriality &c. 317; universal concept, universal conception. 

metaphysician, psychologist &c. 

V. note, notice, mark; take notice of, take cognizance of be aware 

of, be conscious of; realize; appreciate; ruminate &c. (think) 451; 

fancy &c. (imagine) 515. 

Adj. intellectual [Relating to intellect], mental, rational, subjective, 

metaphysical, nooscopic † , spiritual; ghostly; psychical † , 

psychological; cerebral; animastic † ; brainy; hyperphysical † , 

superphysical † #450a. Absence or want of Intellect -- N. absence of intellect, 

want of intellect &c. 450; imbecility &c. 499. brutality, brute force. 

instinct, brute instinct, stimulus-response loop, conditioned 

response, instinctive reaction, Pavlovian response. mimicry, aping 

(imitation) 19. moron, imbecile, idiot; fool &c. 501; dumb animal; 

vegetable, brain dead. 

Adj. unendowed with reason, void of reason; thoughtless; 

vegetative; moronic [Sarc.], idiotic [Sarc.], brainless [Sarc.]. 

Adv. instinctively, like Pavlov's dog; vegetatively. 

V. mimic, ape (imitate) 19; respond instinctively. 

; subconscious, subliminal. immaterial &c. 317; 

endowed with reason. 

Adv. in petto. 

Phr. ens rationis [Lat.]; frons est animi janua [Lat.] [Cicero]; locos 

y ninos dicen la verdad [Sp.]; mens sola loco non exulat [Lat.] 

[Ovid]; my mind is my kingdom" [Campbell]; stern men with 

empires in their brains" [Lowell]; the mind, the music breathing 

from her face" [Byron]; thou living ray of intellectual Fire" 

[Falconer].

#451. Thought -- N. thought; exercitation of the intellect † , 

exercise of the intellect; intellection; reflection, cogitation, 

consideration, meditation, study, lucubration, speculation, 

deliberation, pondering; head work, brain work; cerebration; deep 

reflection; close study, application &c. (attention) 457. abstract 

thought, abstraction contemplation, musing; brown study &c. 

(inattention) 458; reverie, Platonism; depth of thought, workings of 

the mind, thoughts, inmost thoughts; self-counsel self-communing, 

self-consultation; philosophy of the Absolute, philosophy of the 

Academy, philosophy of the Garden, philosophy of the lyceum, 

philosophy of the Porch. association of thought, succession of 

thought, flow of thought, train of thought, current of thought, 

association of ideas, succession of ideas, flow of ideas, train of 

ideas, current of ideas. after thought, mature thought; 

reconsideration, second thoughts; retrospection &c. (memory) 

505; excogitation † ; examination &c. (inquiry) 461; invention &c. 

(imagination) 515. thoughtfulness &c. adj.. 

V. think, reflect, cogitate, excogitate † , consider, deliberate; 

bestow thought upon, bestow consideration upon; speculate, 

contemplate, meditate, ponder, muse, dream, ruminate; brood 

over, con over; animadvert, study; bend the mind, apply the mind 

&c. (attend) 457; digest, discuss, hammer at, weigh, perpend; 

realize, appreciate; fancy &c. (imagine) 515; trow † . take into 

consideration; take counsel &c. (be advised) 695; commune with 

oneself, bethink oneself; collect one's thoughts; revolve in the 

mind, turn over in the mind, run over in the mind; chew the cud 

upon, sleep upon; take counsel of one's pillow, advise with one's 

pillow. rack one's brains, ransack one's brains, crack one's brains, 

beat one's brains, cudgel one's brains; set one's brain to work, set 

one's wits to work. harbor an idea, entertain an idea, cherish an 

idea, nurture an idea &c. 453; take into one's head; bear in mind; 

reconsider. occur; present itself, suggest itself; come into one's 

head, get into one's head; strike one, flit across the view, come 

uppermost, run in one s head; enter the mind, pass in the mind, 

cross the mind, flash on the mind, flash across the mind, float in 

the mind, fasten itself on the mind, be uppermost in the mind, 

occupy the mind; have in one's mind. make an impression; sink 

into the mind, penetrate into the mind; engross the thoughts. 

Adj. thinking &c. v.; thoughtful, pensive, meditative, reflective, 

museful † #452. [Absence or want of thought.] Incogitancy -- N. 

incogitancy 

, wistful, contemplative, speculative, deliberative, 

studious, sedate, introspective, Platonic, philosophical. lost in 

thought &c. (inattentive) 458; deep musing &c. (intent) 457. in the 

mind, under consideration. 

Adv. all things considered. 

Phr. the mind being on the stretch; the mind turning upon, the 

head turning upon, the mind running upon; divinely, bent to 

meditation" [Richard III]; en toute chose il faut considerer la fin 

[Fr.]; fresh-pluckt from bowers of never-failing fresh-pluckt from 

bowers of never-failing thought" [O. Meredith]; go speed the stars 

of Thought" [Emerson]; in maiden meditation fancy-free" [M.N.D.]; 

so sweet is zealous contemplation" [Richard III]; the power of 

thought is the magic of the Mind" [Byron]; those that think must 

govern those that toil" [Goldsmith]; thought is parent of the deed" 

[Carlyle]; thoughts in attitudes imperious" [Longfellow]; thoughts 

that breathe and words that burn" [Gray]; vivere est cogitare [Lat.] 

[Cicero]; Volk der Dichter und Denker [G.]. 

† , vacancy, inunderstanding † ; fatuity &c. 499; 

thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) 458; vacuity. couch potato, 

vegetable. 

V. not think &c. 451; not think of; dismiss from the mind, dismiss 

from the thoughts &c. 451. indulge in reverie &c. (be inattentive) 

458. put away thought; unbend the mind, relax the mind, divert the 

mind, veg out. 

Adj. vacant, unintellectual, unideal † , unoccupied, unthinking, 

inconsiderate, thoughtless, mindless, no-brain, vacuous; absent 

&c. (inattentive) 458; diverted; irrational &c. 499; narrow-minded 

&c. 481. unthought of, undreamt 'of, unconsidered; off one's mind; 

incogitable † , not to be thought of. 

Phr. absence d'esprit; pabulum pictura pascit inani [Lat.]. 

#453. [Object of thought.] Idea -- N. idea, notion, conception, 

thought, apprehension, impression, perception, image, eidolon 

[Gr.], sentiment, reflection, observation, consideration; abstract 

idea; archetype, formative notion; guiding conception, organizing 

conception; image in the mind, regulative principle. view &c. 

(opinion) 484; theory &c. 514; conceit, fancy; phantasy &c. 

(imagination) 515. point of view &c. (aspect) 448; field of view. 

#454. [Subject of thought] Topic -- N. subject of thought, material 

for thought; food for the mind, mental pabulum. subject, subject 

matter; matter, theme, noemata [Gr.], topic, what it is about, 

thesis, text, business, affair, matter in hand, argument; motion, 

resolution; head, chapter; case, point; proposition, theorem; field 

of inquiry; moot point, problem &c. (question) 461. 

V. float in the mind, pass in the mind &c. 451. 

Adj. thought of; uppermost in the mind; in petto. 

Adv. under consideration; in question, in the mind; on foot, on the 

carpet, on the docket, on the tapis † ; relative to &c. 9. 

SECTION II.

SECTION II. 

PRECURSORY CONDITIONS AND OPERATIONS 

#455. [The desire of knowledge.] Curiosity -- N. interest, thirst for 

knowledge, thirst for truth; curiosity, curiousness; inquiring mind; 

inquisitiveness. omnivorous intellect, devouring mind. [person who 

desires knowledge] inquirer; sightseer; quidnunc [Lat.], 

newsmonger, Paul Pry, eavesdropper; gossip &c. (news) 532; 

rubberneck; intellectual; seeker [inquirer after religious 

knowledge], seeker after truth. 

V. be curious &c. adj.; take an interest in, stare, gape; prick up the 

ears, see sights, lionize; pry; nose; rubberneck [U.S.]. 

Adj. curious, inquisitive, burning with curiosity, overcurious; 

inquiring &c. 461; prying, snoopy, nosy, peering; prurient; 

inquisitorial, inquisitory † #456. [Absence of curiosity.] Incuriosity -- N. incuriosity, 

incuriousness &c. adj.; insouciance &c. 866; indifference, lack of 

interest, disinterest. boredom, ennui (weariness) 841; satiety &c. 

639; foreknowledge (foresight) 510; 

V. be incurious &c. adj.; have no curiosity &c. 455; take no 

interest in &c. 823; mind one's own business. 

Adj. incurious, uninquisitive, indifferent; impassive &c. 823; 

uninterested, detached, aloof. 

; curious as a cat; agape &c. (expectant) 

507. 

Phr. what's the matter;? what next;? consumed with curiosity; 

curiosity killed the cat, satisfaction brought it curiosity killed the 

cat, satisfaction brought it back; curiouser and curiouser" [Alice in 

Wonderland]. 

#457. Attention -- N. attention; mindfulness, presence of mind 

&c. adj.; intentness, intentiveness † ; alertness; thought &c. 451; 

advertence, advertency † ; observance, observation; consideration, 

reflection, perpension † ; heed; heedfulness; particularity; notice, 

regard &c. v.; circumspection, diligence &c. (care) 459; study, 

scrutiny inspection, introspection; revision, revisal. active 

application, diligent application, exclusive application, minute 

application, close application, intense application, deep 

application, profound application, abstract application, labored 

application, deliberate application, active attention, diligent 

attention, exclusive attention, minute attention, close attention, 

intense attention, deep attention, profound attention, abstract 

attention, labored attention, deliberate attention, active thought, 

diligent thought, exclusive thought, minute thought, close thought, 

intense thought, deep thought, profound thought, abstract thought, 

labored thought, deliberate thought, active study, diligent study, 

exclusive study, minute study, close study, intense study, deep 

study, profound study, abstract study, labored study, deliberate 

study. minuteness, attention to detail. absorption of mind &c. 

(abstraction) 458. indication, calling attention to &c. v.. 

V. be attentive &c. adj.; attend, advert to, observe, look, see, view, 

remark, notice, regard, take notice, mark; give attention to, pay 

attention to, pay heed to, give heed to; incline an ear to, lend an 

ear to; trouble one's head about; give a thought to, animadvert to; 

occupy oneself with; contemplate &c. (think of) 451; look at, look 

to, look after, look into, look over; see to; turn the mind to, bend the 

mind to, apply the mind to, direct the mind to, give the mind to, turn 

the eye to, bend the eye to, apply the eye to, direct the eye to, give 

the eye to, turn the attention to, bend the attention to, apply the 

attention to, direct the attention to, give the attention to; have an 

eye to, have in one's eye; bear in mind; take into account, take 

into consideration; keep in sight, keep in view; have regard to, 

heed, mind, take cognizance of entertain, recognize; make note 

of, take note of; note. examine cursorily; glance at, glance upon, 

glance over; cast the eyes over, pass the eyes over; run over, turn 

over the leaves, dip into, perstringe † #458. Inattention -- N. inattention, inconsideration; 

inconsiderateness &c. adj.; oversight; inadvertence, inadvertency, 

nonobservance, disregard. supineness &c. (inactivity) 683; 

etourderie [Fr.], want of thought; heedlessness &c. (neglect) 460; 

insouciance &c. (indifference) 866. abstraction; absence of mind, 

absorption of mind; preoccupation, distraction, reverie, brown 

study, deep musing, fit of abstraction. 

V. be inattentive &c. adj.; overlook, disregard; pass by &c. 

(neglect) 460; not observe &c. 457; think little of. close one's eyes 

to, shut one's eyes to; pay no attention to; dismiss from one's 

thoughts, discard from one's thoughts, discharge from one's 

thoughts, dismiss from one's mind, discard from one's mind, 

discharge from one's mind; drop the subject, think no more of; set 

aside, turn aside, put aside; turn away from, turn one's attention 

from, turn a deaf ear to, turn one's back upon. abstract oneself, 

dream, indulge in reverie. escape notice, escape attention; come 

in at one ear and go out at the other; forget &c. (have no 

remembrance) 506. call off the attention, draw off the attention, 

call away the attention, divert the attention, distract the mind; put 

out of one's head; disconcert, discompose; put out, confuse, 

perplex, bewilder, moider 

; skim &c. (neglect) 460; take 

a cursory view of. examine, examine closely, examine intently; 

scan, scrutinize, consider; give one's mind to, bend one's mind to; 

overhaul, revise, pore over; inspect, review, pass under review; 

take stock of; fix the eye on, rivet attention on, fix attention on, 

devote the eye to, fix the mind on, devote the thoughts to; hear out, 

think out; mind one's business. revert to; watch &c. (expect) 507, 

(take care of) 459; hearken to, listen to; prick up the ears; have the 

eyes open, keep the eyes open; come to the point. meet with 

attention; fall under one's notice, fall under one's observation; be 

under consideration &c. (topic) 454. catch the eye, strike the eye; 

attract notice; catch the attention, awaken the attention, wake the 

attention, invite the attention, solicit the attention, attract the 

attention, claim the attention excite the attention, engage the 

† , fluster, muddle, dazzle; throw a sop to 

Cerberus. 

Adj. inattentive; unobservant, unmindful, heedless, unthinking, 

unheeding, undiscerning † ; inadvertent; mindless, regardless, 

respectless † , listless &c. (indifferent) 866; blind, deaf; bird-witted; 

hand over head; cursory, percursory † ; giddy-brained, scatterbrained, 

hare-brained; unreflective, unreflecting † , ecervele [Fr.]; 

offhand; dizzy, muzzy † , brainsick † ; giddy, giddy as a goose; wild, 

harum-scarum, rantipole † , highflying; heedless, careless &c. 

(neglectful) 460. inconsiderate, thoughtless. absent, abstracted, 

distrait; absentminded, lost; lost in thought, wrapped in thought; 

rapt, in the clouds, bemused; dreaming on other things, musing on 

other things; preoccupied, engrossed &c. (attentive) 457; 

daydreaming, in a reverie &c. n.; off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) 

508 † ; napping; dreamy; caught napping. disconcerted, distracted, 

put out &c. v.. 

Adv. inattentively, inadvertently, absent-mindedly &c. adj. † ; per 

incuriam [Lat.], sub silentio [Lat.]. 

Int. stand at ease, stand easy!, 

Phr. the attention wanders; one's wits gone a woolgathering, 

one's wits gone a bird's nesting; it never entered into one's head; 

the mind running on other things; one's thoughts being elsewhere; 

had it been a bear it would have bitten you.

attention, occupy the attention, strike the attention, arrest the 

attention, fix the attention, engross the attention, absorb the 

attention, rivet the attention, catch the mind, awaken the mind, 

wake the mind, invite the mind, solicit the mind, attract the mind, 

claim the mind excite the mind, engage the mind, occupy the 

mind, strike the mind, arrest the mind, fix the mind, engross the 

mind, absorb the mind, rivet the mind, catch the thoughts, awaken 

the thoughts, wake the thoughts, invite the thoughts, solicit the 

thoughts, attract the thoughts, claim the thoughts excite the 

thoughts, engage the thoughts, occupy the thoughts, strike the 

thoughts, arrest the thoughts, fix the thoughts, engross the 

thoughts, absorb the thoughts, rivet the thoughts; be present to the 

mind, be uppermost in the mind. bring under one's notice; point 

out, point to, point at, point the finger at; lay the finger on, 

indigitate † , indicate; direct attention to, call attention to; show; put 

a mark upon &c. (sign) 550; call soldiers to 'attention';" bring 

forward &c. (make manifest) 525. 

Adj. attentive, mindful, observant, regardful; alive to, awake to; 

observing &c. v.; alert, open-eyed; intent on, taken up with, 

occupied with, engaged in; engrossed in, wrapped in, absorbed, 

rapt, transfixed, riveted, mesmerized, hypnotized; glued to (the 

TV, the window, a book); breathless; preoccupied &c. (inattentive) 

458; watchful &c. (careful) 459; breathless, undistracted, upon the 

stretch; on the watch &c. (expectant) 507. steadfast. [compelling 

attention] interesting, engrossing, mesmerizing, riveting. 

Int. see!, look, look here, look you, look to it!, mark!, lo!, behold!, 

soho! † , hark, hark ye!, mind!, halloo!, observe!, lo and behold!, 

attention!, nota bene [Lat.], N.B., note well; I'd have you to know; 

notice!, O yes!, Oyez!, dekko! † , ecco! † , yoho!, 

Phr. this is to give notice, these are to give notice; dictum sapienti 

sat est [Lat.], a word to the wise is sufficient; finem respice [Lat.]. 

Attention! Now hear this! Oyez!; Achtung [G.]; vnimanie [Rus.]; 

chui [Jap.]. 

#459. Care [Vigilance.] -- N. care, solicitude, heed; heedfulness 

&c. adj.; scruple &c. (conscientiousness) 939. watchfulness &c. 

adj.; vigilance, surveillance, eyes of Argus † , watch, vigil, look out, 

watch and ward, loeil du maitre [Fr.]. alertness &c. (activity) 682; 

attention &c. 457; prudence &c., circumspection &c. (caution) 

864; anxiety; forethought &c. 510; precaution &c. (preparation) 

673; tidiness &c. (order) 58, (cleanliness) 652; accuracy &c. 

(exactness) 494; minuteness, attention to detail. 

V. be careful &c. adj.; reck † ; take care &c. (be cautious) 864; pay 

attention to &c. 457; take care of; look to, look after, see to, see 

after; keep an eye on, keep a sharp eye on; chaperon, matronize † , 

play gooseberry; keep watch, keep watch and ward; mount guard, 

set watch, watch; keep in sight, keep in view; mind, mind one's 

business. look sharp, look about one; look with one's own eyes; 

keep a good lookout, keep a sharp lookout; have all one's wits 

about one, have all one's eyes about one; watch for &c. (expect) 

507; keep one's eyes open, have the eyes open, sleep with one's 

eye open. 

Adj. careful regardful, heedful; taking care &c. v.; particular; 

prudent &c. (cautious) 864; considerate; thoughtful &c. 

(deliberative) 451; provident &c. (prepared) 673; alert &c. (active) 

682; sure-footed. guarded, on one's guard; on the qui vivre [Fr.], 

on the alert, on watch, on the lookout; awake, broad awake, 

vigilant; watchful, wakeful, wistful; Argus-eyed; wide awake &c. 

(intelligent) 498; on the watch for (expectant) 507. tidy &c. 

(orderly) 58, (clean) 652; accurate &c. (exact) 494; scrupulous 

&c. (conscientious) 939; cavendo tutus [Lat.] &c. (safe) 664. 

Adv. carefully &c. adj.; with care, gingerly. 

Phr. quis custodiet istos custodes [Lat.],? who will watch the 

watchers;? care will kill a cat" [Wither]; ni bebas agua que no veas 

[Sp.]; O polished perturbation! Golden care! " [Henry IV]; the 

incessant care and labor of his mind" [Henry IV]. 

#460. Neglect -- N. neglect; carelessness &c. adj.; trifling &c. v.; 

negligence; omission, oversight, laches [Law], default; supineness 

&c. (inactivity) 683; inattention &c. 458; nonchalance &c. 

(insensibility) 823; imprudence, recklessness &c. 863; 

slovenliness &c. (disorder) 59, (dirt) 653; improvidence &c. 674; 

noncompletion &c. 730; inexactness &c. (error) 495. paralipsis, 

paralepsis, paraleipsis (in rhetoric). trifler, waiter on Providence; 

Micawber. 

V. be negligent &c. adj.; take no care of &c. (take care of) &c. 

459; neglect; let slip, let go; lay aside, set aside, cst aside, put 

aside; keep out of sight, put out of sight; lose sight of. overlook, 

disregard; pass over, pas by; let pass; blink; wink at, connive at; 

gloss over; take no note of, take no thought of, take no account of, 

take no notice of; pay no regard to; laisser aller [Fr.]. scamp; trifle, 

fribble † ; do by halves; cut; slight &c. (despise) 930; play with, trifle 

with; slur, skim, skim the surface; effleurer [Fr.]; take a cursory 

view of &c. 457. slur over, skip over, jump over, slip over; 

pretermit † , miss, skip, jump, omit, give the go-by to, push aside, 

pigeonhole, shelve, sink; table [Parl.]; ignore, shut one's eyes to, 

refuse to hear, turn a deaf ear to; leave out of one's calculation; not 

attend to &c. 457, not mind; not trouble oneself about, not trouble 

one's head about, not trouble oneself with; forget &c. 506; be 

caught napping &c. (not expect) 508; leave a loose thread; let the 

grass grow under one's feet. render neglectful &c. adj.; put off 

one's guard, throw off one's guard; distract, divert. 

Adj. neglecting &c. v.; unmindful, negligent, neglectful; heedless, 

careless, thoughtless; perfunctory, remiss; feebleness &c. 575. 

inconsiderate; uncircumspect † , incircumspect † ; off one's guard; 

unwary, unwatchful † , unguarded; offhand. supine &c. (inactive) 

683; inattentive &c. 458; insouciant &c. (indifferent) 823; 

imprudent, reckless &c. 863; slovenly &c. (disorderly) 59, (dirty) 

653; inexact &c. (erroneous) 495; improvident &c. 674. neglected 

&c. v.; unheeded, uncared-for, unperceived, unseen, unobserved, 

unnoticed, unnoted † , unmarked, unattended to, unthought of,

unregarded † , unremarked, unmissed † ; shunted, shelved. 

unexamined, unstudied, unsearched † , unscanned † , unweighed † , 

unsifted, unexplored. abandoned; buried in a napkin, hid under a 

bushel. 

Adv. negligently &c. adj.; hand over head, anyhow; in an 

unguarded moment &c. (unexpectedly) 508; per incuriam [Lat.]. 

Int. never mind, no matter, let it pass. 

Phr. out of sight, out of mind. 

#461. Inquiry [Subject of Inquiry. Question] -- N. inquiry; request 

&c. 765; search, research, quest, pursuit &c. 622. examination, 

review, scrutiny, investigation, indagation † ; perquisition † , 

perscrutation † , pervestigation † ; inquest, inquisition; exploration; 

exploitation, ventilation. sifting; calculation, analysis, dissection, 

resolution, induction; Baconian method † . strict inquiry, close 

inquiry, searching inquiry, exhaustive inquiry; narrow search, strict 

search; study &c. (consideration) 451. scire facias [Lat.], ad 

referendum; trial. questioning &c. v.; interrogation, interrogatory; 

interpellation; challenge, examination, cross-examination, 

catechism; feeler, Socratic method, zetetic philosophy † ; leading 

question; discussion &c. (reasoning) 476. reconnoitering, 

reconnaissance; prying &c. v.; espionage, espionnage [Fr.]; 

domiciliary visit, peep behind the curtain; lantern of Diogenes. 

question, query, problem, desideratum, point to be solved, 

porism † ; subject of inquiry, field of inquiry, subject of controversy; 

point in dispute, matter in dispute; moot point; issue, question at 

issue; bone of contention &c. (discord) 713; plain question, fair 

question, open question; enigma &c. (secret) 533; knotty point &c. 

(difficulty) 704; quodlibet; threshold of an inquiry. [person who 

questions] inquirer, investigator, inquisitor, inspector, querist † , 

examiner, catechist; scrutator scrutineer scrutinizer † ; analyst; 

quidnunc [Lat.] &c. (curiosity) 455. 

V. make inquiry &c. n.; inquire, ask, seek, search. look for, look 

about for, look out for; scan, reconnoiter, explore, sound, 

rummage, ransack, pry, peer, look round; look over, go over, look 

through, go through; spy, overhaul. [object is a topic] ask about, 

inquire about. scratch the head, slap the forehead. look into every 

hole and corner, peer into every hole and corner, pry into every 

hole and corner; nose; trace up; search out, hunt down, hunt out, 

fish out, ferret out; unearth; leave no stone unturned. seek a clue, 

seek a clew; hunt, track, trail, mouse, dodge, trace; follow the trail, 

follow the scent; pursue &c. 662; beat up one's quarters; fish for; 

feel for &c. (experiment) 463. investigate; take up an inquiry, 

institute an inquiry, pursue an inquiry, follow up an inquiry, conduct 

an inquiry, carry on an inquiry, carry out an inquiry, prosecute an 

inquiry &c. n.; look at, look into; preexamine; discuss, canvass, 

agitate. [inquire into a topic] examine, study, consider, calculate; 

dip into, dive into, delve into, go deep into; make sure of, probe, 

sound, fathom; probe to the bottom, probe to the quick; scrutinize, 

analyze, anatomize, dissect, parse, resolve, sift, winnow; view in 

all its phases, try in all its phases; thresh out. bring in question, 

bring into question, subject to examination; put to the proof &c. 

(experiment) 463; audit, tax, pass in review; take into 

consideration &c. (think over) 451; take counsel &c. 695. 

question, demand; put the question, pop the question, propose 

the question, propound the question, moot the question, start the 

question, raise the question, stir the question, suggest the 

question, put forth the question, ventilate the question, grapple 

with the question, go into a question. [human object], question, 

put to the question, interrogate, pump; subject to interrogation, 

subject to examination; cross-question, cross-examine; press for 

an answer; give the third degree; put to the inquisition; dodge † . 

catechize. require an answer; pick the brains of, suck the brains 

of; feel the pulse. get the lay of the land; see how the wind is 

blowing; put one's ear to the ground. be in question &c. adj.; 

undergo examination. 

Adj. inquiry &c. v.; inquisitive &c. (curious) 455; requisitive † , 

requisitory † ; catechetical † #462. Answer -- N. answer, response, reply, replication, riposte, 

rejoinder, surrejoinder 

, inquisitorial, analytic; in search of, in 

† , rebutter, surrebutter † , retort, repartee; 

rescript, rescription † ; antiphon † , antiphony; acknowledgment; 

password; echo; counter statement. discovery &c. 480.1; solution 

&c. (explanation) 522; rationale &c. (cause) 153; clue &c. 

(indication) 550. Oedipus; oracle &c. 513; return &c. (record) 551. 

V. answer, respond, reply, rebut, retort, rejoin; give for answer, 

return for answer; acknowledge, echo. explain &c. (interpret) 522; 

solve &c. (unriddle) 522; discover &c. 480.1; fathom, hunt out &c. 

(inquire) 461; satisfy, set at rest, determine. 

Adj. answering &c. v.; responsive, respondent; conclusive. 

Adv. because &c. (cause) 153; on the scent, on the right scent. 

Int. eureka!,

quest of; on the lookout for, interrogative, zetetic † ; all searching. 

undetermined, untried, undecided; in question, in dispute, in issue, 

in course of inquiry; under discussion, under consideration, under 

investigation &c. n.; sub judice [Lat.], moot, proposed; doubtful &c. 

(uncertain) 475. 

Adv. quaere [Lat.],? what,? why,? wherefore,? whence,? whither,? 

where,? how comes it,? how happens it,? how is it,? what is the 

reason,? what's the matter,? nicht wahr [G.],? what's in the wind,? 

what on earth,? when,? who.? 

#463. Experiment -- N. experiment; essay &c. (attempt) 675; analysis &c. (investigation) 461; screen; trial, tentative method, 

t=atonnement. verification, probation, experimentum crucis [Lat.], proof, (demonstration) 478; criterion, diagnostic, test, probe, 

crucial test, acid test, litmus test. crucible, reagent, check, touchstone, pix † ; assay, ordeal; ring; litmus paper, curcuma paper † , 

turmeric paper; test tube; analytical instruments &c. 633. empiricism, rule of thumb. feeler; trial balloon, pilot balloon, messenger 

balloon; pilot engine; scout; straw to show the wind. speculation, random shot, leap in the dark. analyzer, analyst, assayist † ; 

adventurer; experimenter, experimentist † , experimentalist; scientist, engineer, technician. subject, experimentee † , guinea pig, 

experimental animal. [experimental method] protocol, experimental method, blind experiment, double-blind experiment, controlled 

experiment. poll, survey, opinion poll. epidemiological survey [Med.], retrospective analysis, retrospective survey, prospective survey, 

prospective analysis; statistical analysis. literature search, library research. tryout, audition. [results of experiment] discovery &c. 480; 

measurement &c. 466; evidence &c. 467. [reasoning about an experiment] deduction, induction, abduction. 

V. experiment; essay &c. (endeavor) 675; try, try out, assay; make an experiment, make a trial of; give a trial to; put on trial, subject to 

trial; experiment upon; rehearse; put to the test, bring to the test, submit to the test, submit to the proof; prove, verify, test, touch, 

practice upon, try one's strength; road-test, test drive, take for a spin; test fly. grope; feel one's way, grope for one's way; fumble, 

t=atonner, aller =a t=atons [Fr.], put out a feeler, throw out a feeler; send up a trial balloon, send up a pilot balloon; see how the land 

lies, get the lay of the land, test the waters, feel out, sound out, take the pulse, see, check, check out [Coll.], see how the wind blows; 

consult the barometer; feel the pulse; fish for, bob for; cast for, beat about for; angle, trawl, cast one's net, beat the bushes. try one's 

fortune &c. (adventure) 675; explore &c. (inquire) 461. 

Adj. experimental, empirical. probative, probatory † , probationary, provisional; analytic, docimastic † ; tentative; unverified, unproven, 

speculative, untested. 

Adv. on trial, under examination, on probation, under probation, on one's trial, on approval. 

Phr. check it out, give it a try, see how it goes; Run it up the flagpole and see who salutes" 

#464. Comparison -- N. comparison, collation, contrast; 

identification; comparative estimate, relative estimate, relativity. 

simile, similitude, analogy (similarity) 17; allegory &c. (metaphor) 

521. matching, pattern-matching. [quantitative comparison] ratio, 

proportion (number) 84. [results of comparison] discrimination 

465; indiscrimination 465.1 † #464a. Incomparability [Lack of comparison] -- N. 

incomparability; incommensurability; indistinguishablility &c. 

465.1. 

Adj. incommensurable, incommensurate; incomparable; different 

&c. 15. 

; identification 465.2. 

Phr. like apples and oranges; no basis for comparison; no 

V. compare to, compare with; collate, confront; place side by side, standard for comparison. 

juxtapose &c. (near) 197; set against one another, pit against one 

another; contrast, balance. identify, draw a parallel, parallel. 

compare notes; institute a comparison; parva componere magnis 

[Lat.]. 

Adj. comparative; metaphorical &c. 521. compared with &c. v.; 

comparable; judged by comparison. 

Adv. relatively &c. (relation) 9; as compared with &c. v.. 

Phr. comparisons are odious; comparisons are odorous" [Much 

Ado about Nothing]. 

#465. [results of comparison. 1] Discrimination -- N. 

discrimination, distinction, differentiation, diagnosis, diorism † ; 

nice perception; perception of difference, appreciation of 

difference; estimation &c. 466; nicety, refinement; taste &c. 850; 

critique, judgment; tact; discernment &c. (intelligence) 498; 

acuteness, penetration; nuances. dope [Slang], past 

performances. 

V. discriminate, distinguish, severalize † ; recognize, match, 

identify; separate; draw the line, sift; separate the chaff from the 

wheat, winnow the chaff from the wheat; separate the men from 

the boys; split hairs, draw a fine line, nitpick, quibble. estimate &c. 

(measure) 466; know which is which, know what is what, know 'a 

hawk from a handsaw'" [Hamlet]. take into account, take into 

consideration; give due weight to, allow due weight to; weigh 

carefully. 

Adj. discriminating &c. v.; dioristic † #465a. [results of comparison. 2] Indiscrimination -- N. 

indiscrimination 

, discriminative, distinctive; 

nice. 

Phr. il y a fagots et fagots; rem acu tetigisti [Lat.]; la critique est 

† , indistinguishability; indistinctness, indistinction † ; 

uncertainty &c. (doubt) 475; incomparability &c. 464.1. 

V. not discriminate &c. 465; overlook a distinction &c. (neglect) 

460, confound, confuse. 

Adj. indiscriminate; undistinguished † , indistinguishable, 

undistinguishable † ; unmeasured; promiscuous, undiscriminating. 

Phr. valeat quantum valere potest [Lat.].

aisee et l'art est difficile [Fr.]; miles apart; a distinction without a 

difference. 

#465b. [results of comparison. 3] Identification -- N. identification, recognition, diagnosis, match; apperception, assimilation; 

dereplication; classification; memory &c. 505; interpretation &c. 522; cognizance (knowledge) 490. 

V. identify, recognize, match, match up; classify; recall, remember &c. (memory) 505; find similarity (similarity) 17; put in its proper 

place, put in its proper niche, place in order (arrangement) 60. 

#466. Measurement -- N. measurement, admeasurement † , mensuration, survey, valuation, appraisement, assessment, assize; 

estimate, estimation; dead reckoning, reckoning &c. (numeration) 85; gauging &c. v.; horse power. metrology, weights and 

measures, compound arithmetic. measure, yard measure, standard, rule, foot rule, compass, calipers; gage, gauge; meter, line, rod, 

check; dividers; velo † . flood mark, high water mark; Plimsoll line; index &c. 550. scale; graduation, graduated scale; nonius † ; vernier 

&c. (minuteness) 193. [instruments for measuring] bathometer, galvanometer, heliometer, interferometer, odometer, ombrometer † , 

pantometer † , pluviometer † , pneumatometer † , pneumometer † , radiometer, refractometer, respirometer, rheometer, spirometer † , 

telemeter, udometer † , vacuometer † , variometer † , viameter † , thermometer, thermistor (heat) &c. 382, barometer (air) &c. 338, 

anemometer (wind) 349, dynamometer, goniometer, (angle) 244 meter; landmark &c. (limit) 233; balance, scale &c. (weight) 319; 

marigraph † , pneumatograph † , stethograph † ; rain gauge, rain gage; voltmeter (volts), ammeter (amps); spectrophotometer (light 

absorbance); mass spectrophotometer (molecular mass); geiger counter, scintillation counter (radioactivity); pycnometer (liquid 

density); graduated cylinder, volumetric flask (volume); radar gun (velocity); radar (distance); side-looking radar, (shape, 

topography); sonar (depth in water); light meter (light intensity); clock, watch, stopwatch, chronometer (time); anemometer (wind 

velocity); densitometer (color intensity). measurability, computability, determinability † . coordinates, ordinate and abscissa, polar 

coordinates, latitude and longitude, declination and right ascension, altitude and azimuth. geometry, stereometry † , hypsometry † ; 

metage † ; surveying, land surveying; geodesy, geodetics † , geodesia † ; orthometry † , altimetry † ; cadastre [Fr.]. astrolabe, armillary 

sphere † . land surveyor; geometer. 

V. measure, mete; determine, assay; evaluate, value, assess, rate, appraise, estimate, form an estimate, set a value on; appreciate; 

standardize. span, pace step; apply the compass &c. n.; gauge, plumb, probe, sound, fathom; heave the log, heave the lead; survey. 

weigh. take an average &c. 29; graduate. 

Adj. measuring &c. v.; metric, metrical; measurable, perceptible, noticeable, detectable, appreciable, ponderable, determinable, 

fathomable; geodetical, topographic, topographical, cartographic, cartographical. 

SECTION III. 

MATERIALS FOR REASONING 

#467. Evidence [On one side.] -- N. evidence; facts, premises, 

data, praecognita [Lat.], grounds. indication &c. 550; criterion &c. 

(test) 463. testimony, testification † , expert testimony; attestation; 

deposition &c. (affirmation) 535; examination. admission &c. 

(assent) 488; authority, warrant, credential, diploma, voucher, 

certificate, doquet † , docket; testamur † ; record &c. 551; document; 

pi ce justificative † ; deed, warranty &c. (security) 771; signature, 

seal &c. (identification) 550; exhibit, material evidence, objective 

evidence. witness, indicator, hostile witness; eyewitness, 

earwitness, material witness, state's evidence; deponent; 

sponsor; cojuror † . oral evidence, documentary evidence, hearsay 

evidence, external evidence, extrinsic evidence, internal evidence, 

intrinsic evidence, circumstantial evidence, cumulative evidence, 

ex parte evidence [Lat.], presumptive evidence, collateral 

evidence, constructive evidence; proof &c. (demonstration) 478; 

evidence in chief. secondary evidence; confirmation, 

corroboration, support; ratification &c. (assent) 488; 

authentication; compurgation † , wager of law, comprobation † . 

citation, reference; legal research, literature search (experiment) 

463. 

V. be evidence &c. n.; evince, show, betoken, tell of; indicate &c. 

(denote) 550; imply, involve, argue, bespeak, breathe. have 

weight, carry weight; tell, speak volumes; speak for itself &c. 

(manifest) 525. rest upon, depend upon; repose on. bear witness 

&c. n.; give evidence &c. n.; testify, depose, witness, vouch for; 

sign, seal, undersign † #468. [Evidence on the other side, on the other hand.] Counter 

Evidence -- N. counter evidence; evidence on the other side, 

evidence on the other hand; conflicting evidence, contradictory 

evidence, opposing evidence; disproof, refutation &c. 479; 

negation &c. 536. plea &c. 617; vindication &c. 937; counter 

protest; 'tu quoque' argument;" other side of the shield, other side 

of the coin, reverse of the shield. 

V. countervail, oppose; mitigate against; rebut &c. (refute) 479; 

subvert &c. (destroy) 162; cheek, weaken; contravene; contradict 

&c. (deny) 536; tell the other side of the story, tell another story, 

turn the scale, alter the case; turn the tables; cut both ways; prove 

a negative. audire alteram partem [Lat.]. 

Adj. countervailing &c. v.; contradictory. unattested, 

unauthenticated, unsupported by evidence; supposititious. 

Adv. on the contrary, per contra. 

, set one's hand and seal, sign and seal, 

deliver as one's act and deed, certify, attest; acknowledge &c. 

(assent) 488. [provide conclusive evidence] make absolute, 

confirm, prove (demonstrate) 478. [add further evidence] indorse, 

countersign, corroborate, support, ratify, bear out, uphold, warrant. 

adduce, attest, cite, quote; refer to, appeal to; call, call to witness; 

bring forward, bring into court; allege, plead; produce witnesses, 

confront witnesses. place into evidence, mark into evidence. 

[obtain evidence] collect evidence, bring together evidence, rake

up evidence; experiment &c. 463. have a case, make out a case; 

establish, authenticate, substantiate, verify, make good, quote 

chapter and verse; bring home to, bring to book. 

Adj. showing &c. v.; indicative, indicatory; deducible &c. 478; 

grounded on, founded on, based on; corroborative, confirmatory. 

Adv. by inference; according to, witness, a fortiori; still more, still 

less; raison de plus [Fr.]; in corroboration &c. n.. of; valeat 

quantum [Lat.]; under seal, under one's hand and seal. 

Phr. dictum de dicto [Lat.]; mise en evidence [Fr.]. 

#469. Qualification -- N. qualification, limitation, modification, coloring. allowance, grains of allowance, consideration, extenuating 

circumstances; mitigation. condition, proviso, prerequisite, contingency, stipulation, provision, specification, sine qua non [Lat.]; 

catch, string, strings attached; exemption; exception, escape clause, salvo, saving clause; discount &c. 813; restriction; fine print. 

V. qualify, limit, modify, leaven, give a color to, introduce new conditions, narrow, temper. waffle, quibble, hem and haw (be uncertain) 

475; equivocate (sophistry) 477. depend, depend on, be contingent on (effect) 154. allow for, make allowance for; admit exceptions, 

take into account; modulate. moderate, temper, season, leaven. take exception. 

Adj. qualifying &c. v.; qualified, conditioned, restricted, hedged; conditional; exceptional &c. (unconformable) 83. hypothetical &c. 

(supposed) 514; contingent &c. (uncertain) 475. 

Adv. provided, provided that, provided always; if, unless, but, yet; according as; conditionally, admitting, supposing; on the 

supposition of &c. (theoretically) 514; with the understanding, even, although, though, for all that, after all, at all events. approximately 

&c. 197, 17; in a limited degree (smallness) 32; somewhat, sort of, something like that, to a certain extent, to a degree, in a sense, 

so to speak. with grains of allowance, cum grano salis [Lat.], with a grain of salt; exceptis excipiendis [Lat.]; wind and weather 

permitting; if possible &c. 470. subject to, conditioned upon; with this proviso &c. n.. 

Phr. if the good lord is willing and the creeks don't if the good lord is willing and the creeks don't rise;" catch- 22. 

#470. Possibility -- N. possibility, potentiality; what may be, what 

is possible &c. adj.; compatibility &c. (agreement) 23. 

practicability, feasibility; practicableness &c. adj.. contingency, 

chance &c. 156. 

V. be possible &c. adj.; stand a chance; admit of, bear. render 

possible &c. adj.; put in the way of. 

Adj. possible; in the cards, on the dice; in posse, within the 

bounds of possibility, conceivable, credible; compatible &c. 23; 

likely. practicable, feasible, performable, achievable; within reach, 

within measurable distance; accessible, superable † #471. Impossibility -- N. impossibility &c. adj.; what cannot, what 

can never be; sour grapes; hopelessness &c. 859. 

V. be impossible &c. adj.; have no chance whatever. attempt 

impossibilities; square the circle, wash a blackamoor white; skin a 

flint; make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, make bricks without 

straw; have nothing to go upon; weave a rope of sand, build 

castles in the air, prendre la lune avec les dents [Fr.], extract 

sunbeams from cucumbers, set the Thames on fire, milk a he-goat 

into a sieve, catch a weasel asleep, rompre l'anguille au genou 

, 

[Fr.], be in two places at once. 

surmountable; attainable, obtainable; contingent &c. (doubtful) Adj. impossible; not possible &c. 470; absurd, contrary to reason; 

475, (effect) 154. barely possible, marginally possible, just unlikely; unreasonable &c. 477; incredible &c. 485; beyond the 

possible; possible but improbably, (improbable) 473; theoretically bounds of reason, beyond the bounds of possibility, beyond the 

possible. 

realm of possibility; from which reason recoils; visionary; 

Adv. possibly, by possibility; perhaps, perchance, peradventure; inconceivable &c. (improbable) 473; prodigious &c. (wonderful) 

maybe, may be, haply, mayhap. if possible, wind and weather 870; unimaginable, inimaginable 

permitting, God willing, Deo volente [Lat.], D.V.; as luck may have 

it. 

Phr. misericordia Domini inter pontem et misericordia Domini 

inter pontem et fontent [Lat.]; the glories of the Possible are ours" 

[B. Taylor]; anything is possible; in theory possible, but in practise 

unlikely. 

† ; unthinkable. impracticable 

unachievable; unfeasible, infeasible; insuperable; 

unsurmountable † , insurmountable; unattainable, unobtainable; out 

of reach, out of the question; not to be had, not to be thought of; 

beyond control; desperate &c. (hopeless) 859; incompatible &c. 

24; inaccessible, uncomeatable † , impassable, impervious, 

innavigable † , inextricable; self-contradictory. out of one's power, 

beyond one's power, beyond one's depth, beyond one's reach, 

beyond one's grasp; too much for; ultra crepidam [Lat.]. 

Phr. the grapes are sour; non possumus [Lat.]; non nostrum tantas 

componere lites [Lat.] [Vergil]; look for a needle in a haystack, 

chercher une aiguille dans une botte de chercher une aiguille dans 

une botte de foin [Fr.]; il a le mer +a boire † . 

#472. Probability -- N. probability, likelihood; credibleness † ; 

likeliness &c. adj.; vraisemblance [Fr.], verisimilitude, plausibility; 

color, semblance, show of; presumption; presumptive evidence, 

circumstantial evidence; credibility. reasonable chance, fair 

chance, good chance, favorable chance, reasonable prospect, 

fair prospect, good prospect, favorable prospect; prospect, 

wellgrounded hope; chance &c. 156. 

V. be probable &c. adj.; give color to, lend color to; point to; imply 

&c. (evidence) 467; bid fair &c. (promise) 511; stand fair for; 

stand a good chance, run a good chance. think likely, dare say, 

flatter oneself; expect &c. 507; count upon &c. (believe) 484. 

Adj. probable, likely, hopeful, to be expected, in a fair way. 

plausible, specious, ostensible, colorable, ben trovato [It], wellfounded, 

reasonable, credible, easy of belief, presumable, 

#473. Improbability -- N. improbability, unlikelihood; unfavorable 

chance, bad chance, ghost of a chance, little chance, small 

chance, poor chance, scarcely any chance, no chance; bare 

possibility; long odds; incredibility &c. 485. 

V. be improbable &c. adj.; have a small chance &c. n.. 

Adj. improbable, unlikely, contrary to all reasonable expectation; 

wild [Coll.], far out [Coll.], out of sight [Coll.], outtasight [Coll.], 

heavy [Coll.]. rare &c. (infrequent) 137; unheard of, inconceivable; 

unimaginable, inimaginable † ; incredible &c. 485; more than 

doubtful; strange, bizarre (uncomformable) 83. 

Phr. the chances are against; aquila non capit muscas [Lat.]; 

pedir peras pal olmo [Lat.].

presumptive, apparent. 

Adv. probably &c. adj.; belike † ; in all probability, in all likelihood; 

very likely, most likely; like enough; odds on, odds in favor, ten to 

one &c.; apparently, seemingly, according to every reasonable 

expectation; prim=a facie [Lat.]; to all appearance &c. (to the eye) 

448. 

Phr. the chances, the odds are; appearances are in favor of, 

chances are in favor of; there is reason to believe, there is reason 

to think, there is reason to expect; I dare say; all Lombard Street 

to a China orange. 

#474. Certainty -- N. certainty; necessity &c. 601; certitude, 

surety, assurance; dead certainty, moral certainty; infallibleness 

&c. adj.; infallibility, reliability; indubitableness, inevitableness, 

unquestionableness † . gospel, scripture, church, pope, court of 

final appeal; res judicata [Lat.], ultimatum positiveness; 

dogmatism, dogmatist, dogmatizer; doctrinaire, bigot, opinionist † , 

Sir Oracle; ipse dixit [Lat.]. fact; positive fact, matter of fact; fait 

accompli [Fr.]. 

V. be certain &c. adj.; stand to reason. render certain &c. adj.; 

insure, ensure, assure; clinch, make sure; determine, decide, set 

at rest, make assurance double sure" [Macbeth]; know &c. 

(believe) 484. dogmatize, lay down the law. 

Adj. certain, sure, assured &c. v.; solid, well-founded. unqualified, 

absolute, positive, determinate, definite, clear, unequivocal, 

categorical, unmistakable, decisive, decided, ascertained. 

inevitable, unavoidable, avoidless † ; ineluctable. unerring, infallible; 

unchangeable &c. 150; to be depended on, trustworthy, reliable, 

bound. unimpeachable, undeniable, unquestionable; indisputable, 

incontestable, incontrovertible, indubitable; irrefutable &c. 

(proven) 478; conclusive, without power of appeal. indubious † ; 

without doubt, beyond a doubt, without a shade or shadow of 

doubt, without question, beyond question; past dispute; clear as 

day; beyond all question, beyond all dispute; undoubted, 

uncontested, unquestioned, undisputed; questionless † #475. Uncertainty -- N. uncertainty, incertitude, doubt; 

doubtfulness &c. adj.; dubiety, dubitation 

, doubtless. 

authoritative, authentic, official. sure as fate, sure as death and 

taxes, sure as a gun. evident, self-evident, axiomatic; clear, clear 

as day, clear as the sun at noonday. 

Adv. certainly &c. adj.; for certain, certes [Lat.], sure, no doubt, 

doubtless, and no mistake, flagrante delicto [Lat.], sure enough, to 

be sure, of course, as a matter of course, a coup sur, to a 

certainty; in truth &c. (truly) 494; at any rate, at all events; without 

fail; coute que coute [Fr.], coute qu'il coute [Fr.]; whatever may 

happen, if the worst come to the worst; come what may, happen 

what may, come what will; sink or swim; rain or shine. 

Phr. cela va sans dire [Fr.]; there is no question, no question, not 

a shadow of doubt, there is not a shadow of doubt; the die is cast 

&c. (necessity) 601; facts are stubborn things" [Smollett]. 

† , dubitancy † , 

dubitousness † . hesitation, suspense; perplexity, embarrassment, 

dilemma, bewilderment; timidity &c. (fear) 860; vacillation &c. 

605; diaporesis † , indetermination. vagueness &c. adj.; haze, fog; 

obscurity &c. (darkness) 421; ambiguity &c. (double meaning) 

520; contingency, dependence, dependency, double contingency, 

possibility upon a possibility; open question &c. (question) 461; 

onus probandi [Lat.]; blind bargain, pig in a poke, leap in the dark, 

something or other; needle in a haystack, needle in a bottle of hay; 

roving commission. precariousness &c. adj.; fallibility. 

V. be uncertain &c. adj.; wonder whether. lose the clue, lose the 

clew, scent; miss one's way. not know what to make of &c. 

(unintelligibility) 519, not know which way to turn, not know 

whether one stands on one s head or one's not know whether one 

stands on one s head or one's heels; float in a sea of doubt, 

hesitate, flounder; lose oneself, lose one's head; muddle one's 

brains. render uncertain &c. adj.; put out, pose, puzzle, perplex, 

embarrass; confuse, confound; bewilder, bother, molder, addle 

the wits, throw off the scent, ambiguas in vulgus spargere voces 

[Lat.]; keep in suspense. doubt &c. (disbelieve) 485; hang in the 

balance, tremble in the balance; depend. 

Adj. uncertain; casual; random &c. (aimless) 621; changeable &c. 

149. doubtful, dubious; indecisive; unsettled, undecided, 

undetermined; in suspense, open to discussion; controvertible; in 

question &c. (inquiry) 461. vague; indeterminate, indefinite; 

ambiguous, equivocal; undefined, undefinable; confused &c. 

(indistinct) 447; mystic, oracular; dazed. perplexing &c. v.; 

enigmatic, paradoxical, apocryphal, problematical, hypothetical; 

experimental &c. 463. unpredictable, unforeseeable (unknowable) 

519. fallible, questionable, precarious, slippery, ticklish, 

debatable, disputable; unreliable, untrustworthy. contingent, 

contingent on, dependent on; subject to; dependent on 

circumstances; occasional; provisional. unauthentic, 

unauthenticated, unauthoritative; unascertained, unconfirmed; 

undemonstrated; untold, uncounted. in a state of uncertainty, in a 

cloud, in a maze; bushed, off the track; ignorant, &c. 491; afraid to 

say; out of one's reckoning, astray, adrift; at sea, at fault, at a loss, 

at one's wit's end, at a nonplus; puzzled &c. v.; lost, abroad, 

d_esorient_e; distracted, distraught. 

Adv. pendente lite [Lat.]; sub spe rati [Lat.]. 

Phr. Heaven knows; who can tell,? who shall decide when doctors 

disagree;? ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat.]. 

SECTION IV. 

REASONING PROCESSES 

#476. Reasoning, -- N. reasoning ratiocination rationalism; 

dialectics, induction, generalization. discussion, comment; 

ventilation; inquiry &c. 461. argumentation, controversy, debate; 

polemics, wrangling; contention &c. 720; logomachy † ; disputation, 

disceptation † ; paper war. art of reasoning, logic. process of 

reasoning, train of reasoning, chain of reasoning; deduction, 

induction, abduction; synthesis, analysis. argument; case, 

plaidoyer † , opening; lemma, proposition, terms, premises, 

postulate, data, starting point, principle; inference &c. (judgment) 

480. prosyllogism † , syllogism; enthymeme † , sorites † #477. Intuition. & Sophistry [The absence of reasoning.] [False 

or vicious reasoning; show of reason.] -- N. intuition, instinct, 

association, hunch, gut feeling; presentiment, premonition; rule of 

thumb; superstition; astrology 

, dilemma, 

† ; faith (supposition) 514. sophistry, 

paralogy † , perversion, casuistry, jesuitry, equivocation, evasion; 

chicane, chicanery; quiddet † , quiddity; mystification; special 

pleading; speciousness &c. adj.; nonsense &c. 497; word sense, 

tongue sense. false reasoning, vicious reasoning, circular 

reasoning; petitio principii [Lat.], ignoratio elenchi [Lat.]; post hoc 

ergo propter hoc [Lat.]; non sequitur, ignotum per ignotius [Lat.].

perilepsis † , a priori reasoning, reductio ad absurdum, horns of a 

dilemma, argumentum ad hominem [Lat.], comprehensive 

argument; empirema † , epagoge † . [person who reasons] 

reasoner, logician, dialectician; disputant; controversialist, 

controvertist † ; wrangler, arguer, debater polemic, casuist, 

rationalist; scientist; eristic † . logical sequence; good case; correct 

just reasoning, sound reasoning, valid reasoning, cogent 

reasoning, logical reasoning, forcible reasoning, persuasive 

reasoning, persuasory reasoning † , consectary reasoning † , 

conclusive &c. 478; subtle reasoning; force of argument, strong 

point, strong argument, persuasive argument. arguments, 

reasons, pros and cons. 

V. reason, argue, discuss, debate, dispute, wrangle † , argufy † , 

bandy words, bandy arguments; chop logic; hold an argument, 

carry on an argument; controvert &c. (deny) 536; canvass; 

comment upon, moralize upon; spiritualize; consider &c. 

(examine) 461. open a discussion, open a case; try conclusions; 

join issue, be at issue; moot; come to the point; stir a question, 

agitate a question, ventilate a question, torture a question; take up 

a side, take up a case. contend, take one's stand upon, insist, lay 

stress on; infer &c. 480. follow from &c. (demonstration) 478. 

Adj. reasoning &c. v.; rationalistic; argumentative, controversial, 

dialectic, polemical; discursory † , discursive; disputatious; 

Aristotelian † , eristic † , eristical † . debatable, controvertible. logical; 

relevant &c. 23. 

Adv. for, because, hence, whence, seeing that, since, sith † misjudgment &c. 481; false teaching &c. 538. sophism, solecism, 

paralogism 

, then 

thence so; for that reason, for this reason, for which reason; for as, 

inasmuch as; whereas, ex concesso [Lat.], considering, in 

consideration of; therefore, wherefore; consequently, ergo, thus, 

accordingly; a fortiori. in conclusion, in fine; finally, after all, au bout 

du compt [Fr.], on the whole, taking one thing with another. 

Phr. ab actu ad posse valet consecutio [Lat.]; per troppo dibatter 

la verita si perde [It]; troppo disputare la verita fa errare [It]. 

† ; quibble, quirk, elenchus † , elench † , fallacy, quodlibet, 

subterfuge, subtlety, quillet † ; inconsistency, antilogy † ; a delusion, a 

mockery, and a snare" [Denman]; claptrap, cant, mere words; 

lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]. meshes of sophistry, 

cobwebs of sophistry; flaw in an argument; weak point, bad case. 

overrefinement † ; hairsplitting &c. v.. 

V. judge intuitively, judge by intuition; hazard a proposition, hazard 

a guess, talk at random. reason ill, falsely &c. adj.; misjudge &c. 

481; paralogize † . take on faith, take as a given; assume 

(supposition) 514. pervert, quibble; equivocate, mystify, evade, 

elude; gloss over, varnish; misteach &c. 538 † ; mislead &c. (error) 

495; cavil, refine, subtilize † , split hairs; misrepresent &c. (lie) 544. 

beg the question, reason in a circle, reason in circles, assume the 

conclusion. cut blocks with a razor, beat about the bush, play fast 

and loose, play fast and loose with the facts, blow hot and cold, 

prove that black is white and white black, travel out of the record, 

parler a tort et a travers [Fr.], put oneself out of court, not have a 

leg to stand on. judge hastily, shoot from the hip, jump to 

conclusions (misjudgment) 481. 

Adj. intuitive, instinctive, impulsive; independent of reason, 

anterior to reason; gratuitous, hazarded; unconnected. 

unreasonable, illogical, false, unsound, invalid; unwarranted, not 

following; inconsequent, inconsequential; inconsistent; absonous † , 

absonant † ; unscientific; untenable, inconclusive, incorrect; 

fallacious, fallible; groundless, unproved; non sequitur [Lat.], it 

does not follow. deceptive, sophistical, jesuitical; illusive, illusory; 

specious, hollow, plausible, ad captandum [Lat.], evasive; 

irrelevant &c. 10. weak, feeble, poor, flimsy, loose, vague. 

irrational; nonsensical &c. (absurd) 497. foolish &c. (imbecile) 

499; frivolous, pettifogging, quibbling; finespun † , overrefined † . at 

the end of one's tether, au bout de son latin. 

Adv. intuitively &c. adj.; by intuition; illogically &c. adj.. 

Phr. non constat [Lat.]; that goes for nothing. 

#478. Demonstration -- N. demonstration, proof, rigorous proof; 

conclusiveness &c. adj.; apodeixis † , apodixis † , probation, 

comprobation † . logic of facts &c. (evidence) 467; experimentum 

crucis &c. (test) 463 [Lat.]; argument &c. 476; rigorous 

establishment, absolute establishment. conviction, cogency, 

(persuasion) 484. 

V. demonstrate, prove, establish; make good; show, evince, 

manifest &c. (be evidence of) 467; confirm, corroborate, 

substantiate, verify &c. 467, settle the question, reduce to 

demonstration, set the question at rest. make out, make out a 

case; prove one's point, have the best of the argument; draw a 

conclusion &c. (judge) 480. follow, follow of course, follow as a 

matter of course, follow necessarily; stand to reason; hold good, 

hold water. convince, persuade (belief) 484. 

Adj. demonstrating &c. v., demonstrative, demonstrable; 

probative, unanswerable, conclusive; apodictic † , apodeictic † , 

apodeictical † ; irresistible, irrefutable, irrefragable; necessary. 

categorical, decisive, crucial. demonstrated &c. v.; proven; 

unconfuted † , unanswered, unrefuted † ; evident &c. 474. deducible, 

consequential, consectary † , inferential, following. [demonstrated 

to one's satisfaction] convincing, cogent, persuasive (believable) 

484. 

Adv. of course, in consequence, consequently, as a matter of 

course; necessarily, of necessity. 

Phr. probatum est [Lat.]; there is nothing more to be said; quod 

est demonstrandum [Lat.], Q.E.D.; it must follow; exitus acta 

probat [Lat.]. 

#479. Confutation -- N. confutation, refutation; answer, complete 

answer; disproof, conviction, redargution † , invalidation; exposure, 

exposition; clincher; retort; reductio ad absurdum; knock down 

argument, tu quoque argument [Lat.]; sockdolager [U.S.], 

correction &c. 572.1; dissuasion &c. 616. 

V. confute, refute, disprove; parry, negative, controvert, rebut, 

confound, disconfirm, redargue † , expose, show the fallacy of, 

defeat; demolish, break &c. (destroy) 162; overthrow, overturn 

scatter to the winds, explode, invalidate; silence; put to silence, 

reduce to silence; clinch an argument, clinch a question; give one 

a setdown † , stop the mouth, shut up; have, have on the hip. not 

leave a leg to stand on, cut the ground from under one's feet. be 

confuted &c.; fail; expose one's weak point, show one's weak 

point. counter evidence &c. 468. 

Adj. confuting, confuted, &c. v.; capable of refutation; refutable, 

confutable † , defeasible. contravene (counter evidence) 468. 

condemned on one's own showing, condemned out of one's own 

mouth. 

Phr. the argument falls to the ground, cadit quaestio [Lat.], it does 

not hold water, suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo" [Terence]; his 

argument was demolished by new evidence. 

SECTION V. 

RESULTS OF REASONING 

#480. Judgment [Conclusion.] -- N. result, conclusion, upshot; #481. Misjudgment -- N. misjudgment, obliquity of judgment;

deduction, inference, ergotism [Med.]; illation; corollary, porism † ; 

moral. estimation, valuation, appreciation, judication † ; 

dijudication † , adjudication; arbitrament, arbitrement † , arbitration; 

assessment, ponderation † ; valorization. award, estimate; review, 

criticism, critique, notice, report. decision, determination, 

judgment, finding, verdict, sentence, decree; findings of fact; 

findings of law; res judicata [Lat.]. plebiscite, voice, casting vote; 

vote &c. (choice) 609; opinion &c. (belief) 484; good judgment 

&c. (wisdom) 498. judge, umpire; arbiter, arbitrator; asessor, 

referee. censor, reviewer, critic; connoisseur; commentator &c. 

524; inspector, inspecting officer. twenty-twenty hindsight 

[judgment after the fact]; armchair general, monday morning 

quarterback. 

V. judge, conclude; come to a conclusion, draw a conclusion, 

arrive at a conclusion; ascertain, determine, make up one's mind. 

deduce, derive, gather, collect, draw an inference, make a 

deduction, weet † , ween † . form an estimate, estimate, appreciate, 

value, count, assess, rate, rank, account; regard, consider, think 

of; look upon &c. (believe) 484; review; size up [Slang]. settle; 

pass an opinion, give an opinion; decide, try, pronounce, rule; 

pass judgment, pass sentence; sentence, doom; find; give 

judgment, deliver judgment; adjudge, adjudicate; arbitrate, award, 

report; bring in a verdict; make absolute, set a question at rest; 

confirm &c. (assent) 488. comment, criticize, kibitz; pass under 

review &c. (examine) 457; investigate &c. (inquire) 461. hold the 

scales, sit in judgment; try judgment, hear a cause. 

Adj. judging &c. v.; judicious &c. (wise) 498; determinate, 

conclusive. 

Adv. on the whole, all things considered. 

Phr. a Daniel come to judgment" [Merchant of Venice]; and stand 

a critic, hated yet caress'd" [Byron]; it is much easier to be critical 

than to be it is much easier to be critical than to be correct" 

[Disraeli]; la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile [Fr.]; nothing if 

not critical" [Othello]; O most lame and impotent conclusion" 

[Othello]. 

#480a. [Result of search or inquiry.] Discovery -- N. discovery, 

detection, disenchantment; ascertainment † , disclosure, find, 

revelation. trover [Law] &c. (recovery) 775. 

V. discover, find, determine, evolve, learn &c. 539; fix upon; pick 

up; find out, trace out, make out, hunt out, fish out, worm out, ferret 

out, root out; fathom; bring out, draw out; educe, elicit, bring to 

light; dig out, grub up, fish up; unearth, disinter. solve, resolve, 

elucidate; unriddle, unravel, unlock, crack, crack open; pick up, 

open the lock; find a clue, find clew a to, find the key to the riddle; 

interpret &c. 522; disclose &c. 529. trace, get at; hit it, have it; lay 

one's finger, lay one's hands upon; spot; get at the truth, arrive at 

the truth &c. 494; put the saddle on the right horse, hit the right nail 

on the head. be near the truth, be warm, get warmer, burn; smoke, 

scent, sniff, catch a whiff of, smell a rat. open the eyes to; see 

through, see daylight, see in its true colors, see the cloven foot; 

detect; catch, catch tripping. pitch upon, fall upon, light upon, hit 

upon, stumble upon, pop upon; come across, come onto; meet 

with, meet up with, fall in with. recognize, realize; verify, make 

certain of, identify. 

Int. eureka!, aha! † , I've got it!, 

#482. Overestimation -- N. overestimation &c. v.; exaggeration 

&c. 549; vanity &c. 880; optimism, pessimism, pessimist. much 

cry and little wool, much ado about nothing; storm in a teacup, 

tempest in a teacup; fine talking. 

V. overestimate, overrate, overvalue, overprize, overweigh, 

overreckon † , overstrain, overpraise; eulogize; estimate too highly, 

attach too much importance to, make mountains of molehills, 

catch at straws; strain, magnify; exaggerate &c. 549; set too high 

a value upon; think much of, make much of, think too much of, 

make too much of; outreckon † ; panegyrize † . extol, extol to the 

skies; make the most of, make the best of, make the worst of; 

miscalculation, miscomputation, misconception &c. (error) 495; 

hasty conclusion. [causes of misjudgment. 1] prejudgment, 

prejudication † , prejudice; foregone conclusion; prenotion † , 

prevention, preconception, predilection, prepossession, 

preapprehension † , presumption, assumption, presentiment; fixed 

idea, preconceived idea; id_ee fixe; mentis gratissimus error 

[Lat.]; fool's paradise. [causes of misjudgment. 2] esprit de corps, 

party spirit, partisanship, clannishness, prestige. [causes of 

misjudgment. 3] bias, bigotry, warp, twist; hobby, fad, quirk, 

crotchet, partiality, infatuation, blind side, mote in the eye. [causes 

of misjudgment. 4] one-sided views, one-track mind, partial 

views, narrow views, confined views, superficial views, one-sided 

ideas, partial ideas, narrow ideas, confined ideas, superficial 

ideas, one-sided conceptions, partial conceptions, narrow 

conceptions, confined conceptions, superficial conceptions, onesided 

notions, partial notions, narrow notions, confined notions, 

superficial notions; narrow mind; bigotry &c. (obstinacy) 606; 

odium theologicum [Lat.]; pedantry; hypercriticism. doctrinaire &c. 

(positive) 474. [causes of misjudgment. 5] overestimation &c. 

482; underestimation &c. 483. [causes of misjudgment. 6] 

ignorance &c. 491. erroneous assumptions, erroneous data, 

mistaken assumptions, incorrect assumptions (error) 495. 

V. misjudge, misestimate, misthink † , misconjecture † , misconceive 

&c. (error) 495; fly in the face of facts; miscalculate, misreckon, 

miscompute. overestimate &c. 482; underestimate &c. 483. 

prejudge, forejudge; presuppose, presume, prejudicate † ; 

dogmatize; have a bias &c. n.; have only one idea; jurare in verba 

magistri [Lat.], run away with the notion; jump to a conclusion, rush 

to a conclusion, leap to a conclusion, judge hastily, shoot from the 

hip, jump to conclusions; look only at one side of the shield; view 

with jaundiced eye, view through distorting spectacles; not see 

beyond one's nose; dare pondus fumo [Lat.]; get the wrong sow by 

the ear &c. (blunder) 699. give a bias, give a twist; bias, warp, 

twist; prejudice, prepossess. 

Adj. misjudging &c. v.; ill-judging, wrong-headed; prejudiced &c. 

v.; jaundiced; shortsighted, purblind; partial, one-sided, 

superficial. narrow-minded, narrow-souled † ; mean-spirited; 

confined, illiberal, intolerant, besotted, infatuated, fanatical, entete 

[Fr.], positive, dogmatic, conceited; opinative, opiniative † ; 

opinioned, opinionate, opinionative, opinionated; self-opinioned, 

wedded to an opinion, opini=atre; bigoted &c. (obstinate) 606; 

crotchety, fussy, impracticable; unreasonable, stupid &c. 499; 

credulous &c. 486; warped. misjudged &c. v.. 

Adv. ex parte [Lat.]. 

Phr. nothing like leather; the wish the father to the thought; wishful 

thinking; unshakable conviction; my mind is made up - don't bother 

me with the my mind is made up - don't bother me with the facts." 

#483. Underestimation -- N. underestimation; depreciation &c. 

(detraction) 934; pessimism, pessimist; undervaluing &c. v.; 

modesty &c. 881. 

V. underrate, underestimate, undervalue, underreckon † ; 

depreciate; disparage &c. (detract) 934; not do justice to; 

misprize, disprize; ridicule &c. 856; slight &c. (despise) 930; 

neglect &c. 460; slur over. make light of, make little of, make 

nothing of, make no account of; belittle; minimize, think nothing of; 

set no store by, set at naught; shake off as dewdrops from the 

lion's mane. 

Adj. depreciating, depreciated &c. v.; unvalued, unprized † .

make two bites of a cherry. have too high an opinion of oneself 

&c. (vanity) 880. 

Adj. overestimated &c. v.; oversensitive &c. (sensibility) 822. 

Phr. all his geese are swans; parturiunt montes [Lat.]. 

#484. Belief -- N. belief; credence; credit; assurance; faith, trust, 

troth, confidence, presumption, sanguine expectation &c. (hope) 

858; dependence on, reliance on. persuasion, conviction, 

convincement † , plerophory † , self-conviction; certainty &c. 474; 

opinion, mind, view; conception, thinking; impression &c. (idea) 

453; surmise &c. 514; conclusion &c. (judgment) 480. tenet, 

dogma, principle, way of thinking; popular belief &c. (assent) 488. 

firm belief, implicit belief, settled belief, fixed rooted deep-rooted 

belief, staunch belief, unshaken belief, steadfast belief, inveterate 

belief, calm belief, sober belief, dispassionate belief, impartial 

belief, well-founded belief, firm opinion, implicit opinion, settled 

opinion, fixed rooted deep-rooted opinion, staunch opinion, 

unshaken opinion, steadfast opinion, inveterate opinion, calm 

opinion, sober opinion, dispassionate opinion, impartial opinion, 

well-founded opinion &c.; uberrima fides [Lat.]. system of 

opinions, school, doctrine, articles, canons; article of faith, 

declaration of faith, profession of faith; tenets, credenda † , creed; 

thirty-nine articles &c. (orthodoxy) 983.1; catechism; assent &c. 

488; propaganda &c. (teaching) 537. credibility &c. (probability) 

472. 

V. believe, credit; give faith to, give credit to, credence to; see, 

realize; assume, receive; set down for, take for; have it, take it; 

consider, esteem, presume. count upon, depend upon, calculate 

upon, pin one's faith upon, reckon upon, lean upon, build upon, rely 

upon, rest upon; lay one's account for; make sure of. make oneself 

easy about, on that score; take on trust, take on credit; take for 

granted, take for gospel; allow some weight to, attach some 

weight to. know, know for certain; have know, make no doubt; 

doubt not; be, rest assured &c. adj.; persuade oneself, assure 

oneself, satisfy oneself; make up one's mind. give one credit for; 

confide in, believe in, put one's trust in; place in, repose in, implicit 

confidence in; take one's word for, at one's word; place reliance 

on, rely upon, swear by, regard to. think, hold; take, take it; opine, 

be of opinion, conceive, trow † , ween † , fancy, apprehend; have it, 

hold a belief, possess, entertain a belief, adopt a belief, imbibe a 

belief, embrace a belief, get hold of a belief, hazard, foster, 

nurture a belief, cherish a belief, have an opinion, hold an opinion, 

possess, entertain an opinion, adopt an opinion, imbibe an 

opinion, embrace an opinion, get hold of an opinion, hazard an 

opinion, foster an opinion, nurture an opinion, cherish an opinion 

&c. n.. view as, consider as, take as, hold as, conceive as, regard 

as, esteem as, deem as, look upon as, account as, set down as; 

surmise &c. 514. get it into one's head, take it into one's head; 

come round to an opinion; swallow &c. (credulity) 486. cause to 

be believed &c. v.; satisfy, persuade, have the ear of, gain the 

confidence of, assure; convince, convict † , convert; wean, bring 

round; bring over, win over; indoctrinate &c. (teach) 537; cram 

down the throat; produce conviction, carry conviction; bring home 

to, drive home to. go down, find credence, pass current; be 

received &c. v., be current &c. adj.; possess, take hold of, take 

possession of the mind. 

Adj. believing &c. v.; certain, sure, assured, positive, cocksure, 

satisfied, confident, unhesitating, convinced, secure. under the 

impression; impressed with, imbued with, penetrated with. 

confiding, suspectless † ; unsuspecting, unsuspicious; void of 

suspicion; credulous &c. 486; wedded to. believed &c. v.; 

accredited, putative; unsuspected. worthy of, deserving of, 

commanding belief; credible, reliable, trustworthy, to be depended 

on; satisfactory; probably &c. 472; fiducial † , fiduciary; persuasive, 

impressive. relating to belief, doctrinal. 

Adv. in the opinion of, in the eyes of; me judice [Lat.]; meseems † , 

methinks; to the best of one's belief; I dare say, I doubt not, I have 

no doubt, I am sure; sure enough &c. (certainty) 474; depend 

upon, rely upon it; be assured, rest assured; I'll warrant you &c. 

Adj. depreciating, depreciated &c. v.; unvalued, unprized . 

#485. Unbelief. Doubt -- N. unbelief, disbelief, misbelief; 

discredit, miscreance † ; infidelity &c. (irreligion) 989 † ; dissent &c. 

489; change of opinion &c. 484; retraction &c. 607. doubt &c. 

(uncertainty) 475; skepticism, scepticism, misgiving, demure; 

distrust, mistrust, cynicism; misdoubt † , suspicion, jealousy, 

scruple, qualm; onus probandi [Lat.]. incredibility, incredibleness; 

incredulity. [person who doubts] doubter, skeptic, cynic.; 

unbeliever &c. 487. 

V. disbelieve, discredit; not believe &c. 484; misbelieve † ; refuse 

to admit &c. (dissent) 489; refuse to believe &c. (incredulity) 487. 

doubt; be doubtful &c. (uncertain) 475; doubt the truth of; be 

skeptical as to &c. adj.; diffide † ; distrust, mistrust; suspect, 

smoke, scent, smell a rat; have doubts, harbor doubts, entertain 

doubts, suspicions; have one's doubts. demure, stick at, pause, 

hesitate, scruple; stop to consider, waver. hang in suspense, hang 

in doubt. throw doubt upon, raise a question; bring in, call in 

question; question, challenge, dispute; deny &c. 536; cavil; cause 

a doubt, raise a doubt, start a doubt, suggest a doubt, awake a 

doubt, make suspicion; ergotize † . startle, stagger; shake one's 

faith, shake one's belief, stagger one's faith, stagger one's belief. 

Adj. unbelieving; skeptical, sceptical. incredulous as to, skeptical 

as to; distrustful as to, shy as to, suspicious of; doubting &c. v.. 

doubtful &c. (uncertain) 475; disputable; unworthy of, undeserving 

of belief &c. 484; questionable; suspect, suspicious; open to 

suspicion, open to doubt; staggering, hard to believe, incredible, 

unbelievable, not to be believed, inconceivable; impossible &c. 

471. fallible &c. (uncertain) 475; undemonstrable; controvertible 

&c. (untrue) 495. 

Adv. cum grano salis [Lat.], with a grain of salt; with grains of 

allowance. 

Phr. fronti nulla fides [Lat.]; nimium ne crede colori [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

timeo Danaos et dona ferentes" [Vergil], I fear the Greeks even 

when bearing gifts, beware of Greeks bearing gifts; credat 

Judaeus Apella [Lat.] [Horace]; let those believe who may; ad 

tristem partem stenua est suspicio [Lat.] [Syrus].

(affirmation) 535. 

Phr. experto crede [Lat.] [Vergil]; fata viam invenient [Lat.]; 

Justitiae soror incorrupta Fides [Lat.]; live to explain thy doctrine 

by thy life" [Prior]; stands not within the prospect of belief" 

[Macbeth]; tarde quae credita laedunt credimus [Lat.] [Ovid]; vide 

et crede [Lat.]. 

#486. Credulity -- N. credulity, credulousness &c. adj.; cullibility † , 

gullibility; gross credulity, infatuation; self delusion, self deception; 

superstition; one's blind side; bigotry &c. (obstinacy) 606; 

hyperorthodoxy &c. 984 † #487. Incredulity -- N. incredulousness 

; misjudgment &c. 481. credulous person 

&c. (dupe) 547. 

V. be credulous &c. adj.; jurare in verba magistri [Lat.]; follow 

implicitly; swallow, gulp down; take on trust; take for granted, take 

for gospel; run away with a notion, run away with an idea; jump to 

a conclusion, rush to a conclusion; think the moon is made of 

green cheese; take for granted, grasp the shadow for the 

substance; catch at straws, grasp at straws. impose upon &c. 

(deceive) 545. 

Adj. credulous, gullible; easily deceived &c. 545; simple, green, 

soft, childish, silly, stupid; easily convinced; over-credulous, over 

confident, over trustful; infatuated, superstitious; confiding &c. 

(believing) 484. 

Phr. the wish the father to the thought; credo quia impossibile 

[Lat.] [Tertullian]; all is not gold that glitters; no es oro todo lo que 

reluce [Sp.]; omne ignotum pro magnifico [Lat.]. 

† , incredulity; skepticism, 

pyrrhonism † ; want of faith &c. (irreligion) 989 † . suspiciousness 

&c. adj.; scrupulosity; suspicion &c. (unbelief) 485. mistrust, 

cynicism. unbeliever, skeptic, cynic; misbeliever.1, pyrrhonist; 

heretic &c. (heterodox) 984. 

V. be incredulous &c. adj.; distrust &c. (disbelieve) 485; refuse to 

believe; shut one's eyes to, shut one's ears to; turn a deaf ear to; 

hold aloof, ignore, nullis jurare in verba magistri [Lat.]. 

Adj. incredulous, skeptical, unbelieving, inconvincible † ; hard of 

belief, shy of belief, disposed to doubt, indisposed to believe; 

suspicious, scrupulous, distrustful, cynical; 

#488. Assent -- N. assent, assentment † ; acquiescence, 

admission; nod; accord, concord, concordance; agreement &c. 

23; affirmance, affirmation; recognition, acknowledgment, avowal; 

confession of faith. unanimity, common consent, consensus, 

acclamation, chorus, vox populi; popular belief, current belief, 

current opinion; public opinion; concurrence &c. (of causes) 178; 

cooperation &c. (voluntary) 709. ratification, confirmation, 

corroboration, approval, acceptance, visa; indorsement &c. 

(record) 551 † #489. Dissent -- N. dissent; discordance &c. (disagreement) 24; 

difference diversity of opinion. nonconformity &c. (heterodoxy) 

984; protestantism, recusancy, schism; disaffection; secession 

&c. 624; recantation &c. 607. dissension &c. (discord) 713; 

discontent &c. 832; cavilling. protest; contradiction &c. (denial) 

536; noncompliance &c. (rejection) 764. dissentient, dissenter; 

non-juror, non-content, nonconformist; sectary, separatist, 

recusant, schismatic, protestant, heretic. refusal &c. 764. 

. consent &c. (compliance) 762. pressure to V. dissent, demur; call in question &c. (doubt) 485; differ in 

conform, herd instinct, peer pressure. 

opinion, disagree; say no &c. 536; refuse assent, refuse to admit; 

V. assent; give assent, yield assent, nod assent; acquiesce; cavil, protest, raise one's voice against, repudiate; contradict &c. 

agree &c. 23; receive, accept, accede, accord, concur, lend (deny) 536. have no notion of, differ toto caelo [Lat.]; revolt at, 

oneself to, consent, coincide, reciprocate, go with; be at one with revolt from the idea. shake the head, shrug the shoulders; look 

&c. adj.; go along with, chime in with, strike in with, close in with; askance, look askant 

echo, enter into one's views, agree in opinion; vote, give one's 

voice for; recognize; subscribe to, conform to, defer to; say yes to, 

say ditto, amen to, say aye to. acknowledge, own, admit, allow, 

avow, confess; concede &c. (yield) 762; come round to; abide by; 

permit &c. 760. arrive at an understanding, come to an 

understanding, come to terms, come to an agreement. confirm, 

affirm; ratify, appprove, indorse, countersign; corroborate &c. 467. 

go with the stream, swim with the stream, go with the flow, blow 

with the wind; be in fashion, join in the chorus, join the crowd, be 

one of the guys, be part of the group, go with the crowd, don't 

make waves; be in every mouth. 

Adj. assenting &c. v.; of one accord, of one mind; of the same 

mind, at one with, agreed, acquiescent, content; willing &c. 602. 

uncontradicted, unchallenged, unquestioned, uncontroverted. 

carried, agreed, nem. con. [Lat.], nemine contradicente [Lat.], &c. 

adv.; unanimous; agreed on all hands, carried by acclamation. 

affirmative &c. 535. 

Adv. yes, yea, ay, aye, true; good; well; very well, very true; well 

and good; granted; even so, just so; to be sure, 'thou hast said'," 

you said it, you said a mouthful; truly, exactly, precisely, that's just 

it, indeed, certainly, you bet, certes [Lat.], ex concesso [Lat.]; of 

course, unquestionably, assuredly, no doubt, doubtless; naturally, 

natch. be it so; so be it, so let it be; amen; willingly &c. 602. 

affirmatively, in the affirmative. OK, all right, might as well, why 

not;? with one consent, with one voice, with one accord; 

unanimously, una voce, by common consent, in chorus, to a man; 

nem. con, nemine contradicente [Lat.]; nemine dissentiente [Lat.]; 

† . secede; recant &c. 607. 

Adj. dissenting &c. v.; negative &c. 536; dissident, dissentient; 

unconsenting &c. (refusing) 764; non-content, nonjuring † ; 

protestant, recusant; unconvinced, unconverted. unavowed, 

unacknowledged; out of the question. discontented &c. 832; 

unwilling &c. 603; extorted. sectarian, denominational, schismatic; 

heterodox; intolerant. 

Adv. no &c. 536; at variance, at issue with; under protest. 

Int. God forbid!, not for the world; I'll be hanged if; never tell me; 

your humble servant, pardon me. 

Phr. many men many minds; quot homines tot sententiae [Lat.] 

[Terence]; tant s'en faut [Fr.]; il s'en faut bien [Fr.]; no way; by no 

means; count me out.

without a dissentient voice; as one man, one and all, on all hands. 

Phr. avec plaisir [Fr.]; chi tace accousente [It]; the public mind is 

the creation of the Master- the public mind is the creation of the 

Master-Writers" [Disraeli]; you bet your sweet ass it is; what are 

we waiting for;? whenever you're ready; anytime you're ready. 

#490. Knowledge -- N. knowledge; cognizance, cognition, 

cognoscence † ; acquaintance, experience, ken [Scot.], privity † , 

insight, familiarity; comprehension, apprehension; recognition; 

appreciation &c. (judgment) 480; intuition; conscience, 

consciousness; perception, precognition; acroamatics † . light, 

enlightenment; glimpse, inkling; glimmer, glimmering; dawn; scent, 

suspicion; impression &c. (idea) 453; discovery &c. 480.1. 

system of knowledge, body of knowledge; science, philosophy, 

pansophy † ; acroama † ; theory, aetiology † , etiology; circle of the 

sciences; pandect † , doctrine, body of doctrine; cyclopedia, 

encyclopedia; school &c. (system of opinions) 484. tree of 

knowledge; republic of letters &c. (language) 560. erudition, 

learning, lore, scholarship, reading, letters; literature; book 

madness; book learning, bookishness; bibliomania † , bibliolatry † ; 

information, general information; store of knowledge &c.; 

education &c. (teaching) 537; culture, menticulture † , attainments; 

acquirements, acquisitions; accomplishments; proficiency; 

practical knowledge &c. (skill) 698; liberal education; dilettantism; 

rudiments &c. (beginning) 66. deep knowledge, profound 

knowledge, solid knowledge, accurate knowledge, acroatic 

knowledge † , acroamatic knowledge † , vast knowledge, extensive 

knowledge, encyclopedic knowledge, encyclopedic learning; 

omniscience, pantology † . march of intellect; progress of science, 

advance of science, advance of learning; schoolmaster abroad. 

[person who knows much] scholar &c. 492. 

V. know, ken [Scot.], scan, wot † ; wot aware † , be aware of &c. adj.; 

ween † , weet † , trow † , have, possess. conceive; apprehend, 

comprehend; take, realize, understand, savvy [Slang], appreciate; 

fathom, make out; recognize, discern, perceive, see, get a sightof, 

experience. know full well; have some knowledge of, possess 

some knowledge of; be au courant &c. adj.; have in one's head, 

have at one' fingers ends; know by heart, know by rote; be master 

of; connaitre le dessous des cartes [Fr.], know what's what &c. 

698. see one's way; discover &c. 480.1. come to one's 

knowledge &c. (information) 527. 

Adj. knowing &c. v.; cognitive; acroamatic † . aware of, cognizant 

of, conscious of; acquainted with, made acquainted with; privy to, 

no stranger to; au fait with, au courant; in the secret; up to, alive to; 

behind the scenes, behind the curtain; let into; apprized of, 

informed of; undeceived. proficient with, versed with, read with, 

forward with, strong with, at home in; conversant with, familiar with. 

erudite, instructed, leaned, lettered, educated; well conned, well 

informed, well read, well grounded, well educated; enlightened, 

shrewd, savant, blue, bookish, scholastic, solid, profound, deepread, 

book-learned; accomplished &c. (skillful) 698; omniscient; 

self-taught. known &c. v.; ascertained, well-known, recognized, 

received, notorious, noted; proverbial; familiar, familiar as 

household words, familiar to every schoolboy; hackneyed, trite, 

trivial, commonplace. cognoscible † , cognizable. 

Adv. to one's knowledge, to the best of one's knowledge. 

Phr. one's eyes being opened &c. (disclosure) 529; ompredre 

tout c'est tout pardonner [Fr.], to know all is to pardon all; empta 

dolore docet experientia [Lat.]; gnothi seauton [Gr.]; half our 

knowledge we must snatch not take" [Pope]; Jahre lehren mehr 

als Bucher [G.], years teach more than books [G.]; knowledge 

comes but wisdom lingers" [Tennyson]; knowledge is power" 

[Bacon]; les affaires font les hommes [Fr.]; nec scire fas est omnia 

[Lat.] [Horace]; the amassed thought and experience of 

innumerable the amassed thought and experience of innumerable 

minds" [Emerson]; was ich nicht weiss macht mich nicht heiss 

[G.]. 

#491. Ignorance -- N. ignorance, nescience, tabula rasa [Lat.], 

crass ignorance, ignorance crasse [Fr.]; unfamiliarity, 

unacquaintance † ; unconsciousness &c. adj.; darkness, blindness; 

incomprehension, inexperience, simplicity. unknown quantities, x, 

y, z. sealed book, terra incognita, virgin soil, unexplored ground; 

dark ages. [Imperfect knowledge] smattering, sciolism † , 

glimmering, dilettantism; bewilderment &c. (uncertainty) 475; 

incapacity. [Affectation of knowledge] pedantry; charlatanry, 

charlatism † ; Philister † , Philistine. 

V. be ignorant &c. adj.; not know &c. 490; know not, know not 

what, know nothing of; have no idea, have no notion, have no 

conception; not have the remotest idea; not know chalk from 

cheese. ignore, be blind to; keep in ignorance &c. (conceal) 528. 

see through a glass darkly; have a film over the eyes, have a 

glimmering &c. n.; wonder whether; not know what to make of &c. 

(unintelligibility) 519; not pretend to take upon, not take upon one 

self to say. 

Adj. ignorant; nescient; unknowing, unaware, unacquainted, 

unapprised, unapprized † , unwitting, unweeting † , unconscious; 

witless, weetless † ; a stranger to; unconversant † . uninformed, 

uncultivated, unversed, uninstructed, untaught, uninitiated, 

untutored, unschooled, misguided, unenlightened; Philistine; 

behind the age. shallow, superficial, green, rude, empty, halflearned, 

illiterate; unread, uninformed, uneducated, unlearned, 

unlettered, unbookish; empty-headed, dizzy, wooly-headed; 

pedantic; in the dark; benighted, belated; blinded, blindfolded; 

hoodwinked; misinformed; au bout de son latin, at the end of his 

tether, at fault; at sea &c. (uncertain) 475; caught tripping. 

unknown, unapprehended, unexplained, unascertained, 

uninvestigated † , unexplored, unheard of, not perceived; concealed 

&c. 528; novel. 

Adv. ignorantly &c. adj.; unawares; for anything, for aught one 

knows; not that one knows. 

Int. God knows, Heaven knows, the Lord knows, who knows, 

nobody knows. 

Phr. ignorance never settles a question" [Disraeli]; quantum 

animis erroris inest! [Lat.] [Ovid]; small Latin and less Greek" [B. 

Jonson]; that unlettered small-knowing soul" [Love's Labor's Lost]; 

there is no darkness but ignorance" [Twelfth Night].

#492. Scholar -- N. scholar, connoisseur, savant, pundit, 

schoolman † , professor, graduate, wrangler; academician, 

academist † ; master of arts, doctor, licentitate, gownsman; 

philosopher, master of math; scientist, clerk; sophist, sophister † ; 

linguist; glossolinguist, philologist; philologer † ; lexicographer, 

glossographer; grammarian; litterateur [Fr.], literati, dilettanti, 

illuminati, cogniscenti [It]; fellow, Hebraist, lexicologist, mullah, 

munshi † , Sanskritish; sinologist, sinologue † ; Mezzofanti † , 

admirable Crichton, Mecaenas. bookworm, helluo librorum [Lat.]; 

bibliophile, bibliomaniac † ; bluestocking, bas-bleu [Fr.]; bigwig, 

learned Theban, don; Artium Baccalaureus [Lat.], Artium Magister 

[Lat.]. learned man, literary man; homo multarum literarum [Lat.]; 

man of learning, man of letters, man of education, man of genius. 

antiquarian, antiquary; archaeologist. sage &c. (wise man) 500. 

pedant, doctrinaire; pedagogue, Dr. Pangloss; pantologist † , 

criminologist. schoolboy &c. (learner) 541. 

Adj. learned &c. 490; brought up at the feet of Gamaliel. 

Phr. he was a scholar and a ripe and good one" [Henry VIII]; the 

manifold linguist" [All's Well That Ends Well]. 

#493. Ignoramus -- N. ignoramus, dunce; wooden spoon; no 

scholar. [insulting terms for ignorant person:] (imbecility) 499 

(folly) 501 moron, imbecile, idiot; fool, jerk, nincompoop, asshole 

[Vulg.]. [person with superficial knowledge] dilettante, sciolist † , 

smatterer, dabbler, half scholar; charlatan; wiseacre. greenhorn, 

amateur &c. (dupe) 547; novice, tyro &c. (learner) 541; numskull. 

lubber &c. (bungler) 701; fool &c. 501; pedant &c. 492. 

Adj. bookless † , shallow; ignorant &c. 491. 

Phr. a wit with dunces and a dunce with wits" [Pope]. 

#494. [Object of knowledge.] Truth -- N. fact, reality &c. 

(existence) 1; plain fact, plain matter of fact; nature &c. (principle) 

5; truth, verity; gospel, gospel truth, God's honest truth; orthodoxy 

&c. 983.1; authenticity; veracity &c. 543; correctness, 

correctitude † . accuracy, exactitude; exactness, preciseness &c. 

adj.; precision, delicacy; rigor, mathematical precision, 

punctuality; clockwork precision &c. (regularity) 80; conformity to 

rule; nicety. orthology † ; ipsissima verba [Lat.]; realism. plain truth, 

honest truth, sober truth, naked truth, unalloyed truth, unqualified 

truth, stern truth, exact truth, intrinsic truth; nuda veritas [Lat.]; the 

very thing; not an illusion &c. 495; real Simon Pure; unvarnished 

tale, unvarnished truth; the truth the whole truth and nothing but the 

the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth; just the thing. 

V. be true &c. adj., be the case; sand the test; have the true ring; 

hold good, hold true, hold water. render true, prove true &c. adj.; 

substantiate &c. (evidence) 467. get at the truth &c. (discover) 

480.1. 

Adj. real, actual &c. (existing) 1; veritable, true; right, correct; 

certain &c. 474; substantially true, categorically true, definitively 

true &c.; true to the letter, true as gospel; unimpeachable; 

veracious &c. 543; unreconfuted † , unconfuted † ; unideal † , 

unimagined; realistic. exact, accurate, definite, precise, welldefined, 

just, just so, so; strict, severe; close &c. (similar) 17; 

literal; rigid, rigorous; scrupulous &c. (conscientious) 939; 

religiously exact, punctual, mathematical, scientific; faithful, 

constant, unerring; curious, particular, nice, delicate, fine; cleancut, 

clear-cut. verified, empirically true, experimentally verified, 

substantiated, proven (demonstrated) 478. rigorously true, 

unquestionably true. true by definition. genuine, authentic, 

legitimate; orthodox &c. 983.1; official, ex officio. pure, natural, 

sound, sterling; unsophisticated, unadulterated, unvarnished, 

unalloyed, uncolored; in its true colors; pukka † #495. Error -- N. error, fallacy; misconception, misapprehension, 

misstanding 

. well-grounded, well 

founded; solid, substantial, tangible, valid; undistorted, 

undisguised; unaffected, unexaggerated, unromantic, unflattering. 

Adv. truly &c. adj.; verily, indeed, really, in reality; with truth &c. 

(veracity) 543; certainly &c. (certain) 474; actually &c. (existence) 

1; in effect &c. (intrinsically) 5. exactly &c. adj.; ad amussim [Lat.]; 

verbatim, verbatim et literatim [Lat.]; word for word, literally, 

literatim [Lat.], totidem vervis [Lat.], sic, to the letter, chapter and 

verse, ipsissimis verbis [Lat.]; ad unguem [Lat.]; to an inch; to a 

nicety, to a hair, to a tittle, to a turn, to a T; au pied de la lettre [Fr.]; 

neither more nor less; in every respect, in all respects; sous tous 

les rapports [Fr.]; at any rate, at all events; strictly speaking. 

Phr. the truth is, the fact is; rem acu tetigisti [Lat.]; en suivant la 

verite [Fr.]; ex facto jus oritur [Lat.]; la verita e figlia del empo [It]; 

locos y ninos dicen la verdad [Sp.], crazy people and children tell 

the truth; nihil est veritatis luce dulcius [Lat.] [Cicero]; veritas 

† , misunderstanding; inexactness &c. adj.; laxity; 

misconstruction &c. (misinterpretation) 523; miscomputation &c. 

(misjudgment) 481; non sequitur &c. 477; mis-statement, misreport; 

mumpsimus † . mistake; miss, fault, blunder, quiproquo, 

cross purposes, oversight, misprint, erratum, corrigendum, slip, 

blot, flaw, loose thread; trip, stumble &c. (failure) 732; botchery 

&c. (want of skill) 699 † ; slip of the tongue, slip of the lip, Freudian 

slip; slip of the pen; lapsus linguae [Lat.], clerical error; bull &c. 

(absurdity) 497; haplography † . illusion, delusion; snare; false 

impression, false idea; bubble; self-decit, self-deception; mists of 

error. heresy &c. (heterodoxy) 984; hallucination &c. (insanity) 

503; false light &c. (fallacy of vision) 443; dream &c. (fancy) 515; 

fable &c. (untruth) 546; bias &c. (misjudgment) 481; misleading 

&c. v.. 

V. be erroneous &c. adj.. cause error; mislead, misguide; lead 

astray, lead into error; beguile, misinform &c. (misteach) 538 † ; 

delude; give a false impression, give a false idea; falsify, 

misstate; deceive &c. 545; lie &c. 544. err; be in error &c. adj., be 

mistaken &c. v.; be deceived &c. (duped) 547; mistake, receive a 

false impression, deceive oneself; fall into error, lie under error, 

labor under an error &c. n.; be in the wrong, blunder; 

misapprehend, misconceive, misunderstand, misreckon, 

miscount, miscalculate &c. (misjudge) 481. play at cross 

purposes, be at cross purposes &c. (misinterpret) 523. trip, 

stumble; lose oneself &c. (uncertainty) 475; go astray; fail &c. 

732; be in the wrong box; take the wrong sow by the ear &c. 

(mismanage) 699; put the saddle on the wrong horse; reckon 

without one's host; take the shadow for the substance &c. 

(credulity) 486; dream &c. (imagine) 515. 

Adj. erroneous, untrue, false, devoid of truth, fallacious, 

apocryphal, unreal, ungrounded, groundless; unsubstantial &c. 4; 

heretical &c. (heterodox) 984; unsound; illogical &c. 477. inexact, 

unexact inaccurate † , incorrect; indefinite &c. (uncertain) 475. 

illusive, illusory; delusive; mock, ideal &c. (imaginary) 515; 

spurious &c. 545; deceitful &c. 544; perverted. controvertible, 

unsustainable; unauthenticated, untrustworthy. exploded, refuted; 

discarded. in error, under an error &c. n.; mistaken &c. v.; tripping 

&c. v.; out, out in one's reckoning; aberrant; beside the mark, wide 

of the mark, wide of the truth, way off, far off; astray &c. (at fault) 

475; on a false scent, on the wrong scent; in the wrong box, 

outside the ballpark; at cross purposes, all in the wrong; all out. 

Adv. more or less. 

Phr. errare est humanum [Lat.]; mentis gratissimus error [Lat.] 

[Horace]; on the dubious waves of error tost" [Cowper]; to err is 

human, to forgive divine" [Pope]; you lie -- under a mistake" 

[Shelley].

[Shelley]. 

nunquam perit [Lat.] [Seneca]; veritatem dies aperit [Lat.] 

[Seneca]; the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the the truth, 

the whole truth, and nothing but the truth;" just the facts, ma'am, just 

the facts" [Dragnet]. 

#496. Maxim -- N. maxim, aphorism; apothegm, apophthegm † ; 

dictum, saying, adage, saw, proverb; sentence, mot [Fr.], motto, 

word, byword, moral, phylactery, protasis † . axiom, theorem, 

scholium † , truism, postulate. first principles, a priori fact, 

assumption (supposition) 514. reflection &c. (idea) 453; 

conclusion &c. (judgment) 480; golden rule &c. (precept) 697; 

principle, principia [Lat.]; profession of faith &c. (belief) 484; 

settled principle, accepted principle, formula. accepted fact. 

received truth, wise maxim, sage maxim, received maxim, 

admitted maxim, recognized maxim &c.; true saying, common 

saying, hackneyed saying, trite saying, commonplace saying &c. 

Adj. aphoristic, proverbial, phylacteric † ; axiomatic, gnomic. 

Adv. as the saying goes, as the saying is, as they say. 

#497. Absurdity -- N. absurdity, absurdness &c. adj.; imbecility 

&c. 499; alogy † , nonsense, utter nonsense; paradox, 

inconsistency; stultiloquy † , stultiloquence † ; nugacity † . blunder, 

muddle, bull; Irishism † , Hibernicism † ; slipslop † ; anticlimax, bathos; 

sophism &c. 477. farce, galimathias † , amphigouri † , rhapsody; 

farrago &c. (disorder) 59; betise [Fr.]; extravagance, romance; 

sciamachy † . sell, pun, verbal quibble, macaronic † . jargon, fustian, 

twaddle, gibberish &c. (no meaning) 517; exaggeration &c. 549; 

moonshine, stuff; mare's nest, quibble, self-delusion. vagary, 

tomfoolery, poppycock, mummery, monkey trick, boutade [Fr.], 

escapade. 

V. play the fool &c. 499; talk nonsense, parler a tort et a travess 

[Fr.]; battre la campagne [Fr.]; hanemolia bazein [Gr.]; be absurd 

&c. adj.. 

Adj. absurd, nonsensical, preposterous, egregious, senseless, 

inconsistent, ridiculous, extravagant, quibbling; self-annulling, selfcontradictory; 

macaronic † , punning. foolish &c. 499; sophistical 

&c. 477; unmeaning &c. 517; without rhyme or reason; fantastic. 

Int. fiddlededee!, pish!, pho! † , in the name of the Prophet--figs! " 

[Horace Smith]. 

Phr. credat Judaeus Apella [Lat.] [Horace]; tell it to the marines. 

#498. Intelligence, Wisdom -- N. intelligence, capacity, 

comprehension, understanding; cuteness, sabe [U.S.], savvy 

[U.S.]; intellect &c. 450; nous [Fr.], parts, sagacity, mother wit, wit, 

esprit, gumption, quick parts, grasp of intellect; acuteness &c. 

adj.; acumen, subtlety, penetration, perspicacy † , perspicacity; 

discernment, due sense of, good judgment; discrimination &c. 

465; cunning &c. 702; refinement &c. (taste) 850. head, brains, 

headpiece, upper story, long head; eagle eye, eagle-glance; eye 

of a lynx, eye of a hawk. wisdom, sapience, sense; good sense, 

common sense, horse sense [U.S.], plain sense; rationality, 

reason; reasonableness &c. adj.; judgment; solidity, depth, 

profundity, caliber; enlarged views; reach of thought, compass of 

thought; enlargement of mind. genius, inspiration, geist [G.], fire of 

genius, heaven-born genius, soul; talent &c. (aptitude) 698. 

[Wisdom in action] prudence &c. 864; vigilance &c. 459; tact &c. 

698; foresight &c. 510; sobriety, self-possession, aplomb, ballast. 

a bright thought, not a bad idea. Solomon-like wisdom. 

V. be intelligent &c. adj.; have all one's wits about one; understand 

&c. (intelligible) 518; catch an idea, take in an idea; take a joke, 

take a hint. see through, see at a glance, see with half an eye, see 

far into, see through a millstone; penetrate; discern &c. (descry) 

441; foresee &c. 510. discriminate &c. 465; know what's what &c. 

698; listen to reason. 

Adj. intelligent [Applied to persons], quick of apprehension, keen, 

acute, alive, brainy, awake, bright, quick, sharp; quick witted, keen 

witted, clear witted, sharp-eyed, sharp sighted, sharp witted; wideawake; 

canny, shrewd, astute; clear-headed; farsighted &c. 510; 

discerning, perspicacious, penetrating, piercing; argute † ; quickwitted, 

nimble-witted, needle-witted; sharp as a needle, sharp as 

a tack; alive to &c. (cognizant) 490; clever &c. (apt) 698; arch &c. 

(cunning) 702; pas si bete [Fr.]; acute &c. 682. wise, sage, 

sapient, sagacious, reasonable, rational, sound, in one's right 

mind, sensible, abnormis sapiens [Lat.], judicious, strong-minded. 

unprejudiced, unbiased, unbigoted † , unprepossessed † ; 

undazzled † , unperplexed † ; unwarped judgment † #499. Imbecility. Folly -- N. want of intelligence &c. 498, want of 

intellect &c. 450; shadowness 

, impartial, 

equitable, fair. cool; cool-headed, long-headed, hardheaded, 

strong-headed; long-sighted, calculating, thoughtful, reflecting; 

solid, deep, profound. oracular; heaven-directed, heaven-born. 

prudent &c. (cautious) 864; sober, stand, solid; considerate, 

politic, wise in one's generation; watchful &c. 459; provident &c. 

† , silliness, foolishness &c. adj.; 

imbecility, incapacity, vacancy of mind, poverty of intellect, 

weakness of intellect, clouded perception, poor head, apartments 

to let; stupidity, stolidity; hebetude † , dull understanding, meanest 

capacity, shortsightedness; incompetence &c. (unskillfulness) 

699. one's weak side, not one's strong point; bias &c. 481; 

infatuation &c. (insanity) 503. simplicity, puerility, babyhood; 

dotage, anility † , second childishness, fatuity; idiocy, idiotism † ; 

driveling. folly, frivolity, irrationality, trifling, ineptitude, nugacity † , 

inconsistency, lip wisdom, conceit; sophistry &c. 477; giddiness 

&c. (inattention) 458; eccentricity &c. 503; extravagance &c. 

(absurdity) 497; rashness &c. 863. act of folly &c. 699. 

V. to be an imbecile &c. adj.; have no brains, have no sense &c. 

498. trifle, drivel, radoter † , dote; ramble &c. (madness) 503; play 

the fool, play the monkey, monkey around, fool around; take leave 

of one's senses (insanity) 503; not see an inch beyond one's 

nose; stultify oneself &c. 699; talk nonsense &c. 497. 

Adj. unintelligent [Applied to persons], unintellectual, unreasoning; 

mindless, witless, reasoningless † , brainless; halfbaked; having no 

head &c. 498; not bright &c. 498; inapprehensible † . weak 

headed, addle headed, puzzle headed, blunder headed, muddle 

headed, muddy headed, pig headed, beetle headed, buffle 

headed † , chuckle headed, mutton headed, maggoty headed, 

grossheaded † ; beef headed, fat witted, fat-headed. weak-minded, 

feeble-minded; dull minded, shallow minded, lack-brained; rattlebrained, 

rattle headed; half witted, lean witted, short witted, dull 

witted, blunt-witted, shallow-pated † , clod-pated † , addle-pated † , 

addle-brained † ; dim-sighted, short-sighted; thick-skulled; weak in 

the upper story. shallow, borne, weak, wanting, soft, sappy, 

spoony; dull, dull as a beetle; stupid, heavy, insulse † , obtuse, blunt, 

stolid, doltish; asinine; inapt &c. 699; prosaic &c. 843; 

hebetudinous † . childish, child-like; infantine † , infantile, babyish, 

babish † ; puerile, anile; simple &c. (credulous) 486; old-womanish. 

fatuous, idiotic, imbecile, driveling; blatant, babbling; vacant; 

sottish; bewildered &c. 475. blockish † , unteachable Boeotian, 

Boeotic; bovine; ungifted, undiscerning † , unenlightened, unwise, 

unphilosophical † ; apish; simious † . foolish, silly, senseless, 

irrational, insensate, nonsensical, inept; maudlin. narrow-minded

irrational, insensate, nonsensical, inept; maudlin. narrow-minded 

(prepared) 673; in advance of one' age; wise as a serpent, wise 

&c. 481; bigoted &c. (obstinate) 606; giddy &c. (thoughtless) 

as Solomon, wise as Solon. [Applied to actions] wise, sensible, 

458; rash &c. 863; eccentric &c. (crazed) 503. [Applied to 

reasonable, judicious; well-thought-out, well-planned, well-judged, 

well-advised; prudent, politic; expedient &c. 

actions] foolish, unwise, injudicious, improper, unreasonable, 

646. 

without reason, ridiculous, absurd, idiotic, silly, stupid, asinine; ill- 

Phr. aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportet [Lat.]; but with the 

imagined, ill-advised, ill-judged, ill-devised; mal entendu [Fr.]; 

morning cool reflection came" [Scott]; flosculi sententiarum [Lat.]; 

inconsistent, irrational, unphilosophical 

les affaires font les hommes [Fr.]; mas vale saber que haber [Sp.]; 

mas vale ser necio que profiadol nemo solus mas vale ser necio 

que profiadol nemo solus sapit [Lat.] [Plautus]; nosce te [Lat.]; 

gnothi seauton [Gr.]; nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura 

dementiae nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae fuit 

[Lat.] [Seneca from Aristotle]; sapere aude [Lat.] [Horace]; victrix 

fortunae sapientia [Lat.] [Juvenal]. 

† ; extravagant &c. 

(nonsensical) 497; sleeveless, idle; pointless, useless &c. 645; 

inexpedient &c. 647; frivolous &c. (trivial) 643. 

Phr. Davus sum non [Lat.] [Oedipus]; a fool's bolt is soon shot" 

[Henry V.] clitellae bovi sunt impositae [Lat.] [Cicero]; fools rush in 

where angels fear to tread" [Pope]; il n' a ni bouche ni eperon [Fr.]; 

the bookful blockhead, ignorantly read" [Pope]; to varnish 

nonsense with the charms of sound" [Churchill]. 

#500. Sage -- N. sage, wise man; genius; master mind, master 

spirit of the age; longhead † #501. Fool -- N. fool, idiot, tomfool, wiseacre, simpleton, witling 

, thinker; intellectual, longhair. authority, 

oracle, luminary, shining light, esprit fort, magnus Apollo [Lat.], 

Solon, Solomon, Nestor, Magi, second Daniel." man of learning 

&c. 492; expert &c. 700; wizard &c. 994. wiseacre [Iron.], bigwig, 

know-it-all; poor man's Einstein. 

Adj. venerable, reverenced, emeritus. 

Phr. barba tenus sapientes [Lat.]. 

† , 

dizzard † , donkey, ass; ninny, ninnyhammer † ; chowderhead † , 

chucklehead † ; dolt, booby, Tom Noddy, looby † , hoddy-doddy † , 

noddy, nonny, noodle, nizy † , owl; goose, goosecap † ; imbecile; 

gaby † ; radoteur † , nincompoop, badaud † , zany; trifler, babbler; 

pretty fellow; natural, niais † . child, baby, infant, innocent, milksop, 

sop. oaf, lout, loon, lown † , dullard, doodle, calf, colt, buzzard, 

block, put, stick, stock, numps † , tony. bull head, dunderhead, 

addlehead † , blockhead, dullhead † , loggerhead, jolthead † , 

jolterhead † , beetlehead † , beetlebrain, grosshead † , muttonhead, 

noodlehead, giddyhead † ; numbskull, thickskull † ; lackbrain † , 

shallowbrain † ; dimwit, halfwit, lackwit † ; dunderpate † ; lunkhead 

sawney [U.S.], gowk † ; clod, clod-hopper; clod-poll, clot-poll, clotpate; 

bull calf; gawk, Gothamite, lummox, rube [U.S.]; men of 

Boeotia, wise men of Gotham. un sot a triple etage [Fr.], sot; 

jobbernowl † , changeling, mooncalf, gobemouche † . dotard, 

driveler; old fogey, old woman, crock; crone, grandmother; 

cotquean † , henhussy † . incompetent (insanity) 503. greenhorn &c. 

(dupe) 547; dunce &c. (ignoramus) 493; lubber &c. (bungler) 

701; madman &c. 504. one who will not set the Thames on fire; 

one who did not invent gunpowder, qui n'a pas invente' la poudre 

[Fr.]; no conjuror. 

Phr. fortuna favet fatuis [Lat.]; les fous font les festinas et les 

sages les les fous font les festinas et les sages les mangent [Fr.]; 

nomina stultorum parietibus harrent [Lat.]; stultorum plena sunt 

omnia [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

#502. Sanity -- N. sanity; soundness &c. adj.; rationality, sobriety, #503. Insanity -- N. disordered reason, disordered intellect; 

lucidity, lucid interval; senses, sober senses, right mind, sound diseased mind, unsound mind, abnormal mind; derangement, 

mind, mens sana [Lat.]. 

unsoundness; psychosis; neurosis; cognitive disorder; affective 

V. be sane &c. adj.; retain one's senses, retain one's reason. disorder 

become sane &c. adj.; come to one's senses, sober down. render 

sane &c. adj.; bring to one's senses, sober. 

Adj. sane, rational, reasonable, compos mentis, of sound mind; 

sound, sound-minded; lucid. self-possessed; sober, soberminded. 

in one's sober senses, in one's right mind; in possession 

of one's faculties. 

Adv. sanely &c. adj.. 

† . insanity, lunacy; madness &c. adj.; mania, rabies, furor, 

mental alienation, aberration; paranoia, schizophrenia; 

dementation † , dementia, demency † ; phrenitis † , phrensy † , frenzy, 

raving, incoherence, wandering, delirium, calenture of the brain † ; 

delusion, hallucination; lycanthropy † ; brain storm † . vertigo, 

dizziness, swimming; sunstroke, coup de soleil [Fr.], siriasis † . 

fanaticism, infatuation, craze; oddity, eccentricity, twist, 

monomania (caprice) 608; kleptodipsomania † ; hypochondriasis 

[Med.] &c. (low spirits) 837; melancholia, depression, clinical 

depression, severe depression; hysteria; amentia † . screw loose, 

tile loose, slate loose; bee in one's bonnet, rats in the upper story. 

dotage &c. (imbecility) 499. 

V. be insane &c. adj.. become insane &c. adj.; lose one's senses, 

lose one's reason, lose one's faculties, lose one's wits; go mad, 

run mad, lose one's marbles [Coll.], go crazy, go bonkers [Coll.], 

flip one's wig [Coll.], flip one's lid [Coll.], flip out [Coll.], flip one's 

bush [Coll.]. rave, dote, ramble, wander; drivel &c. (be imbecile) 

499; have a screw loose &c. n., have a devil; avoir le diable au 

corps [Fr.]; lose one's head &c. (be uncertain) 475. render mad, 

drive mad &c. adj.; madden, dementate † , addle the wits, addle 

the brain, derange the head, infatuate, befool † ; turn the brain, turn

one's head; drive one nuts [Coll.]. 

Adj. insane, mad, lunatic, loony [Coll.]; crazy, crazed, aliene † , non 

compos mentis; not right, cracked, touched; bereft of reason; all 

possessed, unhinged, unsettled in one's mind; insensate, 

reasonless, beside oneself, demented, daft; phrenzied † , frenzied, 

frenetic; possessed, possessed with a devil; deranged, 

maddened, moonstruck; shatterpated † ; mad-brained, scatter 

brained, shatter brained, crackbrained; touched, tetched [Coll.]; 

off one's head. [behavior suggesting insanity] maniacal; delirious, 

lightheaded, incoherent, rambling, doting, wandering; frantic, 

raving, stark staring mad, stark raving mad, wild-eyed, berserk; 

delusional, hallucinatory. [behavior somewhat resembling 

insanity] corybantic † , dithyrambic; rabid, giddy, vertiginous, wild; 

haggard, mazed; flighty; distracted, distraught; depressed; 

agitated, hyped up; bewildered &c. (uncertain) 475. mad as a 

March hare, mad as a hatter; of unsound mind &c. n.; touched in 

one's head, wrong in one's head, not right in one's head, not in 

one's right mind, not right in one's wits, upper story; out of one's 

mind, out of one's wits, out of one's skull [Coll.], far gone, out of 

one's senses, out of one's wits; not in one's right mind. fanatical, 

infatuated, odd, eccentric; hypped † , hyppish † ; spaced out [Coll.]. 

imbecile, silly, &c. 499. 

Adv. like one possessed. 

Phr. the mind having lost its balance; the reason under a cloud; tet 

exaltee [Fr.], tet montee [Fr.]; ira furor brevis est [Lat.]; omnes 

stultos insanire [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#504. Madman -- N. madman, lunatic, maniac, bedlamite † , candidate for Bedlam, raver † , madcap, crazy; energumen † ; automaniac † , 

monomaniac, dipsomaniac, kleptomaniac; hypochondriac &c. (low spirits);; crank, Tom o'Bedlam. dreamer &c. 515; rhapsodist, 

seer, highflier † , enthusiast, fanatic, fanatico [Sp.]; exalte [Fr.]; knight errant, Don Quixote. idiot &c. 501. 

SECTION VI 

EXTENSION OF THOUGHT 

1. To the Past 

#505. Memory -- N. memory, remembrance; retention, 

retentiveness; tenacity; veteris vestigia flammae [Lat.]; tablets of 

the memory; readiness. reminiscence, recognition, recollection, 

rememoration † ; recurrence, flashback; retrospect, retrospection. 

afterthought, post script, PS. suggestion &c. (information) 527; 

prompting &c. v.; hint, reminder; remembrancer † , flapper; 

memorial &c. (record) 551; commemoration &c. (celebration) 

883. [written reminder] note, memo, memorandum; things to be 

remembered, token of remembrance, memento, souvenir, 

keepsake, relic, memorabilia. art of memory, artificial memory; 

memoria technica [Lat.]; mnemonics, mnemotechnics † ; 

phrenotypics † ; Mnemosyne. prompt-book; crib sheet, cheat sheet. 

retentive memory, tenacious memory, photographic memory, 

green memory † #506. Oblivion -- N. oblivion, obliviousness, lethe; forgetfulness 

&c. adj.; amnesia; obliteration of &c. 552, insensibility to the past 

&c. 823. short memory, treacherous memory, poor memory, loose 

memory, slippery memory, failing memory; decay of memory, 

failure of memory, lapse of memory; waters of Lethe, waters of 

oblivion. amnesty, general pardon. [deliberate or unconscious 

forgetting] repressed memory. 

V. forget; be forgetful &c. adj.; fall into oblivion, sink into oblivion; 

have a short memory &c. n., have no head. forget one's own 

name, have on the tip of one's tongue, come in one ear and go out 

the other. slip memory, escape memory, fade from memory, die 

away from the memory; lose, lose sight of. fail to recall, not be 

able to recall. [cause oneself to forget] unlearn; efface &c. 552, 

discharge from the memory; consign to oblivion, consign to the 

, trustworthy memory, capacious memory, faithful 

tomb of the Capulets; think no more of &c. (turn the attention 

memory, correct memory, exact memory, ready memory, prompt 

memory, accurate recollection; perfect memory, total recall. 

from) 458; cast behind one's back, wean one's thoughts from; let 

bygones be bygones 

celebrity, fame, renown, reputation &c. (repute) 

&c. (forgive) 918. 

873. 

V. remember, mind; retain the memory of, retain the 

Adj. forgotten &c. v.; unremembered, past recollection, bygone, 

remembrance of; keep in view. recognize, recollect, bethink 

out of mind; buried in oblivion, sunk in oblivion; clean forgotten; 

oneself, recall, call up, retrace; look back, trace back, trace 

gone out of one's head, gone out of one's recollection. forgetful, 

backwards; think back, look back upon; review; call upon, recall oblivious, mindless, Lethean; insensible to the past &c. 823; 

upon, bring to mind, bring to remembrance; carry one's thoughts heedless. 

back; rake up the past. have in the thoughts, hold in the thoughts, Phr. non mi ricordo [It]; the memory failing, the memory deserting 

bear in the thoughts, carry in the thoughts, keep in the thoughts, one, being at fault, being in fault. 

retain in the thoughts, have in the memory, hold in the memory, 

bear in the memory, carry in the memory, keep in the memory, 

retain in the memory, have in the mind, hold in the mind, bear in 

the mind, carry in the mind, keep in the mind, retain in the mind, 

hold in remembrance; be in one's thoughts, live in one's thoughts, 

remain in one's thoughts, dwell in one's thoughts, haunt one's 

thoughts, impress one's thoughts, be in one's mind, live in one's 

mind, remain in one's mind, dwell in one's mind, haunt one's mind,

impress one's mind, dwell in one's memory. sink in the mind; run 

in the head; not be able to get out of one's head; be deeply 

impressed with; rankle &c. (revenge) 919. recur to the mind; flash 

on the mind, flash across the memory. [cause to remember] 

remind; suggest &c. (inform ) 527; prompt; put in mind, keep in 

mind, bring to mind; fan the embers; call up, summon up, rip up; 

renew; infandum renovare dolorem [Lat.]; jog the memory, flap the 

memory, refresh the memory, rub up the memory, awaken the 

memory; pull by the sleeve; bring back to the memory, put in 

remembrance, memorialize. task the memory, tax the memory. 

get at one's fingers' ends, have at one's fingers', learn at one's 

fingers', know one's lesson, say one's lesson, repeat by heart, 

repeat by rote; say one's lesson; repeat, repeat as a parrot; have 

at one's fingers' ends, have at one's finger tips; commit to 

memory, memorize; con over, con; fix in the memory, rivet in the 

memory, imprint in the memory, impress in the memory, stamp in 

the memory, grave in the memory, engrave in the memory, store in 

the memory, treasure up in the memory, bottle up in the memory, 

embalm in the memory, enshrine in the memory; load the memory 

with, store the memory with, stuff the memory with, burden the 

memory with. redeem from oblivion; keep the memory alive, keep 

the wound green, pour salt in the wound, reopen old wounds'; 

tangere ulcus [Lat.]; keep up the memory of; commemorate &c. 

(celebrate) 883. make a note of, jot a note, pen a memorandum 

&c. (record) 551. 

Adj. remembering, remembered &c. v.; mindful, reminiscential † ; 

retained in the memory &c. v.; pent up in one's memory; fresh; 

green, green in remembrance; unforgotten, present to the mind; 

within one's memory &c. n.; indelible; uppermost in one's 

thoughts; memorable &c. (important) 642. 

Adv. by heart, by rote; without book, memoriter † . in memory of; in 

memoriam; memoria in aeterna [Lat.]; suggestive. 

Phr. manet alta mente repostum [Lat.] [Vergil]; forsan et haec olim 

meminisse juvabit [Lat.] [Vergil]; absens haeres non erit [Lat.]; 

beatae memoriae [Lat.]; briefly thyself remember" [Lear]; 

mendacem memorem esse oportet [Lat.] [Quintilian]; memory the 

warder of the brain" [Macbeth]; parsque est meminisse doloris 

[Lat.] [Ovid]; to live in hearts we leave behind is not to die" 

[Campbell]; vox audita peril littera scripta manet [Lat.]; out of 

sight, out of mind. 

#507. Expectation -- N. expectation, expectance, expectancy; 

anticipation, reckoning, calculation; foresight &c. 510. 

contemplation, prospection † , lookout; prospect, perspective, 

horizon, vista; destiny &c. 152. suspense, waiting, abeyance; 

curiosity &c. 455; anxious expectation, ardent expectation, eager 

expectation, breathless expectation, sanguine expectation; 

torment of Tantalus. hope &c. 858; trust &c. (belief) 484; auspices 

&c. (prediction) 511; assurance, confidence, presumption, 

reliance. 

V. expect; look for, look out for, look forward to; hope for; 

anticipate; have in prospect, have in contemplation; keep in view; 

contemplate, promise oneself; not wonder at &c. 870, not wonder 

if. wait for, tarry for, lie in wait for, watch for, bargain for; keep a 

good lookout for, keep a sharp lookout for; await; stand at 

'attention'" abide, bide one's time, watch. foresee &c. 510; 

prepare for &c. 673; forestall &c. (be early) 132; count upon &c. 

(believe in) 484; think likely &c. (probability) 472. lead one to 

expect &c. (predict) 511; have in store for &c. (destiny) 152. prick 

up one's ears, hold one's breath. 

Adj. expectant; expecting &c. v.; in expectation &c. n.; on the 

watch &c. (vigilant) 459; open-eyed, open-mouthed, in wide-eyed 

anticipation; agape, gaping, all agog; on tenterhooks, on tiptoe, 

on the tiptoe of expectation; aux aguets † ; ready; curious &c. 455; 

looking forward to. expected &c. v.; long expected, foreseen; in 

prospect &c. n.; prospective; in one's eye, in one's view, in the 

horizon, on the horizon, just over the horizon, just around the 

2. To the Future 

#508. Inexpectation -- N. inexpectation † , non-expectation; false 

expectation &c. (disappointment) 509; miscalculation &c. 481. 

surprise, sudden burst, thunderclap, blow, shock, start; bolt out of 

the blue; wonder &c. 870; eye opener. unpleasant surprise, 

pleasant surprise. 

V. not expect &c. 507; be taken by surprise; start; miscalculate 

&c. 481; not bargain for; come upon, fall upon. be unexpected &c. 

adj.; come unawares &c. adv.; turn up, pop, drop from the clouds; 

come upon one, burst upon one, flash upon one, bounce upon 

one, steal upon one, creep upon one; come like a thunder clap, 

burst like a thunderclap, thunder bolt; take by surprise, catch by 

surprise, catch unawares, catch napping; yach [S. Afr.]. pounce 

upon, spring a mine upon. surprise, startle, take aback, electrify, 

stun, stagger, take away one's breath, throw off one's guard; 

astonish, dumbfound &c. (strike with wonder) 870. 

Adj. nonexpectant † ; surprised &c. v.; unwarned, unaware; off 

one's guard; inattentive 458. unexpected, unanticipated, 

unpredicted † , unlooked for, unforeseen, unhoped for; dropped 

from the clouds; beyond expectation, contrary to expectation, 

against expectation, against all expectation; out of one's 

reckoning; unheard of &c. (exceptional) 83; startling, surprising; 

sudden &c. (instantaneous) 113. unpredictable, unforeseeable 

(unknowable) 519. 

Adv. abruptly, unexpectedly, surprisingly; plump, pop, a 

l'improviste [Fr.], unawares; without notice, without warning, 

without a 'by your leave';" like a thief in the night, like a thunderbolt;

corner, around the corner; impending &c. (destiny) 152. in an unguarded moment; suddenly &c. (instantaneously) 113. 

Adv. on the watch &c. adj.; with breathless expectation &c. n.; Int. heydey! 

with bated breath, with rapt anticipation; arrectis auribus [Lat.]. 

Phr. we shall see; nous verrons [Fr.]; expectation whirls me round" 

[Troilus and Cressida]; the light at the end of the tunnel. 

† , &c. (wonder) 870. 

Phr. little did one think, little did one expect; nobody would ever 

suppose, nobody would ever think, nobody would ever expect; 

who would have thought † ;? it beats the Dutch † . 

#509. [Failure of expectation.] Disappointment -- N. disappointment; blighted hope, balk; blow; anticlimax; slip 'twixt cup and lip; 

nonfulfillment of one's hopes; sad disappointment, bitter disappointment; trick of fortune; afterclap; false expectation, vain 

expectation; miscalculation &c. 481; fool's paradise; much cry and little wool. 

V. be disappointed; look blank, look blue; look aghast, stand aghast &c. (wonder) 870; find to one's cost; laugh on the wrong side of 

one's mouth; find one a false prophet. not realize one's hope, not realize one's expectation. [cause to be disappointed] disappoint; 

frustrate, discomfit, crush, defeat (failure) 732; crush one's hope, dash one's hope, balk one's hope, disappoint one's hope, blight 

one's hope, falsify one's hope, defeat one's hope, discourage; balk, jilt, bilk; play one false, play a trick; dash the cup from the lips, 

tantalize; dumfound, dumbfound, dumbfounder, dumfounder (astonish) 870. 

Adj. disappointed &c. v.; disconcerted, aghast; disgruntled; out of one's reckoning. 

Phr. the mountain labored and brought forth a mouse; parturiunt montes [Lat.]; nascitur ridiculus mus [Lat.] [Horace]; diis aliter visum 

[Lat.], the bubble burst; one's countenance falling. 

#510. Foresight -- N. foresight, prospicience † , prevision, long-sightedness; anticipation; providence &c. (preparation) 673. 

forethought, forecast; predeliberation † , presurmise † ; foregone conclusion &c. (prejudgment) 481; prudence &c. (caution) 864. 

foreknowledge; prognosis; precognition, prescience, prenotion † , presentiment; second sight; sagacity &c. (intelligence) 498; 

antepast † , prelibation † , prophasis † . prospect &c. (expectation) 507; foretaste; prospectus &c. (plan) 626. 

V. foresee; look forwards to, look ahead, look beyond; scent from afar; look into the future, pry into the future, peer into the future. see 

one's way; see how the land lies, get the lay of the land, see how the wind blows, test the waters, see how the cat jumps. anticipate; 

expect &c. 507; be beforehand &c. (early) 132; predict &c. 511; foreknow, forejudge, forecast; presurmise † ; have an eye to the 

future, have an eye to the main chance; respicere finem [Lat.]; keep a sharp lookout &c. (vigilance) 459; forewarn &c. 668. 

Adj. foreseeing &c. v.; prescient; farseeing, farsighted; sagacious &c. (intelligent) 498; weatherwise † ; provident &c. (prepared) 673; 

prospective &c. 507. 

Adv. against the time when. 

Phr. cernit omnia Deus vindex [Lat.]; mihi cura futuri [Lat.]; run it up the flagpole and see who salutes. 

#511. Prediction -- N. prediction, announcement; program, programme [Brit.] &c. (plan) 626; premonition &c. (warning) 668; 

prognosis, prophecy, vaticination, mantology † , prognostication, premonstration † ; augury, auguration † ; ariolation † , hariolation † ; 

foreboding, aboding † ; bodement † , abodement † ; omniation † , omniousness † ; auspices, forecast; omen &c. 512; horoscope, nativity; 

sooth † , soothsaying; fortune telling, crystal gazing; divination; necromancy &c. 992. 

[Divination by the stars] astrology † , horoscopy † , judicial astrology † . [Place of Prediction]. adytum prefiguration † , prefigurement; 

prototype, type. [person who predicts] oracle &c. 513. 

V. predict, prognosticate, prophesy, vaticinate, divine, foretell, soothsay, augurate † , tell fortunes; cast a horoscope, cast a nativity; 

advise; forewarn &c. 668. presage, augur, bode; abode, forebode; foretoken, betoken; prefigure, preshow † ; portend; foreshow † , 

foreshadow; shadow forth, typify, pretypify † , ominate † , signify, point to. usher in, herald, premise, announce; lower. hold out 

expectation, raise expectation, excite expectation, excite hope; bid fair, promise, lead one to expect; be the precursor &c. 64. 

[predict by mathematical or statistical means from past experience] extrapolate, project. 

Adj. predicting &c. v.; predictive, prophetic; fatidic † , fatidical † ; vaticinal, oracular, fatiloquent † , haruspical, Sibylline; weatherwise † . 

ominous, portentous, augurous † , augurial, augural; auspicial † , auspicious; prescious † , monitory, extispicious † , premonitory, 

significant of, pregnant with, bit with the fate of. 

Phr. coming events cast their shadows before" [Campbell]; dicamus bona verba [Lat.]; there buds the promise of celestial worth" 

[Young]. [Divination: list] by oracles, Theomancy † ; by the Bible, Bibliomancy; by ghosts, Psychomancy † ; by crystal gazing, 

Crystallomancy † ; by shadows or manes, Sciomancy; by appearances in the air, Aeromancy † , Chaomancy † ; by the stars at birth, 

Genethliacs; by meteors, Meteoromancy † ; by winds, Austromancy † ; by sacrificial appearances, Aruspicy, Haruspicy † , Hieromancy † , 

Hieroscopy † ; by the entrails of animals sacrificed, Extispicy † , Hieromancy † ; by the entrails of a human sacrifice, Anthropomancy † ; by 

the entrails of fishes, Ichthyomancy † ; by sacrificial fire, Pyromancy † ; by red-hot iron, Sideromancy † ; by smoke from the altar, 

Capnomancy † ; by mice, Myomancy † ; by birds, Orniscopy † , Ornithomancy † ; by a cock picking up grains, Alectryomancy, 

Alectromancy † ; by fishes, Ophiomancy † ; by herbs, Botanomancy † ; by water, Hydromancy † ; by fountains, Pegomancy † ; by a wand, 

Rhabdomancy; by dough of cakes, Crithomancy † ; by meal, Aleuromancy † , Alphitomancy † ; by salt, Halomancy † ; by dice, 

Cleromancy † ; by arrows, Belomancy † ; by a balanced hatchet, Axinomancy † ; by a balanced sieve, Coscinomancy † ; by a suspended 

ring, Dactyliomancy † ; by dots made at random on paper, Geomancy † ; by precious stones, Lithomancy † ; by pebbles, Pessomancy † ; 

by pebbles drawn from a heap, Psephomancy † ; by mirrors, Catoptromancy † ; by writings in ashes, Tephramancy † ; by dreams, 

Oneiromancy † ; by the hand, Palmistry, Chiromancy; by nails reflecting the sun's rays, Onychomancy † ; by finger rings, Dactylomancy † ; 

by numbers, Arithmancy † ; by drawing lots, Sortilege † ; by passages in books, Stichomancy † ; by the letters forming the name of the 

person, Onomancy † , Nomancy; by the features, Anthroposcopy † ; by the mode of laughing, Geloscopy † ; by ventriloquism, 

Gastromancy † ; by walking in a circle, Gyromancy † ; by dropping melted wax into water, Ceromancy † ; by currents, Bletonism; by the 

color and peculiarities of wine, Oenomancy † .

#512. Omen -- N. omen, portent, presage, prognostic, augury, auspice; sign &c. (indication) 550; harbinger &c. (precursor) 64; yule 

candle † . bird of ill omen; signs of the times; gathering clouds; warning &c. 668. prefigurement &c. 511. 

Adj. ill-boding. 

Phr. auspicium melioris aevi [Lat.]. 

#513. Oracle -- N. oracle; prophet, prophesier, seer, soothsayer, augur, fortune teller, crystal gazer † , witch, geomancer † , aruspex † ; 

aruspice † , haruspice † ; haruspex; astrologer, star gazer † ; Sibyl; Python, Pythoness † ; Pythia; Pythian oracle, Delphian oracle; Monitor, 

Sphinx, Tiresias, Cassandra † , Sibylline leaves; Zadkiel, Old Moore; sorcerer &c. 994; interpreter, &c. 524. [person who predicts by 

non-mystical (natural) means] predictor, prognosticator, forecaster; weather forecaster, weatherman. 

Phr. a prophet is without honor in his own country; you don't need a weatherman to know which way the you don't need a weatherman 

to know which way the wind blows" [Bob Dylan]. 

SECTION VII. 

CREATIVE THOUGHT 

#514. Supposition -- N. supposition, assumption, assumed position, postulation, condition, presupposition, hypothesis, blue sky 

hypothesis, postulate, postulatum [Lat.], theory; thesis, theorem; data; proposition, position; proposal &c. (plan) 626; presumption &c. 

(belief) 484; divination. conjecture; guess, guesswork, speculation; rough guess, shot, shot in the dark [Coll.]; conjecturality † ; surmise, 

suspicion, sneaking suspicion; estimate, approximation (nearness) 197. inkling, suggestion, hint, intimation, notion, impression; bare 

supposition, vague supposition, loose supposition, loose suggestion. association of ideas, (analogy) 514.1; metonym [Gramm.], 

metonymy [Gramm.], simile (metaphor) 521. conceit, idea, thought; original idea, invention (imagination) 515. 

V. suppose, conjecture, surmise, suspect, guess, divine; theorize; presume, presurmise † , presuppose; assume, fancy, wis † , take it; 

give a guess, speculate, believe, dare say, take it into one's head, take for granted; imagine &c. 515. put forth; propound, propose; 

start, put a case, submit, move, make a motion; hazard out, throw out a suggestion, put forward a suggestion, put forward conjecture. 

allude to, suggest, hint, put it into one's head. suggest itself &c. (thought) 451; run in the head &c. (memory) 505; marvel if, wonder if, 

wonder whether. 

Adj. supposing &c. v.; given, mooted, postulatory † ; assumed &c. v.; supposititious, suppositive † , suppositious; gratuitous, 

speculative, conjectural, hypothetical, theoretical, academic, supposable, presumptive, putative; suppositional. suggestive, allusive. 

Adv. if, if so be; an; on the supposition &c. n.; ex hypothesi [Lat.]; in the case, in the event of; quasi, as if, provided; perhaps &c. (by 

possibility) 470; for aught one knows. 

#514a. Analogy -- N. analogy, association, association of ideas. metaphor &c. 521. analogical thinking; free association; train of 

thought. 

Adj. analogical. 

#515. Imagination -- N. imagination; originality; invention; fancy; inspiration; verve. warm imagination, heated imagination, excited 

imagination, sanguine imagination, ardent imagination, fiery imagination, boiling imagination, wild imagination, bold imagination, 

daring imagination, playful imagination, lively imagination, fertile imagination, fancy. mind's eye;" such stuff as dreams are made of" 

[Tempest]. ideality, idealism; romanticism, utopianism, castle-building. dreaming; phrensy † , frenzy; ecstasy, extasy † ; calenture &c. 

(delirium) 503 † ; reverie, trance; day dream, golden dream; somnambulism. conception, Vorstellung [G.], excogitation † , a fine frenzy;" 

cloudland † , dreamland; flight of fancy, fumes of fancy; thick coming fancies" [Macbeth]; creation of the brain, coinage of the brain; 

imagery. conceit, maggot, figment, myth, dream, vision, shadow, chimera; phantasm, phantasy; fantasy, fancy; whim, whimsey † , 

whimsy; vagary, rhapsody, romance, gest † , geste † , extravaganza; air drawn dagger, bugbear, nightmare. flying Dutchman, great sea 

serpent, man in the moon, castle in the air, pipe dream, pie-in-the-sky, chateau en Espagne [Fr.]; Utopia, Atlantis † , happy valley, 

millennium, fairyland; land of Prester John, kindgom of Micomicon; work of fiction &c. (novel) 594; Arabian nights † ; le pot au lait [Fr.]; 

dream of Alnashar &c. (hope) 858 † . illusion &c. (error) 495; phantom &c. (fallacy of vision) 443; Fata Morgana &c. (ignis fatuus) 

[Lat.] 423; vapor &c. (cloud) 353; stretch of the imagination &c. (exaggeration) 549; mythogenesis † . idealist, romanticist, visionary; 

mopus † ; romancer, dreamer; somnambulist; rhapsodist &c. (fanatic) 504; castle-buildier, fanciful projector. 

V. imagine, fancy, conceive; idealize, realize; dream, dream of, dream up; give to airy nothing a local habitation and a give to airy 

nothing a local habitation and a name" [Midsummer Night's Dream]. create, originate, devise, invent, coin, fabricate; improvise, 

strike out something new. set one's wits to work; strain one's invention, crack one's invention; rack one's brains, ransack one's brains, 

cudgel one's brains; excogitate † ; brainstorm. give play, give the reins, give a loose to the imagination, give fancy; indulge in reverie. 

visualize, envision, conjure up a vision; fancy oneself, represent oneself, picture, picture-oneself, figure to oneself; vorstellen [G.]. float 

in the mind; suggest itself &c. (thought) 451. 

Adj. imagined &c. v.; ben trovato [It]; air drawn, airbuilt † . imagining &c. v., imaginative; original, inventive, creative, fertile. romantic, 

high flown, flighty, extravagant, fanatic, enthusiastic, unrealistic, Utopian, Quixotic. ideal, unreal; in the clouds, in nubibus [Lat.]; 

unsubsantial † &c. 4; illusory &c. (fallacious) 495. fabulous, legendary; mythical, mythic, mythological; chimerical; imaginary, visionary; 

notional; fancy, fanciful, fantastic, fantastical † ; whimsical; fairy, fairy-like; gestic † . 

Phr. a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; aegri somnia vana [Lat.]; dolphinum appingit sylvis in fluctibus dolphinum 

appingit sylvis in fluctibus aprum [Horace]; fancy light from fancy caught" [Tennyson]; imagination rules the world" [Napoleon]; 

l'imagination gallope [Fr.], le jugement ne va que le pas [Fr.]; musaeo contingens cuncta lepore [Lat.] [Lucretius]; tous songes sont 

mensonges [Fr.]; Wahrheil und Dichtung [G.]. 

DIVISION II 

COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS

#516. [Idea to be conveyed.] Meaning [Thing signified.] -- N. 

meaning; signification, significance; sense, expression; import, 

purport; force; drift, tenor, spirit, bearing, coloring; scope. 

[important part of the meaning] substance; gist, essence, 

marrow, spirit &c. 5. matter; subject, subject matter; argument, 

text, sum and substance. general meaning, broad meaning, 

substantial meaning, colloquial meaning, literal meaning, plain 

meaning, simple meaning, natural meaning, unstrained meaning, 

true meaning, &c. (exact) 494 honest meaning, &c. 543 prima 

facie meaning [Lat.]; &c. (manifest) 525. letter of the law. literally; 

after acceptation. synonym; implication, allusion &c. (latency) 526; 

suggestion &c. (information) 527; figure of speech &c. 521; 

acceptation &c. (interpretation) 522. 

V. mean, signify, express; import, purport; convey, imply, breathe, 

indicate, bespeak, bear a sense; tell of, speak of; touch on; point 

to, allude to; drive at; involve &c. (latency) 526; declare &c. 

(affirm) 535. understand by &c. (interpret) 522. 

Adj. meaning &c. v.; expressive, suggestive, allusive; significant, 

significative † , significatory † ; pithy; full of meaning, pregnant with 

meaning. declaratory &c. 535; intelligible &c. 518; literal; 

synonymous; tantamount &c. (equivalent) 27; implied &c. (latent) 

526; explicit &c. 525. 

Adv. to that effect; that is to say &c. (being interpreted) 522. 

SECTION I. 

NATURE OF IDEAS COMMUNICATED 

#517. [Absence of meaning.] Unmeaningness -- N. 

meaninglessness, unmeaningness &c. adj. † ; scrabble. empty 

sound, dead letter, vox et praeterea nihil [Lat.]; a tale told by an 

idiot, full of sound and fury, a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and 

fury, signifying nothing;" sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal." 

nonsense, utter nonsense, gibberish; jargon, jabber, mere words, 

hocus-pocus, fustian, rant, bombast, balderdash, palaver, 

flummery, verbiage, babble, baverdage, baragouin † , platitude, 

niaiserie † ; inanity; flap-doodle; rigmarole, rodomontade; truism; 

nugae canorae [Lat.]; twaddle, twattle, fudge, trash, garbage, 

humbug; poppy-cock [U.S.]; stuff, stuff and nonsense; bosh, 

rubbish, moonshine, wish-wash, fiddle-faddle; absurdity &c. 497; 

vagueness &c. (unintelligibility) 519. [routine or reflexive 

statements without substantive thought, esp. legal] boilerplate, 

clich¦¨. 

V. mean nothing; be unmeaning &c. adj.; twaddle, quibble, 

scrabble. 

Adj. unmeaning; meaningless, senseless; nonsensical; void of 

sense &c. 516. inexpressive, unexpressive; vacant; not significant 

&c. 516; insignificant. trashy, washy, trumpery, trivial, fiddle-faddle, 

twaddling, quibbling. unmeant, not expressed; tacit &c. (latent) 

526. inexpressible, undefinable, incommunicable. 

#518. Intelligibility -- N. intelligibility; clearness, explicitness &c. 

adj.; lucidity, comprehensibility, perspicuity; legibility, plain 

speaking &c. (manifestation) 525; precision &c. 494; phonanta 

synetoisy [Gr.]; a word to the wise. 

V. be intelligible &c. adj.; speak for itself, speak volumes; tell its 

own tale, lie on the surface. render intelligible &c. adj.; popularize, 

simplify, clear up; elucidate &c. (explain) 522. understand, 

comprehend, take, take in; catch, grasp, follow, collect, master, 

make out; see with half an eye, see daylight, see one's way; enter 

into the ideas of; come to an understanding. 

Adj. intelligible; clear, clear as day, clear as noonday; lucid; 

perspicuous, transpicuous † #519. Unintelligibility -- N. unintelligibility; incomprehensibility, 

imperspicuity 

; luminous, transparent. easily 

understood, easy to understand, for the million, intelligible to the 

meanest capacity, popularized. plain, distinct, explicit; positive; 

definite &c. (precise) 494. graphic; expressive &c. (meaning) 

516; illustrative &c. (explanatory) 522. unambiguous, unequivocal, 

unmistakable &c. (manifest) 525; unconfused; legible, 

recognizable; obvious &c. 525. 

Adv. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English. 

Phr. he that runs may read &c. (manifest) 525. 

† ; inconceivableness, vagueness &c. adj.; obscurity; 

ambiguity &c. 520; doubtful meaning; uncertainty &c. 475; 

perplexity &c. (confusion) 59; spinosity † ; obscurum per obscurius 

[Lat.]; mystification &c. (concealment) 528; latency &c. 526; 

transcendentalism. paradox, oxymoron; riddle, enigma, puzzle &c. 

(secret) 533; diagnus vindice nodus [Lat.]; sealed book; 

steganography † , freemasonry. pons asinorum [Lat.], asses' 

bridge; high Dutch, Greek, Hebrew; jargon &c. (unmeaning) 517. 

V. be unintelligible &c. adj.; require explanation &c. 522; have a 

doubtful meaning, pass comprehension. render unintelligible &c. 

adj.; conceal &c. 528; darken &c. 421; confuse &c. (derange) 61; 

perplex &c. (bewilder) 475. not understand &c. 518; lose, lose the 

clue; miss; not know what to make of, be able to make nothing of, 

give it up; not be able to account for, not be able to make either 

head or tail of; be at sea &c. (uncertain) 475; wonder &c. 870; 

see through a glass darkly &c. (ignorance) 491. not understand 

one another; play at cross purposes &c. (misinterpret) 523. 

Adj. unintelligible, unaccountable, undecipherable, 

undiscoverable, unknowable, unfathomable; incognizable † , 

inexplicable, inscrutable; inapprehensible † , incomprehensible; 

insolvable † , insoluble; impenetrable. illegible, as Greek to one, 

unexplained, paradoxical; enigmatic, enigmatical, puzzling 

(secret) 533; indecipherable. obscure, dark, muddy, clear as mud, 

seen through a mist, dim, nebulous, shrouded in mystery; opaque, 

dense; undiscernible &c. (invisible) 447 † ; misty &c. (opaque) 

426; hidden &c. 528; latent &c. 526. indefinite, garbled &c. 

(indistinct) 447; perplexed &c. (confused) 59; undetermined, 

vague, loose, ambiguous; mysterious; mystic, mystical; 

acroamatic † , acroamatical † ; metempirical; transcendental; occult, 

recondite, abstruse, crabbed. inconceivable, inconceptible † ; 

searchless † ; above comprehension, beyond comprehension, past 

comprehension; beyond one's depth; unconceived. inexpressible, 

undefinable, incommunicable. unpredictable, unforeseeable. 

Phr. it's Greek to me. 

#520. [Having a double sense] Equivocalness -- N. equivocalness &c. adj.; double meaning &c. 516; ambiguity, double entente, 

double entendre [Fr.], pun, paragram † , calembour † , quibble, equivoque [Fr.], anagram; conundrum &c. (riddle) 533; play on words, 

word play &c. (wit) 842; homonym, homonymy [Gramm.]; amphiboly † , amphibology † ; ambilogy † , ambiloquy † . Sphinx, Delphic oracle. 

equivocation &c. (duplicity) 544; white lie, mental reservation &c. (concealment) 528; paltering.

V. be equivocal &c. adj.; have two meanings &c. 516; equivocate &c. (alter) 544. 

Adj. equivocal, ambiguous, amphibolous † , homonymous † ; double-tongued &c. (lying) 544; enigmatical, indeterminate. 

Phr. on the one hand, on the other hand. 

#521. Metaphor -- N. figure of speech; facon de parler [Fr.], way of speaking, colloquialism. phrase &c. 566; figure, trope, metaphor, 

enallage † , catachresis † ; metonymy [Gramm.], synecdoche [Sem.]; autonomasia † , irony, figurativeness &c. adj.; image, imagery; 

metalepsis † , type, anagoge † , simile, personification, prosopopoeia † , allegory, apologue † , parable, fable; allusion, adumbration; 

application. exaggeration, hyperbole &c. 549. association, association of ideas (analogy) 514.1 

V. employ a metaphor &c. n.; personify, allegorize, adumbrate, shadow forth, apply, allude to. 

Adj. metaphorical, figurative, catachrestical † , typical, tralatitious † , parabolic, allegorical, allusive, anagogical † ; ironical; colloquial; 

tropical. 

Adv. so to speak, so to say, so to express oneself; as it were. 

Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#522. Interpretation -- N. interpretation, definition; explanation, 

explication; solution, answer; rationale; plain interpretation, simple 

interpretation, strict interpretation; meaning &c. 516. translation; 

rendering, rendition; redition † ; literal translation, free translation; 

key; secret; clew &c. (indication) 550; clavis † , crib, pony, trot 

[U.S.]. exegesis; expounding, exposition; hermeneutics; comment, 

commentary; inference &c. (deduction) 480; illustration, 

exemplification; gloss, annotation, scholium † , note; elucidation, 

dilucidation † ; eclaircissement [Fr.], mot d'enigme [Fr.]. [methods 

of interpreting - list] symptomatology [Med.], semiology, 

semeiology † , semiotics; metoposcopy † , physiognomy; 

paleography &c. (philology) 560; oneirology acception † , 

acceptation, acceptance; light, reading, lection, construction, 

version. equivalent, equivalent meaning &c. 516; synonym; 

paraphrase, metaphrase † ; convertible terms, apposition; 

dictionary &c. 562; polyglot. 

V. interpret, explain, define, construe, translate, render; do into, 

turn into; transfuse the sense of. find out &c. 480.1 the meaning of, 

&c. 516 read; spell out, make out; decipher, unravel, disentangle; 

find the key of, enucleate, resolve, solve; read between the lines. 

account for; find the cause, tell the cause of &c. 153; throw light 

upon, shed light upon, shed new light upon, shed fresh light upon; 

clear up, clarify, elucidate. illustrate, exemplify; unfold, expound, 

comment upon, annotate; popularize &c. (render intelligible) 518. 

take in a particular sense, understand in a particular sense, 

receive in a particular sense, accept in a particular sense; 

understand by, put a construction on, be given to understand. 

Adj. explanatory, expository; explicative, explicatory; exegetical † ; 

construable. polyglot; literal; paraphrastic, metaphrastic † ; 

consignificative † , synonymous; equivalent &c. 27. 

Adv. in explanation &c. n.; that is to say, id est, videlicet, to wit, 

namely, in other words. literally, strictly speaking; in plain, in 

plainer terms, in plainer words, in plainer English; more simply. 

#523. Misinterpretation -- N. misinterpretation, 

misapprehension, misunderstanding, misacceptation † , 

misconstruction, misapplication; catachresis † ; eisegesis † ; crossreading, 

cross-purposes; mistake &c. 495. misrepresentation, 

perversion, exaggeration &c. 549; false coloring, false 

construction; abuse of terms; parody, travesty; falsification &c. 

(lying) 544. 

V. misinterpret, misapprehend, misunderstand, misconceive, 

misspell, mistranslate, misconstrue, misapply; mistake &c. 495. 

misrepresent, pervert; explain wrongly, misstate; garble &c. 

(falsify) 544; distort, detort † ; travesty, play upon words; stretch the 

sense, strain the sense, stretch the meaning, strain the meaning, 

wrest the sense, wrest the meaning; explain away; put a bad 

construction on, put a false construction on; give a false coloring. 

be at cross purposes, play at cross purposes. 

Adj. misinterpreted &c. v.; untranslated, untranslatable. 

#524. Interpreter -- N. interpreter; expositor, expounder, exponent, explainer; demonstrator. scholiast, commentator, annotator; 

metaphrast † , paraphrast † ; glossarist † , prolocutor. spokesman, speaker, mouthpiece. dragoman, courier, valet de place, cicerone, 

showman; oneirocritic † ; (Edipus; oracle) &c.. 513 

SECTION II. 

MODES OF COMMUNICATION 

#525. Manifestation -- N. manifestation; plainness &c. adj.; plain 

speaking; expression; showing &c. v.; exposition, demonstration; 

exhibition, production; display, show; showing off; 

premonstration † #526. Latency. Implication -- N. latency, inexpression 

. exhibit [Thing shown]. indication &c. (calling 

attention to) 457. publicity &c. 531; disclosure &c. 529; openness 

&c. (honesty) 543, (artlessness) 703; panchement. evidence &c. 

467. 

V. make manifest, render manifest &c. adj.; bring forth, bring 

forward, bring to the front, bring into view; give notice; express; 

represent, set forth, exhibit; show, show up; expose; produce; hold 

up to view, expose to view; set before one, place before one, lay 

before one, one's eyes; tell to one's face; trot out, put through 

† ; hidden 

meaning, occult meaning; occultness, mystery, cabala † , 

anagoge † ; silence &c. (taciturnity) 585; concealment &c. 528; 

more than meets the eye, more than meets the ear; Delphic 

oracle; le dessous des cartes [Fr.], undercurrent. implication, 

logical implication; logical consequence; entailment. allusion, 

insinuation; innuendo &c. 527; adumbration; something rotten in 

the state of Denmark" [Hamlet]. snake in the grass &c. (pitfall) 

667; secret &c. 533. darkness, invisibility, imperceptibility. 

V. be latent &c. adj.; lurk, smolder, underlie, make no sign; 

escape observation, escape detection, escape recognition; lie

efore one, one's eyes; tell to one's face; trot out, put through 

one's paces, bring to light, display, demonstrate, unroll; lay open; 

draw out, bring out; bring out in strong relief; call into notice, bring 

into notice; hold up the mirror; wear one's heart upon his sleeve; 

show one's face, show one's colors; manifest oneself; speak out; 

make no mystery, make no secret of; unfurl the flag; proclaim &c. 

(publish) 531. indicate &c. (direct attention to) 457; disclose &c. 

529; elicit &c. 480.1. be manifest &c. adj.; appear &c. (be visible) 

446; transpire &c. (be disclosed) 529; speak for itself, stand to 

reason; stare one in the face, rear its head; give token, give sign, 

give indication of; tell its own tale &c. (intelligible) 518. 

Adj. manifest, apparent; salient, striking, demonstrative, 

prominent, in the foreground, notable, pronounced. flagrant; 

notorious &c. (public) 531; arrant; stark staring; unshaded, 

glaring. defined, definite. distinct, conspicuous &c. (visible) 446; 

obvious, evident, unmistakable, indubitable, not to be mistaken, 

palpable, self-evident, autoptical † ; intelligible &c. 518. plain, clear, 

clear as day, clear as daylight, clear as noonday; plain as a pike 

staff, plain as the sun at noon-day, plain as the nose on one's face, 

plain as the way to parish church. explicit, overt, patent, express; 

ostensible; open, open as day; naked, bare, literal, downright, 

undisguised, exoteric. unreserved, frank, plain-spoken &c. 

(artless) 703; candid (veracious) 543; barefaced. manifested &c. 

v.; disclosed &c. 529; capable of being shown, producible; 

inconcealable † , unconcealable; no secret. 

Adv. manifestly, openly &c. adj.; before one's eyes, under one's 

nose, to one's face, face to face, above board, cartes sur table, on 

the stage, in open court, in the open streets; in market overt; in the 

face of day, face of heaven; in broad daylight, in open daylight; 

without reserve; at first blush, prima facie [Lat.], on the face of; in 

set terms. 

Phr. cela saute aux yeux [Fr.]; he that runs may read; you can see 

it with half an eye; it needs no ghost to tell us [Hamlet]; the 

meaning lies on the surface; cela va sans dire [Fr.]; res ipsa 

loquitur [Lat.]; clothing the palpable and familiar" [Coleridge]; fari 

quae sentiat [Lat.]; volto sciolto i pensieri stretti [It]; you don't need 

a weatherman to know which way the you don't need a 

weatherman to know which way the wind blows" [Bob Dylan]. 

hid &c. 528. laugh in one's sleeve; keep back &c. (conceal) 528. 

involve, imply, understand, allude to, infer, leave an inference; 

entail; whisper &c. (conceal) 528. [understand the implication] 

read between the lines. 

Adj. latent; lurking &c. v.; secret &c. 528; occult; implied &c. v.; 

dormant; abeyant. unapparent, unknown, unseen &c. 441; in the 

background; invisible &c. 447; indiscoverable † , dark; 

impenetrable &c. (unintelligible) 519; unspied † , unsuspected. 

unsaid, unwritten, unpublished, unbreathed † , untalked of † , untold 

&c. 527, unsung, unexposed, unproclaimed † , undisclosed &c. 

529, unexpressed; not expressed, tacit. undeveloped, solved, 

unexplained, untraced † , undiscovered &c. 480.1, untracked, 

unexplored, uninvented † . indirect, crooked, inferential; by 

inference, by implication; implicit; constructive; allusive, covert, 

muffled; steganographic † ; understood, underhand, underground; 

delitescent † , concealed &c. 528. 

Adv. by a side wind; sub silentio [Lat.]; in the background; behind 

the scenes, behind one's back; on the tip of one's tongue; secretly 

&c. 528; between the lines. 

Phr. thereby hangs a tale" [As You Like It]; tacitum vivit sub 

pectore vulnus [Lat.] [Vergil]; where there's smoke, there's fire. 

#527. Information -- N. information, enlightenment, 

acquaintance, knowledge &c. 490; publicity &c. 531; data &c. 

467. communication, intimation; notice, notification; enunciation, 

annunciation; announcement; communiqu_e; representation, 

round robin, presentment. case, estimate, specification, report, 

advice, monition; news &c. 532; return &c. (record) 551; account 

&c. (description) 594; statement &c. (affirmation) 535. mention; 

acquainting &c. v.; instruction &c. (teaching) 537; outpouring; 

intercommunication, communicativeness. informant, authority, 

teller, intelligencer † , reporter, exponent, mouthpiece; informer, 

eavesdropper, delator, detective; sleuth; mouchard † , spy, 

newsmonger; messenger &c. 534; amicus curiae [Lat.]. valet de 

place, cicerone, pilot, guide; guidebook, handbook; vade mecum 

[Lat.]; manual; map, plan, chart, gazetteer; itinerary &c. (journey) 

266. hint, suggestion, innuendo, inkling, whisper, passing word, 

word in the ear, subaudition † #528. Concealment -- N. concealment; hiding &c. v.; occultation, 

mystification. seal of secrecy; screen &c. 530; disguise &c. 530; 

masquerade; masked battery; hiding place &c. 530; cryptography, 

steganography 

, cue, byplay; gesture &c. (indication) 

550; gentle hint, broad hint; verbum sapienti [Lat.], a word to the 

wise; insinuation &c. (latency) 526. information theory. [units of 

information] bit, byte, word, doubleword [Comp.], quad word, 

paragraph, segment. [information storage media] magnetic 

media, paper medium, optical media; random access memory, 

RAM; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, 

WORM. 

V. tell; inform, inform of; acquaint, acquaint with; impart, impart to; 

make acquaintance with, apprise, advise, enlighten, awaken; 

transmit. let fall, mention, express, intimate, represent, 

communicate, make known; publish &c. 531; notify, signify, 

specify, convey the knowledge of. let one know, have one to know; 

give one to understand; give notice; set before, lay before, put 

before; point out, put into one's head; put one in possession of; 

† ; freemasonry. stealth, stealthiness, sneakiness; 

obreption † ; slyness &c. (cunning) 702. latitancy † , latitation † ; 

seclusion &c. 893; privacy, secrecy, secretness † ; incognita. 

reticence; reserve; mental reserve, reservation; arriere pensee 

[Fr.], suppression, evasion, white lie, misprision; silence &c. 

(taciturnity) 585; suppression of truth &c. 544; underhand dealing; 

closeness, secretiveness &c. adj.; mystery. latency &c. 526; 

snake in the grass; secret &c. 533; stowaway. 

V. conceal, hide, secrete, put out of sight; lock up, seal up, bottle 

up. encrypt, encode, cipher. cover, screen, cloak, veil, shroud; 

cover up one's tracks; screen from sight, screen from observation; 

drawing the veil; draw the curtain, close the curtain; curtain, shade, 

eclipse, throw a view over; be cloud, be mask; mask, disguise; 

ensconce, muffle, smother; befog; whisper. keep from; keep back, 

keep to oneself; keep snug, keep close, keep secret, keep dark; 

bury; sink, suppress; keep from, keep from out of view, keep from 

out of sight; keep in the shade, throw into the shade, throw into 

background; stifle, hush up, smother, withhold, reserve; fence with 

a question; ignore &c. 460. keep a secret, keep one's own 

counsel; hold one's tongue &c. (silence) 585; make no sign, not 

let it go further; not breathe a word, not breathe a syllable about; 

not let the right hand know what the left is not let the right hand 

know what the left is doing; hide one's light under a bushel, bury 

one's talent in a napkin. keep in the dark, leave in the dark, keep 

in the ignorance; blind, blind the eyes; blindfold, hoodwink, mystify; 

puzzle &c. (render uncertain) 475; bamboozle &c. (deceive) 545. 

be concealed &c. v.; suffer an eclipse; retire from sight, couch;

instruct &c. (teach) 537; direct the attention to &c. 457. announce, 

annunciate; report, report progress; bringword † , send word, leave 

word, write word; telegraph, telephone; wire; retail, render an 

account; give an account &c. (describe) 594; state &c. (affirm) 

535. [disclose inadvertently or reluctantly] let slip, blurt out, spill 

the beans, unburden oneself of, let off one's chest; disclose &c. 

529. show cause; explain &c. (interpret) 522. hint; given an inkling 

of; give a hint, drop a hint, throw out a hint; insinuate; allude to, 

make allusion to; glance at; tip the wink &c. (indicate) 550; 

suggest, prompt, give the cue, breathe; whisper, whisper in the 

ear. give a bit of one's mind; tell one plainly, tell once for all; speak 

volumes. undeceive † , unbeguile † ; set right, correct, open the eyes 

of, disabuse, disillusion one of. be informed of &c.; know &c. 490; 

learn &c. 539; get scent of, get wind of, gather from; awaken to, 

open one's eyes to; become alive, become awake to; hear, 

overhear, understand. come to one's ears, come to one's 

knowledge; reach one's ears. 

Adj. informed &c. v.; communique; reported &c. v.; published &c. 

531. expressive &c. 516; explicit &c. (open) 525, (clear) 518; 

plain spoken &c., (artless) 703. nuncupative, nuncupatory † ; 

declaratory, expository; enunciative † ; communicative, 

communicatory † . 

Adv. from information received. 

Phr. a little bird told me; I heard it through the grapevine. 

#527a. Correction [Correct an error of information; distinguish 

from correcting a flaw or misbehavior] -- N. correction. 

disillusionment &c. 616. 

V. correct, set right, set straight, put straight; undeceive † ; 

enlighten. show one one's error; point out an error, point out a 

fallacy; pick out an error, pick out the fallacy; open one's eyes. 

pick apart an argument, confutation &c. 479; reasoning &c. 476. 

Adj. corrective. 

Phr. I stand corrected. 

#529. Disclosure -- N. disclosure; retection † ; unveiling &c. v.; 

deterration † , revealment, revelation; exposition, exposure; 

expose; whole truth; telltale &c. (news) 532. acknowledgment, 

avowal; confession, confessional; shrift. bursting of a bubble; 

denouement. [person who discloses a secret] tattletale, snitch, 

fink, stool pigeon, canary. 

V. disclose, discover, dismask † ; draw the veil, draw aside the veil, 

lift the veil, raise the veil, lift up the veil, remove the veil, tear aside 

the veil, tear the curtain; unmask, unveil, unfold, uncover, unseal, 

unkennel; take off the seal, break the seal; lay open, lay bare; 

expose; open, open up; bare, bring to light. divulge, reveal, break; 

squeal [Coll.], tattle [Coll.], sing [Coll.], rat [Coll.], snitch [Coll.]; let 

into the secret; reveal the secrets of the prison house; tell &c. 

(inform) 527; breathe, utter, blab, peach; let out, let fall, let drop, let 

slip, spill the beans, let the cat out of the bag; betray; tell tales, 

come out of school; come out with; give vent, give utterance to; 

open the lips, blurt out, vent, whisper about; speak out &c. (make 

manifest) 525; make public &c. 531; unriddle &c. (find out) 480.1; 

split. acknowledge, allow, concede, grant, admit, own, own up to, 

confess, avow, throw off all disguise, turn inside out, make a clean 

breast; show one's hand, show one's cards; unburden one's mind, 

disburden one's mind, disburden one's conscience, disburden 

one's heart; open one's mind, lay bare one's mind, tell a piece of 

one's mind [Fr.]; unbosom oneself, own to the soft impeachment; 

say the truth, speak the truth; turn King's evidence, Queen's 

evidence; acknowledge the corn [U.S.]. raise the mask, drop the 

hide oneself; lie hid, lie in perdu [Fr.], lie in close; lie in ambush 

(ambush) 530; seclude oneself &c. 893; lurk, sneak, skulk, slink, 

prowl; steal into, steal out of, steal by, steal along; play at 

bopeep † , play at hide and seek; hide in holes and corners; still 

hunt. 

Adj. concealed &c. v.; hidden; secret, recondite, mystic, 

cabalistic, occult, dark; cryptic, cryptical † ; private, privy, in petto, 

auricular, clandestine, close, inviolate; tortuous. behind a screen 

&c. 530; undercover, under an eclipse; in ambush, in hiding, in 

disguise; in a cloud, in a fog, in a mist, in a haze, in a dark corner; 

in the shade, in the dark; clouded, wrapped in clouds, wrapt in 

clouds † ; invisible &c. 447; buried, underground, perdu [Fr.]; 

secluded &c. 893. undisclosed &c. 529, untold &c. 527; covert &c. 

(latent) 526; untraceable; mysterious &c. (unintelligible) 519. 

irrevealable † , inviolable; confidential; esoteric; not to be spoken 

of; unmentionable. obreptitious † , furtive, stealthy, feline; skulking 

&c. v.; surreptitious, underhand, hole and corner; sly &c. (cunning) 

702; secretive, evasive; reserved, reticent, uncommunicative, 

buttoned up; close, close as wax; taciturn &c. 585. 

Adv. secretly &c. adj.; in secret, in private, in one's sleeve, in 

holes and corners; in the dark &c. adj.. januis clausis [Lat.], with 

closed doors, a huis clos [Fr.]; hugger mugger, a la derobee [Fr.]; 

under the cloak of, under the rose, under the table; sub rosa [Lat.], 

en tapinois [Fr.], in the background, aside, on the sly, with bated 

breath, sotto voce [Lat.], in a whisper, without beat of drum, a la 

sourdine † . behind the veil; beyond mortal ken, beyond the grave, 

beyond the veil; hid from mortal vision; into the eternal secret, into 

the realms supersensible † , into the supreme mystery. in 

confidence, in strict confidence, in strictest confidence; 

confidentially &c. adj.; between ourselves, between you and me; 

between you and me and the bedpost; entre nous [Fr.], inter nos, 

under the seal of secrecy; a couvert [Fr.]. underhand, by stealth, 

like a thief in the night; stealthily &c. adj.; behind the scenes, 

behind the curtain, behind one's back, behind a screen &c. 530; 

incognito; in camera. 

Phr. it must go no further, it will go no further; don't tell a soul; tell it 

not in Gath," nobody the wiser; alitur vitium vivitque tegendo [Lat.]; 

let it be tenable in your silence still" [Hamlet]. [confidential 

disclosure to news reporters] background information, deep 

background information, deep background; background session, 

backgrounder; not for attribution 

#530. Ambush [Means of concealment]. -- N. camouflage; 

mimicry; hiding place; secret place, secret drawer; recess, hold, 

holes and corners; closet, crypt, adytum † , abditory † , oubliette. 

ambush, ambuscade; stalking horse; lurking hole, lurking place; 

secret path, back stairs; retreat &c. (refuge) 666. screen, cover, 

shade, blinker; veil, curtain, blind, cloak, cloud. mask, visor, vizor † , 

disguise, masquerade dress, domino. pitfall &c. (source of 

danger) 667; trap &c. (snare) 545. 

V. blend in, blend into the background. lie in ambush &c. (hide 

oneself) 528; lie in wait for, lurk; set a trap for &c. (deceive) 545; 

ambuscade, ambush. camouflage. 

Adj. camouflaged, hidden, concealed. 

Adv. aux aguets † .

mask, lift the mask, remove the mask, throw off the mask; expose; 

lay open; undeceive † , unbeguile † ; disabuse, set right, correct, 

open the eyes of; d_esillusionner. be disclosed &c.; transpire, 

come to light; come in sight &c. (be visible) 446; become known, 

escape the lips; come out, ooze out, creep out, leak out, peep out, 

crop-out; show its face, show its colors; discover itself &c.; break 

through the clouds, flash on the mind. 

Adj. disclosed &c. v.; open, public &c. 525. 

Int. out with it!, 

Phr. the murder is out; a light breaks in upon one; the scales fall 

from one's eyes; the eyes are opened. 

#531. Publication -- N. publication; public announcement &c. 527; promulgation, propagation, proclamation, pronunziamento [It]; 

circulation, indiction † , edition; hue and cry. publicity, notoriety, currency, flagrancy, cry, bruit, hype; vox populi; report &c. (news) 532. 

the Press, public press, newspaper, journal, gazette, daily; telegraphy; publisher &c. v.; imprint. circular, circular letter; manifesto, 

advertisement, ad., placard, bill, affiche † , broadside, poster; notice &c. 527. 

V. publish; make public, make known &c. (information) 527; speak of, talk of; broach, utter; put forward; circulate, propagate, 

promulgate; spread, spread abroad; rumor, diffuse, disseminate, evulugate; put forth, give forth, send forth; emit, edit, get out; issue; 

bring before the public, lay before the public, drag before the public; give out, give to the world; put about, bandy about, hawk about, 

buzz about, whisper about, bruit about, blaze about; drag into the open day; voice. proclaim, herald, blazon; blaze abroad, noise 

abroad; sound a trumpet; trumpet forth, thunder forth; give tongue; announce with beat of drum, announce with flourish of trumpets; 

proclaim from the housetops, proclaim at Charing Cross. advertise, placard; post, post up afficher † , publish in the Gazette, send 

round the crier. raise a cry, raise a hue and cry, raise a report; set news afloat. be published &c.; be public, become public &c. adj.; 

come out; go about, fly about, buzz about, blow about; get about, get abroad, get afloat, get wind; find vent; see the light; go forth, take 

air, acquire currency, pass current; go the rounds, go the round of the newspapers, go through the length and breadth of the land; 

virum volitare per ora [Lat.]; pass from mouth to mouth; spread; run like wildfire, spread like wildfire. 

Adj. published &c. v.; current &c. (news) 532; in circulation, public; notorious; flagrant, arrant; open &c. 525; trumpet-tongued; 

encyclical, encyclic † , promulgatory † ; exoteric. 

Adv. publicly &c. adj.; in open court, with open doors. 

Int. Oyez!, O yes!, notice!, 

Phr. notice is hereby given; this is to give, these are to give notice; nomina stultorum parietibus haerent [Lat.]; semel emissum volat 

irrevocabile verbum [Lat.]. 

#532. News -- N. news; information &c. 527; piece of news [Fr.], 

budget of news, budget of information; intelligence, tidings. word, 

advice, aviso [Sp.], message; dispatch, despatch; telegram, 

cable, marconigram † , wire, communication, errand, embassy. 

report, rumor, hearsay, on dit [Fr.], flying rumor, news stirring, cry, 

buzz, bruit, fame; talk, oui dire [Fr.], scandal, eavesdropping; town 

tattle, table talk; tittle tattle; canard, topic of the day, idea afloat. 

bulletin, fresh news, stirring news; glad tidings; flash, news just in; 

on-the-spot coverage; live coverage. old story, old news, stale 

news, stale story; chestnut [Slang]. narrator &c. (describe) 594; 

newsmonger, scandalmonger; talebearer, telltale, gossip, tattler. 

[study of news reporting] journalism. [methods of conveying news] 

media, news media, the press, the information industry; 

newspaper, magazine, tract, journal, gazette, publication &c. 531; 

radio, television, ticker (electronic information transmission). 

[organizations producing news reports] [methods of conveying 

news] United Press International, UPI; Associated Press, AP; The 

Dow Jones News Service, DJ; The New York Times News 

Service, NYT; Reuters [Brit.]; TASS [Rus.]; The Nikkei [Jap.]. 

[person reporting news as a profession] newscaster, newsman, 

newswoman, reporter, journalist, correspondent, foreign 

correspondent, special correspondent, war correspondent, news 

team, news department; anchorman, anchorwoman † #533. Secret -- N. secret; dead secret, profound secret; 

arcanum 

; 

sportscaster; weatherman. [officials providing news for an 

organization] press secretary, public relations department, public 

relations man. 

V. transpire &c. (be disclosed) 529; rumor &c. (publish) 531. 

Adj. many-tongued; rumored; publicly rumored, currently rumored, 

currently reported; rife, current, floating, afloat, going about, in 

circulation, in every one's mouth, all over the town. in progress; 

live; on the spot; in person. 

Adv. as the story goes, as the story runs; as they say, it is said; by 

telegraph, by wireless. 

Phr. airy tongues that syllable men's names" [Milton]; what's up;? 

what's the latest;? what's new;? what's the latest poop.? 

† , mystery; latency &c. 526; Asian mystery † ; sealed book, 

secrets of the prison house; le desous des cartes [Fr.]. enigma, 

riddle, puzzle, nut to crack, conundrum, charade, rebus, 

logogriph † ; monogram, anagram; Sphinx; crux criticorum [Lat.]. 

maze, labyrinth, Hyrcynian wood; intricacy, meander. problem &c. 

(question) 461; paradox &c. (difficulty) 704; unintelligibility &c. 

519; terra incognita &c. (ignorance) 491. 

Adj. secret &c. (concealed) 528; involved &c., 248; labyrinthine, 

labyrinthian † , mazy. confidential; top secret.

#534. Messenger -- N. messenger, envoy, emissary, legate; nuncio, internuncio † ; ambassador &c. (diplomatist) 758. marshal, flag 

bearer, herald, crier, trumpeter, bellman † , pursuivant † , parlementaire [Fr.], apparitor † . courier, runner; dak † , estafette † ; Mercury, Iris, 

Ariel † . commissionaire [Fr.]; errand boy, chore boy; newsboy. mail, overnight mail, express mail, next-day delivery; post, post office; 

letter bag; delivery service; United Parcel Service, UPS; Federal Express, Fedex. telegraph, telephone; cable, wire (electronic 

information transmission); carrier pigeon. [person reporting news] (news) 532 reporter, gentleman of the press, representative of the 

press; penny-a-liner; special correspondent, own correspondent; spy, scout; informer &c. 527. 

#535. Affirmation -- N. affirmance, affirmation; statement, 

allegation, assertion, predication, declaration, word, averment; 

confirmation. asseveration, adjuration, swearing, oath, affidavit; 

deposition &c. (record) 551; avouchment; assurance; protest, 

protestation; profession; acknowledgment &c. (assent) 488; legal 

pledge, pronouncement; solemn averment, solemn avowal, 

solemn declaration. remark, observation; position &c. 

(proposition) 514, saying, dictum, sentence, ipse dixit [Lat.]. 

emphasis; weight; dogmatism &c. (certainty) 474; dogmatics &c. 

887. 

V. assert; make an assertion &c. n.; have one's say; say, affirm, 

predicate, declare, state; protest, profess. put forth, put forward; 

advance, allege, propose, propound, enunciate, broach, set forth, 

hold out, maintain, contend, pronounce, pretend. depose, depone, 

aver, avow, avouch, asseverate, swear; make oath, take one's 

oath; make an affidavit, swear an affidavit, put in an affidavit; take 

one's Bible oath, kiss the book, vow, vitam impendere vero [Lat.]; 

swear till one is black in the face, swear till one is blue in the face, 

swear till all's blue; be sworn, call Heaven to witness; vouch, 

warrant, certify, assure, swear by bell book and candle. swear by 

&c. (believe) 484; insist upon, take one's stand upon; emphasize, 

lay stress on; assert roundly, assert positively; lay down, lay down 

the law; raise one's voice, dogmatize, have the last word; rap out; 

repeat; reassert, reaffirm. announce &c. (information) 527; 

acknowledge &c. (assent) 488; attest &c. (evidence) 467; adjure 

&c. (put to one's oath) 768. 

Adj. asserting &c. v.; declaratory, predicatory † , pronunciative † , 

affirmative, soi-disant [Fr.]; positive; certain &c. 474; express, 

explicit &c. (patent) 525; absolute, emphatic, flat, broad, round, 

pointed, marked, distinct, decided, confident, trenchant, dogmatic, 

definitive, formal, solemn, categorical, peremptory; unretracted † ; 

predicable. 

Adv. affirmatively &c. adj.; in the affirmative. with emphasis, excathedra, 

without fear of contradiction. as God is my witness, I 

must say, indeed, i' faith, let me tell you, why, give me leave to say, 

marry, you may be sure, I'd have you to know; upon my word, upon 

my honor; by my troth, egad, I assure you; by jingo, by Jove, by 

George, &c.; troth, seriously, sadly; in sadness, in sober sadness, 

in truth, in earnest; of a truth, truly, perdy † #536. Negation -- N. negation, abnegation; denial; disavowal, 

disclaimer; abjuration; contradiction, contravention; recusation 

[Law], protest; recusancy &c. (dissent) 489; flat contradiction, 

emphatic contradiction, emphatic denial, dementi [Lat.]. 

qualification &c. 469; repudiation &c. 610; retraction &c. 607; 

confutation &c. 479; refusal &c. 764; prohibition &c. 761. 

V. deny; contradict, contravene; controvert, give denial to, gainsay, 

negative, shake the head. disown, disaffirm, disclaim, disavow; 

recant &c. 607; revoke &c. (abrogate) 756. dispute; impugn, 

traverse, rebut, join issue upon; bring in question, call in question 

&c. (doubt) 485; give the lie in his throat, give one the lie in his 

throat. deny flatly, deny peremptorily, deny emphatically, deny 

absolutely, deny wholly, deny entirely; give the lie to, belie. 

repudiate &c. 610; set aside, ignore &c. 460; rebut &c. (confute) 

479; qualify &c. 469; refuse &c. 764. recuse [Law]. 

Adj. denying &c. v.; denied &c. v.; contradictory; negative, 

negatory; recusant &c. (dissenting) 489; at issue upon. 

Adv. no, nay, not, nowise; not a bit, not a whit, not a jot; not at all, 

nohow, not in the least, not so; negative, negatory; no way [Coll.]; 

no such thing; nothing of the kind, nothing of the sort; quite the 

contrary, tout au contraire [Fr.], far from it; tant s'en faut [Fr.]; on no 

account, in no respect; by no, by no manner of means; negatively. 

[negative with respect to time] never, never in a million years; at 

no time. 

Phr. there never was a greater mistake; I know better; non haec in 

faedera [Lat.]; a thousand times no. 

, in all conscience, upon 

oath; be assured &c. (belief) 484; yes &c. (assent) 488; I'll 

warrant, I'll warrant you, I'll engage, I'll answer for it, I'll be bound, I'll 

venture to say, I'll take my oath; in fact, forsooth, joking apart; so 

help me God; not to mince the matter. 

Phr. quoth he; dixi [Lat.]. 

#537. Teaching -- N. teaching &c. v.; instruction; edification; 

education; tuition; tutorage, tutelage; direction, guidance; 

opsimathy † . qualification, preparation; training, schooling &c. v.; 

discipline; excitation. drill, practice; book exercise. persuasion, 

proselytism, propagandism † , propaganda; indoctrination, 

inculcation, inoculation; advise &c. 695. explanation &c. 

(interpretation) 522; lesson, lecture, sermon; apologue † , parable; 

discourse, prolection † , preachment; chalk talk; Chautauqua [U.S.]. 

exercise, task; curriculum; course, course of study; grammar, 

three R's, initiation, A.B.C., &c. (beginning) 66. elementary 

education, primary education, secondary education, technical 

education, college education, collegiate education, military 

education, university education, liberal education, classical 

education, religious education, denominational education, moral 

education, secular education; propaedeutics † #538. Misteaching -- N. misteaching 

, moral tuition. 

† , misinformaton, 

misintelligence † , misguidance, misdirection, mispersuasion † , 

misinstruction † , misleading &c. v.; perversion, false teaching; 

sophistry &c. 477; college of Laputa; the blind leading the blind. 

[misteaching by government agents] propaganda, 

disinformation, agitprop; indoctrination. 

V. misinform, misteach † , misdescribe † , misinstruct † , miscorrect † ; 

misdirect, misguide; pervert; put on a false scent, throw off the 

scent, throw off the trail; deceive &c. 545; mislead &c. (error) 495; 

misrepresent; lie &c. 544; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces 

[Lat.] [Vergil]. propagandize, disinform. render unintelligible &c. 

519; bewilder &c. (uncertainty) 475; mystify &c. (conceal) 528; 

unteach. [person or government agent who misteaches] 

propagandist. 

Adj. misteaching &c. v.; unedifying.

gymnastics, calisthenics; physical drill, physical education; sloyd † . 

[methods of teaching] phonics; rote, rote memorization, brute 

memory; cooperative learning; Montessori method, ungraded 

classes. [measuring degree of learning of pupils] test, 

examination, exam; final exam, mid-term exam grade [result of 

measurement of learning], score, marks; A,B,C,D,E,F; 

gentleman's C; pass, fail, incomplete. homework; take-home 

lesson; exercise for the student; theme, project. 

V. teach, instruct, educate, edify, school, tutor; cram, prime, 

coach; enlighten &c. (inform) 527. inculcate, indoctrinate, 

inoculate, infuse, instill, infix, ingraft † , infiltrate; imbue, impregnate, 

implant; graft, sow the seeds of, disseminate. given an idea of; put 

up to, put in the way of; set right. sharpen the wits, enlarge the 

mind; give new ideas, open the eyes, bring forward, teach the 

young idea how to shoot" [Thomson]; improve &c. 658. expound 

&c. (interpret) 522; lecture; read a lesson, give a lesson, give a 

lecture, give a sermon, give a discourse; incept † ; hold forth, 

preach; sermonize, moralize; point a moral. train, discipline; bring 

up, bring up to; form, ground, prepare, qualify; drill, exercise, 

practice, habituate, familiarize with, nurture, drynurse † , breed, 

rear, take in hand; break, break in; tame; preinstruct † ; initiate; 

inure &c. (habituate) 613. put to nurse, send to school. direct, 

guide; direct attention to &c. (attention) 457; impress upon the 

mind, impress upon the memory; beat into, beat into the head; 

convince &c. (belief) 484. [instructional materials] book, 

workbook, exercise book. [unnecessary teaching] preach to the 

wise, teach one's grandmother to suck eggs, teach granny to suck 

eggs; preach to the converted. 

Adj. teaching &c. v.; taught &c. v.; educational; scholastic, 

academic, doctrinal; disciplinal † ; instructive, instructional, didactic; 

propaedeutic † , propaedeutical † . 

Phr. the schoolmaster abroad; a bovi majori disscit arare minor 

[Lat.]; adeo in teneris consuecere multum est [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

docendo discimus [Lat.]; quaenocent docent [Lat.]; qui docet 

discit [Lat.]; sermons in stones and good in everything" [As You 

Like It]. 

#540. Teacher -- N. teacher, trainer, instructor, institutor, master, 

tutor, director, Corypheus, dry nurse, coach, grinder, crammer, 

don; governor, bear leader; governess, duenna [Sp.]; 

disciplinarian. professor, lecturer, reader, prelector † , prolocutor, 

preacher; chalk talker, khoja † ; pastor &c. (clergy) 996; 

schoolmaster, dominie [Fr.], usher, pedagogue, abecedarian; 

schoolmistress, dame, monitor, pupil teacher. expositor &c. 524; 

preceptor, guide; guru; mentor &c. (adviser) 695; pioneer, 

apostle, missionary, propagandist, munshi † , example &c. (model 

for imitation) 22. professorship &c. (school) 542. tutelage &c. 

(teaching) 537. 

Adj. professorial. 

Phr. qui doet discet [Lat.]. 

Adj. misteaching &c. v.; unedifying. 

Phr. piscem natare doces [Lat.]; the blind leading the blind. 

#539. Learning -- N. learning; acquisition of knowledge &c. 490, 

acquisition of skill &c. 698; acquirement, attainment; edification, 

scholarship, erudition; acquired knowledge, lore, wide 

information; self-instruction; study, reading, perusal; inquiry &c. 

451. apprenticeship, prenticeship † ; pupilage, pupilarity † ; tutelage, 

novitiate, matriculation. docility &c. (willingness) 602; aptitude &c. 

698. 

V. learn; acquire knowledge, gain knowledge, receive knowledge, 

take in knowledge, drink in knowledge, imbibe knowledge, pick 

up knowledge, gather knowledge, get knowledge, obtain 

knowledge, collect knowledge, glean knowledge, glean 

information, glean learning. acquaint oneself with, master; make 

oneself master of, make oneself acquainted with; grind, cram; get 

up, coach up; learn by heart, learn by rote. read, spell, peruse; con 

over, pore over, thumb over; wade through; dip into; run the eye 

over, run the eye through; turn over the leaves. study; be studious 

&c. adj.. [study intensely] burn the midnight oil, consume the 

midnight oil, mind one's book; cram. go to school, go to college, 

go to the university; matriculate; serve an apprenticeship, serve 

one's apprenticeship, serve one's time; learn one's trade; be 

informed &c. 527; be taught &c. 537. [stop going to school 

voluntarily (intransitive)] drop out, leave school, quit school; 

graduate; transfer; take a leave. [cause to stop going to school 

(transitive)] dismiss, expel, kick out of school. [stop going to 

school involuntarily] flunk out; be dismissed &c. 

Adj. studious; scholastic, scholarly; teachable; docile &c. (willing) 

602; apt &c. 698, industrious &c. 682. 

Adv. at one's books; in statu pupillari [Lat.] &c. (learner) 541. 

Phr. a lumber-house of books in every head" [Pope]; ancora 

imparo! [Lat.]; hold high converse with the mighty dead" 

[Thomson]; lash'd into Latin by the tingling rod" [Gay]. 

#541. Learner -- N. learner, scholar, student, pupil; apprentice, 

prentice † , journeyman; articled clerk; beginner, tyro, amateur, rank 

amateur; abecedarian, alphabetarian † ; alumnus, eleve [Fr.]. 

recruit, raw recruit, novice, neophyte, inceptor † , catechumen, 

probationer; seminarian, chela, fellow-commoner; debutant. 

[apprentice medical doctors] intern; resident. schoolboy; fresh, 

freshman, frosh; junior soph † , junior; senior soph † , senior; 

sophister † , sophomore; questionist † . [college and university 

students] undergraduate; graduate student; law student; medical 

student; pre-med; post-doctoral student, post-doc; matriculated 

student; part-time student, night student, auditor. [group of 

learners] class, grade, seminar, form, remove; pupilage &c. 

(learning) 539. disciple, follower, apostle, proselyte; fellowstudent, 

condisciple † . [place of learning] school &c. 542. 

V. learn; practise. 

Adj. in statu pupillari [Lat.], in leading strings. 

Phr. practise makes perfect. 

#542. School -- N. school, academy, university, alma mater, college, seminary, Lyceum; institute, institution; palaestra, Gymnasium, 

class, seminar. day school, boarding school, preparatory school, primary school, infant school, dame's school, grammar school, 

middle class school, Board school, denominational school, National school, British and Foreign school, collegiate school, art school, 

continuation school, convent school, County Council school, government school, grant-in-aid school, high school, higher grade school, 

military school, missionary school, naval school, naval academy, state-aided school, technical school, voluntary school, school; school 

of art; kindergarten, nursery, creche, reformatory. pulpit, lectern, soap box desk, reading desk, ambo † , lecture room, theater, 

auditorium, amphitheater, forum, state, rostrum, platform, hustings, tribune. school book, horn book, text book; grammar, primer, 

abecedary † , rudiments, manual, vade mecum; encyclopedia, cyclopedia; Lindley Murray, Cocker; dictionary, lexicon. professorship, 

lectureship, readership, fellowship, tutorship; chair. School Board Council of Education; Board of Education; Board of Studies, 

Prefect of Studies; Textbook Committee; propaganda. 

Adj. scholastic, academic, collegiate; educational. 

Adv. ex cathedra [Lat.].

#543. Veracity -- N. veracity; truthfulness, frankness, &c. adj.; 

truth, sincerity, candor, unreserve † , honesty, fidelity; plain dealing, 

bona fides [Lat.]; love of truth; probity &c. 939; ingenuousness &c. 

(artlessness) 703. the truth the whole truth and nothing but the the 

truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth; honest truth, sober 

truth &c. (fact) 494; unvarnished tale; light of truth. 

V. speak the truth, tell the truth; speak by the card; paint in its true 

colors, show oneself in one's true colors; make a clean breast &c. 

(disclose) 529; speak one's mind &c. (be blunt) 703; not lie &c. 

544, not deceive &c. 545. 

Adj. truthful, true; veracious, veridical; scrupulous &c. (honorable) 

939; sincere, candid, frank, open, straightforward, unreserved; 

open hearted, true hearted, simple-hearted; honest, trustworthy; 

undissembling &c. (dissemble) &c. 544 † ; guileless, pure; truthloving; 

unperjured † ; true blue, as good as one's word; unaffected, 

unfeigned, bona fide; outspoken, ingenuous &c. (artless) 703; 

undisguised &c. (real) 494. uncontrived. 

Adv. truly &c. (really) 494; in plain words &c. 703; in truth, with 

truth, of a truth, in good truth; as the dial to the sun, as the needle 

to the pole; honor bright; troth; in good sooth † , in good earnest; 

unfeignedly, with no nonsense, in sooth † , sooth to say † , bona fide, 

in foro conscientiae [Lat.]; without equivocation; cartes sur table, 

from the bottom of one's heart; by my troth &c. (affirmation) 535. 

Phr. di il vero a affronterai il diavolo [It]; Dichtung und Wahrheit 

[G.]; esto quod esse videris [Lat.]; magna est veritas et praevalet 

[Lat.]; that golden key that opes the palace of that golden key that 

opes the palace of eternity" [Milton]; veritas odium parit [Lat.]; 

veritatis simplex oratio est [Lat.]; verite sans peur [Fr.]. 

#544. Falsehood -- N. falsehood, falseness; falsity, falsification; 

deception &c. 545; untruth &c. 546; guile; lying &c. 454; untruth 

&c. 546; guile; lying &c. v.. misrepresentation; mendacity, perjury, 

false swearing; forgery, invention, fabrication; subreption † ; covin † . 

perversion of truth, suppression of truth; suppressio veri [Lat.]; 

perversion, distortion, false coloring; exaggeration &c. 549; 

prevarication, equivocation, shuffling, fencing, evasion, fraud; 

suggestio falsi &c. (lie) 546 [Lat.]; mystification &c. (concealment) 

528; simulation &c. (imitation) 19; dissimulation, dissembling; 

deceit; blague † . sham; pretense, pretending, malingering. lip 

homage, lip service; mouth honor; hollowness; mere show, mere 

outside; duplicity, double dealing, insincerity, hypocrisy, cant, 

humbug; jesuitism, jesuitry; pharisaism; Machiavelism, organized 

hypocrisy;" crocodile tears, mealy-mouthedness † , quackery; 

charlatanism † , charlatanry; gammon; bun-kum † , bumcombe, flam; 

bam [Slang], flimflam, cajolery, flattery; Judas kiss; perfidy &c. 

(bad faith) 940; il volto sciolto i pensieri stretti [It]. unfairness &c. 

(dishonesty) 940; artfulness &c. (cunning) 702; misstatement &c. 

(error) 495. 

V. be false &c. adj., be a liar &c. 548; speak falsely &c. adv.; tell a 

lie &c. 546; lie, fib; lie like a trooper; swear false, forswear, perjure 

oneself, bear false witness. misstate, misquote, miscite † , 

misreport, misrepresent; belie, falsify, pervert, distort; put a false 

construction upon &c. (misinterpret); prevaricate, equivocate, 

quibble; palter, palter to the understanding; repondre en Normand 

[Fr.]; trim, shuffle, fence, mince the truth, beat about the bush, blow 

hot and cold, play fast and loose. garble, gloss over, disguise, 

give a color to; give a gloss, put a gloss, put false coloring upon; 

color, varnish, cook, dress up, embroider; varnish right and puzzle 

wrong; exaggerate &c. 549; blague † . invent, fabricate; trump up, 

get up; force, fake, hatch, concoct; romance &c. (imagine) 515; 

cry 'wolf!'. dissemble, dissimulate; feign, assume, put on, pretend, 

make believe; play possum; play false, play a double game; 

coquet; act a part, play a part; affect &c. 855; simulate, pass off 

for; counterfeit, sham, make a show of; malinger; say the grapes 

are sour. cant, play the hypocrite, sham Abraham, faire pattes de 

velours, put on the mask, clean the outside of the platter, lie like a 

conjuror; hand out false colors, hold out false colors, sail under 

false colors; commend the poisoned chalice to the lips" 

[Macbeth]; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat.]; deceive 

&c. 545. 

Adj. false, deceitful, mendacious, unveracious, fraudulent, 

dishonest, faithless, truthless, trothless; unfair, uncandid; hollowhearted; 

evasive; uningenuous, disingenuous; hollow, sincere, 

Parthis mendacior; forsworn. artificial, contrived; canting; 

hypocritical, jesuitical, pharisaical; tartuffish; Machiavelian; double, 

double tongued, double faced, double handed, double minded, 

double hearted, double dealing; Janus faced; smooth-faced, 

smooth spoken, smooth tongued; plausible; mealy-mouthed; 

affected &c. 855. collusive, collusory; artful &c. (cunning) 702; 

perfidious &c. 940; spurious &c. (deceptive) 545; untrue &c. 546; 

falsified &c. v.; covinous. 

Adv. falsely &c. adj.; a la tartufe, with a double tongue; silly &c. 

(cunning) 702. 

Phr. blandae mendacia lingua [Lat.]; falsus in uno falsus in 

omnibus [Lat.]; I give him joy that's awkward at a lie" [Young]; la 

mentira tiene las piernas cortas [Sp.]; O what a goodly outside 

falsehood hath" [Merchant of Venice]. 

#545. Deception -- N. deception; falseness &c. 544; untruth &c. 546; imposition, imposture; fraud, deceit, guile; fraudulence, 

fraudulency † ; covin † ; knavery &c. (cunning) 702; misrepresentation &c. (falsehood) 544; bluff; straw-bail, straw bid [U.S.]; spoof 

[Slang]. delusion, gullery † ; juggling, jugglery † ; slight of hand, legerdemain; prestigiation † , prestidigitation; magic &c. 992; conjuring, 

conjuration; hocus-pocus, escamoterie † , jockeyship † ; trickery, coggery † , chicanery; supercherie † , cozenage † , circumvention, 

ingannation † , collusion; treachery &c. 940; practical joke. trick, cheat, wile, blind, feint, plant, bubble, fetch, catch, chicane, juggle, 

reach, hocus, bite; card sharping, stacked deck, loaded dice, quick shuffle, double dealing, dealing seconds, dealing from the bottom 

of the deck; artful dodge, swindle; tricks upon travelers; stratagem &c. (artifice) 702; confidence trick, fake, hoax; theft &c. 791; ballotbox 

stuffing [U.S.], barney [Slang]; brace game [Slang], bunko game, drop game [Slang], gum game [U.S.], panel game [U.S.], shell

game, thimblerig, skin game [U.S.]. snare, trap, pitfall, decoy, gin; springe † , springle † ; noose, hoot; bait, decoy-duck, tub to the whale, 

baited trap, guet-a-pens; cobweb, net, meshes, toils, mouse trap, birdlime; dionaea † , Venus's flytrap † ; ambush &c. 530; trapdoor, 

sliding panel, false bottom; spring-net, spring net, spring gun, mask, masked battery; mine; flytrap † ; green goods [U.S.]; panel house. 

Cornish hug; wolf in sheep's clothing &c. (deceiver) 548; disguise, disguisement † ; false colors, masquerade, mummery, borrowed 

plumes; pattes de velours [Fr.]. mockery &c. (imitation) 19; copy &c. 21; counterfeit, sham, make-believe, forgery, fraud; lie &c. 546; 

a delusion a mockery and a snare" [Denman], hollow mockery. whited sepulcher, painted sepulcher; tinsel; paste, junk jewelry, 

costume jewelry, false jewelry, synthetic jewels; scagliola † , ormolu, German silver, albata † , paktong † , white metal, Britannia metal, 

paint; veneer; jerry building; man of straw. illusion &c. (error) 495; ignis fatuus [Lat.] &c. 423; mirage &c. 443. 

V. deceive, take in; defraud, cheat, jockey, do, cozen, diddle, nab, chouse, play one false, bilk, cully † , jilt, bite, pluck, swindle, 

victimize; abuse; mystify; blind one's eyes; blindfold, hoodwink; throw dust into the eyes; dupe, gull, hoax, fool, befool † , bamboozle, 

flimflam, hornswoggle; trick. impose upon, practice upon, play upon, put upon, palm off on, palm upon, foist upon; snatch a verdict; 

bluff off, bluff; bunko, four flush [Slang], gum [U.S.], spoof [Slang], stuff (a ballot box) [U.S.]. circumvent, overreach; outreach, out wit, 

out maneuver; steal a march upon, give the go-by, to leave in the lurch decoy, waylay, lure, beguile, delude, inveigle; entrap, intrap † , 

ensnare; nick, springe † ; set a trap, lay a trap, lay a snare for; bait the hook, forelay † , spread the toils, lime; trapan † , trepan; kidnap; let 

in, hook in; nousle † , nousel † ; blind a trail; enmesh, immesh † ; shanghai; catch, catch in a trap; sniggle, entangle, illaqueate † , hocus, 

escamoter † , practice on one's credulity; hum, humbug; gammon, stuff up [Slang], sell; play a trick upon one, play a practical joke upon 

one, put something over on one, put one over on; balk, trip up, throw a tub to a whale; fool to the top of one's bent, send on a fool's 

errand; make game, make a fool of, make an April fool of † , make an ass of; trifle with, cajole, flatter; come over &c. (influence) 615; 

gild the pill, make things pleasant, divert, put a good face upon; dissemble &c. 544. cog, cog the dice, load the dice, stack the deck; 

live by one's wits, play at hide and seek; obtain money under false pretenses &c. (steal) 791; conjure, juggle, practice chicanery; 

deacon [U.S.]. play off, palm off, foist off, fob-off. lie &c. 544; misinform &c. 538; mislead &c. (error) 495; betray &c. 940; be deceived 

&c. 547. 

Adj. deceived &c. v.; deceiving &c.; cunning &c. 702; prestigious † , prestigiatory † ; deceptive, deceptious † ; deceitful, covinous † ; 

delusive, delusory; illusive, illusory; elusive, insidious, ad captandum vulgus [Lat.]. untrue &c. 546; mock, sham, make-believe, 

counterfeit, snide [Slang], pseudo, spurious, supposititious, so-called, pretended, feigned, trumped up, bogus, scamped, fraudulent, 

tricky, factitious bastard; surreptitious, illegitimate, contraband, adulterated, sophisticated; unsound, rotten at the core; colorable; 

disguised; meretricious, tinsel, pinchbeck, plated; catchpenny; Brummagem. artificial, synthetic, ersatz [G.]; simulated &c. 544. 

Adv. under false colors, under the garb of, under cover of; over the left. 

Phr. keep the word of promise to the ear and break it to keep the word of promise to the ear and break it to the hope" [Macbeth]; 

fronti nulla fides [Lat.]; ah that deceit should steal such gentle shapes" [Richard III]; a quicksand of deceit" [Henry VI]; decipimur 

specie recti [Lat.] [Horace]; falsi crimen [Lat.]; fraus est celare fraudem [Lat.]; lupus in fabula [Lat.]; so smooth, he daubed his vice 

with show of so smooth, he daubed his vice with show of virtue" [Richard III]. 

#546. Untruth -- N. untruth, falsehood, lie, story, thing that is not, fib, bounce, crammer, taradiddle † , whopper; jhuth † . forgery, 

fabrication, invention; misstatement, misrepresentation; perversion, falsification, gloss, suggestio falsi [Lat.]; exaggeration &c. 549. 

invention, fabrication, fiction; fable, nursery tale; romance &c. (imagination) 515; absurd story, untrue story, false story, trumped up 

story, trumped up statement; thing devised by the enemy; canard; shave, sell, hum, traveler's tale, Canterbury tale, cock and bull story, 

fairy tale, fake; claptrap. press agent's yarn; puff, puffery (exaggeration) 549. myth, moonshine, bosh, all my eye and Betty Martin, 

mare's nest, farce. irony; half truth, white lie, pious fraud; mental reservation &c. (concealment) 528. pretense, pretext; false plea &c. 

617; subterfuge, evasion, shift, shuffle, make-believe; sham &c. (deception) 545. profession, empty words; Judas kiss &c. 

(hypocrisy) 544; disguise &c. (mask) 530. 

V. have a false meaning. 

Adj. untrue, false, phony, trumped up; void of foundation, without-foundation; fictive, far from the truth, false as dicer's oaths; 

unfounded, ben trovato [It], invented, fabulous, fabricated, forged; fictitious, factitious, supposititious, surreptitious; elusory † , illusory; 

ironical; soi-disant [Fr.] &c. (misnamed) 565. 

Phr. se non e vero e ben trovato [It]; where none is meant that meets the ear" [Milton]. 

#547. Dupe -- N. dupe, gull, gudgeon, gobemouche † , cull [Slang], 

cully † , victim, pigeon, April fool † ; jay [Slang], sucker [Slang]; 

laughingstock &c. 857; Cyclops, simple Simon, flat; greenhorn; 

fool &c. 501; puppet, cat's paw. 

V. be deceived &c. 545, be the dupe of; fall into a trap; swallow 

the bait, nibble at the bait; bite, catch a Tartar. 

Adj. credulous &c. 486; mistaken &c. (error) 495. 

#548. Deceiver -- N. deceiver &c. (deceive) &c. 545; dissembler, 

hypocrite; sophist, Pharisee, Jesuit, Mawworm † , Pecksniff, 

Joseph Surface, Tartufe † , Janus; serpent, snake in the grass, 

cockatrice, Judas, wolf in sheep's clothing; jilt; shuffler † , stool 

pigeon. liar &c. (lie) &c. 544; story-teller, perjurer, false witness, 

menteur a triple etage [Fr.], Scapin † ; bunko steerer [U.S.], 

carpetbagger [U.S.], capper [U.S.], faker, fraud, four flusher 

[Slang], horse coper † , ringer [Slang], spieler † , straw bidder [U.S.]. 

imposter, pretender, soi-disant [Fr.], humbug; adventurer; 

Cagliostro, Fernam Mendez Pinto; ass in lion's skin &c. (bungler) 

701; actor &c. (stage player) 599. quack, charlatan, mountebank, 

saltimbanco † , saltimbanque † , empiric, quacksalver, medicaster † , 

Rosicrucian, gypsy; man of straw. conjuror, juggler, trickster, 

prestidigitator, jockey; crimp, decoy, decoy duck; rogue, knave, 

cheat; swindler &c. (thief) 792; jobber. 

Phr. saint abroad and a devil at home" [Bunyan]. 

#549. Exaggeration -- N. exaggeration; expansion &c. 194; hyperbole, stretch, strain, coloring; high coloring, caricature, caricatura † ;

extravagance &c. (nonsense) 497; Baron Munchausen; men in buckram, yarn, fringe, embroidery, traveler's tale; fish story, 

gooseberry [Slang]. storm in a teacup; much ado about nothing &c. (overestimation) 482; puff, puffery &c. (boasting) 884; rant &c. 

(turgescence) 577 † . figure of speech, facon de parler [Fr.]; stretch of fancy, stretch of the imagination; flight of fancy &c. (imagination) 

515. false coloring &c. (falsehood) 544; aggravation &c. 835. 

V. exaggerate, magnify, pile up, aggravate; amplify &c. (expand) 194; overestimate &c. 482; hyperbolize; overcharge, overstate, 

overdraw, overlay, overshoot the mark, overpraise; make over much, over the most of; strain, strain over a point; stretch, stretch a 

point; go great lengths; spin a long yarn; draw with a longbow, shoot with a longbow; deal in the marvelous. out-Herod Herod, run riot, 

talk at random. heighten, overcolor † ; color highly, color too highly; broder † ; flourish; color &c. (misrepresent) 544; puff &c. (boast) 

884. 

Adj. exaggerated &c. v.; overwrought; bombastic &c. (grandiloquent) 577; hyperbolical † , on stilts; fabulous, extravagant, 

preposterous, egregious, outre [Fr.], highflying † . 

Adv. hyperbolically &c. adj.. 

Phr. excitabat enim fluctus in simpulo [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

SECTION III. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATING IDEAS 

1. NATURAL MEANS 

#550. Indication -- N. indication; symbolism, symbolization; semiology, semiotics, semeiology † , semeiotics † ; Zeitgeist. [means of 

recognition: property] characteristic, diagnostic; lineament, feature, trait; fingerprint, voiceprint, footprint, noseprint [for animals]; 

cloven hoof; footfall; recognition (memory) 505. [means of recognition: tool] diagnostic, divining rod; detector. sign, symbol; index, 

indice † , indicator; point, pointer; exponent, note, token, symptom; dollar sign, dollar mark. type, figure, emblem, cipher, device; 

representation &c. 554; epigraph, motto, posy. gesture, gesticulation; pantomime; wink, glance, leer; nod, shrug, beck; touch, nudge; 

dactylology † , dactylonomy † ; freemasonry, telegraphy, chirology [Med.], byplay, dumb show; cue; hint &c. 527; clue, clew, key, scent. 

signal, signal post; rocket, blue light; watch fire, watch tower; telegraph, semaphore, flagstaff; cresset † , fiery cross; calumet; 

heliograph; guidon; headlight. [sign (evidence) on physobj of contact with another physobj] mark, scratch, line, stroke, dash, score, 

stripe, streak, tick, dot, point, notch, nick. print; imprint, impress, impression. [symbols accompanying written text to signify modified 

interpretation] keyboard symbols, printing symbols; [Symbols for emphasis], red letter, italics, sublineation † , underlining, bold font; 

jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets † , hachure [Topo.]; [Special Characters list], quotation marks, "; double 

quotes, " "; parentheses, "( )"; brackets, "[ ]"; braces, "{ }", curly brackets; arrows, slashes; left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; 

opening bracket, "["; closing bracket, "]"; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, ""; forward slash, "/"; 

backward slash, "\\"; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; carat, "^"; ampersand, "&"; 

asterisk, "*"; hyphen, "-"; dash, "-", "_"; em dash, "--"; plus sign, "+"; equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; semicolon, ";"; 

colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~". [For identification: general] badge, criterion; countercheck † , 

countermark † , countersign, counterfoil; duplicate, tally; label, ticket, billet, letter, counter, check, chip, chop; dib † ; totem; tessera † , 

card, bill; witness, voucher; stamp; cacher [Fr.]; trade mark, Hall mark. [For identification of people, on a document] signature, mark, 

autograph, autography; attestation; hand, hand writing, sign manual; cipher; seal, sigil [Lat.], signet, hand and seal [Law]; paraph † , 

brand; superscription; indorsement † , endorsement. [For identification of people, to gain access to restricted (locations or 

information)] password, watchword, catchword; security card, pass, passkey; credentials &c. (evidence) 467; open sesame; 

timbrology † ; mot de passe [Fr.], mot du guet [Fr.]; pass-parole; shibboleth. title, heading, docket. address card, visiting card; carte de 

visite [Fr.]. insignia; banner, banneret † , bannerol † ; bandrol † ; flag, colors, streamer, standard, eagle, labarum † , oriflamb † , oriflamme; 

figurehead; ensign; pennon, pennant, pendant; burgee † , blue Peter, jack, ancient, gonfalon, union jack; banderole, old glory [U.S.], 

quarantine flag; vexillum † ; yellow-flag, yellow jack; tricolor, stars and stripes; bunting. heraldry, crest; coat of arms, arms; armorial 

bearings, hatchment † ; escutcheon, scutcheon; shield, supporters; livery, uniform; cockade, epaulet, chevron; garland, love knot, favor. 

[Of locality] beacon, cairn, post, staff, flagstaff, hand, pointer, vane, cock, weathercock; guidepost, handpost † , fingerpost † , directing 

post, signpost; pillars of Hercules, pharos; bale-fire, beacon-fire; l'etoile du Nord [Fr.]; landmark, seamark; lighthouse, balize † ; 

polestar, loadstar † , lodestar; cynosure, guide; address, direction, name; sign, signboard. [Of the future] warning &c. 668; omen &c. 

512; prefigurement &c. 511. [Of the past] trace, record &c., 551. [Of danger] warning &c. 668, alarm &c. 669. [of authority]. scepter 

&c. 747. [of triumph]. trophy &c. 733. [of quantity]. gauge &c. 466. [Of Distance] milestone, milepost. [Of disgrace], brand, fool's cap. 

[For detection], check, telltale; test &c. (experiment) 463; mileage ticket; milliary † . notification &c. (information) 527; advertisement 

&c. (publication) 531. word of command, call; bugle call, trumpet call; bell, alarum, cry; battle cry, rallying cry; angelus † ; reveille; 

sacring bell † , sanctus bell [Lat.]. exposition &c. (explanation) 522, proof &c. (evidence) 463; pattern &c. (prototype) 22. 

V. indicate; be the sign &c. n.. of; denote, betoken; argue, testify &c. (evidence) 467; bear the impress &c. n.. of; connote, 

connotate † . represent, stand for; typify &c. (prefigure) 511; symbolize. put an indication, put a mark &c. n.; note, mark, stamp, 

earmark; blaze; label, ticket, docket; dot, spot, score, dash, trace, chalk; print; imprint, impress; engrave, stereotype. make a sign &c. 

n.. signalize; underscore; give a signal, hang out a signal; beckon; nod; wink, glance, leer, nudge, shrug, tip the wink; gesticulate; 

raise the finger, hold up the finger, raise the hand, hold up the hand; saw the air, suit the action to the word" [Hamlet]. wave a banner, 

unfurl a banner, hoist a banner, hang out a banner &c. n.; wave the hand, wave a kerchief; give the cue &c. (inform) 527; show one's 

colors; give an alarm, sound an alarm; beat the drum, sound the trumpets, raise a cry. sign, seal, attest &c. (evidence) 467; underline 

&c. (give importance to) 642; call attention to &c. (attention) 457; give notice &c. (inform) 527. 

Adj. indicating &c. v., indicative, indicatory; denotative, connotative; diacritical, representative, typical, symbolic, pantomimic, 

pathognomonic † , symptomatic, characteristic, demonstrative, diagnostic, exponential, emblematic, armorial; individual &c. (special) 

79. known by, recognizable by; indicated &c. v.; pointed, marked. [Capable of being denoted] denotable † ; indelible. 

Adv. in token of; symbolically &c. adj.; in dumb show.

Phr. ecce signum [Lat.]; ex ungue leonem [Lat.], ex pede Herculem [Lat.]; vide ut supra; vultus ariete fortior [Lat.]. 

#551. Record -- N. trace, vestige, relic, remains; scar, cicatrix; 

footstep, footmark † , footprint; pug; track mark, wake, trail, scent, 

piste † . monument, hatchment † , slab, tablet, trophy, achievement; 

obelisk, pillar, column, monolith; memorial; memento &c. 

(memory) 505; testimonial, medal; commemoration &c. 

(celebration) 883. record, note, minute; register, registry; roll &c. 

(list) 86; cartulary, diptych, Domesday book; catalogue raisonne 

[Fr.]; entry, memorandum, indorsement † , inscription, copy, 

duplicate, docket; notch &c. (mark) 550; muniment † , deed &c. 

(security) 771; document; deposition, proces verbal [Fr.]; affidavit; 

certificate &c. (evidence) 467. notebook, memorandum book, 

memo book, pocketbook, commonplace book; portfolio; 

pigeonholes, excerpta † , adversaria [Lat.], jottings, dottings † . 

gazette, gazetteer; newspaper, daily, magazine; almanac, 

almanack † ; calendar, ephemeris, diary, log, journal, daybook, 

ledger; cashbook † , petty cashbook † ; professional journal, 

scientific literature, the literature, primary literature, secondary 

literature, article, review article. archive, scroll, state paper, return, 

blue book; statistics &c. 86; compte rendu [Fr.]; Acts of, 

Transactions of, Proceedings of; Hansard's Debates; chronicle, 

annals, legend; history, biography &c. 594; Congressional 

Records. registration; registry; enrollment, inrollment † ; tabulation; 

entry, booking; signature &c. (identification) 550; recorder &c. 

553; journalism. [analog recording media] recording, tape 

recording, videotape. [digital recording media] compact disk; 

floppy disk, diskette; hard disk, Winchester disk; read-only 

memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM. 

V. record; put on record, place on record; chronicle, calendar, 

hand down to posterity; keep up the memory &c. (remember) 505; 

commemorate &c. (celebrate) 883; report &c. (inform) 527; write, 

commit to writing, reduce to writing; put in writing, set down in 

writing, writing in black and white; put down, jot down, take down, 

write down, note down, set down; note, minute, put on paper; take 

note, make a note, take minute, take memorandum; make a 

return. mark &c. (indicate) 550; sign &c. (attest) 467. enter, book; 

post, post up, insert, make an entry of; mark off, tick off; register, 

enroll, inscroll † #552. [Suppression of sign.] Obliteration -- N. obliteration; 

erasure, rasure 

; file &c. (store) 636. burn into memory; carve in 

stone. 

Adv. on record. 

Phr. exegi monumentum aere perennium [Horace]; read their 

history in a nation's eyes" [Gray]; records that defy the tooth of 

time" [Young]. 

† ; cancel, cancellation; circumduction † ; deletion, 

blot; tabula rasa [Lat.]; effacement, extinction. 

V. efface, obliterate, erase, raze † , rase † , expunge, cancel; blot 

out, take out, rub out, scratch out, strike out, wipe out, wash out, 

sponge out; wipe off, rub off; wipe away; deface, render illegible; 

draw the pen through, apply the sponge. be effaced &c.; leave no 

trace &c. 550; leave not a rack behind" 

Adj. obliterated &c. v.; out of print; printless † ; leaving no trace; 

intestate; unrecorded, unregistered, unwritten. 

Int. dele; out with it!, 

Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat.] [Cato]. 

#553. Recorder -- N. recorder, notary, clerk; registrar, registrary † , register; prothonotary [Law]; amanuensis, secretary, scribe, babu † , 

remembrancer † , bookkeeper, custos rotulorum [Lat.], Master of the Rolls. annalist; historian, historiographer; chronicler, journalist; 

biographer &c. (narrator) 594; antiquary &c. (antiquity) 122; memorialist † ; interviewer. 

#554. Representation -- N. representation, representment † ; 

imitation &c. 19; illustration, delineation, depictment † ; imagery, 

portraiture, iconography; design, designing; art, fine arts; painting 

&c. 556; sculpture &c. 557; engraving &c. 558; photography, 

cinematography; radiography, autoradiography [Bioch.], 

fluorography [Chem], sciagraphy † . personation, personification; 

impersonation; drama &c. 599. picture, photo, photograph, 

daguerreotype, snapshot; X-ray photo; movie film, movie; tracing, 

scan, TV image, video image, image file, graphics, computer 

graphics, televideo, closed-circuit TV. copy &c. 21; drawing, 

sketch, drought, draft; plot, chart, figure, scheme. image, likeness, 

icon, portrait, striking likeness, speaking likeness; very image; 

effigy, facsimile. figure, figure head; puppet, doll, figurine, aglet † , 

manikin, lay-figure, model, mammet † , marionette, fantoccini † , 

waxwork, bust; statue, statuette. ideograph, hieroglyphic, 

anaglyph, kanji [Jap.]; diagram, monogram. map, plan, chart, 

ground plan, projection, elevation (plan) 626. ichnography † , 

cartography; atlas; outline, scheme; view &c. (painting) 556; 

#555. Misrepresentation -- N. misrepresentation, distortion, 

caricatura † , exaggeration; daubing &c. v.; bad likeness, daub, 

sign painting; scratch, caricature; anamorphosis † ; burlesque, 

falsification, misstatement; parody, lampoon, take-off, travesty. 

V. misrepresent, distort, overdraw, exaggerate, caricature, daub; 

burlesque, parody, travesty. 

Adj. misrepresented &c. v..

adiograph, scotograph † , sciagraph † ; spectrogram, heliogram † . 

V. represent, delineate; depict, depicture † ; portray; take a 

likeness, catch a likeness &c. n.; hit off, photograph, 

daguerreotype; snapshot; figure, shadow forth, shadow out; 

adumbrate; body forth; describe &c. 594; trace, copy; mold. dress 

up; illustrate, symbolize. paint &c. 556; carve &c. 557; engrave &c. 

558. personate, personify; impersonate; assume a character; 

pose as; act; play &c. (drama) 599; mimic &c. (imitate) 19; hold 

the mirror up to nature. 

Adj. represent, representing &c. v., representative; illustrative 

[Slang]; represented &c. v.; imitative, figurative; iconic. like &c. 

17; graphic &c. (descriptive) 594; cinquecento quattrocento [Fr.], 

trecento † . 

#556. Painting -- N. painting; depicting; drawing &c. v.; design; perspective, sciagraphy † , skiagraphy † ; chiaroscuro &c. (light) 420; 

composition; treatment. historical painting, portrait painting, miniature painting; landscape painting, marine painting; still life, flower 

painting, scene painting; scenography † . school, style; the grand style, high art, genre, portraiture; ornamental art &c. 847. 

monochrome, polychrome; grisaille [Fr.]. pallet, palette; easel; brush, pencil, stump; black lead, charcoal, crayons, chalk, pastel; paint 

&c. (coloring matter) 428; watercolor, body color, oil color; oils, oil paint; varnish &c. 356.1, priming; gouache, tempera, distemper, 

fresco, water glass; enamel; encaustic painting; mosaic; tapestry. photography, heliography, color photography; sun painting; 

graphics, computer graphics. picture, painting, piece [Fr.], tableau, canvas; oil painting &c.; fresco, cartoon; easel picture, cabinet 

picture, draught, draft; pencil drawing &c., water color drawing, etching, charcoal, pen-and-ink; sketch, outline, study. photograph, 

color photograph, black-and-white photograph, holograph, heliograph; daguerreotype, talbotype † , calotype † , heliotype † ; negative, 

positive; print, glossy print, matte print; enlargement, reduction, life-size print; instant photo, Polaroid photo. technicolor, Kodachrome, 

Ektachrome; Polaroid. portrait &c. (representation) 554; whole length, full length, half length; kitcat, head; miniature; shade, silhouette; 

profile. landscape, seapiece † ; view, scene, prospect; panorama, diorama; still life. picture gallery, exhibit; studio, atelier; 

pinacotheca † . 

V. paint, design, limn draw, sketch, pencil, scratch, shade, stipple, hatch, dash off, chalk out, square up; color, dead color, wash, 

varnish; draw in pencil &c. n.; paint in oils &c. n.; stencil; depict &c. (represent) 554. 

Adj. painted &c. v.; pictorial, graphic, picturesque. pencil, oil &c. n.. 

Adv. in pencil &c. n.. 

Phr. fecit [Lat.], delineavit [Lat.]; mutum est pictura poema [Lat.]. 

#557. Sculpture -- N. sculpture, insculpture † ; carving &c. v.; statuary. high relief, low relief, bas relief [Fr.]; relief; relieve; 

bassorilievo † , altorilievo † , mezzorilievo † ; intaglio, anaglyph † ; medal, medallion; cameo. marble, bronze, terra cotta [Sp.], papiermache; 

ceramic ware, pottery, porcelain, china, earthenware; cloisonne, enamel, faience, Laocoon, satsuma. statue, &c. (image) 

554; cast &c. (copy) 21; glyptotheca † . 

V. sculpture, carve, cut, chisel, model, mold; cast [Slang]. 

Adj. sculptured &c., v.. in relief, anaglyptic † , ceroplastic † , ceramic; parian † ; marble &c. n.; xanthian † . 

#558. Engraving -- N. engraving, chalcography † ; line engraving, mezzotint engraving, stipple engraving, chalk engraving; dry point, 

bur; etching, aquatinta † ; chiseling; plate engraving, copperplate engraving, steel engraving, wood engraving; xylography, 

lignography † , glyptography † , cerography † , lithography, chromolithography † , photolithography, zincography † , glyphography, xylograph, 

lignograph † , glyptograph † , cerograph † , lithograph, chromolithograph, photolithograph, zincograph † , glyphograph † , holograph. 

impression, print, engraving, plate; steelplate, copperplate; etching; mezzotint, aquatint, lithotint † ; cut, woodcut; stereotype, 

graphotype † , autotype † , heliotype † . graver, burin † , etching point, style; plate, stone, wood block, negative; die, punch, stamp. printing; 

plate printing, copperplate printing, anastatic printing † , color printing, lithographic printing; type printing &c. 591; three-color process. 

illustration, illumination; half tone; photogravure; vignette, initial letter, cul de lampe [Fr.], tailpiece. [person who inscribes on stone] 

lapidary, lapidarian. 

V. engrave, grave, stipple, scrape, etch; bite, bite in; lithograph &c. n.; print. 

Adj. insculptured † ; engraved &c. v.. [of inscriptions on stone] lapidary. 

Phr. sculpsit [Lat.], imprimit [Lat.]. 

#559. Artist -- N. artist; painter, limner, drawer, sketcher, designer, engraver; master, old master; draftsman, draughtsman; copyist, 

dauber, hack; enamel, enameler, enamelist; caricaturist. historical painter, landscape painter, marine painter, flower painter, portrait 

painter, miniature painter, miniaturist, scene painter, sign painter, coach painter; engraver; Apelles † ; sculptor, carver, chaser, 

modeler, figuriste † , statuary; Phidias, Praxiteles; Royal Academician. photographer, cinematographer, lensman, cameraman, 

camera technician, camera buff; wildlife photographer. 

Phr. photo safari; with gun and camera" 

2. CONVENTIONAL MEANS 

1. Language generally 

#560. Language -- N. language; phraseology &c. 569; speech &c. 582; tongue, lingo, vernacular; mother tongue, vulgar tongue,

native tongue; household words; King's English, Queen's English; dialect &c. 563. confusion of tongues, Babel, pasigraphie † ; 

pantomime &c. (signs) 550; onomatopoeia; betacism † , mimmation, myatism † , nunnation † ; pasigraphy † . lexicology, philology, 

glossology † , glottology † ; linguistics, chrestomathy † ; paleology † , paleography; comparative grammar. literature, letters, polite 

literature, belles lettres [Fr.], muses, humanities, literae humaniores [Lat.], republic of letters, dead languages, classics; genius of 

language; scholarship &c. (scholar) 492. 

V. express by words &c. 566. 

Adj. lingual, linguistic; dialectic; vernacular, current; bilingual; diglot † , hexaglot † , polyglot; literary. 

Phr. syllables govern the world" [Selden]. 

#561. Letter -- N. letter; character; hieroglyphic &c. (writing) 590; type &c. (printing) 591; capitals; digraph, trigraph; ideogram, 

ideograph; majuscule, minuscule; majuscule, minuscule; alphabet, ABC † , abecedary † , christcross-row. consonant, vowel; diphthong, 

triphthong [Gramm.]; mute, liquid, labial, dental, guttural. syllable; monosyllable, dissyllable † , polysyllable; affix, suffix. spelling, 

orthograph † ; phonography † , phonetic spelling; anagrammatism † , metagrammatism † . cipher, monogram, anagram; doubleacrostic † . 

V. spell. 

Adj. literal; alphabetical, abecedarian; syllabic; majuscular † , minuscular † ; uncial &c. (writing) 590. 

#562. Word -- N. word, term, vocable; name &c. 564; phrase &c. 

566; root, etymon; derivative; part of speech &c. (grammar) 567; 

ideophone † . dictionary, vocabulary, lexicon, glossary; index, 

concordance; thesaurus; gradus [Lat.], delectus [Lat.]. etymology, 

derivation; glossology † , terminology orismology † ; paleology &c. 

(philology) 560 † . lexicography; glossographer &c. (scholar) 492; 

lexicologist, verbarian † . 

Adj. verbal, literal; titular, nominal. conjugate [Similarly derived], 

paronymous † ; derivative. 

Adv. verbally &c. adj.; verbatim &c. (exactly) 494. 

Phr. the artillery of words" [Swift]. 

#564. Nomenclature -- N. nomenclature; naming &c. v.; 

nuncupation † , nomination, baptism; orismology † ; onomatopoeia; 

antonomasia † . name; appelation † , appelative † ; designation, title; 

heading, rubric; caption; denomination; by-name, epithet. style, 

proper name; praenomen [Lat.], agnomen † , cognomen; 

patronymic, surname; cognomination † ; eponym; compellation † , 

description, antonym; empty title, empty name; handle to one's 

name; namesake. term, expression, noun; byword; convertible 

terms &c. 522; technical term; cant &c. 563. 

V. name, call, term, denominate designate, style, entitle, clepe † , 

dub, christen, baptize, characterize, specify, define, distinguish by 

the name of; label &c. (mark) 550. be called &c. v.; take the name 

of, bean the name of, go by the name of, be known by the name 

of, go under the name of, pass under the name of, rejoice in the 

name of. 

Adj. named &c. v.; hight † , ycleped, known as; what one may well, 

call fairly, call properly, call fitly. nuncupatory † , nuncupative; 

cognominal † , titular, nominal, orismological † . 

Phr. beggar'd all description" [Antony and Cleopatra]. 

#563. Neologism -- N. neology, neologism; newfangled 

expression, nonce expression; back-formation; caconym † ; 

barbarism. archaism, black letter, monkish Latin. corruption, 

missaying † , malapropism, antiphrasis † . pun, paranomasia † , play 

upon words; word play &c. (wit) 842; double-entendre [Fr.] &c. 

(ambiguity) 520; palindrome, paragram † , anagram, clinch; abuse 

of language, abuse of terms. dialect, brogue, idiom, accent, 

patois; provincialism, regionalism, localism; broken English, 

lingua franca; Anglicism, Briticism, Gallicism, Scotticism, 

Hibernicism; Americanism † ; Gypsy lingo, Romany; pidgin, pidgin 

English, pigeon English; Volapuk, Chinook, Esperanto, 

Hindustani, kitchen Kaffir. dog Latin, macaronics † , gibberish; 

confusion of tongues, Babel; babu English † , chi-chi. figure of 

speech &c. (metaphor) 521; byword. colloquialism, informal 

speech, informal language. substandard language, vernacular. 

vulgar language, obscene language, obscenity, vulgarity. jargon, 

technical terms, technicality, lingo, slang, cant, argot; St. Gile's 

Greek, thieves' Latin, peddler's French, flash tongue, Billingsgate, 

Wall Street slang. pseudology † . pseudonym &c. (misnomer) 565; 

Mr. So-and-so; wha d'ye call 'em † , whatchacallim, what's his 

name; thingummy † , thingumbob; je ne sais quoi [Fr.]. neologist † , 

coiner of words. 

V. coin words, coin a term; backform; Americanize, Anglicize. 

Adj. neologic † , neological † ; archaic; obsolete &c. (old) 124; 

colloquial; Anglice † . 

#565. Misnomer -- N. misnomer; lucus a non lucendo [Lat.]; Mrs. 

Malaprop; what d'ye call 'em &c. (neologism) 563 † ; Hoosier. 

nickname, sobriquet, by-name; assumed name, assumed title; 

alias; nom de course, nom de theatre, nom de guerre [Fr.], nom 

de plume; pseudonym, pseudonymy. 

V. misname, miscall, misterm † ; nickname; assume a name. 

Adj. misnamed &c. v.; pseudonymous; soi-disant [Fr.]; self called, 

self styled, self christened; so-called. nameless, anonymous; 

without a having no name; innominate, unnamed; 

unacknowledged. 

Adv. in no sense. 

#566. Phrase -- N. phrase, expression, set phrase; sentence, paragraph; figure of speech &c. 521; idiom, idiotism † ; turn of 

expression; style. paraphrase &c. (synonym) 522; periphrase &c. (circumlocution) 573; motto &c. (proverb) 496 † . phraseology &c. 

569.

V. express, phrase; word, word it; give words to, give expression to; voice; arrange in words, clothe in words, put into words, express 

by words; couch in terms; find words to express; speak by the card; call, denominate, designate, dub. 

Adj. expressed &c. v.; idiomatic. 

Adv. in round terms, in set terms, in good set terms, set terms; in set phrases. 

#567. Grammar -- N. grammar, accidence, syntax, praxis, 

punctuation; parts of speech; jussive † ; syllabication; inflection, 

case, declension, conjugation; us et norma loquendi [Lat.]; Lindley 

Murray &c. (schoolbook) 542; correct style, philology &c. 

(language) 560. 

V. parse, punctuate, syllabicate † #568. Solecism -- N. solecism; bad grammar, false grammar, 

faulty grammar; slip of the pen, slip of the tongue; lapsus linguae 

[Lat.]; slipslop 

. 

† ; bull; barbarism, impropriety. 

V. use bad grammar, faulty grammar; solecize † , commit a 

solecism; murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English, 

break Priscian's head. 

Adj. ungrammatical; incorrect, inaccurate; faulty; improper, 

incongruous; solecistic, solecistical † . 

#569. Style -- N. style, diction, phraseology, wording; manner, strain; composition; mode of expression, choice of words; mode of 

speech, literary power, ready pen, pen of a ready writer; command of language &c. (eloquence) 582; authorship; la morgue litteraire 

[Fr.]. 

V. express by words &c. 566; write. 

Phr. le style c'est de l'homme [Buffon]; style is the dress of thoughts" [Chesterfield]. Various Qualities of Style 

#570. Perspicuity -- N. perspicuity, perspicuousness &c. 

(intelligibility) 518; plain speaking &c. (manifestation) 525; 

definiteness, definition; exactness &c. 494; explicitness, 

lucidness. 

Adj. lucid &c. (intelligible) 518; explicit &c. (manifest) 525; exact 

&c. 494. 

#572. Conciseness -- N. conciseness &c. adj.; brevity, the soul 

of wit," laconism † ; Tacitus; ellipsis; syncope; abridgment &c. 

(shortening) 201; compression &c. 195; epitome &c. 596; 

monostich † ; brunch word, portmanteau word. 

V. be concise &c. adj.; condense &c. 195; abridge &c. 201; 

abstract &c. 596; come to the point. 

Adj. concise, brief, short, terse, close; to the point, exact; neat, 

compact; compressed, condensed, pointed; laconic, curt, pithy, 

trenchant, summary; pregnant; compendious &c. (compendium) 

596; succinct; elliptical, epigrammatic, quaint, crisp; sententious. 

Adv. concisely &c. adj.; briefly, summarily; in brief, in short, in a 

word, in a few words; for shortness sake; to come to the point, to 

make a long story short, to cut the matter short, to be brief; it 

comes to this, the long and the short of it is. 

Phr. brevis esse laboro obscurus fio [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#574. Vigor -- N. vigor, power, force; boldness, raciness &c. adj.; 

intellectual, force; spirit, point, antithesis, piquance, piquancy; 

verve, glow, fire, warmth; strong language; gravity, 

sententiousness; elevation, loftiness, sublimity. eloquence; 

command of words, command of language. 

Adj. vigorous, nervous, powerful, forcible, trenchant, incisive, 

impressive; sensational. spirited, lively, glowing, sparkling, racy, 

bold, slashing; pungent, piquant, full of point, pointed, pithy, 

antithetical; sententious. lofty, elevated, sublime; eloquent; 

vehement, petulant, impassioned; poetic. 

Adv. in glowing terms, in good set terms, in no measured terms. 

Phr. thoughts that breath and words that burn" [Gray]. 

#571. Obscurity -- N. obscurity &c. (unintelligibility) 519; 

involution; hard words; ambiguity &c. 520; unintelligibleness; 

vagueness &c. 475, inexactness &c. 495; what d'ye call 'em &c. 

(neologism) 563 † ; darkness of meaning. 

Adj. obscure &c. n.; crabbed, involved, confused. 

#573. Diffuseness -- N. diffuseness &c. adj.; amplification &c. v.; 

dilating &c. v.; verbosity, verbiage, cloud of words, copia 

verborum [Lat.]; flow of words &c. (loquacity) 584; looseness. 

Polylogy † , tautology, battology † , perissology † ; pleonasm, 

exuberance, redundancy; thrice-told tale; prolixity; circumlocution, 

ambages † ; periphrase † , periphrasis; roundabout phrases; 

episode; expletive; pennya-lining; richness &c. 577. 

V. be diffuse &c. adj.; run out on, descant, expatiate, enlarge, 

dilate, amplify, expand, inflate; launch out, branch out; rant. 

maunder, prose; harp upon &c. (repeat) 104; dwell on, insist upon. 

digress, ramble, battre la campagne [Fr.], beat about the bush, 

perorate, spin a long yarn, protract; spin out, swell out, draw out; 

battologize † . 

Adj. diffuse, profuse; wordy, verbose, largiloquent † , copious, 

exuberant, pleonastic, lengthy; longsome † , long-winded, 

longspun † , long drawn out; spun out, protracted, prolix, prosing, 

maundering; circumlocutory, periphrastic, ambagious † , 

roundabout; digressive; discursive, excursive; loose; rambling 

episodic; flatulent, frothy. 

Adv. diffusely &c. adj.; at large, in extenso [Lat.]; about it and 

about it. 

#575. Feebleness -- N. feebleness &c. adj.. 

Adj. feeble, bald, tame, meager, jejune, vapid, bland, trashy, 

lukewarm, cold, frigid, poor, dull, dry, languid; colorless, 

enervated; proposing, prosy, prosaic; unvaried, monotonous, 

weak, washy, wishy-washy; sketchy, slight. careless, slovenly, 

loose, lax (negligent) 460; slipshod, slipslop † ; inexact; puerile, 

childish; flatulent; rambling &c. (diffuse) 573. 

#576. Plainness -- N. plainness &c. adj.; simplicity, severity; plain #577. Ornament -- N. ornament; floridness c 

terms, plain English; Saxon English; household words 

V. call a spade 'a spade';" plunge in medias res; come to the 

point. 

Adj. plain, simple; unornamented, unadorned, unvarnished; 

† . adj.. turgidity, 

turgescence † ; altiloquence &c. adj. † ; declamation, teratology † ; 

well-rounded periods; elegance &c. 578; orotundity. inversion, 

antithesis, alliteration, paronomasia; figurativeness &c. 

(metaphor) 521. flourish; flowers of speech, flowers of rhetoric;

homely, homespun; neat; severe, chaste, pure, Saxon; 

commonplace, matter-of-fact, natural, prosaic. dry, unvaried, 

monotonous &c. 575. 

Adv. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English, in plain 

common parlance; point-blank. 

#578. Elegance -- N. elegance, purity, grace, ease; gracefulness, 

readiness &c. adj.; concinnity † , euphony, numerosity † ; Atticism † , 

classicalism † , classicism. well rounded periods, well turned 

periods, flowing periods; the right word in the right place; 

antithesis &c. 577. purist [Slang]. 

V. point an antithesis, round a period. 

Adj. elegant, polished, classical, Attic, correct, Ciceronian, 

artistic; chaste, pure, Saxon, academical † . graceful, easy, 

readable, fluent, flowing, tripping; unaffected, natural, unlabored † ; 

mellifluous; euphonious, euphemism, euphemistic; numerose † , 

rhythmical. felicitous, happy, neat; well put, neatly put, well 

expressed, neatly expressed 

#580. Voice -- N. voice; vocality † ; organ, lungs, bellows; good 

voice, fine voice, powerful voice &c. (loud) 404; musical voice &c. 

413; intonation; tone of voice &c. (sound) 402. vocalization; cry 

&c. 411; strain, utterance, prolation † ; exclamation, ejaculation, 

vociferation, ecphonesis † ; enunciation, articulation; articulate 

sound, distinctness; clearness, of articulation; stage whisper; 

delivery. accent, accentuation; emphasis, stress; broad accent, 

strong accent, pure accent, native accent, foreign accent; 

pronunciation. [Word similarly pronounced] homonym. orthoepy † ; 

cacoepy † ; euphony &c. (melody) 413. gastriloquism † , 

ventriloquism; ventriloquist; polyphonism † , polyphonist † . [Science 

of voice] phonology &c. (sound) 402. 

V. utter, breathe; give utterance, give tongue; cry &c. (shout) 411; 

ejaculate, rap out; vocalize, prolate † , articulate, enunciate, 

pronounce, accentuate, aspirate, deliver, mouth; whisper in the 

ear. 

Adj. vocal, phonetic, oral; ejaculatory, articulate, distinct, 

stertorous; euphonious &c. (melodious) 413. 

Phr. how sweetly sounds the voice of a good woman" 

[Massinger]; the organ of the soul" [Longfellow]; thy voice is a 

celestial melody" [Longfellow]. 

(metaphor) 521. flourish; flowers of speech, flowers of rhetoric; 

frills of style, euphuism † , euphemism. big-sounding words, highsounding 

words; macrology † , sesquipedalia verba [Lat.], 

Alexandrine; inflation, pretension; rant, bombast, fustian, prose run 

mad; fine writing; sesquipedality † ; Minerva press. phrasemonger; 

euphuist † , euphemist. 

V. ornament, overlay with ornament, overcharge; smell of the 

lamp. 

Adj. ornament &c. v.; beautified &c. 847; ornate, florid, rich, 

flowery; euphuistic † , euphemistic; sonorous; high-sounding, bigsounding; 

inflated, swelling, tumid; turgid, turgescent; pedantic, 

pompous, stilted; orotund; high flown, high flowing; sententious, 

rhetorical, declamatory; grandiose; grandiloquent, magniloquent, 

altiloquent † ; sesquipedal † , sesquipedalian; Johnsonian, mouthy; 

bombastic; fustian; frothy, flashy, flaming. antithetical, alliterative; 

figurative &c. 521; artificial &c. (inelegant) 579. 

Adv. ore rutundo [Lat.]. 

#579. Inelegance -- N. inelegance; stiffness &c. adj.; unlettered 

Muse" [Gray]; barbarism; slang &c. 563; solecism &c. 568; 

mannerism &c. (affectation) 855; euphuism † ; fustian &c. 577; 

cacophony; words that break the teeth, words that dislocate the 

jaw; marinism † . 

V. be inelegant &c. adj.. 

Adj. inelegant, graceless, ungraceful; harsh, abrupt; dry, stiff, 

cramped, formal, guinde [Fr.]; forced, labored; artificial, 

mannered, ponderous; awkward, uncourtly † , unpolished; turgid &c. 

577; affected, euphuistic † ; barbarous, uncouth, grotesque, rude, 

crude, halting; offensive to ears polite. 

2. Spoken Language 

#581. Aphony -- N. aphony † , aphonia † ; dumbness &c. adj.; 

obmutescence † ; absence of voice, want of voice; dysphony † ; 

cacoepy † ; silence &c. (taciturnity) 585; raucity † ; harsh voice &c. 

410, unmusical voice &c. 414; falsetto, childish treble mute;" 

dummy. 

V. keep silence &c. 585; speak low, speak softly; whisper &c. 

(faintness) 405. silence; render mute, render silent; muzzle, muffle, 

suppress, smother, gag, strike dumb, dumfounder; drown the 

voice, put to silence, stop one's mouth, cut one short. stick in the 

throat. 

Adj. aphonous † , dumb, mute; deafmute, deaf and dumb; mum; 

tongue-tied; breathless, tongueless, voiceless, speechless, 

wordless; mute as a fish, mute as a stockfish † , mute as a 

mackerel; silent &c. (taciturn) 585; muzzled; inarticulate, inaudible. 

croaking, raucous, hoarse, husky, dry, hollow, sepulchral, hoarse 

as a raven; rough. 

Adv. with bated breath, with the finger on the lips; sotto voce 

[Lat.]; in a low tone, in a cracked voice, in a broken voice. 

Phr. vox faucibus haesit [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#582. Speech -- N. speech, faculty of speech; locution, talk, 

parlance, verbal intercourse, prolation † , oral communication, word 

of mouth, parole, palaver, prattle; effusion. oration, recitation, 

delivery, say, speech, lecture, harangue, sermon, tirade, formal 

speech, peroration; speechifying; soliloquy &c. 589; allocution &c. 

586; conversation &c. 588; salutatory : screed: valedictory [U.S.]. 

oratory; elocution, eloquence; rhetoric, declamation; 

grandiloquence, multiloquence † ; burst of eloquence; facundity † ; 

flow of words, command of words, command of language; copia 

verborum [Lat.]; power of speech, gift of the gab; usus loquendi 

[Lat.]. speaker &c. v.; spokesman; prolocutor, interlocutor; 

mouthpiece, Hermes; orator, oratrix † , oratress † #583. [Imperfect Speech.] Stammering -- N. inarticulateness; 

stammering &c. v.; hesitation &c. v.; impediment in one's speech; 

titubancy 

; Demosthenes, 

† , traulism † ; whisper &c. (faint sound) 405; lisp, drawl, 

tardiloquence † ; nasal tone, nasal accent; twang; falsetto &c. (want 

of voice) 581; broken voice, broken accents, broken sentences. 

brogue &c. 563; slip of the tongue, lapsus linouae [Lat.]. 

V. stammer, stutter, hesitate, falter, hammer; balbutiate † , 

balbucinate † , haw, hum and haw, be unable to put two words 

together. mumble, mutter; maud † , mauder † ; whisper &c. 405; 

mince, lisp; jabber, gibber; sputter, splutter; muffle, mump † ; drawl, 

mouth; croak; speak thick, speak through the nose; snuffle, clip 

one's words; murder the language, murder the King's English,

Cicero; rhetorician; stump orator, platform orator; speechmaker, 

patterer † , improvisatore † . 

V. speak of; say, utter, pronounce, deliver, give utterance to; utter 

forth, pour forth; breathe, let fall, come out with; rap out, blurt out 

have on one's lips; have at the end of one's tongue, have at the tip 

of one's tongue. break silence; open one's lips, open one's mouth; 

lift one's voice, raise one's voice; give the tongue, wag the tongue; 

talk, outspeak † one's words; murder the language, murder the King's English, 

murder the Queen's English; mispronounce, missay 

; put in a word or two, hold forth; make a speech, 

deliver a speech &c. n.; speechify, harangue, declaim, stump, 

flourish, recite, lecture, sermonize, discourse, be on one's legs; 

have one's say, say one's say; spout, rant, rave, vent one's fury, 

vent one's rage; expatiate &c. (speak at length) 573; speak one's 

mind, go on the stump, take the stump [U.S.]. soliloquize &c. 589; 

tell &c. (inform) 527; speak to &c. 586; talk together &c. 588. be 

eloquent &c. adj.; have a tongue in one's head, have the gift of the 

gab &c. n.. pass one's lips, escape one's lips; fall from the lips, fall 

from the mouth. 

Adj. speaking &c.; spoken &c. v.; oral, lingual, phonetic, not 

written, unwritten, outspoken; eloquent, elocutionary; oratorical, 

rhetorical; declamatory; grandiloquent &c. 577; talkative &c. 584; 

Ciceronian, nuncupative, Tullian. 

Adv. orally &c. adj.; by word of mouth, viva voce, from the lips of. 

Phr. quoth he, said he &c.; action is eloquence" [Coriolanus]; 

pour the full tide of eloquence along" [Pope]; she speaks 

poignards and every word stabs" [Much Ado About Nothing]; 

speech is but broken light upon the depth of the speech is but 

broken light upon the depth of the unspoken" [G. Eliot]; to try thy 

eloquence now 'tis time" [Antony and Cleopatra]. 

† . 

Adj. stammering &c. v.; inarticulate, guttural, nasal; tremulous; 

affected. 

Adv. sotto voce [Lat.] &c. (faintly) 405. 

#584. Loquacity -- N. loquacity, loquaciousness; talkativeness 

&c. adj.; garrulity; multiloquence † , much speaking. jaw; gabble; 

jabber, chatter; prate, prattle, cackle, clack; twaddle, twattle, rattle; 

caquet † , caquetterie [Fr.]; blabber, bavardage † , bibble-babble † , 

gibble-gabble † ; small talk &c. (converse) 588. fluency, flippancy, 

volubility, flowing, tongue; flow of words; flux de bouche [Fr.], flux 

de mots [Fr.]; copia verborum [Lat.], cacoethes loquendi [Lat.]; 

furor loquendi [Lat.]; verbosity &c. (diffuseness) 573; gift of the 

gab &c. (eloquence) 582. talker; chatterer, chatterbox; babbler 

&c. v.; rattle; ranter; sermonizer, proser † , driveler; blatherskite 

[U.S.]; gossip &c. (converse) 588; magpie, jay, parrot, poll, Babel; 

moulin a paroles [Fr.]. 

V. be loquacious &c. adj.; talk glibly, pour forth, patter; prate, 

palaver, prose, chatter, prattle, clack, jabber, jaw; blather, blatter † , 

blether † ; rattle, rattle on; twaddle, twattle; babble, gabble; outtalk; 

talk oneself out of breath, talk oneself hoarse; expatiate &c. 

(speak at length) 573; gossip &c. (converse) 588; din in the ears 

&c. (repeat) 104; talk at random, talk nonsense &c. 497; be 

hoarse with talking. 

Adj. loquacious, talkative, garrulous, linguacious † , multiloquous † ; 

largiloquent † #585. Taciturnity -- N. silence, muteness, obmutescence 

; chattering &c. v.; chatty &c. (sociable) 892; 

declamatory &c. 582; open-mouthed. fluent, voluble, glib, flippant; 

long tongued, long winded &c. (diffuse) 573. 

Adv. trippingly on the tongue; glibly &c. adj.; off the reel. 

Phr. the tongue running fast, the tongue running loose, the tongue 

running on wheels; all talk and no cider; foul whisperings are 

abroad" [Macbeth]; what a spendthrift is he of his tongue! " 

[Tempest]. 

† ; 

taciturnity, pauciloquy † , costiveness † , curtness; reserve, reticence 

&c. (concealment) 528. man of few words. 

V. be silent &c. adj.; keep silence, keep mum; hold one's tongue, 

hold one's peace, hold one's jaw; not speak. &c. 582; say nothing, 

keep one's counsel; seal the lips, close the lips, button the lips, 

zipper the lips, put a padlock on the lips, put a padlock on the 

mouth; put a bridle on one's tongue; bite one's tongue, keep one's 

tongue between one's teeth; make no sign, not let a word escape 

one; keep a secret &c. 528; not have a word to say; hush up, hush, 

lay the finger on the lips, place the finger on the lips; render mute 

&c. 581. stick in one's throat. 

Adj. silent, mute, mum; silent as a post, silent as a stone, silent as 

the grave &c. (still) 403; dumb &c. 581; unconversable † . taciturn, 

sparing of words; closetongued; costive † , inconversable † , curt; 

reserved; reticent &c. (concealing) 528. 

Int. shush!, tush!, silence!, mum!, hush!, chut! † , hist!, tut!, chup! † , 

mum's the word; keep your mouth shut! [Vulg.]. 

Phr. cave quid dicis quando et cui [Lat.]; volto sciolto i pensieri 

stretti [It]. 

#586. Allocution -- N. allocution, alloquy † , address; speech &c. 

582; apostrophe, interpellation, appeal, invocation, salutation; 

word in the ear. [Feigned dialogue] dialogism † . platform &c. 542; 

plank; audience &c. (interview) 588. 

V. speak to, address, accost, make up to, apostrophize, appeal 

to, invoke; ball, salute; call to, halloo. take aside, take by the 

button; talk to in private. lecture &c. (make a speech) 582. 

Int. soho! † , halloo!, hey!, hist!, 

#587. Response -- N. &c. see Answer 462.

#588. Conversation -- N. conversation, interlocution; 

collocution † , colloquy, converse, confabulation, talk, discourse, 

verbal intercourse; oral communication, commerce; dialogue, 

duologue, trialogue. causerie, chat, chitchat; small talk, table talk, 

teatable talk † , town talk, village talk, idle talk; tattle, gossip, tittletattle; 

babble, babblement † ; tripotage † , cackle, prittle-prattle † , 

cancan, on dit [Fr.]; talk of the town, talk of the village. conference, 

parley, interview, audience, pourparler; tete-a-tete; reception, 

conversazione [It]; congress &c. (council) 696; powwow [U.S.]. 

hall of audience, durbar † . palaver, debate, logomachy † , war of 

words. gossip, tattler; Paul Pry; tabby; chatterer &c. (loquacity) 

584; interlocutor &c. (spokesman) 582; conversationist † , 

dialogist † . the feast of reason and the flow of soul" [Pope]; mollia 

tempora fandi [Lat.]. 

V. talk together, converse, confabulate; hold on a conversation, 

carry on a conversation, join in a conversation, engage in a 

conversation; put in a word; shine in conversation; bandy words; 

parley; palaver; chat, gossip, tattle; prate &c. (loquacity) 584; 

powwow [U.S.]. discourse with, confer with, commune with, 

commerce with; hold converse, hold conference, hold intercourse; 

talk it over; be closeted with; talk with one in private, tete-a-tete. 

Adj. conversing &c. v.; interlocutory; conversational, conversable † ; 

discursive, discoursive † #589. Soliloquy -- N. soliloquy, monologue, apostrophe; 

monology 

; chatty &c. (sociable) 892; colloquial. 

Phr. with thee conversing I forget all time" [Paradise Lost]. 

† . 

V. Soliloquize; say to oneself, talk to oneself; say aside, think 

aloud, apostrophize. 

Adj. soliloquizing &c. v.. 

Adv. aside. 

3. Written Language 

#590. Writing -- N. writing &c. v.; chirography, stelography † , 

cerography † ; penmanship, craftmanship † ; quill driving; typewriting. 

writing, manuscript, MS., literae scriptae [Lat.]; these presents. 

stroke of the pen, dash of the pen; coupe de plume; line; headline; 

pen and ink. letter &c. 561; uncial writing, cuneiform character, 

arrowhead, Ogham, Runes, hieroglyphic; contraction; Brahmi † , 

Devanagari, Nagari; script. shorthand; stenography, 

brachygraphy † , tachygraphy † ; secret writing, writing in cipher; 

cryptography, stenography; phonography † , pasigraphy † , 

Polygraphy † , logography † . copy; transcript, rescript; rough copy, 

fair copy; handwriting; signature, sign manual; autograph, 

monograph, holograph; hand, fist. calligraphy; good hand, running 

hand, flowing hand, cursive hand, legible hand, bold hand. 

cacography † , griffonage † , barbouillage † ; bad hand, cramped 

hand, crabbed hand, illegible hand; scribble &c. v.; pattes de 

mouche [Fr.]; ill-formed letters; pothooks and hangers. stationery; 

pen, quill, goose quill; pencil, style; paper, foolscap, parchment, 

vellum, papyrus, tablet, slate, marble, pillar, table; blackboard; ink 

bottle, ink horn, ink pot, ink stand, ink well; typewriter. transcription 

&c. (copy) 21; inscription &c. (record) 551; superscription &c. 

(indication) 550; graphology. composition, authorship; cacoethes 

scribendi [Lat.]; graphoidea † , graphomania † ; phrenoia † . writer, 

scribe, amanuensis, scrivener, secretary, clerk, penman, copyist, 

transcriber, quill driver; stenographer, typewriter, typist; writer for 

the press &c. (author) 593. 

V. write, pen; copy, engross; write out, write out fair; transcribe; 

scribble, scrawl, scrabble, scratch; interline; stain paper; write 

down &c. (record) 551; sign &c. (attest) 467; enface † . compose, 

indite, draw up, draft, formulate; dictate; inscribe, throw on paper, 

dash off; manifold. take up the pen, take pen in hand; shed ink, 

spill ink, dip one's pen in ink. 

Adj. writing &c. v.; written &c. v.; in writing, in black and white; 

under one's hand. uncial, Runic, cuneiform, hieroglyphical † #591. Printing -- N. printing; block printing, type-printing; plate 

printing &c. 558 (engraving); the press &c. (publication) 531; 

composition. print, letterpress, text; context, note, page, column. 

typography; stereotype, electrotype, aprotype 

. 

Adv. currente calamo [Sp.]; pen in hand. 

Phr. audacter et sincere [Lat.]; le style est l'homme meme [Fr.]; 

nature's noblest gift - my gray goose nature's noblest gift - my gray 

goose quill" [Byron]; scribendi recte sapere et principium et 

scribendi recte sapere et principium et fons [Lat.] [Horace]; that 

mighty instrument of little men" [Byron]; the pen became a clarion" 

[Longfellow]. 

† ; type, black letter, 

font, fount; pi, pie; capitals &c. (letters) 561; brevier † , bourgeois, 

pica boldface &c., capitals, caps., catchword; composing-frame, 

composing room, composing rule, composing stand, composing 

stick; italics, justification, linotype, live matter, logotype; lower 

case, upper case; make-up, matrix, matter, monotype † ; [point 

system], 4-1/2 point, 5 point, 5-1/2 point, 6 point, 7 point, 8 point, 

press room, press work; reglet † , roman; running head, running 

title; scale, serif, shank, sheet work, shoulder, signature, slug, 

underlay. folio &c. (book) 593; copy, impression, pull, proof, 

revise; author's proof, galley proof, press proof; press revise. 

printer, compositor, reader; printer's devil copyholder. 

V. print; compose; put to press, go to press; pass through the 

press, see through the press; publish &c. 531; bring out; appear in 

print, rush into print; distribute, makeup, mortise, offset, overrun, 

rout. 

Adj. printed &c. v.; in type; typographical &c. n.; solid in galleys.

#592. Correspondence -- N. correspondence, letter, epistle, 

note, billet, post card, missive, circular, favor, billet-doux; chit, 

chitty † , letter card, picture post card; postal [U.S.], card; despatch; 

dispatch; bulletin, these presents; rescript, rescription † #593. Book -- N. booklet; writing, work, volume, tome, opuscule 

; post &c. 

(messenger) 534. 

V. correspond with; write to, send a letter to; keep up a 

correspondence. 

Adj. epistolary. 

Phr. furor scribendi [Lat.]. 

† ; 

tract, tractate † ; livret † ; brochure, libretto, handbook, codex, 

manual, pamphlet, enchiridion † , circular, publication; chap book. 

part, issue, number livraison [Fr.]; album, portfolio; periodical, 

serial, magazine, ephemeris, annual, journal. paper, bill, sheet, 

broadsheet † ; leaf, leaflet; fly leaf, page; quire, ream. [subdivisions 

of a book] chapter, section, head, article, paragraph, passage, 

clause; endpapers, frontispiece; cover, binding. folio, quarto, 

octavo; duodecimo † , sextodecimo † , octodecimo † . encyclopedia; 

encompilation † . [collection of books] library, bibliotheca † . press 

&c. (publication) 531. [complete description] definitive work, 

treatise, comprehensive treatise (dissertation) 595. [person who 

writes a book] writer, author, litterateur [Fr.], essayist, journalism; 

pen, scribbler, the scribbling race; literary hack, Grub-street writer; 

writer for the press, gentleman of the press, representative of the 

press; adjective jerker † , diaskeaust † , ghost, hack writer, ink 

slinger; publicist; reporter, penny a liner; editor, subeditor † ; 

playwright &c. 599; poet &c. 597. bookseller, publisher; 

bibliopole † , bibliopolist † ; librarian; bookstore, bookshop, 

bookseller's shop. knowledge of books, bibliography; book 

learning &c. (knowledge) 490. 

Phr. among the giant fossils of my past" [E. B. Browning]; 

craignez tout d'un auteur en courroux [Fr.]; for authors nobler 

palms remain" [Pope]; I lived to write and wrote to live" [Rogers]; 

look in thy heart and write" [Sidney]; there is no Past so long as 

Books shall live" [Bulwer Lytton]; the public mind is the creation of 

the Master- the public mind is the creation of the Master-Writers" 

[Disraeli]; volumes that I prize above my dukedom" [Tempest]. 

#594. Description -- N. description, account, statement, report; expose &c. (disclosure) 529; specification, particulars; state of 

facts, summary of facts; brief &c. (abstract) 596; return &c. (record) 551; catalogue raisonne [Fr.] &c. (list) 86; guidebook &c. 

(information) 527. delineation &c. (representation) 554; sketch; monograph; minute account, detailed particular account, 

circumstantial account, graphic account; narration, recital, rehearsal, relation. historiography † , chronography † ; historic Muse, Clio; 

history; biography, autobiography; necrology, obituary. narrative, history; memoir, memorials; annals &c. (chronicle) 551; saga; 

tradition, legend, story, tale, historiette † ; personal narrative, journal, life, adventures, fortunes, experiences, confessions; anecdote, 

ana † , trait. work of fiction, novel, romance, Minerva press; fairy tale, nursery tale; fable, parable, apologue † ; dime novel, penny 

dreadful, shilling shocker relator &c. v.; raconteur, historian &c. (recorder) 553; biographer, fabulist † , novelist. 

V. describe; set forth &c. (state) 535; draw a picture, picture; portray &c. (represent) 554; characterize, particularize; narrate, relate, 

recite, recount, sum up, run over, recapitulate, rehearse, fight one's battles over again. unfold a tale &c. (disclose) 529; tell; give an 

account of, render an account of; report, make a report, draw up a statement. detail; enter into particulars, enter into details, descend 

to particulars, descend to details; itemize. 

Adj. descriptive, graphic, narrative, epic, suggestive, well-drawn; historic; traditional, traditionary; legendary; anecdotic † , storied; 

described &c. v.. 

Phr. furor scribendi [Lat.]. 

#595. Dissertation -- N. dissertation, treatise, essay; thesis, theme; monograph, tract, tractate † , tractation † ; discourse, memoir, 

disquisition, lecture, sermon, homily, pandect † ; excursus. commentary, review, critique, criticism, article; leader, leading article; 

editorial; running commentary. investigation &c. (inquiry) 461; study &c. (consideration) 451; discussion &c. (reasoning) 476; 

exposition &c. (explanation) 522. commentator, critic, essayist, pamphleteer. 

V. expound upon a subject, dissert upon a subject † , descant upon a subject, write upon a subject, touch upon a subject; treat a 

subject, treat a subject thoroughly, treat of a subject, take up a subject, ventilate a subject, discuss a subject, deal with a subject, go 

into a subject, go into a subject at length, canvass a subject, handle a subject, do justice to a subject. hold forth [oral dissertation], 

discourse, delve into. 

Adj. discursive, discoursive † ; disquisitionary † ; expository. 

#596. Compendium -- N. compend, compendium; abstract, precis, epitome, multum in parvo [Lat.], analysis, pandect † , digest, sum 

and substance, brief, abridgment, summary, apercu, draft, minute, note; excerpt; synopsis, textbook, conspectus, outlines, syllabus, 

contents, heads, prospectus. album; scrap book, note book, memorandum book, commonplace book; extracts, excerpta † , cuttings; 

fugitive pieces, fugitive writing; spicilegium † , flowers, anthology, collectanea † , analecta † ; compilation. recapitulation, resume, review. 

abbreviation, abbreviature † ; contraction; shortening &c. 201; compression &c. 195. 

V. abridge, abstract, epitomize, summarize; make an abstract, prepare an abstract, draw an abstract, compile an abstract &c. n.. 

recapitulate, review, skim, run over, sum up. abbreviate &c. (shorten) 201; condense &c. (compress) 195; compile &c. (collect) 72. 

Adj. compendious, synoptic, analectic † ; abrege [Fr.], abridged &c. v.; variorum † . 

Adv. in short, in epitome, in substance, in few words. 

Phr. it lies in a nutshell.

#597. Poetry -- N. poetry, poetics, poesy, Muse, Calliope, tuneful 

Nine, Parnassus, Helicon † , Pierides, Pierian spring. versification, 

rhyming, making verses; prosody, orthometry † . poem; epic, epic 

poem; epopee † , epopoea, ode, epode † , idyl, lyric, eclogue, 

pastoral, bucolic, dithyramb, anacreontic † , sonnet, roundelay, 

rondeau [Fr.], rondo, madrigal, canzonet † , cento † , monody 

[Slang], elegy; amoebaeum, ghazal † , palinode. dramatic poetry, 

lyric poetry; opera; posy, anthology; disjecta membra poetae song 

[Lat.], ballad, lay; love song, drinking song, war song, sea song; 

lullaby; music &c. 415; nursery rhymes. [Bad poetry] doggerel, 

Hudibrastic verse † , prose run mad; macaronics † ; macaronic 

verse † , leonine verse; runes. canto, stanza, distich, verse, line, 

couplet, triplet, quatrain; strophe, antistrophe † . verse, rhyme, 

assonance, crambo † , meter, measure, foot, numbers, strain, 

rhythm; accentuation &c. (voice) 580; dactyl, spondee, trochee, 

anapest &c.; hexameter, pentameter; Alexandrine; anacrusis † , 

antispast † , blank verse, ictus. elegiacs &c. adj.; elegiac verse, 

elegaic meter, elegaic poetry. poet, poet laureate; laureate; bard, 

lyrist † , scald, skald † , troubadour, trouvere [Fr.]; minstrel; 

minnesinger, meistersinger [G.]; improvisatore † ; versifier, 

sonneteer; rhymer, rhymist † , rhymester; ballad monger, runer † ; 

poetaster; genus irritabile vatum [Lat.]. 

V. poetize, sing, versify, make verses, rhyme, scan. 

Adj. poetic, poetical; lyric, lyrical, tuneful, epic, dithyrambic &c. n.; 

metrical; a catalectin † ; elegiac, iambic, trochaic, anapestic † ; 

amoebaeic, Melibean, skaldic † ; Ionic, Sapphic, Alcaic † #598. Prose -- N. prose, prose writer. prosaicism 

, Pindaric. 

Phr. a poem round and perfect as a star" [Alex. Smith]; Dichtung 

und Wahrheit [G.]; furor poeticus [Lat.]; his virtues formed the 

magic of his song" [Hayley]; I do but sing because I must" 

[Tennyson]; I learnt life from the poets" [de Stael]; licentia vatum 

[Lat.]; mutum est pictura poema [Lat.]; O for a muse of fire! " 

[Henry V]; sweet food of sweetly uttered knowledge" [Sidney]; the 

true poem is the poet's mind" [Emerson]; Volk der Dichter und 

Denker [G.]; wisdom married to immortal verse" [Wordsworth]. 

† , prosaism † , 

prosaist † , proser † . 

V. prose. write prose, write in prose. 

Adj. prosal † , prosy, prosaic; unpoetic, unpoetical † . rhymeless † , 

unrhymed, in prose, not in verse. 

#599. The Drama -- N. the drama, the stage, the theater, the play; film the film, movies, motion pictures, cinema, cinematography; 

theatricals, dramaturgy, histrionic art, buskin, sock, cothurnus † , Melpomene and Thalia, Thespis. play, drama, stage play, piece [Fr.], 

five-act play, tragedy, comedy, opera, vaudeville, comedietta † , lever de rideau [Fr.], interlude, afterpiece † , exode † , farce, 

divertissement, extravaganza, burletta † , harlequinade † , pantomime, burlesque, opera bouffe [Fr.], ballet, spectacle, masque, drame 

comedie drame [Fr.]; melodrama, melodrame † ; comidie larmoyante [Fr.], sensation drama; tragicomedy, farcical-comedy; 

monodrame monologue; duologue trilogy † ; charade, proverbs; mystery, miracle play; musical, musical comedy. [movies] western, 

horse opera; flick [Coll.]; spy film, love story, adventure film, documentary, nature film; pornographic film, smoker, skin flick, X-rated 

film. act, scene, tableau; induction, introduction; prologue, epilogue; libretto. performance, representation, mise en scene [Fr.], 

stagery † , jeu de theatre [Fr.]; acting; gesture &c. 550; impersonation &c. 554; stage business, gag, buffoonery. light comedy, genteel 

comedy, low comedy. theater; playhouse, opera house; house; music hall; amphitheater, circus, hippodrome, theater in the round; 

puppet show, fantoccini † ; marionettes, Punch and Judy. auditory, auditorium, front of the house, stalls, boxes, pit, gallery, parquet; 

greenroom, coulisses [Fr.]. flat; drop, drop scene; wing, screen, side scene; transformation scene, curtain, act drop; proscenium. 

stage, scene, scenery, the boards; trap, mezzanine floor; flies; floats, footlights; offstage; orchestra. theatrical costume, theatrical 

properties. movie studio, back lot, on location. part, role, character, dramatis personae [Lat.]; repertoire. actor, thespian, player; 

method actor; stage player, strolling player; stager, performer; mime, mimer † ; artists; comedian, tragedian; tragedienne, Roscius; 

star, movie star, star of stage and screen, superstar, idol, sex symbol; supporting actor, supporting cast; ham, hamfatter [Slang]; 

masker † . pantomimist, clown harlequin, buffo † , buffoon, farceur, grimacer, pantaloon, columbine; punchinello † ; pulcinello † , pulcinella † ; 

extra, bit-player, walk-on role, cameo appearance; mute, figurante † , general utility; super, supernumerary. company; first tragedian, 

prima donna [Sp.], protagonist; jeune premier [Fr.]; debutant, debutante [Fr.]; light comedian, genteel comedian, low comedian; 

walking gentleman, amoroso † , heavy father, ingenue [Fr.], jeune veuve [Fr.]. mummer, guiser † , guisard † , gysart † , masque. 

mountebank, Jack Pudding; tumbler, posture master, acrobat; contortionist; ballet dancer, ballet girl; chorus singer; coryphee 

danseuse [Fr.]. property man, costumier, machinist; prompter, call boy; manager; director, stage manager, acting manager. 

producer, entrepreneur, impresario; backer, investor, angel [Fig.]. dramatic author, dramatic writer; play writer, playwright; dramatist, 

mimographer † . 

V. act, play, perform; put on the stage; personate &c. 554; mimic &c. (imitate) 19; enact; play a part, act a part, go through a part, 

perform a part; rehearse, spout, gag, rant; strut and fret one's hour upon a stage;" tread the boards, tread the stage; come out; star it. 

Adj. dramatic; theatric, theatrical; scenic, histrionic, comic, tragic, buskined † , farcical, tragicomic, melodramatic, operatic; stagy. 

Adv. on the stage, on the boards; on film; before the floats, before an audience; behind the scenes. 

Phr. fere totus mundus exercet histrionem [Lat.] [Petronius Arbiter]; suit the action to the word, the word to the suit the action to the

word, the word to the action" [Hamlet]; the play's the thing" [Hamlet]; to wake the soul by tender strokes of art" [Pope]. 

CLASS V 

WORDS RELATING TO THE VOLUNTARY POWERS 

DIVISION I 

INDIVIDUAL VOLITION 

SECTION I. 

VOLITION IN GENERAL 

1. Acts of Volition 

#600. Will -- N. will, volition, conation † , velleity; liberum arbitrium 

[Lat.]; will and pleasure, free will; freedom &c. 748; discretion; 

option &c. (choice) 609; voluntariness † ; spontaneity, 

spontaneousness; originality. pleasure, wish, mind; desire; frame 

of mind &c. (inclination) 602; intention &c. 620; predetermination 

&c. 611; selfcontrol &c.; determination &c. (resolution) 604; force 

of will. 

V. will, list; see fit, think fit; determine &c. (resolve) 604; enjoin; 

settle &c. (choose) 609; volunteer. have a will of one's own; do 

what one chooses &c. (freedom) 748; have it all.one's own way; 

have one's will, have one's own way. use one's discretion, 

exercise one's discretion; take upon oneself, take one's own 

course, take the law into one's own hands; do of one's own 

accord, do upon one's own authority; originate &c. (cause) 153. 

Adj. voluntary, volitional, willful; free &c. 748; optional; discretional, 

discretionary; volitient † , volitive † . minded &c. (willing) 602; 

prepense &c. (predetermined) 611 † #601. Necessity -- N. involuntariness; instinct, blind impulse; 

inborn proclivity, innate proclivity; native tendency, natural 

tendency; natural impulse, predetermination. necessity, 

necessitation; obligation; compulsion &c. 744; subjection &c. 749; 

stern necessity, hard necessity, dire necessity, imperious 

necessity, inexorable necessity, iron necessity, adverse necessity; 

fate; what must be. destiny, destination; fatality, fate, kismet, 

doom, foredoom, election, predestination; preordination, 

foreordination; lot fortune; fatalism; inevitableness &c. adj.; spell 

&c. 993. star, stars; planet, planets; astral influence; sky, Fates, 

Parcae, Sisters three, book of fate; God's will, will of Heaven; 

wheel of Fortune, Ides of March, Hobson's choice. last shift, last 

resort; dernier ressort [Fr.]; pis aller &c. (substitute) 147 [Fr.]; 

necessaries &c. (requirement) 630. necessarian 

; intended &c. 620; 

autocratic; unbidden &c. (bid) &c. 741; spontaneous; original &c. 

(casual) 153; unconstrained. 

Adv. voluntarily &c. adj.; at will, at pleasure; a volonte [Fr.], a 

discretion; al piacere [It]; ad libitum, ad arbitrium [Lat.]; as one 

thinks proper, as it seems good to; a beneplacito [It]. of one's won 

accord, of one's own free will; proprio motu [Lat.], suo motu [Lat.], 

ex meromotu [Lat.]; out of one's won head; by choice &c. 609; 

purposely &c. (intentionally) 620; deliberately &c. 611. 

Phr. stet pro ratione voluntas [Lat.]; sic volo sic jubeo [Lat.]; a 

vostro beneplacito [It]; beneficium accipere libertatem est 

beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere [Lat.]; Deus vult [Lat.]; 

was man nicht kann meiden muss man willig was man nicht kann 

meiden muss man willig leiden [G.]. 

† , 

necessitarian † ; fatalist; automaton. 

V. lie under a necessity; befated † , be doomed, be destined &c., in 

for, under the necessity of; have no choice, have no alternative; be 

one's fate &c. n.. to be pushed to the wall to be driven into a to be 

pushed to the wall to be driven into a corner, to be unable to help. 

destine, doom, foredoom, devote; predestine, preordain; cast a 

spell &c. 992; necessitate; compel &c. 744. 

Adj. necessary, needful &c. (requisite) 630. fated; destined &c. v.; 

elect; spellbound compulsory &c. (compel) 744; uncontrollable, 

inevitable, unavoidable, irresistible, irrevocable, inexorable; 

avoidless † , resistless. involuntary, instinctive, automatic, blind, 

mechanical; unconscious, unwitting, unthinking; unintentional &c. 

(undesigned) 621; impulsive &c. 612. 

Adv. necessarily &c. adv.; of necessity, of course; ex necessitate 

rei [Lat.]; needs must; perforce &c. 744; nolens volens [Lat.]; will 

he nil he, willy nilly, bon gre mal gre [Fr.], willing or unwilling, coute 

que coute [Fr.]. faute de mieux [Fr.]; by stress of; if need be. 

Phr. it cannot be helped; there is no help for, there is no helping it; 

it will be, it must be, it needs to be, it must be so, it will have its 

way; the die is cast; jacta est alea [Lat.]; che sara sara [Fr.]; it is 

written;" one's days are numbered, one's fate is sealed; Fata 

obstant [Lat.]; diis aliter visum [Lat.]; actum me invito factus [Lat.], 

non est meus actus [Lat.]; aujord'hui roi demain rien [Fr.]; quisque 

suos patimur manes [Lat.] [Vergil]; The moving finger writes and 

having writ moves on. The moving finger writes and having writ 

moves on. Nor all thy piety nor wit shall draw it back to cancel half 

a [Rubayyat of Omar Khayyam]. 

#602. Willingness -- N. willingness, voluntariness &c. adj. † ; 

willing mind, heart. disposition, inclination, leaning, animus; frame 

of mind, humor, mood, vein; bent &c. (turn of mind) 820; penchant 

&c. (desire) 865; aptitude &c. 698. docility, docibleness † ; 

persuasibleness † , persuasibility † #603. Unwillingness -- N. unwillingness &c. adj.; indisposition, 

indisposedness 

; pliability &c. (softness) 324. 

geniality, cordiality; goodwill; alacrity, readiness, earnestness, 

forwardness; eagerness &c. (desire) 865. asset &c. 488; 

compliance &c. 762; pleasure &c. (will) 600; gratuitous service. 

labor of love; volunteer, volunteering. 

V. be willing &c. adj.; incline, lean to, mind, propend; had as lief; 

lend a willing ear, give a willing ear, turn a willing ear; have a half a 

mind to, have a great mind to; hold to, cling to; desire &c. 865. 

see fit, think good, think proper; acquiesce &c. (assent) 488; 

† ; disinclination, aversation † ; nolleity † , nolition † ; 

renitence † , renitency; reluctance; indifference &c. 866; 

backwardness &c. adj.; slowness &c. 275; want of alacrity, want 

of readiness; indocility &c. (obstinacy) 606 † . scrupulousness, 

scrupulosity; qualms of conscience, twinge of conscience; 

delicacy, demur, scruple, qualm, shrinking, recoil; hesitation &c. 

(irresolution) 605; fastidiousness &c. 868. averseness &c. 

(dislike) 867 † ; dissent &c. 489; refusal &c. 764. 

V. be unwilling &c. adj.; nill; dislike &c. 867; grudge, begrudge; not 

be able to find it in one's heart to, not have the stomach to. demur, 

stick at, scruple, stickle; hang fire, run rusty; recoil, shrink, swerve; 

hesitate &c. 605; avoid &c. 623. oppose &c. 708; dissent &c.

comply with &c. 762. swallow the bait, nibble at the bait; gorge the 

hook; have no scruple of, make no scruple of; make no bones of; 

jump at, catch at; meet halfway; volunteer. 

Adj. willing, minded, fain, disposed, inclined, favorable; favorablyminded, 

favorably inclined, favorably disposed; nothing loth; in the 

vein, in the mood, in the humor, in the mind. ready, forward, 

earnest, eager; bent upon &c. (desirous) 865; predisposed, 

propense † . docile; persuadable, persuasible; suasible † , easily 

persuaded, facile, easy-going; tractable &c. (pliant) 324; genial, 

gracious, cordial, cheering, hearty; content &c. (assenting) 488. 

voluntary, gratuitous, spontaneous; unasked &c. (ask) &c. 765; 

unforced &c. (free) 748. 

Adv. willingly &c. adj.; fain, freely, as lief, heart and soul; with 

pleasure, with all one's heart, with open arms; with good will, with 

right will; de bonne volonte [Fr.], ex animo [Lat.]; con amore [It], 

heart in hand, nothing loth, without reluctance, of one's own 

accord, graciously, with a good grace. a la bonne heure [Fr.]; by 

all means, by all manner of means; to one's heart's content; yes 

&c. (assent) 488. 

#604. Resolution -- N. determination, will; iron will, 

unconquerable will; will of one's own, decision, resolution; 

backbone; clear grit, true grit, grit [U.S.]; sand, strength of mind, 

strength of will; resolve &c. (intent) 620; firmness &c. (stability) 

150; energy, manliness, vigor; game, pluck; resoluteness &c. 

(courage) 861; zeal &c. 682; aplomb; desperation; devotion, 

devotedness. mastery over self; self control, self command, self 

possession, self reliance, self government, self restraint, self 

conquest, self denial; moral courage, moral strength; 

perseverance &c. 604.1; tenacity; obstinacy &c. 606; bulldog; 

British lion. 

V. have determination &c. n.; know one's own mind; be resolved 

&c. adj.; make up one's mind, will, resolve, determine; decide &c. 

(judgment) 480; form a determination, come to a determination, 

come to a resolution, come to a resolve; conclude, fix, seal, 

determine once for all, bring to a crisis, drive matters to an 

extremity; take a decisive step &c. (choice) 609; take upon 

oneself &c. (undertake) 676. devote oneself to, give oneself up to; 

throw away the scabbard, kick down the ladder, nail one's colors 

to the mast, set one's back against the wall, set one's teeth, put 

one's foot down, take one's stand; stand firm &c. (stability) 150; 

steel oneself; stand no nonsense, not listen to the voice of the 

charmer. buckle to; buckle oneself put one's shoulder to the buckle 

oneself put one's shoulder to the wheel, lay one's shoulder to the 

wheel, set one's shoulder to the wheel; put one's heart into; run the 

gauntlet, make a dash at, take the bull by the horns; rush in 

medias res, plunge in medias res; go in for; insist upon, make a 

point of; set one's heart upon, set one's mind upon. stick at 

nothing, stop at nothing; make short work of &c. (activity) 682; not 

stick at trifles; go all lengths, go the limit [Slang], go the whole hog; 

persist &c. (persevere) 604.1; go through fire and water, ride the 

tiger, ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm. 

Adj. resolved &c. v.; determined; strong-willed, strong-minded; 

resolute &c. (brave) 861; self-possessed; decided, definitive, 

peremptory, tranchant † ; unhesitating, unflinching, unshrinking † ; 

firm, iron, gritty [U.S.], indomitable, game to the backbone; 

inexorable, relentless, not to be shaken, not to be put down; tenax 

propositi [Lat.]; inflexible &c. (hard) 323; obstinate &c. 606; 

steady &c. (persevering) 604.1. earnest, serious; set upon, bent 

upon, intent upon. steel against, proof against; in utrumque 

paratus [Lat.]. 

Adv. resolutely &c. adj.; in earnest, in good earnest; seriously, 

joking apart, earnestly, heart and soul; on one's mettle; manfully, 

like a man, with a high hand; with a strong hand &c. (exertion) 

686. at any rate, at any risk, at any hazard, at any price, at any 

cost, at any sacrifice; at all hazards, at all risks, at all events; a' bis 

ou a blanc [Fr.]; cost what it may; coute [Fr.]; a tort et a travers † ; 

once for all; neck or nothing; rain or shine. 

Phr. spes sibi quisque [Lat.]; celui qui veut celui-la peut [Fr.]; chi 

hesitate &c. 605; avoid &c. 623. oppose &c. 708; dissent &c. 

489; refuse &c. 764. 

Adj. unwilling; not in the vein, loth, loath, shy of, disinclined, 

indisposed, averse, reluctant, not content; adverse &c. (opposed) 

708; laggard, backward, remiss, slack, slow to; indifferent &c. 

866; scrupulous; squeamish &c. (fastidious) 868; repugnant &c. 

(dislike) 867; restiff † , restive; demurring &c. v.; unconsenting &c. 

(refusing) 764; involuntary &c. 601. 

Adv. unwillingly &c. adj.; grudgingly, with a heavy heart; with a 

bad, with an ill grace; against one's wishes, against one's will, 

against the grain, sore against one's wishes, sore against one's 

will, sore against one's grain; invita Minerva [Lat.]; a contre caeur 

[Fr.]; malgre soi [Fr.]; in spite of one's teeth, in spite of oneself; 

nolens volens &c. (necessity) 601 [Lat.]; perforce &c. 744; under 

protest; no &c. 536; not for the world, far be it from me. 

#605. Irresolution -- N. irresolution, infirmity of purpose, 

indecision; indetermination, undetermination † ; unsettlement; 

uncertainty &c. 475; demur, suspense; hesitating &c. v., 

hesitation, hesitancy; vacillation; changeableness &c. 149; 

fluctuation; alternation &c. (oscillation) 314; caprice &c. 608. 

fickleness, levity, legerete [Fr.]; pliancy &c. (softness) 324; 

weakness; timidity &c. 860; cowardice &c. 862; half measures. 

waverer, ass between two bundles of hay; shuttlecock, butterfly; 

wimp; doughface [U.S.]. 

V. be irresolute &c. adj.; hang in suspense, keep in suspense; 

leave "ad referendum"; think twice about, pause; dawdle &c. 

(inactivity) 683; remain neuter; dillydally, hesitate, boggle, hover, 

dacker † , hum and haw, demur, not know one's own mind; debate, 

balance; dally with, coquet with; will and will not, chaser-balancer † ; 

go halfway, compromise, make a compromise; be thrown off 

one's balance, stagger like a drunken man; be afraid &c. 860; let 'I 

dare not' wait upon 'I would'" [Macbeth]; falter, waver vacillate &c. 

149; change &c. 140; retract &c. 607; fluctuate; pendulate † ; 

alternate &c. (oscillate) 314; keep off and on, play fast and loose; 

blow hot and cold &c. (caprice) 608. shuffle, palter, blink; trim. 

Adj. irresolute, infirm of purpose, double-minded, half-hearted; 

undecided, unresolved, undetermined; shilly-shally; fidgety, 

tremulous; hesitating &c. v.; off one's balance; at a loss &c. 

(uncertain) 475. vacillating &c. v.; unsteady &c. (changeable) 

149; unsteadfast † , fickle, without ballast; capricious &c. 608; 

volatile, frothy; light, lightsome, light-minded; giddy; fast and loose. 

weak, feeble-minded, frail; timid, wimpish, wimpy &c. 860; 

cowardly &c. 862; dough-faced [U.S.]; facile; pliant &c. (soft) 324; 

unable to say 'no', easy-going revocable, reversible. 

Adv. irresolutely &c. adj.; irresolved † , irresolvedly † ; in faltering 

accents; off and on; from pillar to post; seesaw &c. 314. 

Int. how happy could I be with either! " [Gay].

non s'arrischia non guadagna [Fr.]; frangas non flectes [Lat.]; 

manu forti [Lat.]; tentanda via est [Lat.]. 

#604a. Perseverance -- N. perseverance; continuance &c. 

(inaction) 143; permanence &c. (absence of change) 141; 

firmness &c. (stability) 150. constancy, steadiness; singleness of 

purpose, tenacity of purpose; persistence, plodding, patience; 

sedulity &c. (industry) 682; pertinacy † , pertinacity, 

pertinaciousness; iteration &c. 104; bottom, game, pluck, 

stamina, backbone, grit; indefatigability, indefatigableness; 

bulldog courage. 

V. persevere, persist; hold on, hold out; die in the last ditch, be in 

at the death; stick to, cling to, adhere to; stick to one's text, keep 

on; keep to one's course, keep to one's ground, maintain one's 

course, maintain one's ground; go all lengths, go through fire and 

water; bear up, keep up, hold up; plod; stick to work &c. (work) 

686; continue &c. 143; follow up; die in harness, die at one's post. 

Adj. persevering, constant; steady, steadfast; undeviating, 

unwavering, unfaltering, unswerving, unflinching, unsleeping † , 

unflagging, undrooping † ; steady as time; unrelenting, 

unintermitting † , unremitting; plodding; industrious &c. 682; 

strenuous &c. 686; pertinacious; persisting, persistent. solid, 

sturdy, staunch, stanch, true to oneself; unchangeable &c. 150; 

unconquerable &c. (strong) 159; indomitable, game to the last, 

indefatigable, untiring, unwearied, never tiring. 

Adv. through evil report and good report, through thick and thin, 

through fire and water; per fas et nefas [Lat.]; without fail, sink or 

swim, at any price, vogue la galere [Fr.]. 

Phr. never say die; give it the old college try; vestigia nulla 

retrorsum [Lat.]; aut vincer aut mori [Lat.]; la garde meurt et ne se 

rend pas [Fr.]; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre [Fr.]. 

#606. Obstinacy -- N. obstinateness &c. adj.; obstinacy, tenacity; 

cussedness [U.S.]; perseverance &c. 604.1; immovability; old 

school; inflexibility &c. (hardness) 323; obduracy, obduration † ; 

dogged resolution; resolution &c. 604; ruling passion; blind side. 

self-will, contumacy, perversity; pervicacy † , pervicacity † ; 

indocility † . bigotry, intolerance, dogmatism; opiniatry † , 

opiniativeness; fixed idea &c. (prejudgment) 481; fanaticism, 

zealotry, infatuation, monomania; opinionatedness 

opinionativeness † . mule; opinionist † , opinionatist † , opiniator † , 

opinator † ; stickler, dogmatist; bigot; zealot, enthusiast, fanatic. 

V. be obstinate &c. adj.; stickle, take no denial, fly in the face of 

facts; opinionate, be wedded to an opinion, hug a belief; have 

one's own way &c. (will) 600; persist &c. (persevere) 604.1; have 

the last word, insist on having the last word. die hard, fight against 

destiny, not yield an inch, stand out. 

Adj. obstinate, tenacious, stubborn, obdurate, casehardened; 

inflexible &c. (hard) 323; balky; immovable, unshakable, not to be 

moved; inert &c. 172; unchangeable &c. 150; inexorable &c. 

(determined) 604; mulish, obstinate as a mule, pig-headed. 

dogged; sullen, sulky; unmoved, uninfluenced unaffected. willful, 

self-willed, perverse; resty † , restive, restiff † ; pervicacious † , 

wayward, refractory, unruly; heady, headstrong; entete [Fr.]; 

contumacious; crossgrained † . arbitrary, dogmatic, positive, 

bigoted; prejudiced &c. 481; creed-bound; prepossessed, 

infatuated; stiff-backed, stiff necked, stiff hearted; hard-mouthed, 

hidebound; unyielding; impervious, impracticable, inpersuasible † ; 

unpersuadable; intractable, untractable † ; incorrigible, deaf to 

advice, impervious to reason; crotchety &c. 608. 

Adv. obstinately &c. adj.. 

Phr. non possumus [Lat.]; no surrender; ils n'ont rien appris ne 

rien oublie [Fr.]. 

#607. Tergiversation -- N. change of mind, change of intention, 

change of purpose; afterthought. tergiversation, recantation; 

palinode, palinody † ; renunciation; abjuration † , abjurement; 

defection &c. (relinquishment) 624; going over &c. v.; apostasy; 

retraction, retractation † ; withdrawal; disavowal &c. (negation) 536; 

revocation, revokement † ; reversal; repentance &c. 950; 

redintegratio amoris [Lat.]. coquetry; vacillation &c. 605; 

backsliding; volte-face [Fr.]. turn coat, turn tippet † ; rat, apostate, 

renegade; convert, pervert; proselyte, deserter; backslider; 

blackleg, crawfish [U.S.], scab [Slang], mugwump [U.S.], 

recidivist. time server, time pleaser † ; timist † , Vicar of Bray, 

trimmer, ambidexter † ; weathercock &c. (changeable) 149; Janus. 

V. change one's mind, change one's intention, change one's 

purpose, change one's note; abjure, renounce; withdraw from &c. 

(relinquish) 624; waver, vacillate; wheel round, turn round, veer 

round; turn a pirouette; go over from one side to another, pass 

from one side to another, change from one side to another, skip 

from one side to another; go to the rightabout; box the compass, 

shift one's ground, go upon another tack. apostatize, change 

sides, go over, rat; recant, retract; revoke; rescind &c. (abrogate) 

756; recall; forswear, unsay; come over, come round to an 

opinion; crawfish [U.S.], crawl [U.S.]. draw in one's horns, eat 

one's words; eat the leek, swallow the leek; swerve, flinch, back 

out of, retrace one's steps, think better of it; come back return to 

one's first love; turn over a new leaf &c. (repent) 950. trim, shuffle, 

play fast and loose, blow hot and cold, coquet, be on the fence, 

straddle, bold with the hare but run with the hounds; nager entre 

deux eaux [Fr.]; wait to see how the cat jumps, wait to see how the 

wind blows. 

Adj. changeful &c. 149; irresolute &c. 605; ductile, slippery as an 

eel, trimming, ambidextrous, timeserving † ; coquetting &c. v.. 

revocatory † , reactionary. 

Phr. a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]. 

#608. Caprice -- N. caprice, fancy, humor; whim, whimsy, whimsey † , whimwham † ; crotchet, capriccio, quirk, freak, maggot, fad,

vagary, prank, fit, flimflam, escapade, boutade [Fr.], wild-goose chase; capriciousness &c. adj.; kink. 

V. be capricious &c. adj.; have a maggot in the brain; take it into one's head, strain at a gnat and swallow a camel; blow hot and cold; 

play fast and loose, play fantastic tricks; tourner casaque [Fr.]. 

Adj. capricious; erratic, eccentric, fitful, hysterical; full of whims &c. n.; maggoty; inconsistent, fanciful, fantastic, whimsical, crotchety, 

kinky [U.S.], particular, humorsome † , freakish, skittish, wanton, wayward; contrary; captious; arbitrary; unconformable &c. 83; penny 

wise and pound foolish; fickle &c. (irresolute) 605; frivolous, sleeveless, giddy, volatile. 

Adv. by fits and starts, without rhyme or reason. 

Phr. nil fuit unquain sic inipar sibi [Lat.]; the deuce is in him. 

#609. Choice -- N. choice, option; discretion &c. (volition) 600; 

preoption † ; alternative; dilemma, embarras de choix [Fr.]; 

adoption, cooptation † ; novation † ; decision &c. (judgment) 480. 

election; political election (politics) 737.1. selection, excerption, 

gleaning, eclecticism; excerpta † , gleanings, cuttings, scissors and 

paste; pick &c. (best) 650. preference, prelation † , opinion poll, 

survey; predilection &c. (desire) 865. 

V. offers one's choice, set before; hold out the alternative, present 

the alternative, offer the alternative; put to the vote. use option, use 

discretion, exercise option, exercise discretion, one's option; 

adopt, take up, embrace, espouse; choose, elect, opt for; take 

one's choice, make one's choice; make choice of, fix upon. vote, 

poll, hold up one's hand; divide. settle; decide &c. (adjudge) 480; 

list &c. (will) 600; make up one's mind &c. (resolve) 604. select; 

pick and choose; pick out, single out; cull, glean, winnow; sift the 

chaff from the wheat, separate the chaff from the wheat, winnow 

the chaff from the wheat; pick up, pitch upon; pick one's way; 

indulge one's fancy. set apart, mark out for; mark &c. 550. prefer; 

have rather, have as lief; fancy &c. (desire) 865; be persuaded 

&c. 615. take a decided step, take a decisive step; commit 

oneself to a course; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; cast in 

one's lot with; take for better or for worse. 

Adj. optional; discretional &c. (voluntary) 600. eclectic; choosing 

&c. v.; preferential; chosen &c. v.; choice &c. (good) 648. 

Adv. optionally &c. adj.; at pleasure &c. (will) 600; either the one 

or the other; or at the option of; whether or not; once and for all; for 

one's money. by choice, by preference; in preference; rather, 

before. 

#611. Predetermination -- N. predestination, preordination, 

premeditation, predeliberation † , predetermination; foregone 

conclusion, fait accompli [Fr.]; parti pris [Fr.]; resolve, 

propendency † ; intention &c. 620; project &c. 626; fate, foredoom, 

necessity. 

V. predestine, preordain, predetermine, premeditate, resolve, 

concert; resolve beforehand, predesignate. 

Adj. prepense † , premeditated &c. v., predesignated, 

predesigned † ; advised, studied, designed, calculated; 

aforethought; intended &c. 620; foregone. well-laid, well-devised, 

well-weighed; maturely considered; cunning. 

Adv. advisedly &c. adj.; with premeditation, deliberately, all things 

considered, with eyes open, in cold blood; intentionally &c. 620. 

#613. Habit [includes commonness due to frequency of 

occurrence] -- N. habit, habitude; assuetude † , assuefaction † , 

wont; run, way. common state of things, general state of things, 

natural state of things, ordinary state of things, ordinary course of 

things, ordinary run of things; matter of course; beaten path, 

beaten track, beaten ground. prescription, custom, use, usage, 

immemorial usage, practice; prevalence, observance; 

conventionalism, conventionality; mode, fashion, vogue; etiquette 

&c. (gentility) 852; order of the day, cry; conformity &c. 82; 

consuetude, dustoor † . one's old way, old school, veteris vestigia 

flammae [Lat.]; laudator temporis acti [Lat.]. rule, standing order, 

precedent, routine; red-tape, red-tapism † ; pipe clay; rut, groove. 

cacoethes [Lat.]; bad habit, confirmed habit, inveterate habit, 

intrinsic habit &c.; addiction, trick. training &c. (education) 537; 

#609a. Absence of Choice -- N. no choice, Hobson's choice; 

first come first served, random selection; necessity &c. 601; not a 

pin to choose &c. (equality) 27; any, the first that comes; that or 

nothing. neutrality, indifference; indecision &c. (irresolution) 605; 

arbitrariness. coercion (compulsion) 744. 

V. be neutral &c. adj.; have no choice, have no election; waive, not 

vote; abstain from voting, refrain from voting; leave undecided; 

make a virtue of necessity" [Two Gentlemen]. 

Adj. neutral, neuter; indifferent, uninterested; undecided &c. 

(irresolute) 605. 

Adv. either &c. (choice) 609. 

Phr. who cares,? what difference does it make;? There's not a 

dime's worth of difference between There's not a dime's worth of 

difference between them" [George Wallace]. 

#610. Rejection -- N. rejection, repudiation, exclusion; refusal &c. 

764; declination 

V. reject; set aside, lay aside; give up; decline &c. (refuse) 764; 

exclude, except; pluck, spin; cast. repudiate, scout, set at naught; 

fling to the winds, fling to the dogs, fling overboard, fling away, 

cast to the winds, cast to the dogs, cast overboard, cast away, 

throw to the winds, throw to the dogs, throw overboard, throw 

away, toss to the winds, toss to the dogs, toss overboard, toss 

away; send to the right about; disclaim &c. (deny) 536; discard 

&c. (eject) 297, (have done with) 678. 

Adj. rejected &c. v.; reject, rejectaneous † , rejectious † ; not chosen 

&c. 609, to be thought of, out of the question 

Adv. neither, neither the one nor the other; no &c. 536. 

Phr. non haec in faedera [Lat.]. 

#612. Impulse -- N. impulse, sudden thought; impromptu, 

improvisation; inspiration, flash, spurt. improvisatore † ; creature of 

impulse. 

V. flash on the mind. say what comes uppermost; improvise, 

extemporize. 

Adj. extemporaneous, impulsive, indeliberate † ; snap; improvised, 

improvisate † , improvisatory † ; unpremeditated, unmeditated; 

improvise; unprompted, unguided; natural, unguarded; 

spontaneous &c. (voluntary) 600; instinctive &c. 601. 

Adv. extempore, extemporaneously; offhand, impromptu, a 

limproviste [Fr.]; improviso † ; on the spur of the moment, on the 

spur of the occasion. 

#614. Desuetude -- N. desuetude, disusage † ; obsolescence, 

disuse &c. 678; want of habit, want of practice; inusitation † ; 

newness to; new brooms. infraction of usage &c. (unconformity) 

83; nonprevalence † ; a custom more honored in the breach than 

the a custom more honored in the breach than the observance" 

[Hamlet]. 

V. be unaccustomed &c. adj.; leave off a habit, cast off a habit, 

break off a habit, wean oneself of a habit, violate a habit, break 

through a habit, infringe a habit, leave off a custom, cast off a 

custom, break off a custom, wean oneself of a custom, violate a 

custom, break through a custom, infringe a custom, leave off a 

usage, cast off a usage, break off a usage, wean oneself of a 

usage, violate a usage, break through a usage, infringe a usage; 

disuse &c. 678; wear off. 

unaccustomed, unused, unwonted, unseasoned, uninured † ,

seasoning, second nature, acclimatization; knack &c. 

V. be wont &c. adj.. fall into a rut, fall into a custom &c. (conform 

to) 82; tread the beaten track, follow the beaten track, tread the 

beaten path, follow the beaten; stare super antiquas vias [Lat.]; 

move in a rut, run on in a groove, go round like a horse in a mill, go 

on in the old jog trot way. habituate, inure, harden, season, 

caseharden; accustom, familiarize; naturalize, acclimatize; keep 

one's hand in; train &c. (educate) 537. get into the way, get into 

the knack of; learn &c. 539; cling to, adhere to; repeat &c. 104; 

acquire a habit, contract a habit, fall into a habit, acquire a trick, 

contract a trick, fall into a trick; addict oneself to, take to, get into. 

be habitual &c. adj.; prevail; come into use, become a habit, take 

root; gain upon one, grow upon one. 

Adj. habitual; accustomary † ; prescriptive, accustomed &c. v.; of 

daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; consuetudinary † ; 

wonted, usual, general, ordinary, common, frequent, everyday, 

household, garden variety, jog, trot; well-trodden, well-known; 

familiar, vernacular, trite, commonplace, conventional, regular, set, 

stock, established, stereotyped; prevailing, prevalent; current, 

received, acknowledged, recognized, accredited; of course, 

admitted, understood. conformable. &c. 82; according to use, 

according to custom, according to routine; in vogue, in fashion, in, 

with it; fashionable &c. (genteel) 852. wont; used to, given to, 

addicted to, attuned to, habituated &c. v.; in the habit of; habitue; 

at home in &c. (skillful) 698; seasoned; imbued with; devoted to, 

wedded to. hackneyed, fixed, rooted, deep-rooted, ingrafted † , 

permanent, inveterate, besetting; naturalized; ingrained &c. 

(intrinsic) 5. 

Adv. habitually &c. adj.; always &c. (uniformly) 16. as usual, as is 

one's wont, as things go, as the world goes, as the sparks fly 

upwards; more suo, more solito [Lat.]; ex more. as a rule, for the 

most part; usually, generally, typically &c. adj.; most often, most 

frequently. 

Phr. cela s'entend [Fr.]; abeunt studia in mores [Lat.]; adeo in 

teneris consuescere multum est [Lat.]; consuetudo quasi altera 

natura [Lat.] [Cicero]; hoc erat in more majorum [Lat.]; How use 

doth breed a habit in a man! " [Two Gentlemen]; magna est vis 

consuetudinis [Lat.]; morent fecerat usus [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

Adj. unaccustomed, unused, unwonted, unseasoned, uninured † , 

unhabituated † , untrained; new; green &c. (unskilled) 699; 

unhackneyed. unusual &c. (unconformable) 83; nonobservant † ; 

disused &c. 678. 

2. Causes of Volition 

#615. Motive -- N. motive, springs of action, wellsprings of action. 

reason, ground, call, principle; by end, by purpose; mainspring, 

primum mobile [Lat.], keystone; the why and the wherefore; pro 

and con, reason why; secret motive, arriere pensee [Fr.]; intention 

&c. 620. inducement, consideration; attraction; loadstone; 

magnet, magnetism, magnetic force; allectation † , allective † ; 

temptation, enticement, agacerie † , allurement, witchery; 

bewitchment, bewitchery; charm; spell &c. 993; fascination, 

blandishment, cajolery; seduction, seducement; honeyed words, 

voice of the tempter, song of the Sirens forbidden fruit, golden 

apple. persuasibility † , persuasibleness † ; attractability † ; 

impressibility, susceptibility; softness; persuasiveness, 

attractiveness; tantalization † . influence, prompting, dictate, 

instance; impulse, impulsion; incitement, incitation; press, 

instigation; provocation &c. (excitation of feeling) 824; inspiration; 

persuasion, suasion; encouragement, advocacy; exhortation; 

advice &c. 695; solicitation &c. (request) 765; lobbyism; pull 

[Slang]. incentive, stimulus, spur, fillip, whip, goad, ankus † , rowel, 

provocative, whet, dram. bribe, lure; decoy, decoy duck; bait, trail 

of a red herring; bribery and corruption; sop, sop for Cerberus. 

prompter, tempter; seducer, seductor † ; instigator, firebrand, 

incendiary; Siren, Circe; agent provocateur; lobbyist. 

V. induce, move; draw, draw on; bring in its train, give an impulse 

&c. n.; to; inspire; put up to, prompt, call up; attract, beckon. 

stimulate &c. (excite) 824; spirit up, inspirit; rouse, arouse; 

animate, incite, foment, provoke, instigate, set on, actuate; act 

upon, work upon, operate upon; encourage; pat on the back, pat 

#615a. Absence of Motive -- N. absence of motive, 

aimlessness; caprice &c. 608; chance &c. (absence of design) 

621. 

V. have no motive; scruple &c. (be unwilling) 603. 

Adj. without rhyme or reason; aimless, capricious, whimsical &c. 

(chance) 621. 

Adv. out of mere caprice. 

#616. Dissuasion -- N. dissuasion, dehortation † , expostulation, 

remonstrance; deprecation &c. 766. discouragement, damper, 

wet blanket; disillusionment, disenchantment. cohibition &c. 

(restraint) 751 † ; curb &c. (means of restraint) 752; check &c. 

(hindrance) 706. reluctance &c. (unwillingness) 603; 

contraindication. 

V. dissuade, dehort † , cry out against, remonstrate, expostulate, 

warn, contraindicate. disincline, indispose, shake, stagger; 

dispirit; discourage, dishearten; deter; repress, hold back, keep 

back &c. (restrain) 751; render averse &c. 603; repel; turn aside 

&c. (deviation) 279; wean from; act as a drag &c. (hinder) 706; 

throw cold water on, damp, cool, chill, blunt, calm, quiet, quench; 

deprecate &c. 766. disenchant, disillusion, deflate, take down a 

peg, pop one's balloon, prick one's balloon, burst one's bubble; 

disabuse (correction) 527.1. 

Adj. dissuading &c. v.; dissuasive; dehortatory † , expostulatory † ; 

monitive † , monitory. dissuaded &c. v.; admonitory; uninduced &c. 

(induce) &c. 615; unpersuadable &c. (obstinate) 606; averse &c. 

(unwilling) 603; repugnant &c. (dislike) 867. repressed.

on the shoulder, clap on the back, clap on the shoulder. influence, 

weigh with, bias, sway, incline, dispose, predispose, turn the 

scale, inoculate; lead by the nose; have influence with, have 

influence over, have influence upon, exercise influence with, 

exercise influence over, exercise influence upon; go round, come 

round one; turn the head, magnetize; lobby. persuade; prevail with, 

prevail upon; overcome, carry; bring round to one's senses, bring 

to one's senses; draw over, win over, gain over, come over, talk 

over; procure, enlist, engage; invite, court. tempt, seduce, 

overpersuade † , entice, allure, captivate, fascinate, bewitch, carry 

away, charm, conciliate, wheedle, coax, lure; inveigle; tantalize; 

cajole &c. (deceive) 545. tamper with, bribe, suborn, grease the 

palm, bait with a silver hook, gild the pill, make things pleasant, 

put a sop into the pan, throw a sop to, bait the hook. enforce, 

force; impel &c. (push) 276; propel &c. 284; whip, lash, goad, 

spur, prick, urge; egg on, hound, hurry on; drag &c. 285; exhort; 

advise &c. 695; call upon &c.; press &c. (request) 765; advocate. 

set an example, set the fashion; keep in countenance. be 

persuaded &c.; yield to temptation, come round; concede &c. 

(consent) 762; obey a call; follow advice, follow the bent, follow the 

dictates of; act on principle. 

Adj. impulsive, motive; suasive, suasory † , persuasive, 

persuasory † , hortative, hortatory; protreptical † ; inviting, tempting, 

&c. v.; suasive, suasory † (unwilling) 603; repugnant &c. (dislike) 867. repressed. 

; seductive, attractive; fascinating &c. 

(pleasing) 829; provocative &c. (exciting) 824. induced &c. v.; 

disposed; persuadable &c. (docile) 602; spellbound; instinct with, 

smitten with, infatuated; inspired &c. v.; by. 

Adv. because, therefore &c. (cause) 155; from this motive, from 

that motive; for this reason, for that reason; for; by reason of, for 

the sake of, count of; out of, from, as, forasmuch as. for all the 

world; on principle. 

Phr. fax mentis incendium gloriae [Lat.]; temptation hath a music 

for all ears" [Willis]; to beguile many and be beguiled by one" 

[Othello]. 

#617. [Ostensible motive, ground, or reason assigned.] Pretext -- N. pretext, pretense, pretension, plea † ; allegation, advocation; 

ostensible motive, ostensible ground, ostensible reason, phony reason; excuse &c. (vindication) 937; subterfuge; color; gloss, guise, 

cover. loop hole, starting hole; how to creep out of, salvo, come off; way of escape. handle, peg to hang on, room locus standi [Lat.]; 

stalking-horse, cheval de bataille [Fr.], cue. pretense &c. (untruth) 546; put off, dust thrown in the eyes; blind; moonshine; mere 

pretext, shallow pretext; lame excuse, lame apology; tub to a whale; false plea, sour grapes; makeshift, shift, white lie; special 

pleading &c. (sophistry) 477; soft sawder &c. (flattery) 933 † . 

V. pretend, plead, allege; shelter oneself under the plea of; excuse &c. (vindicate) 937; lend a color to; furnish a handle &c. n.; make 

a pretext of, make a handle of; use as a plea &c. n.; take one's stand upon, make capital out of, pretend &c. (lie) 544. 

Adj. ostensibly &c. (manifest) 525; alleged, apologetic; pretended &c. 545. 

Adv. ostensibly; under color; under the plea, under the pretense of, under the guise of. 

#618. Good -- N. good, benefit, advantage; improvement &c. 

658; greatest good, supreme good; interest, service, behoof, 

behalf; weal; main chance, summum bonum [Lat.], common weal; 

consummation devoutly to be wished;" gain, boot; profit, harvest. 

boon &c. (gift) 784; good turn; blessing; world of good; piece of 

good luck [Fr.], piece of good fortune [Fr.]; nuts, prize, windfall, 

godsend, waif, treasure-trove. good fortune &c. (prosperity) 734; 

happiness &c. 827. [Source of good] goodness &c. 648; utility &c. 

644; remedy &c. 662; pleasure giving &c. 829. 

Adj. commendable &c. 931; useful &c. 644; good &c.; beneficial 

&c. 648. 

Adv. well, aright, satisfactorily, favorably, not amis [Fr.]; all for the 

best; to one's advantage &c. n.; in one's favor, in one's interest 

&c. n.. 

Phr. so far so good; magnum bonum [Lat.]. 

3. Objects of Volition 

#619. Evil -- N. evil, ill, harm, hurt., mischief, nuisance; 

machinations of the devil, Pandora's box, ills that flesh is heir to. 

blow, buffet, stroke, scratch, bruise, wound, gash, mutilation; 

mortal blow, wound; immedicabile vulnus [Lat.]; damage, loss &c. 

(deterioration) 659. disadvantage, prejudice, drawback. disaster, 

accident, casualty; mishap &c. (misfortune) 735; bad job, devil to 

pay; calamity, bale, catastrophe, tragedy; ruin &c. (destruction) 

162; adversity &c. 735. mental suffering &c. 828. demon &c. 980. 

(Evil spirit) bane, &c. 663 (cause of evil). badness, &c. 649 

(Production of Evil); painfulness, &c. 830; evil doer, &c. 913. 

outrage, wrong, injury, foul play; bad turn, ill turn; disservice, 

spoliation &c. 791; grievance, crying evil. 

V. be in trouble &c. (adversity) 735. 

Adj. disastrous, bad &c. 649; awry, out of joint; disadvantageous. 

Adv. amis [Fr.], wrong, ill, to one's cost 

Phr. moving accidents by flood and field" [Othello]. 

SECTION II. 

PROSPECTIVE VOLITION

1. CONCEPTIONAL VOLITION 

#620. Intention -- N. intent, intention, intentionality; purpose; quo 

animo [Lat.]; project &c. 626; undertaking &c. 676; 

predetermination &c. 611; design, ambition. contemplation, mind, 

animus, view, purview, proposal; study; look out. final cause; 

raison d'etre [Fr.]; cui bono [Lat.]; object, aim, end; the be all and 

the end all;" drift &c. (meaning) 516; tendency &c. 176; 

destination, mark, point, butt, goal, target, bull's-eye, quintain 

[Mediev.]; prey, quarry, game. decision, determination, resolve; 

fixed set purpose, settled purpose; ultimatum; resolution &c. 604; 

wish &c. 865; arriere pensee [Fr.]; motive &c. 615. [Study of final 

causes] teleology. 

V. intend, purpose, design, mean; have to; propose to oneself; 

harbor a design; have in view, have in contemplation, have in 

one's eye, have in petto; have an eye to. bid for, labor for; be after, 

aspire after, endeavor after; be at, aim at, drive at, point at, level 

at, aspire at; take aim; set before oneself; study to. take upon 

oneself &c. (undertake) 676; take into one's head; meditate, 

contemplate of, think of, dream of, talk of; premeditate &c. 611; 

compass, calculate; destine, destinate † #621. [Absence of purpose in the succession of events] Chance 

-- N. chance &c. 156; lot, fate &c. (necessity) 601; luck; good luck 

&c. (good) 618; mascot. speculation, venture, stake, game of 

chance; mere shot, random shot; blind bargain, leap in the dark; 

pig in a poke &c. (uncertainty) 475; fluke, potluck; faro bank; flyer 

[Slang]; limit. uncertainty; uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's 

uncertainty principle. drawing lots; sortilegy 

; propose. project &c. 

(plan) 626; have a mind to &c. (be willing) 602; desire &c. 865; 

pursue &c. 622. 

Adj. intended &c. v.; intentional, advised, express, determinate; 

† , sortition † ; sortes † , 

sortes Virgilianae † ; rouge et noir [Fr.], hazard, ante, chuck-a-luck, 

crack-loo [U.S.], craps, faro, roulette, pitch and toss, chuck, 

farthing, cup tossing, heads or tails cross and pile, poker-dice; 

wager; bet, betting; gambling; the turf. gaming house, gambling 

house, betting house; bucket shop; gambling joint; totalizator, 

totalizer; hell; betting ring; dice, dice box. [person who takes 

chances] gambler, gamester; man of the turf; adventurer; dicer † . 

V. chance &c. (hap) 156; stand a chance &c. (be possible) 470. 

toss up; cast lots, draw lots; leave to chance, trust to chance, leave 

to the chapter of accidents, trust to the chapter of accidents; tempt 

fortune; chance it, take one's chance, take a shot at it (attempt) 

675; run the risk, run the chance, incur the risk, incur the chance, 

encounter the risk, encounter the chance; stand the hazard of the 

die. speculate, try one's luck, set on a cast, raffle, put into a lottery, 

buy a pig in a poke, shuffle the cards. risk, venture, hazard, stake; 

prepense &c. 611 † ; bound for; intending &c. v.; minded; bent upon 

&c. (earnest) 604; at stake; on the anvil, on the tapis † ; in view, in 

prospect, in the breast of; in petto; teleological 

Adv. intentionally &c. adj.; advisedly, wittingly, knowingly, 

designedly, purposely, on purpose, by design, studiously, 

pointedly; with intent &c. n.; deliberately &c. (with premeditation) 

611; with one's eyes open, in cold blood. for; with a view, with an 

eye to; in order to, in order that; to the end that, with the intent that; 

for the purpose of, with the view of, in contemplation of, on account 

of. in pursuance of, pursuant to; quo animo [Lat.]; to all intents and 

purposes. 

Phr. The road to hell is paved with good intentions" [Johnson]; 

sublimi feriam sidera vertice [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#622. [Purpose in action.] Pursuit -- N. pursuit; pursuing &c. v.; 

prosecution; pursuance; enterprise &c. (undertaking) 676; 

business &c. 625; adventure &c. (essay) 675; quest &c. (search) 

461; scramble, hue and cry, game; hobby; still-hunt. chase, hunt, 

battue † , race, steeple chase, hunting, coursing; venation, venery; 

fox chase; sport, sporting; shooting, angling, fishing, hawking; 

shikar (Geog loc:India). pursuer; hunter, huntsman; shikari (Geog 

loc:India), sportsman, Nimrod; hound &c. 366. 

V. pursue, prosecute, follow; run after, make after, be after, hunt 

after, prowl after; shadow; carry on &c. (do) 680; engage in &c. 

(undertake) 676; set about &c. (begin) 66; endeavor &c. 675; 

court &c. (request) 765; seek &c. (search) 461; aim at &c. 

(intention) 620; follow the trail &c. (trace) 461; fish for &c. 

(experiment) 463; press on &c. (haste) 684; run a race &c. 

(velocity) 274. chase, give chase, course, dog, hunt, hound; tread 

on the heels, follow on the heels of, &c. (sequence) 281. rush 

upon; rush headlong &c. (violence) 173, ride full tilt at, run full tilt 

at; make a leap at, jump at, snatch at run down; start game. tread 

a path; take a course, hold a course; shape one's steps, direct 

one's steps, bend one's steps, course; play a game; fight one's 

way, elbow one's way; follow up; take to, take up; go in for; ride 

one's hobby. 

ante; lay, lay a wager; make a bet, wager, bet, gamble, game, 

play for; play at chuck farthing. 

Adj. fortuitous &c. 156; unintentional, unintended; accidental; not 

meant; undesigned, purposed; unpremeditated &c. 612; 

unforeseen, uncontemplated, never thought of. random, 

indiscriminate, promiscuous; undirected; aimless, driftless † , 

designless † , purposeless, causeless; without purpose. possible 

&c. 470. unforeseeable, unpredictable, chancy, risky, speculative, 

dicey. 

Adv. randomly, by chance, fortuitously; unpredictably, 

unforeseeably; casually &c. 156; unintentionally &c. adj.; 

unwittingly. en passant [Fr.], by the way, incidentally; as it may 

happen; at random, at a venture, at haphazard. 

Phr. acierta errando [Lat.]; dextro tempore [Lat.]; fearful 

concatenation of circumstances" [D. Webster]; fortuitous 

combination of circumstances" [Dickens]; le jeu est le fils 

d'avarice et le pere du le jeu est le fils d'avarice et le pere du 

desespoir [Fr.]; the happy combination of fortuitous the happy 

combination of fortuitous circumstances" [Scott]; the fortuitous or 

casual concourse of atoms" [Bentley]; God does not play dice 

with the universe" [A. Einstein]. 

#623. [Absence of pursuit.] Avoidance -- N. abstention, 

abstinence; for bearance † ; refraining &c. v.; inaction &c. 681; 

neutrality. avoidance, evasion, elusion; seclusion &c. 893. 

avolation † , flight; escape &c. 671; retreat &c. 287; recoil &c. 277; 

departure &c. 293; rejection &c. 610. shirker &c. v.; truant; 

fugitive, refugee; runaway, runagate; maroon. 

V. abstain, refrain, spare, not attempt; not do &c. 681; maintain 

the even tenor of one's way. eschew, keep from, let alone, have 

nothing to do with; keep aloof keep off, stand aloof, stand off, hold 

aloof, hold off; take no part in, have no hand in. avoid, shun; steer 

clear of, keep clear of; fight shy of; keep one's distance, keep at a 

respectful distance; keep out of the way, get out of the way; evade, 

elude, turn away from; set one's face against &c. (oppose) 708; 

deny oneself. shrink back; hang back, hold back, draw back; 

recoil &c. 277; retire &c. (recede) 287; flinch, blink, blench, shy, 

shirk, dodge, parry, make way for, give place to. beat a retreat; 

turn tail, turn one's back; take to one's heels; runaway, run for 

one's life; cut and run; be off like a shot; fly, flee; fly away, flee 

away, run away from; take flight, take to flight; desert, elope; make 

off, scamper off, sneak off, shuffle off, sheer off; break away, tear 

oneself away, slip away, slink away, steel away, make away from, 

scamper away from, sneak away from, shuffle away from, sheer 

away from; slip cable, part company, turn one's heel; sneak out of,

Adj. pursuing &c. v.; in quest of &c. (inquiry) 461; in pursuit, in full 

cry, in hot pursuit; on the scent. 

Adv. in pursuance of &c. (intention) 620; after. 

Int. tallyho!, yoicks!, soho! † , 

away from; slip cable, part company, turn one's heel; sneak out of, 

play truant, give one the go by, give leg bail, take French leave, 

slope, decamp, flit, bolt, abscond, levant, skedaddle, absquatulat 

[U.S.], cut one's stick, walk one's chalks, show a light pair of heels, 

make oneself scarce; escape &c. 671; go away &c. (depart) 293; 

abandon &c. 624; reject &c. 610. lead one a dance, lead one a 

pretty dance; throw off the scent, play at hide and seek. 

Adj. unsought, unattempted; avoiding &c. v.; neutral, shy of &c. 

(unwilling) 603; elusive, evasive; fugitive, runaway; shy, wild. 

Adj. lest, in order to avoid. 

Int. forbear!, keep off, hands off!, sauve qui peut! [Fr.], every man 

for himself! [Fr.Tr.]; devil take the hindmost!, 

Phr. things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme" [Paradise Lost]. 

#624. Relinquishment -- N. relinquishment, abandonment; desertion, defection, secession, withdrawal; cave of Adullam † ; nolle 

prosequi [Lat.]. discontinuance &c. (cessation) 142; renunciation &c. (recantation) 607; abrogation &c. 756; resignation &c. 

(retirement) 757; desuetude &c. 614; cession &c. (of property) 782. 

V. relinquish, give up, abandon, desert, forsake, leave in the lurch; go back on; depart from, secede from, withdraw from; back out of; 

leave, quit, take leave of, bid a long farewell; vacate &c. (resign) 757. renounce &c. (abjure) 607; forego, have done with, drop; 

disuse &c. 678; discard &c. 782; wash one's hands of; drop all idea of. break off, leave off; desist; stop &c. (cease) 142; hold one's 

hand, stay one's hand; quit one's hold; give over, shut up shop. throw up the game, throw up the cards; give up the point, give up the 

argument; pass to the order of the day, move to the previous question. 

Adj. unpursued † ; relinquished &c. v.; relinquishing &c. v.. 

Int. avast!, &c. (stop) 142. 

Phr. aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben [G.]; entbehre gern was du nicht hast [G.]. 

#625. Business -- N. business, occupation, employment; pursuit &c. 622; what one is doing, what one is about; affair, concern, 

matter, case. matter in hand, irons in the fire; thing to do, agendum, task, work, job, chore [U.S.], errand, commission, mission, 

charge, care; duty &c. 926. part, role, cue; province, function, lookout, department, capacity, sphere, orb, field, line; walk, walk of life; 

beat, round, routine; race, career. office, place, post, chargeship † , incumbency, living; situation, berth, employ; service &c. (servitude) 

749; engagement; undertaking &c. 676. vocation, calling, profession, cloth, faculty; industry, art; industrial arts; craft, mystery, 

handicraft; trade &c. (commerce) 794. exercise; work &c. (action) 680; avocation; press of business &c. (activity) 682. 

V. pass one's time in, employ one's time in, spend one's time in; employ oneself in, employ oneself upon; occupy oneself with, 

concern oneself with; make it one's business &c. n.; undertake &c. 676; enter a profession; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to; 

have to do with &c. (do) 680. office, place, post, chargeship † , incumbency, living; situation, berth, employ; service &c. (servitude) 

749; engagement; undertaking &c. 676. drive a trade; carry on a trade, do a trade, transact a trade, carry on business, do business, 

transact business &c. n.; keep a shop; ply one's task, ply one's trade; labor in one's vocation; pursue the even tenor of one's way; 

attend to business, attend to one's work. officiate, serve, act; act one's part, play one's part; do duty; serve the office of, discharge the 

office of, perform the office of, perform the duties of, perform the functions of; hold an office, fill an office, fill a place, fill a situation; 

hold a portfolio, hold a place, hold a situation. be about, be doing, be engaged in, be employed in, be occupied with, be at work on; 

have one's hands in, have in hand; have on one's hands, have on one's shoulders; bear the burden; have one's hands full &c. (activity) 

682. be in the hands of, be on the stocks, be on the anvil; pass through one's hands. 

Adj. businesslike; workaday; professional; official, functional; busy &c. (actively employed) 682; on hand, in hand, in one's hands; 

afoot; on foot, on the anvil; going on; acting. 

Adv. in the course of business, all in one's day's work; professionally &c. Adj.. 

Phr. a business with an income at its heels" [Cowper]; amoto quaeramus seria ludo [Lat.] [Horace]; par negotiis neque supra [Lat.] 

[Tacitus]. 

#626. Plan -- N. plan, scheme, design, project; proposal, proposition, suggestion; resolution, motion; precaution &c. (provision) 673; 

deep-laid plan &c. (premeditated) 611; system &c. (order) 58; organization &c. (arrangement) 60; germ &c. (cause) 153. sketch, 

skeleton, outline, draught, draft, ebauche [Fr.], brouillon [Fr.]; rough cast, rough draft, draught copy; copy; proof, revise. drawing, 

scheme, schematic, graphic, chart, flow chart (representation) 554. forecast, program, programme, prospectus; carte du pays [Fr.]; 

card; bill, protocol; order of the day, list of agenda; bill of fare &c. (food) 298; base of operations; platform, plank, slate [U.S.], ticket 

[U.S.]. role; policy &c. (line of conduct) 692. contrivance, invention, expedient, receipt, nostrum, artifice, device; pipelaying [U.S.]; 

stratagem &c. (cunning) 702; trick &c. (deception) 545; alternative, loophole; shift &c. (substitute) 147; last shift &c. (necessity) 601. 

measure, step; stroke, stroke of policy; master stroke; trump card, court card; cheval de bataille [Fr.], great gun; coup, coup d'etat 

[Fr.]; clever stroke, bold stroke, good move, good hit, good stroke; bright thought, bright idea. intrigue, cabal, plot, conspiracy, 

complot † , machination; subplot, underplot † , counterplot. schemer, schemist † , schematist † ; strategist, machinator; projector, artist, 

promoter, designer &c. v.; conspirator; intrigant &c. (cunning) 702 † . 

V. plan, scheme, design, frame, contrive, project, forecast, sketch; devise, invent &c. (imagine) 515; set one's wits to work &c. 515; 

spring a project; fall upon, hit upon; strike out, chalk out, cut out, lay out, map out; lay down a plan; shape out a course, mark out a 

course; predetermine &c. 611; concert, preconcert, preestablish; prepare &c. 673; hatch, hatch a plot concoct; take steps, take 

measures. cast, recast, systematize, organize; arrange &c. 60; digest, mature. plot; counter-plot, counter-mine; dig a mine; lay a train; 

intrigue &c. (cunning) 702. 

Adj. planned &c. v.; strategic, strategical; planning &c. v.; prepared, in course of preparation &c. 673; under consideration; on the 

tapis † , on the carpet, on the floor.

#627. Method [Path.] -- N. method, way, manner, wise, gait, form, mode, fashion, tone, guise; modus operandi, MO; procedure &c. 

(line of conduct) 692. path, road, route, course; line of way, line of road; trajectory, orbit, track, beat, tack. steps; stair, staircase; flight 

of stairs, ladder, stile; perron † . bridge, footbridge, viaduct, pontoon, steppingstone, plank, gangway; drawbridge; pass, ford, ferry, 

tunnel; pipe &c. 260. door; gateway &c. (opening) 260; channel, passage, avenue, means of access, approach, adit † ; artery, lane, 

loan [Scot.], alley, aisle, lobby, corridor; back-door, back-stairs; secret passage; covert way; vennel † . roadway, pathway, stairway; 

express; thoroughfare; highway; turnpike, freeway, royal road, coach road; broad highway, King's highway, Queen's highway; beaten 

track, beaten path; horse road, bridle road, bridle track, bridle path; walk, trottoir † , footpath, pavement, flags, sidewalk; crossroad, 

byroad, bypath, byway; cut; short cut &c. (mid-course) 628; carrefour † ; private road, occupation road; highways and byways; railroad, 

railway, tram road, tramway; towpath; causeway; canal &c. (conduit) 350; street &c. (abode) 189; speedway. adv.. how; in what way, 

in what manner; by what mode; so, in this way, after this fashion. one way or another, anyhow; somehow or other &c. (instrumentality) 

631; by way of; via; in transitu [Lat.] &c. 270; on the high road to. 

Phr. hae tibi erunt artes [Lat.]. 

#628. Mid-course -- N. middle course, midcourse; mean &c. 29; 

middle &c. 68; juste milieu [Fr.], mezzo termine [It], golden mean, 

ariston metron [Gr.], aurea mediocritas [Lat.]. straight &c. (direct) 

278, straight course, straight path; short cut, cross cut; great circle 

sailing. neutrality; half measure, half and half measures; 

compromise. 

V. keep in a middle course, preserve a middle course, preserve 

an even course, go straight &c. (direct) 278. go halfway, 

compromise, make a compromise. 

Adj. straight &c. (direct) 278. 

Phr. medium tenuere beati [Lat.]. 

#629. Circuit -- N. circuit, roundabout way, digression, detour, 

circumbendibus, ambages † , loop; winding &c. (circuition) 311 † ; 

zigzag &c. (deviation) 279. 

V. perform a circuit; go round about, go out of one's way; make a 

detour; meander &c. (deviate) 279. lead a pretty dance; beat 

about the bush; make two bites of a cherry. 

Adj. circuitous, indirect, roundabout; zigzag &c. (deviating) 279; 

backhanded. 

Adv. by a side wind, by an indirect course; in a roundabout way; 

from pillar to post. 

#630. Requirement -- N. requirement, need, wants, necessities; necessaries, necessaries of life; stress, exigency, pinch, sine qua 

non, matter of necessity; case of need, case of life or death. needfulness, essentiality, necessity, indispensability, urgency. requisition 

&c. (request) 765, (exaction) 741; run upon; demand, call for. charge, claim, command, injunction, mandate, order, precept. 

desideratum &c. (desire) 865; want &c. (deficiency) 640. 

V. require, need, want, have occasion for; not be able to do without, not be able to dispense with; prerequire † . render necessary, 

necessitate, create a, necessity for, call for, put in requisition; make a requisition &c. (ask for) 765, (demand) 741. stand in need of; 

lack &c. 640; desiderate † ; desire &c. 865; be necessary &c. Adj. 

Adj. required &c. v.; requisite, needful, necessary, imperative, essential, indispensable, prerequisite; called for; in demand, in 

request. urgent, exigent, pressing, instant, crying, absorbing. in want of; destitute of &c. 640. 

Adv. ex necessitate rei [Lat.] &c. (necessarily) 601; of necessity. 

Phr. there is no time to lose; it cannot be spared, it cannot be dispensed with; mendacem memorem esse oportet [Lat.] [Quintilian]; 

necessitas non habet legem [Lat.]; nec tecum possum trivere nec sine te [Lat.] [Martial]. 

2. SUBSERVIENCE TO ENDS 

1. Actual Subservience 

#631. Instrumentality -- N. instrumentality; aid &c. 707; subservience, subserviency; mediation, intervention, medium, intermedium † , 

vehicle, hand; agency &c. 170. minister, handmaid; midwife, accoucheur [Fr.], accoucheuse [Fr.], obstetrician; gobetween; cat's-paw; 

stepping-stone. opener &c. 260; key; master key, passkey, latchkey; open sesame;" passport, passe-partout, safe-conduct, 

password. instrument &c. 633; expedient &c. (plan) 626; means &c. 632. 

V. subserve, minister, mediate, intervene; be instrumental &c. adj.; pander to; officiate; tend. 

Adj. instrumental; useful &c. 644; ministerial, subservient, mediatorial † ; intermediate, intervening; conducive. 

Adv. through, by, per; whereby, thereby, hereby; by the agency of &c. 170; by dint of; by virtue of, in virtue of; through the medium of 

&c. n.; along with; on the shoulders of; by means of &c. 632; by the aid of, with the aid of &c. (assistance) 707. per fas et nefas [Lat.], 

by fair means or foul; somehow, somehow or other; by hook or by crook. 

#632. Means -- N. means, resources, wherewithal, ways and means; capital &c. (money) 800; revenue; stock in trade &c. 636; 

provision &c. 637; a shot in the locker; appliances &c. (machinery) 633; means and appliances; conveniences; cards to play; 

expedients &c. (measures) 626; two strings to one's bow; sheet anchor &c. (safety) 666; aid &c. 707; medium &c. 631. 

V. find means, have means, possess means &c. n.. 

Adj. instrumental &c. 631; mechanical &c. 633. 

Adv. by means of, with; by what means, by all means, by any means, by some means; wherewith, herewith, therewith; wherewithal. 

how &c. (in what manner) 627; through &c. (by the instrumentality of) 631; with the aid of, by the aid of &c. (assistance) 707; by the 

agency of &c. 170 

#633. Instrument -- N. machinery, mechanism, engineering. instrument, organ, tool, implement, utensil, machine, engine, lathe, gin, 

mill; air engine, caloric engine, heat engine. gear; tackle, tackling, rig, rigging, apparatus, appliances; plant, materiel; harness, 

trappings, fittings, accouterments; barde † ; equipment, equipmentage † ; appointments, furniture, upholstery; chattels; paraphernalia 

&c. (belongings) 780. mechanical powers; lever, leverage; mechanical advantage; crow, crowbar; handspike † , gavelock † , jemmy † , 

jimmy, arm, limb, wing; oar, paddle; pulley; wheel and axle; wheelwork, clockwork; wheels within wheels; pinion, crank, winch; cam;

pedal; capstan &c. (lift) 307; wheel &c. (rotation) 312; inclined plane; wedge; screw; spring, mainspring; can hook, glut, heald † , 

heddle † , jenny, parbuckle † , sprag † , water wheel. handle, hilt, haft, shaft, heft, shank, blade, trigger, tiller, helm, treadle, key; turnscrew, 

screwdriver; knocker. hammer &c. (impulse) 276; edge tool &c. (cut) 253; borer &c. 262; vice, teeth, &c. (hold) 781; nail, rope &c. 

(join) 45; peg &c. (hang) 214; support &c. 215; spoon &c. (vehicle) 272; arms &c. 727; oar &c. (navigation) 267; cardiograph, 

recapper † , snowplow, tenpenny † , votograph † . 

Adj. instrumental &c. 631; mechanical, machinal † ; brachial [Med.]. 

#634. Substitute -- N. substitute &c. 147; deputy &c. 759; badli † . 

#635. Materials -- N. material, raw material, stuff, stock, staple; adobe, brown stone; chinking; clapboard; daubing; puncheon; shake; 

shingle, bricks and mortar; metal; stone; clay, brick crockery &c. 384; compo, composition; concrete; reinforced concrete, cement; 

wood, ore, timber. materials; supplies, munition, fuel, grist, household stuff pabulum &c. (food) 298; ammunition &c. (arms) 727; 

contingents; relay, reinforcement, reenforcement † ; baggage &c. (personal property) 780; means &c. 632; calico, cambric, cashmere. 

Adj. raw &c. (unprepared) 674; wooden &c. n.; adobe. 

#636. Store -- N. stock, fund, mine, vein, lode, quarry; spring; fount, fountain; well, wellspring; milch cow. stock in trade, supply; heap 

&c. (collection) 72; treasure; reserve, corps de reserve, reserved fund, nest egg, savings, bonne bouche [Fr.]. crop, harvest, mow, 

vintage. store, accumulation, hoard, rick, stack; lumber; relay &c. (provision) 637. storehouse, storeroom, storecloset † ; depository, 

depot, cache, repository, reservatory † , repertory; repertorium † ; promptuary † , warehouse, entrepot [Fr.], magazine; buttery, larder, 

spence † ; garner, granary; cannery, safe-deposit vault, stillroom † ; thesaurus; bank &c. (treasury) 802; armory; arsenal; dock; gallery, 

museum, conservatory; menagery † , menagerie. reservoir, cistern, aljibar † , tank, pond, mill pond; gasometer † . budget, quiver, 

bandolier, portfolio; coffer &c. (receptacle) 191. conservation; storing &c. v.; storage. 

V. store; put by, lay by, set by; stow away; set apart, lay apart; store treasure, hoard treasure, lay up, heap up, put up, garner up, save 

up; bank; cache; accumulate, amass, hoard, fund, garner, save. reserve; keep back, hold back; husband, husband one's resources. 

deposit; stow, stack, load; harvest; heap, collect &c. 72; lay in store &c. Adj.; keep, file (papers); lay in &c. (provide) 637; preserve 

&c. 670. 

Adj. stored &c. v.; in store, in reserve, in ordinary; spare, supernumerary. 

Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit [Lat.]. 

#637. Provision -- N. provision, supply; grist, grist for the mill; 

subvention &c. (aid) 707; resources &c. (means) 632; groceries, 

grocery. providing &c. v.; purveyance; reinforcement, 

reenforcement † ; commissariat. provender &c. (food) 298; 

ensilage; viaticum. caterer, purveyor, commissary, quartermaster, 

manciple † , feeder, batman, victualer, grocer, comprador [Sp.], 

restaurateur; jackal, pelican; sutler &c. (merchant) 797 † . grocery 

shop, grocery store. 

V. provide; make provision, make due provision for; lay in, lay in a 

stock, lay in a store. supply, suppeditate † ; furnish; find, find one in; 

arm. cater, victual, provision, purvey, forage; beat up for; stock, 

stock with; make good, replenish; fill, fill up; recruit, feed. have in 

store, have in reserve; keep, keep by one, keep on foot, keep on 

hand; have to fall back upon; store &c. 636; provide against a 

rainy day &c. (economy) 817. 

#639. Sufficiency -- N. sufficiency, adequacy, enough, withal, 

satisfaction, competence; no less; quantum sufficit [Lat.], Q.S. 

mediocrity &c. (average) 29. fill; fullness &c. (completeness) 52; 

plenitude, plenty; abundance; copiousness &c. adj.; amplitude, 

galore, lots, profusion; full measure; good measure pressed down 

and running, over." luxuriance &c. (fertility) 168; affluence &c. 

(wealth) 803; fat of the land; a land flowing with milk and honey;" 

cornucopia; horn of plenty, horn of Amalthaea; mine &c. (stock) 

636. outpouring; flood &c. (great quantity) 31; tide &c. (river) 348; 

repletion &c. (redundancy) 641; satiety &c. 869. 

V. be sufficient &c. adj.; suffice, do, just do, satisfy, pass muster; 

have enough &c. n.; eat. one's fill, drink one's fill, have one's fill; roll 

in, swim in; wallow in &c. (superabundance) 641; wanton. 

abound, exuberate, teem, flow, stream, rain, shower down; pour, 

pour in; swarm; bristle with; superabound. render sufficient &c. 

adj.; replenish &c. (fill) 52. 

Adj. sufficient, enough, adequate, up to the mark, commensurate, 

competent, satisfactory, valid, tangible. measured; moderate &c. 

(temperate) 953. full, &c. (complete) 52; ample; plenty, plentiful, 

#638. Waste -- N. consumption, expenditure, exhaustion; 

dispersion &c. 73; ebb; leakage &c. (exudation) 295; loss &c. 

776; wear and tear; waste; prodigality &c. 818; misuse &c. 679; 

wasting &c. v.; rubbish &c. (useless) 645. mountain in labor. 

V. spend, expend, use, consume, swallow up, exhaust; 

impoverish; spill, drain, empty; disperse &c. 73. cast away, fool 

away, muddle away, throw away, fling away, fritter away; burn the 

candle at both ends, waste; squander &c. 818. waste its 

sweetness on the desert air" [Gray]; cast one's bread upon the 

waters, cast pearls before swine; employ a steam engine to crack 

a nut, waste powder and shot, break a butterfly on a wheel; labor 

in vain &c. (useless) 645; cut blocks with a razor, pour water into a 

sieve. leak &c. (run out) 295; run to waste; ebb; melt away, run 

dry, dry up. 

Adj. wasted &c. v.; at a low ebb. wasteful &c. (prodigal) 818; 

penny wise and pound foolish. 

Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas [Lat.]; le jeu ne vaut pas la 

chandelle [Fr.]; idly busy rolls their world away" [Goldsmith]. 

#640. Insufficiency -- N. insufficiency; inadequacy, 

inadequateness; incompetence &c. (impotence) 158; deficiency 

&c. (incompleteness) 53; imperfection &c. 651; shortcoming &c. 

304; paucity; stint; scantiness &c. (smallness) 32; none to spare, 

bare subsistence. scarcity, dearth; want, need, lack, poverty, 

exigency; inanition, starvation, famine, drought. dole, mite, 

pittance; short allowance, short commons; half rations; banyan 

day. emptiness, poorness &c. adj.; depletion, vacancy, flaccidity; 

ebb tide; low water; a beggarly account of empty boxes" [Romeo 

and Juliet]; indigence &c. 804; insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808. 

V. be insufficient &c. adj.; not suffice &c. 639; come short of &c. 

304; run dry. want, lack, need, require; caret; be in want &c. (poor) 

804, live from hand to mouth. render insufficient &c. Adj.; drain of 

resources, impoverish &c. (waste) 638; stint &c. (begrudge) 819; 

put on short allowance. do insufficiently &c. adv.; scotch the 

snake. 

Adj. insufficient, inadequate; too little &c. 32; not enough &c. 639; 

unequal to; incompetent &c. (impotent) 158; weighed in the 

balance and found wanting;" perfunctory &c. (neglect) 460; 

deficient &c. (incomplete) ; wanting, &c. v.; imperfect &c. ;

plenteous; plenty as blackberries; copious, abundant; abounding 

&c. v.; replete, enough and to spare, flush; choke-full, chock-full; 

well-stocked, well-provided; liberal; unstinted, unstinting; stintless † ; 

without stint; unsparing, unmeasured; lavish &c. 641; wholesale. 

rich; luxuriant &c. (fertile) 168; affluent &c. (wealthy) 803; 

wantless † ; big with &c. (pregnant) 161. unexhausted † , unwasted † ; 

exhaustless, inexhaustible. 

Adv. sufficiently, amply &c. Adj.; full; in abundance &c. n.. with no 

sparing hand; to one's heart's content, ad libitum, without stint. 

Phr. cut and come again" [Crabbe]; das Beste ist gut genug [G.]. 

deficient &c. (incomplete) 53; wanting, &c. v.; imperfect &c. 651; 

ill-furnished, ill-provided, ill-stored, ill-off. slack, at a low ebb; 

empty, vacant, bare; short of, out of, destitute of, devoid of, bereft 

of &c. 789; denuded of; dry, drained. unprovided, unsupplied † , 

unfurnished; unreplenished, unfed † ; unstored † , untreasured † ; 

empty-handed. meager, poor, thin, scrimp, sparing, spare, stinted; 

starved, starving; halfstarved, famine-stricken, famished; jejune. 

scant &c. (small) 32; scarce; not to be had, not to be had for love 

or money, not to be had at any price; scurvy; stingy &c. 819; at the 

end of one's tether; without resources &c. 632; in want &c. (poor) 

804; in debt &c. 806. 

Adv. insufficiently &c. adj.; in default of, for want of; failing. 

Phr. semper avarus eget [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#641. Redundancy -- N. redundancy, redundance † ; too much, too many; superabundance, superfluity, superfluence † , saturation; 

nimiety † , transcendency, exuberance, profuseness; profusion &c. (plenty) 639; repletion, enough in all conscience, satis superque 

[Lat.], lion's share; more than enough &c. 639; plethora, engorgement, congestion, load, surfeit, sickener † ; turgescence &c. 

(expansion) 194 † ; overdose, overmeasure † , oversupply, overflow; inundation &c. (water) 348; avalanche. accumulation &c. (store) 

636; heap &c. 72; drug, drug in the market; glut; crowd; burden. excess; surplus, overplus † ; epact † ; margin; remainder &c. 40; 

duplicate; surplusage † , expletive; work of supererogation; bonus, bonanza. luxury; intemperance &c. 954; extravagance &c. 

(prodigality) 818; exorbitance, lavishment † . pleonasm &c. (diffuseness) 573; too many irons in the fire; embarras de richesses [Fr.]. 

V. superabound, overabound † ; know no bounds, swarm; meet one at every turn; creep with, crawl with, bristle with; overflow; run over, 

flow over, well over, brim over; run riot; overrun, overstock, overlay, overcharge, overdose, overfeed, overburden, overload, overdo, 

overwhelm, overshoot the mark &c. (go beyond) 303; surcharge, supersaturate, gorge, glut, load, drench, whelm, inundate, deluge, 

flood; drug, drug the market; hepatize † . choke, cloy, accloy † , suffocate; pile up, lay on thick; impregnate with; lavish &c. (squander) 

818. send coals to Newcastle, carry coals to Newcastle, carry owls to Athens † ; teach one's grandmother to suck eggs; pisces natare 

docere [Lat.]; kill the slain, gild refined gold," gild the lily," butter one's bread on both sides, put butter upon bacon; employ a steam 

engine to crack a nut &c. (waste) 638. exaggerate &c. 549; wallow in roll in &c. (plenty) 639; remain on one's hands, hang heavy on 

hand, go a begging. 

Adj. redundant; too much, too many; exuberant, inordinate, superabundant, excessive, overmuch, replete, profuse, lavish; prodigal 

&c. 818; exorbitant; overweening; extravagant; overcharged &c. v.; supersaturated, drenched, overflowing; running over, running to 

waste, running down. crammed to overflowing, filled to overflowing; gorged, ready to burst; dropsical, turgid, plethoric; obese &c. 194. 

superfluous, unnecessary, needless, supervacaneous † , uncalled for, to spare, in excess; over and above &c. (remainder) 40; de trop 

[Fr.]; adscititious &c. (additional) 37; supernumerary &c. (reserve) 636; on one's hands, spare, duplicate, supererogatory, expletive; 

un peu fort [Fr.]. 

Adv. over, too, over and above; overmuch, too much; too far; without measure, beyond measure, out of measure; with a to spare; 

over head and ears; up to one's eyes, up to one's ears; extra; beyond the mark &c. (transcursion) 303; acervatim [Lat.]. 

Phr. it never rains but it pours; fortuna multis dat nimium nulli satis [Lat.]. 

#642. Importance -- N. importance, consequence, moment, 

prominence, consideration, mark, materialness. import, 

significance, concern; emphasis, interest. greatness &c. 31; 

superiority &c. 33; notability &c. (repute) 873; weight &c. 

(influence) 175; value &c. (goodness) 648; usefulness &c. 644. 

gravity, seriousness, solemnity; no joke, no laughing matter; 

pressure, urgency, stress; matter of life and death. memorabilia, 

notabilia † , great doings; red-letter day. great thing, great point; 

main chance, the be all and the end all" [Macbeth]; cardinal point; 

substance, gist &c. (essence) 5; sum and substance, gravamen, 

head and front; important part, principal part, prominent part, 

essential part; half the battle; sine qua non; breath of one's nostrils 

&c. (life) 359; cream, salt, core, kernel, heart, nucleus; keynote, 

keystone; corner stone; trump card &c. (device) 626; salient 

points. top sawyer, first fiddle, prima donna [Sp.], chief; triton 

among the minnows; 'it' [U.S.]." 

V. be important &c. adj., be somebody, be something; import, 

signify, matter, boot, be an object; carry weight &c. (influence) 

175; make a figure &c. (repute) 873; be in the ascendant, come to 

the front, lead the way, take the lead, play first fiddle, throw all else 

into the shade; lie at the root of; deserve notice, merit notice, be 

worthy of notice, be worthy of regard, be worthy of consideration. 

attach importance to, ascribe importance to, give importance to 

&c. n.; value, care for, set store upon, set store by; mark &c. 550; 

mark with a white stone, underline; write in italics, put in italics, 

print in italics, print in capitals, print in large letters, put in large 

2. Degree of Subservience 

#643. Unimportance -- N. unimportance, insignificance, 

nothingness, immateriality. triviality, levity, frivolity; paltriness &c. 

adj.; poverty; smallness &c. 32; vanity &c. (uselessness) 645; 

matter of indifference &c. 866; no object. nothing, nothing to 

signify, nothing worth speaking of, nothing particular, nothing to 

boast of, nothing to speak of; small matter, no great matter, trifling 

matter &c. adj.; mere joke, mere nothing; hardly anything; scarcely 

anything; nonentity, small beer, cipher; no great shakes, peu de 

chose [Fr.]; child's play, kinderspiel. toy, plaything, popgun, paper 

pellet, gimcrack, gewgaw, bauble, trinket, bagatelle, Rickshaw, 

knickknack, whim-wham, trifle, trifles light as air;" yankee notions 

[U.S.]. trumpery, trash, rubbish, stuff, fatras † , frippery; leather or 

prunello;" chaff, drug, froth bubble smoke, cobweb; weed; refuse 

&c. (inutility) 645; scum &c. (dirt) 653. joke, jest, snap of the 

fingers; fudge &c. (unmeaning) 517; fiddlestick † , fiddlestick end † ; 

pack of nonsense, mere farce. straw, pin, fig, button, rush; bulrush, 

feather, halfpenny, farthing, brass farthing, doit † , peppercorn, jot, 

rap, pinch of snuff, old son; cent, mill, picayune, pistareen † , red 

cent [U.S.]. minutiae, details, minor details, small fry; dust in the 

balance, feather in the scale, drop in the ocean, flea-bite, molehill. 

nine days' wonder, ridiculus mus [Lat.]; flash in the pan &c. 

(impotence) 158; much ado about nothing &c. (overestimation) 

482. 

V. be unimportant &c. adj.; not matter &c. 642; go for nothing, 

matter nothing, signify nothing, matter little, matter little or nothing; 

not matter a straw &c. n.. make light of &c. (underestimate) 483;

type, put in letters. of gold; accentuate, emphasize, lay stress on. 

make a fuss about, make a fuss over, make a stir about, make a 

piece of work about [Fr.], make much ado about; make much ado 

of, make much of. 

Adj. important; of importance &c. n.; momentous, material; to the 

point; not to be overlooked, not to be despised, not to be sneezed 

at; egregious; weighty &c. (influential) 175; of note &c. (repute) 

873; notable, prominent, salient, signal; memorable, remarkable; 

unforgettable; worthy of remark, worthy of notice; never to be 

forgotten; stirring, eventful. grave, serious, earnest, noble, grand, 

solemn, impressive, commanding, imposing. urgent, pressing, 

critical, instant. paramount, essential, vital, all-absorbing, radical, 

cardinal, chief, main, prime, primary, principal, leading, capital, 

foremost, overruling; of vital importance &c.. in the front rank, firstrate; 

superior &c. 33; considerable &c. (great) 31; marked &c. v.; 

rare &c. 137. significant, telling, trenchant, emphatic, pregnant; 

tanti [Lat.]. 

Adv. materially &c. adj.; in the main; above all, kat' exochin [Gr.], 

par excellence, to crown all, to beat all. 

Phr. expende Hannibalem! [Lat.] [Juvenal]. 

not matter a straw &c. n.. make light of &c. (underestimate) 483; 

catch at straws &c. (overestimate) 482. 

Adj. unimportant; of little account, of small account, of no account, 

of little importance, of no importance &c. 642; immaterial; 

unessential, nonessential; indifferent. subordinate &c. (inferior) 

34; mediocre &c. (average) 29; passable, fair, respectable, 

tolerable, commonplace; uneventful, mere, common; ordinary &c. 

(habitual) 613; inconsiderable, so-so, insignificant, inappreciable. 

trifling, trivial; slight, slender, light, flimsy, frothy, idle; puerile &c. 

(foolish) 499; airy, shallow; weak &c. 160; powerless &c. 158; 

frivolous, petty, niggling; piddling, peddling; fribble † , inane, 

ridiculous, farcical; finical, finikin † ; fiddle-faddle, fingle-fangle † , 

namby-pamby, wishy-washy, milk and water. poor, paltry, pitiful; 

contemptible &c. (contempt) 930; sorry, mean, meager, shabby, 

miserable, wretched, vile, scrubby, scrannel † , weedy, niggardly, 

scurvy, putid † , beggarly, worthless, twopennyhalfpenny, cheap, 

trashy, catchpenny, gimcrack, trumpery; one-horse [U.S.]. not 

worth the pains, not worth while, not worth mentioning, not worth 

speaking of, not worth a thought, not worth a curse, not worth a 

straw &c. n.; beneath notice, unworthy of notice, beneath regard, 

unworthy of regard, beneath consideration, unworthy of 

consideration; de lana caprina [It]; vain &c. (useless) 645. 

Adv. slightly &c. adj.; rather, somewhat, pretty well, tolerably. for 

aught one cares. 

Int. no matter!, pish!, tush!, tut!, pshaw! † , pugh!, pooh, poohpooh!, 

fudge!, bosh!, humbug!, fiddlestick † , fiddlestick end! † , 

fiddlededee!, never mind!, n'importe! [Fr.], what signifies it, what 

boots it, what of it, what of that, what matter, what's the odds, a fig 

for', stuff!, nonsense!, stuff and nonsense, 

Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas [Lat.]; le jeu ne vaut pas la 

chandelle [Fr.]; it matters not, it does not signify; it is of no 

consequence, it is of no importance; elephantus non capit murem 

[Lat.]; tempete dans un verre d'eau [Fr.]. 

#644. Utility -- N. utility; usefulness &c. adj.; efficacy, efficiency, 

adequacy; service, use, stead, avail; help &c. (aid) 707; 

applicability &c. adj.; subservience &c. (instrumentality) 631; 

function &c. (business) 625; value; worth &c. (goodness) 648; 

money's worth; productiveness &c. 168; cui bono [Lat.] &c. 

(intention) 620; utilization &c. (use) 677; step in the right direction. 

common weal; commonwealth public good, public interest; 

utilitarianism &c. (philanthropy) 910. 

V. be useful &c. adj.; avail, serve; subserve &c. (be instrumental 

to) 631; conduce &c. (tend) 176; answer, serve one's turn, answer 

a purpose, serve a purpose. act a part &c. (action) 680; perform a 

function, discharge a function &c.; render a service, render good 

service, render yeoman's service; bestead † , stand one in good 

stead be the making of; help &c. 707. bear fruit &c. (produce) 

161; bring grist to the mill; profit, remunerate; benefit &c. (do 

good) 648. find one's account in, find one's advantage in; reap the 

benefit of &c. (be better for) 658. render useful &c. (use) 677. 

Adj. useful; of use &c. n.; serviceable, proficuous † #645. Inutility -- N. inutility; uselessness &c. adj.; inefficacy 

, good for; 

subservient &c. (instrumental) 631; conducive &c. (tending) 176; 

subsidiary &c. (helping) 707. advantageous &c. (beneficial) 648; 

profitable, gainful, remunerative, worth one's salt; valuable; prolific 

&c. (productive) 168. adequate; efficient, efficacious; effective, 

effectual; expedient &c. 646. applicable, available, ready, handy, 

at hand, tangible; commodious, adaptable; of all work. 

Adv. usefully &c. adj.; pro bono publico [Lat.]. 

† , 

futility; ineptitude, inaptitude; unsubservience † ; inadequacy &c. 

(insufficiency) 640; inefficiency, &c. (incompetence) 158; 

unskillfulness &c. 699; disservice; unfruitfulness &c. 

(unproductiveness).. 169; labor in vain, labor lost, labor of 

Sisyphus; lost trouble, lost labor; work of Penelope; sleeveless 

errand, wild goose chase, mere farce. tautology &c. (repetition) 

104; supererogation &c. (redundancy) 641. vanitas vanitatum 

[Lat.], vanity, inanity, worthlessness, nugacity † ; triviality &c. 

(unimportance) 643. caput mortuum [Lat.], waste paper, dead 

letter; blunt tool. litter, rubbish, junk, lumber, odds and ends, castoff 

clothes; button top; shoddy; rags, orts † , trash, refuse, 

sweepings, scourings, offscourings † , waste, rubble, debris, 

detritus; stubble, leavings; broken meat; dregs &c. (dirt) 653; 

weeds, tares; rubbish heap, dust hole; rudera † , deads † . fruges 

consumere natus [Lat.] [Horace]. &c. (drone) 683 

V. be useless &c. adj.; go a begging &c. (redundant) 641; fail &c. 

732. seek after impossibilities, strive after impossibilities; use 

vain efforts, labor in vain, roll the stone of Sisyphus, beat the air, 

lash the waves, battre l'eau avec un baton [Fr.], donner un coup 

d'epee dans l'eau [Fr.], fish in the air, milk the ram, drop a bucket 

into an empty well, sow the sand; bay the moon; preach to the 

winds, speak to the winds; whistle jigs to a milestone; kick against 

the pricks, se battre contre des moulins [Fr.]; lock the stable door 

when the steed is stolen, lock the barn door after the horse is 

stolen &c. (too late) 135; hold a farthing candle to the sun; cast 

pearls before swine &c. (waste) 638; carry coals to Newcastle &c. 

(redundancy) 641; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) 

471. render useless &c. adj.; dismantle, dismast, dismount, 

disqualify, disable; unrig; cripple, lame &c. (injure) 659; spike 

guns, clip the wings; put out of gear. 

Adj. useless, inutile, inefficacious, futile, unavailing, bootless; 

inoperative &c. 158; inadequate &c. (insufficient) 640; inservient † , 

unsubservient; inept, inefficient &c. (impotent) 158; of no avail &c.

(use) 644; ineffectual &c. (failure) 732; incompetent &c. 

(unskillful) 699; stale, flat and unprofitable;" superfluous &c. 

(redundant) 641; dispensable; thrown away &c. (wasted) 638; 

abortive &c. (immature) 674. worthless, valueless, priceless; 

unsalable; not worth a straw &c. (trifling) 643, dear at any price. 

vain, empty, inane; gainless † , profitless, fruitless; unserviceable, 

unprofitable; ill-spent; unproductive &c. 169; hors de combat [Fr.]; 

effete, past work &c. (impaired) 659; obsolete &c. (old) 124; fit for 

the dust hole; good for nothing; of no earthly use; not worth having, 

not worth powder and shot; leading to no end, uncalled for; 

unnecessary, unneeded. 

Adv. uselessly &c. adj.; to little purpose, to no purpose, to little or 

no purpose. 

Int. cui bono [Lat.];? what's the good!, 

Phr. actum ne agas [Lat.]; chercher une aiguille dans une botte de 

chercher une aiguille dans une botte de foin [Fr.]; tanto buon che 

val niente [It]. 

#646. [Specific subservience.] Expedience -- N. expedience, #647. Inexpedience -- N. inexpedience, inexpediency; 

expediency; desirableness, desirability &c. adj.; fitness &c. undesirableness, undesirability &c. adj.; discommodity 

(agreement) 23; utility &c. 644; propriety; opportunism; 

advantage. high time &c. (occasion) 134. 

V. be expedient &c. adj.; suit &c. (agree) 23; befit; suit the time, 

befit the time, suit the season, befit the season, suit the occasion, 

befit the occasion. conform &c. 82. 

Adj. expedient; desirable, advisable, acceptable; convenient; 

worth while, meet; fit, fitting; due, proper, eligible, seemly, 

becoming; befitting &c. v.; opportune &c. (in season) 134; in loco; 

suitable &c. (accordant) 23; applicable &c. (useful) 644. 

Adv. in the right place; conveniently &c. adj.. 

Phr. operae pretium est [Lat.]. 

† , 

impropriety; unfitness &c. (disagreement) 24; inutility &c. 645; 

disadvantage. 

V. be inexpedient &c. adj.; come amiss &c. (disagree) 24; 

embarrass &c. (hinder) 706; put to inconvenience; pay too dear 

for one's whistle. 

Adj. inexpedient, undesirable; unadvisable, inadvisable; 

objectionable; inapt, ineligible, inadmissible, inconvenient; 

incommodious, discommodious † ; disadvantageous; 

inappropriate, unfit &c. (inconsonant) 24. ill-contrived, ill-advised; 

unsatisfactory; unprofitable &c.; unsubservient &c. (useless) 645; 

inopportune &c. (unseasonable) 135; out of place, in the wrong 

place; improper, unseemly. clumsy, awkward; cumbrous, 

cumbersome; lumbering, unwieldy, hulky † ; unmanageable &c. 

(impracticable) 704; impedient &c. (in the way) 706 † . 

unnecessary &c. (redundant) 641. 

Phr. it will never do. 

#648. [Capability of producing good. Good qualities.] Goodness 

-- N. goodness &c. adj.; excellence, merit; virtue &c. 944; value, 

worth, price. super-excellence, supereminence; superiority &c. 33; 

perfection &c. 650; coup de maitre [Fr.]; masterpiece, chef 

d'ouvre [Fr.], prime, flower, cream, elite, pick, A 1, nonesuch, 

nonpareil, creme de la creme, flower of the flock, cock of the 

roost, salt of the earth; champion; prodigy. tidbit; gem, gem of the 

first water; bijou, precious stone, jewel, pearl, diamond, ruby, 

brilliant, treasure; good thing; rara avis [Lat.], one in a thousand. 

beneficence &c. 906; good man &c. 948. 

V. be beneficial &c. adj.; produce good, do good &c. 618; profit 

&c. (be of use) 644; benefit; confer a benefit &c. 618. be the 

making of, do a world of good, make a man of. produce a good 

effect; do a good turn, confer an obligation; improve &c. 658. do 

no harm, break no bones. be good &c. adj.; excel, transcend &c. 

(be superior) 33; bear away the bell. stand the proof, stand the 

test; pass muster, pass an examination. challenge comparison, 

vie, emulate, rival. 

Adj. harmless, hurtless † ; unobnoxious † , innocuous, innocent, 

inoffensive. beneficial, valuable, of value; serviceable &c. (useful) 

644; advantageous, edifying, profitable; salutary &c. (healthful) 

656. favorable; propitious &c. (hope-giving) 858; fair. good, good 

as gold; excellent; better; superior &c. 33; above par; nice, fine; 

genuine &c. (true) 494. best, choice, select, picked, elect, 

recherche, rare, priceless; unparagoned † , unparalleled &c. 

(supreme) 33; superlatively &c. 33; good; bully [Slang], 

crackajack [Slang], giltedged; superfine, superexcellent † #649. [Capability of producing evil. Bad qualities.] Badness -- 

N. hurtfulness &c. adj.; virulence. evil doer &c. 913; bane &c. 663; 

plague spot &c. (insalubrity) 657; evil star, ill wind; hoodoo; 

Jonah; snake in the grass, skeleton in the closet; amari aliquid 

[Lat.], thorn in the side. malignity; malevolence &c. 907; tender 

mercies [Iron.]. ill-treatment, annoyance, molestation, abuse, 

oppression, persecution, outrage; misusage &c. 679; injury &c. 

(damage) 659; knockout drops [U.S.]. badness &c. adj.; 

peccancy 

; of the 

first water; first-rate, first-class; high-wrought, exquisite, very best, 

crack, prime, tiptop, capital, cardinal; standard &c. (perfect) 650; 

inimitable. admirable, estimable; praiseworthy &c. (approve) 931; 

† , abomination; painfulness &c. 830; pestilence &c. 

(disease) 655; guilt &c. 947; depravity &c. 945. 

V. be hurtful &c. adj.; cause evil, produce evil, inflict evil, work evil, 

do evil &c. 619; damnify † , endamage † , hurt, harm; injure &c. 

(damage) 659; pain &c. 830. wrong, aggrieve, oppress, 

persecute; trample upon, tread upon, bear hard upon, put upon; 

overburden; weigh down, weigh heavy on; victimize; run down; 

molest &c. 830. maltreat, abuse; ill-use, ill-treat; buffet, bruise, 

scratch, maul; smite &c. (scourge) 972; do violence, do harm, do 

a mischief; stab, pierce, outrage. do mischief, make mischief; 

bring into trouble. destroy &c. 162. 

Adj. hurtful, harmful, scathful † , baneful, baleful; injurious, 

deleterious, detrimental, noxious, pernicious, mischievous, full of 

mischief, mischief-making, malefic, malignant, nocuous, noisome; 

prejudicial; disserviceable † , disadvantageous; wide-wasting. 

unlucky, sinister; obnoxious; untoward, disastrous. oppressive, 

burdensome, onerous; malign &c. (malevolent) 907. corrupting 

&c. (corrupt) &c. 659; virulent, venomous, envenomed, corrosive; 

poisonous &c. (morbific) 657 † ; deadly &c. (killing) 361; 

destructive &c. (destroying) 162; inauspicious &c. 859. bad, ill, 

arrant, as bad as bad can be, dreadful; horrid, horrible; dire; rank, 

peccant, foul, fulsome; rotten, rotten at the core. vile, base,

pleasing &c. 829; couleur de rose [Fr.], precious, of great price; 

costly &c. (dear) 814; worth its weight in gold, worth a Jew's eye; 

priceless, invaluable, inestimable, precious as the apple of the 

eye. tolerable &c. (not very good) 651; up to the mark, 

unexceptionable, unobjectionable; satisfactory, tidy. in good 

condition, in fair condition; fresh; sound &c. (perfect) 650. 

Adv. beneficially &c. adj.; well &c. 618. 

Phr. Jewels five words long" [Tennyson]; long may such 

goodness live! " [Rogers]; the luxury of doing good" [Goldsmith]. 

villainous; mean &c. (paltry) 643; injured &c.; deteriorated &c. 

659; unsatisfactory, exceptionable indifferent; below par &c. 

(imperfect) 651; illcontrived, ill-conditioned; wretched, sad, 

grievous, deplorable, lamentable; pitiful, pitiable, woeful &c. 

(painful) 830. evil, wrong; depraved &c. 945; shocking; 

reprehensible &c. (disapprove) 932. hateful, hateful as a toad; 

abominable, detestable, execrable, cursed, accursed, 

confounded; damned, damnable; infernal; diabolic &c. 

(malevolent) 907. unadvisable &c. (inexpedient) 647; 

unprofitable &c. (useless) 645; incompetent &c. (unskillful) 699; 

irremediable &c. (hopeless) 859. 

Adv. badly &c. adj.; wrong, ill; to one's cost; where the shoe 

pinches. 

Phr. bad is the best: the worst come to the worst; herba mala 

presto cresco [Lat.]; wrongs unredressed or insults unavenged" 

[Wordsworth]. 

#650. Perfection -- N. perfection; perfectness &c. adj.; 

indefectibility † ; impeccancy † , impeccability. pink, beau ideal, 

phenix, paragon; pink of perfection, acme of perfection; ne plus 

ultra [Lat.]; summit &c. 210. cygne noir [Fr.]; philosopher's stone; 

chrysolite, Koh-i-noor. model, standard, pattern, mirror, admirable 

Crichton; trump, very prince of. masterpiece, superexcellence &c. 

(goodness) 648 † ; transcendence &c. (superiority) 33. 

V. be perfect &c. adj.; transcend &c. (be supreme) 33. bring to 

perfection, perfect, ripen, mature; complete &c. 729; put in trim 

&c. (prepare) 673; maturate. 

Adj. perfect, faultless; indefective † , indeficient † , indefectible; 

immaculate, spotless, impeccable; free from imperfection &c. 

651; unblemished, uninjured &c. 659; sound, sound as a roach; in 

perfect condition; scathless † , intact, harmless; seaworthy &c. 

(safe) 644; right as a trivet; in seipso totus teres atque rotundus 

[Lat.] [Horace]; consummate &c. (complete) 52; finished &c. 729. 

best &c. (good) 648; model, standard; inimitable, unparagoned † #651. Imperfection -- N. imperfection; imperfectness &c. adj.; 

deficiency; inadequacy &c. (insufficiency) 640; peccancy &c. 

(badness) 649 

, 

unparalleled &c. (supreme) 33; superhuman, divine; beyond all 

praise &c. (approbation) 931; sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.]. 

Adv. to perfection; perfectly &c. adj.; ad unguem [Lat.]; clean, 

clean as a whistle. 

Phr. let us go on unto perfection" [Hebrews vi, 1]; the perfection of 

art is to conceal art" [Quintilian]. 

† ; immaturity &c. 674. fault, defect, weak point; 

screw loose; flaw &c. (break) 70; gap &c. 198; twist &c. 243; taint, 

attainder; bar sinister, hole in one's coat; blemish &c. 848; 

weakness &c. 160; half blood; shortcoming &c. 304; drawback; 

seamy side. mediocrity; no great shakes, no great catch; not 

much to boast of; one-horse shay. 

V. be imperfect &c. adj.; have a defect &c. n.; lie under a 

disadvantage; spring a leak. not pass muster, barely pass muster; 

fall short &c. 304. 

Adj. imperfect; not perfect &c. 650; deficient, defective; faulty, 

unsound, tainted; out of order, out of tune; cracked, leaky; sprung; 

warped &c. (distort) 243; lame; injured &c. (deteriorated) 659; 

peccant &c. (bad) 649; frail &c. (weak) 160; inadequate &c. 

(insufficient) 640; crude &c. (unprepared) 674; incomplete &c. 

53; found wanting; below par; short-handed; below its full strength, 

under its full strength, below its full complement. indifferent, 

middling, ordinary, mediocre; average &c. 29; so-so; coucicouci, 

milk and water; tolerable, fair, passable; pretty well, pretty good; 

rather good, moderately good; good; good enough, well enough, 

adequate; decent; not bad, not amiss; inobjectionable † , 

unobjectionable, admissible, bearable, only better than nothing. 

secondary, inferior; second-rate, second-best; one-horse [U.S.]. 

Adv. almost &c.; to a limited extent, rather &c. 32; pretty, 

moderately, passing; only, considering, all things considered, 

enough. 

Phr. surgit amari aliquid [Lat.]. 

#652. Cleanness -- N. cleanness, cleanliness &c. adj.; purity; 

cleaning &c. v.; purification, defecation &c. v.; purgation, 

lustration † ; detersion † , abstersion † ; epuration † , mundation † ; 

ablution, lavation † , colature † ; disinfection &c. v.; drainage, 

sewerage. lavatory, laundry, washhouse † ; washerwoman, 

laundress, dhobi † , laundryman, washerman † ; scavenger, 

dustman † , sweep; white wings brush [U.S.]; broom, besom † , mop, 

rake, shovel, sieve, riddle, screen, filter; blotter. napkin, cloth, 

maukin † , malkin † , handkerchief, towel, sudary † ; doyley † , doily, 

duster, sponge, mop, swab. cover, drugget † . wash, lotion, 

detergent, cathartic, purgative; purifier &c. v.; disinfectant; 

aperient † ; benzene, benzine benzol, benolin † ; bleaching powder, 

chloride of lime, dentifrice, deobstruent † , laxative. 

V. be clean, render clean &c. adj.; clean, cleanse; mundify † , rinse, 

wring, flush, full, wipe, mop, sponge, scour, swab, scrub, brush up. 

wash, lave, launder, buck; absterge † , deterge † ; decrassify † ; clear, 

purify; depurate † , despumate † , defecate; purge, expurgate, 

elutriate [Chem], lixiviate † , edulcorate † #653. Uncleanness -- N. uncleanness &c. adj.; impurity; 

immundity 

, clarify, refine, rack; filter, 

filtrate; drain, strain. disinfect, fumigate, ventilate, deodorize; 

whitewash; castrate, emasculate. sift, winnow, pick, weed, comb, 

rake, brush, sweep. rout out, clear out, sweep out &c.; make a 

† , immundicity † ; impurity &c. 961 [of mind]. defilement, 

contamination &c. v.; defoedation † ; soilure † , soiliness † ; 

abomination; leaven; taint, tainture † ; fetor &c. 401 † . decay; 

putrescence, putrefaction; corruption; mold, must, mildew, dry rot, 

mucor, rubigo † . slovenry † ; slovenliness &c. adj.; squalor. dowdy, 

drab, slut, malkin † , slattern, sloven, slammerkin † , slammock † , 

slummock † , scrub, draggle-tail, mudlark † , dust-man, sweep; 

beast. dirt, filth, soil, slop; dust, cobweb, flue; smoke, soot, 

smudge, smut, grit, grime, raff † ; sossle † , sozzle † . sordes † , dregs, 

grounds, lees; argol † ; sediment, settlement heeltap † ; dross, 

drossiness † ; mother † , precipitate, scoriae, ashes, cinders. 

recrement † , slag; scum, froth. hogwash; ditchwater † , dishwater, 

bilgewater † ; rinsings, cheeseparings; sweepings &c. (useless 

refuse) 645; offscourings † , outscourings † ; off scum; caput 

mortuum [Lat.], residuum, sprue, fecula [Lat.], clinker, draff † ; scurf, 

scurfiness † ; exuviae [Lat.], morphea; fur, furfur † ; dandruff, tartar. 

riffraff; vermin, louse, flea, bug, chinch † . mud, mire, quagmire, 

alluvium, silt, sludge, slime, slush, slosh, sposh [U.S.]. spawn, 

offal, gurry [U.S.]; lientery † ; garbage, carrion; excreta &c. 299;

ake, brush, sweep. rout out, clear out, sweep out &c.; make a 

clean sweep of. 

Adj. clean, cleanly; pure; immaculate; spotless, stainless, 

taintless; trig; without a stain, unstained, unspotted, unsoiled, 

unsullied, untainted, uninfected; sweet, sweet as a nut. neat, 

spruce, tidy, trim, gimp, clean as a new penny, like a cat in 

pattens; cleaned &c. v.; kempt † . abstergent † , cathartic, cleansing, 

purifying. 

Adv. neatly &c. adj.; clean as a whistle. 

slough, peccant humor, pus, matter, suppuration, lienteria † ; 

faeces, feces, excrement, ordure, dung, crap [Vulg.], shit [Vulg.]; 

sewage, sewerage; muck; coprolite; guano, manure, compost. 

dunghill, colluvies † , mixen † , midden, bog, laystall † , sink, privy, 

jakes; toilet, john, head; cess † , cesspool; sump, sough, cloaca, 

latrines, drain, sewer, common sewer; Cloacina; dust hole. sty, 

pigsty, lair, den, Augean stable † , sink of corruption; slum, rookery. 

V. be unclean, become unclean &c. adj.; rot, putrefy, ferment, 

fester, rankle, reek; stink &c. 401; mold, molder; go bad &c. adj.. 

render unclean &c. adj.; dirt, dirty; daub, blot, blur, smudge, 

smutch † , soil, smoke, tarnish, slaver, spot, smear; smirch; 

begrease † ; dabble, drabble † , draggle, daggle † ; spatter, slubber; 

besmear &c., bemire, beslime † , begrime, befoul; splash, stain, 

distain † , maculate, sully, pollute, defile, debase, contaminate, 

taint, leaven; corrupt &c. (injure) 659; cover with dust &c. n.; 

drabble in the mud † ; roil. wallow in the mire; slobber, slabber † . 

Adj. dirty, filthy, grimy; unclean, impure; soiled &c. v.; not to be 

handled with kid gloves; dusty, snuffy † , smutty, sooty, smoky; thick, 

turbid, dreggy; slimy; mussy [U.S.]. slovenly, untidy, messy, 

uncleanly. [of people] unkempt, sluttish, dowdy, draggle-tailed; 

uncombed. unscoured † , unswept † , unwiped † , unwashed, 

unstrained, unpurified † ; squalid; lutose † , slammocky † , 

slummocky † , sozzly † . nasty, coarse, foul, offensive, abominable, 

beastly, reeky, reechy † ; fetid &c. 401. [of rotting living matter] 

decayed, moldy, musty, mildewed, rusty, moth-eaten, mucid † , 

rancid, weak, bad, gone bad, etercoral † , lentiginous † , touched, 

fusty, effete, reasty † , rotten, corrupt, tainted, high, flyblown, 

maggoty; putrid, putrefactive, putrescent, putrefied; saprogenic, 

saprogenous † ; purulent, carious, peccant; fecal, feculent; 

stercoraceous † , excrementitious † ; scurfy, scurvy, impetiginous † ; 

gory, bloody; rotting &c. v.; rotten as a pear, rotten as cheese. 

crapulous &c. (intemperate) 954 † ; gross &c. (impure in mind) 

961; fimetarious † , fimicolous † . 

Phr. they that touch pitch will be defiled" [Much Ado About 

Nothing]. 

#654. Health -- N. health, sanity; soundness &c. adj.; vigor; good 

health, perfect health, excellent health, rude health, robust health; 

bloom. mens sana in corpore sano [Lat.]; Hygeia † ; incorruption, 

incorruptibility; good state of health, clean bill of health; eupepsia † ; 

euphoria, euphory † ; St. Anthony's fire † . 

V. be in health &c. adj.. bloom, flourish. keep body and soul 

together, keep on one's legs; enjoy good health, enjoy a good 

state of health; have a clean bill of health. return to health; recover 

&c. 660; get better &c. (improve) 658; take a new lease of life, 

fresh lease of life; recruit; restore to health; cure &c. (restore) 660; 

tinker. 

Adj. healthy, healthful; in health &c. n.; well, sound, hearty, hale, 

fresh, green, whole; florid, flush, hardy, stanch, staunch, brave, 

robust, vigorous, weatherproof. unscathed, uninjured, unmaimed † , 

unmarred, untainted; sound of wind and limb, safe and sound. on 

one's legs; sound as a roach, sound as a bell; fresh as a daisy, 

fresh as a rose, fresh as April † ; hearty as a buck; in fine feather, in 

high feather; in good case, in full bloom; pretty bobbish † , tolerably 

well, as well as can be expected. sanitary &c. (health-giving) 656; 

sanatory &c. (remedial) 662 † #655. Disease -- N. disease; illness, sickness &c. adj.; ailing &c.; 

all the ills that flesh is heir to" [Hamlet]; morbidity, morbosity 

. 

Phr. health that snuffs the morning air" [Grainger]; non est vivere 

sed valere vita [Lat.] [Martial]. 

† ; 

infirmity, ailment, indisposition; complaint, disorder, malady; 

distemper, distemperature † . visitation, attack, seizure, stroke, fit. 

delicacy, loss of health, invalidation, cachexy † ; cachexia [Med.], 

atrophy, marasmus † ; indigestion, dyspepsia; decay &c. 

(deterioration) 659; decline, consumption, palsy, paralysis, 

prostration. taint, pollution, infection, sepsis, septicity † , infestation; 

epidemic, pandemic, endemic, epizootic; murrain, plague, 

pestilence, pox. sore, ulcer, abscess, fester, boil; pimple, wen &c. 

(swelling) 250; carbuncle, gathering, imposthume † , peccant 

humor, issue; rot, canker, cold sore, fever sore; cancer, 

carcinoma, leukemia, neoplastic disease, malignancy, tumor; 

caries, mortification, corruption, gangrene, sphacelus † , 

sphacelation † , leprosy; eruption, rash, breaking out. fever, 

temperature, calenture † ; inflammation. ague, angina pectoris 

[Lat.], appendicitis; Asiatic cholera † , spasmodic cholera; biliary 

calculus, kidney stone, black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic 

plague; blennorrhagia † , blennorrhoea † ; blood poisoning, 

bloodstroke † , bloody flux, brash; breakbone fever † , dengue fever, 

malarial fever, Q-fever; heart attack, cardiac arrest, 

cardiomyopathy [Med.]; hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis, 

atherosclerosis; bronchocele [Med.], canker rash, cardialgia 

[Med.], carditis [Med.], endocarditis [Med.]; cholera, asphyxia; 

chlorosis, chorea, cynanche † , dartre [Fr.]; enanthem † , 

enanthema † ; erysipelas; exanthem † , exanthema; gallstone, goiter, 

gonorrhea, green sickness; grip, grippe, influenza, flu; hay fever, 

heartburn, heaves, rupture, hernia, hemorrhoids, piles, herpes,

#656. Salubrity -- N. salubrity; healthiness &c. adj.. fine air, fine 

climate; eudiometer † . [Preservation of health] hygiene; 

valetudinarian, valetudinarianism; sanitarian; sanitarium, 

sanitOrium. 

V. be salubrious &c. adj.; agree with; assimilate &c. 23. 

Adj. salubrious, salutary, salutiferous † ; wholesome; healthy, 

healthful; sanitary, prophYlactic, benign, bracing, tonic, 

invigorating, good for, nutritious; hygeian † , hygienic. innoxious † , 

innocuous, innocent; harmless, uninjurious, uninfectious. sanative 

&c. (remedial) 662; restorative &c. (reinstate) 660; useful &c. 

644. 

itch, king's evil, lockjaw; measles, mumps † , polio; necrosis, 

pertussis, phthisis † , pneumonia, psora † , pyaemia † , pyrosis 

[Med.], quinsy, rachitis † , ringworm, rubeola, St. Vitus's dance, 

scabies, scarlatina, scarlet fever, scrofula, seasickness, struma † , 

syntexis † , tetanus, tetter † , tonsillitis, tonsilitis † , tracheocele [Med.], 

trachoma, trismus [Med.], varicella [Med.], varicosis [Med.], 

variola [Med.], water qualm, whooping cough; yellow fever, yellow 

jack. fatal disease &c. (hopeless) 859; dangerous illness, 

galloping consumption, churchyard cough; general breaking up, 

break up of the system. [Disease of mind] idiocy &c. 499; insanity 

&c. 503. martyr to disease; cripple; the halt the lame and the 

blind;" valetudinary † , valetudinarian; invalid, patient, case; 

sickroom, sick-chamber. [Science of disease] pathology, etiology, 

nosology † . [Veterinary] anthrax, bighead; blackleg, blackquarter † ; 

cattle plague, glanders † , mange, scrapie, milk sickness; 

heartworm, feline leukemia, roundworms; quarter-evil, quarter-ill; 

rinderpest. [disease-causing agents] virus, bacterium, bacteria. 

[types of viruses] DNA virus; RNA virus. [RNA viruses] rhinovirus; 

rhabdovirus; picornavirus. [DNA viruses] herpesvirus; 

cytomegalovirus, CMV; human immunodefficiency virus, HIV. 

V. be ill &c. adj.; ail, suffer, labor under, be affected with, complain 

of, have; droop, flag, languish, halt; sicken, peak, pine; gasp. keep 

one's bed; feign sickness &c. (falsehood) 544. lay by, lay up; take 

a disease, catch a disease &c. n., catch an infection; break out. 

Adj. diseased; ailing &c. v.; ill, ill of; taken ill, seized with; 

indisposed, unwell, sick, squeamish, poorly, seedy; affected with 

illness, afflicted with illness; laid up, confined, bedridden, 

invalided, in hospital, on the sick list; out of health, out of sorts; 

under the weather [U.S.]; valetudinary † . unsound, unhealthy; sickly, 

morbid, morbose † , healthless † , infirm, chlorotic [Med.], unbraced † . 

drooping, flagging, lame, crippled, halting. morbid, tainted, 

vitiated, peccant, contaminated, poisoned, tabid † , mangy, 

leprous, cankered; rotten, rotten to the core, rotten at the core; 

withered, palsied, paralytic; dyspeptic; luetic † , pneumonic, 

pulmonic [Med.], phthisic † , rachitic; syntectic † , syntectical † ; 

tabetic † , varicose. touched in the wind, broken-winded, spavined, 

gasping; hors de combat &c. (useless) 645 [Fr.]. weakly, 

weakened &c. (weak) 160; decrepit; decayed &c. (deteriorated) 

659; incurable &c. (hopeless) 859; in declining health; cranky; in a 

bad way, in danger, prostrate; moribund &c. (death) 360. morbific 

&c. 657 † ; epidemic, endemic; zymotic † . 

#657. Insalubrity -- N. insalubrity; unhealthiness &c. adj.; 

nonnaturals † ; plague spot; malaria &c. (poison) 663; death in the 

pot, contagion; toxicity. 

Adj. insalubrious; unhealthy, unwholesome; noxious, noisome; 

morbific † , morbiferous † ; mephitic, septic, azotic † , deleterious; 

pestilent, pestiferous, pestilential; virulent, venomous, envenomed; 

poisonous, toxic, toxiferous † , teratogenic; narcotic. contagious, 

infectious, catching, taking, epidemic, zymotic † ; epizootic. 

innutritious † , indigestible, ungenial; uncongenial &c. (disagreeing) 

24. deadly &c. (killing) 361. 

#658. Improvement -- N. improvement; amelioration, 

melioration; betterment; mend, amendment, emendation; mending 

&c. v.; advancement; advance &c. (progress) 282; ascent &c. 

305; promotion, preferment; elevation &c. 307; increase &c. 35; 

cultivation, civilization; culture, march of intellect; menticulture † #659. Deterioration -- N. deterioration, debasement; wane, ebb; 

recession &c. 287; retrogradation &c. 283 

; 

race-culture, eugenics. reform, reformation; revision, radical 

reform; second thoughts, correction, limoe labor [Lat.], refinement, 

elaboration; purification &c. 652; oxidation; repair &c. 

(restoration) 660; recovery &c. 660. revise, new edition. reformer, 

radical. 

V. improve; be better, become better, get better; mend, amend. 

advance &c. (progress) 282; ascend &c. 305; increase &c. 35; 

† ; decrease &c. 36. 

degeneracy, degeneration, degenerateness; degradation; 

depravation, depravement; devolution; depravity &c. 945; 

demoralization, retrogression; masochism. impairment, 

inquination † , injury, damage, loss, detriment, delaceration † , 

outrage, havoc, inroad, ravage, scath † ; perversion, prostitution, 

vitiation, discoloration, oxidation, pollution, defoedation † , 

poisoning, venenation † , leaven, contamination, canker, corruption, 

adulteration, alloy. decline, declension, declination; decadence, 

decadency † ; falling off &c. v.; caducity † , decrepitude. decay, 

dilapidation, ravages of time, wear and tear; corrosion, erosion;

fructify, ripen, mature; pick up, come about, rally, take a favorable 

turn; turn over a new leaf, turn the corner; raise one's head, sow 

one's wild oats; recover &c. 660. be better &c. adj., be improved 

by; turn to right account, turn to good account, turn to best account; 

profit by, reap the benefit of; make good use of, make capital out 

of; place to good account. render better, improve, mend, amend, 

better; ameliorate, meliorate; correct; decrassify † . improve upon, 

refine upon; rectify; enrich, mellow, elaborate, fatten. promote, 

cultivate, advance, forward, enhance; bring forward, bring on; 

foster &c. 707; invigorate &c. (strengthen) 159. touch up, rub up, 

brush up, furbish up, bolster up, vamp up, brighten up, warm up; 

polish, cook, make the most of, set off to advantage; prune; repair 

&c. (restore) 660; put in order &c. (arrange) 60. review, revise; 

make corrections, make improvements &c. n.; doctor &c. 

(remedy) 662; purify, &c. 652. relieve, refresh, infuse new blood 

into, recruit. reform, remodel, reorganize; new model. view in a 

new light, think better of, appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober. 

palliate, mitigate; lessen an evil &c. 36. 

Adj. improving &c. v.; progressive, improved &c. v.; better, better 

off, better for; all the better for; better advised. reformatory, 

emendatory † ; reparatory &c. (restorative) 660 † ; remedial &c. 662. 

corrigible, improvable; accultural † dilapidation, ravages of time, wear and tear; corrosion, erosion; 

moldiness, rottenness; moth and rust, dry rot, blight, marasmus 

. 

Adv. on consideration, on reconsideration, on second thoughts, 

on better advice; ad melius inquirendum [Lat.]. 

Phr. urbent latericiam invenit marmoream reliquit [Lat.]. 

† , 

atrophy, collapse; disorganization; delabrement &c. (destruction). 

162; aphid, Aphis, plant louse, puceron † ; vinefretter † , vinegrub † . 

wreck, mere wreck, honeycomb, magni nominis umbra [Lat.]; 

jade, plug, rackabones [U.S.], skate [U.S.]; tackey † , tacky [U.S.]. 

V. be worse, be deteriorated, become worse, become 

deteriorated &c. Adj.; have seen better days, deteriorate, 

degenerate, fall off; wane &c. (decrease) 36; ebb; retrograde &c. 

283, decline, droop; go down &c. (sink) 306; go downhill, go from 

bad to worse, go farther and fare worse; jump out of the frying pan 

into the fire. run to seed, go to seed, run to waste swale † , sweal † ; 

lapse, be the worse for; sphacelate: break † , break down; spring a 

leak, crack, start; shrivel &c. (contract) 195; fade, go off, wither, 

molder, rot, rankle, decay, go bad; go to decay, fall into decay; fall 

into the sear and yellow leaf," rust, crumble, shake; totter, totter to 

its fall; perish &c. 162; die &c. 360. [Render less good] 

deteriorate; weaken &c. 160; put back, set back; taint, infect, 

contaminate, poison, empoison † , envenom, canker, corrupt, 

exulcerate † , pollute, vitiate, inquinate † ; debase, embase † ; 

denaturalize, denature, leaven; deflower, debauch, defile, 

deprave, degrade; ulcerate; stain &c. (dirt) 653; discolor; alloy, 

adulterate, sophisticate, tamper with, prejudice. pervert, prostitute, 

demoralize, brutalize; render vicious &c. 945. embitter, acerbate, 

exacerbate, aggravate. injure, impair, labefy † , damage, harm, 

hurt, shend † , scath † , scathe, spoil, mar, despoil, dilapidate, waste; 

overrun; ravage; pillage &c. 791. wound, stab, pierce, maim, 

lame, surbate † , cripple, hough † , hamstring, hit between wind and 

water, scotch, mangle, mutilate, disfigure, blemish, deface, warp. 

blight, rot; corrode, erode; wear away, wear out; gnaw, gnaw at 

the root of; sap, mine, undermine, shake, sap the foundations of, 

break up; disorganize, dismantle, dismast; destroy &c. 162. 

damnify &c. (aggrieve) 649 † ; do one's worst; knock down; deal a 

blow to; play havoc with, play sad havoc with, play the mischief 

with, play the deuce with, play the very devil with, play havoc 

among, play sad havoc among, play the mischief among, play the 

deuce among, play the very devil among; decimate. 

Adj. unimproved &c. (improve) &c. 658; deteriorated &c. v.; 

altered, altered for the worse; injured &c. v.; sprung; withering, 

spoiling &c. v.; on the wane, on the decline; tabid † ; degenerate; 

marescent † ; worse; the worse for, all the worse for; out of repair, 

out of tune; imperfect &c. 651; the worse for wear; battered; 

weathered, weather-beaten; stale, passe, shaken, dilapidated, 

frayed, faded, wilted, shabby, secondhand, threadbare; worn, 

worn to a thread, worn to a shadow, worn to the stump, worn to 

rags; reduced, reduced to a skeleton; far gone; tacky [U.S.]. 

decayed &c. v.; moth-eaten, worm-eaten; mildewed, rusty, moldy, 

spotted, seedy, time-worn, moss-grown; discolored; effete, 

wasted, crumbling, moldering, rotten, cankered, blighted, tainted; 

depraved &c. (vicious) 945; decrepid † , decrepit; broke, busted, 

broken, out of commission, hors de combat [Fr.], out of action, 

broken down; done, done for, done up; worn out, used up, 

finished; beyond saving, fit for the dust hole, fit for the wastepaper 

basket, past work &c. (useless) 645. at a low ebb, in a bad way, 

on one's last legs; undermined, deciduous; nodding to its fall &c. 

(destruction) 162; tottering &c. (dangerous) 665; past cure &c. 

(hopeless) 859; fatigued &c. 688; retrograde &c. (retrogressive) 

283; deleterious &c. 649. 

Phr. out of the frying pan into the fire; agrescit medendo [Lat.]; 

what a falling off was there! " [Hamlet]. 

#660. Restoration -- N. restoration, restoral; reinstatement, 

replacement, rehabilitation, reestablishment, reconstitution, 

reconstruction; reproduction &c. 163; renovation, renewal; revival, 

revivessence † , reviviscence † ; refreshment &c. 689; resuscitation, 

reanimation, revivification, reviction † ; Phenix; reorganization. 

renaissance, second youth, rejuvenescence † , new birth; 

#661. Relapse -- N. relapse, lapse; falling back &c. v.; 

retrogradation &c. (retrogression) 283 † ; deterioration &c. 659. 

[Return to, or recurrence of a bad state] backsliding, 

recidivation † ; recidivism, recidivity † ; recrudescence. 

V. relapse, lapse; fall back, slide back, sink back; return; 

retrograde &c. 283; recidivate; fall off again &c. 659.

egeneration, regeneracy † , regenerateness † ; palingenesis † , 

reconversion. redress, retrieval, reclamation, recovery; 

convalescence; resumption, resumption; sanativeness † . 

recurrence &c. (repetition) 104; rechauffe [Fr.], rifacimento [It]. 

cure, recure † , sanation † ; healing &c. v.; redintegration † ; 

rectification; instauration † . repair, reparation, remanufacture; 

recruiting &c. v.; cicatrization; disinfection; tinkering. reaction; 

redemption &c. (deliverance) 672; restitution &c. 790; relief &c. 

834. tinker, cobbler; vis medicatrix &c. (remedy) 662 † . 

curableness. 

V. return to the original state; recover, rally, revive; come come to, 

come round, come to oneself; pull through, weather the storm, be 

oneself again; get well, get round, get the better of, get over, get 

about; rise from one's ashes, rise from the grave; survive &c. 

(outlive) 110; resume, reappear; come to, come to life again; live 

again, rise again. heal, skin over, cicatrize; right itself. restore, put 

back, place in statu quo [Lat.]; reinstate, replace, reseat, 

rehabilitate, reestablish, reestate † , reinstall. reconstruct, rebuild, 

reorganize, reconstitute; reconvert; renew, renovate; regenerate; 

rejuvenate. redeem, reclaim, recover, retrieve; rescue &c. 

(deliver) 672. redress, recure † ; cure, heal, remedy, doctor, physic, 

medicate; break of; bring round, set on one's legs. resuscitate, 

revive, reanimate, revivify, recall to life; reproduce &c. 163; warm 

up; reinvigorate, refresh &c. 689. make whole, redintegrate † ; 

recoup &c. 790; make good, make all square; rectify, correct; put 

right, put to rights, set right, set to rights, set straight; set up; put in 

order &c. (arrange) 60; refit, recruit; fill up, fill up the ranks; 

reinforce. repair; put in repair, remanufacture, put in thorough 

repair, put in complete repair; retouch, refashion, botch † , vamp, 

tinker, cobble; do up, patch up, touch up, plaster up, vamp up; 

darn, finedraw † , heelpiece † ; stop a gap, stanch, staunch, caulk, 

calk, careen, splice, bind up wounds. 

Adj. restored &c. v.; redivivus [Lat.], convalescent; in a fair way; 

none the worse; rejuvenated. restoring &c. v.; restorative, 

recuperative; sanative, reparative, sanatory † , reparatory † ; 

curative, remedial. restorable, recoverable, sanable † , remediable, 

retrievable, curable. 

Adv. in statu quo [Lat.]; as you were. phr.. revenons a nos 

moutons [Fr.]; medecin [Fr.], gueris-toi toi-meme [Fr.]; vestigia 

nulla retrorsum [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#662. Remedy -- N. remedy, help, cure, redress; medicine, 

medicament; diagnosis, medical examination; medical treatment; 

surgery; preventive medicine. [medical devices] clinical 

thermometer, stethoscope, X-ray machine. anthelmintic [Med.]; 

antidote, antifebrile [Med.], antipoison † , counterpoison † , antitoxin, 

antispasmodic; bracer, faith cure, placebo; helminthagogue † , 

lithagogue † , pick-meup, stimulant, tonic; vermifuge, prophylactic, 

corrective, restorative; sedative &c. 174; palliative; febrifuge; 

alterant † , alterative; specific; antiseptic, emetic, analgesic, painkiller, 

antitussive [Med.], antiinflammatory [Med.], antibiotic, 

antiviral [Med.], antifungal [Med.], carminative; Nepenthe, 

Mithridate. cure, treatment, regimen; radical cure, perfect cure, 

certain cure; sovereign remedy. examination, diagnosis, 

diagnostics; analysis, urinalysis, biopsy, radiology. medicine, 

physic, Galenicals † , simples, drug, pharmaceutical, prescription, 

potion, draught, dose, pill, bolus, injection, infusion, drip, 

suppository, electuary † ; linctus † , lincture † ; medicament; 

pharmacon † . nostrum, receipt, recipe, prescription; catholicon † , 

panacea, elixir, elixir vitae, philosopher's stone; balm, balsam, 

cordial, theriac † , ptisan † . agueweed † , arnica, benzoin, bitartrate of 

potash, boneset † , calomel, catnip, cinchona, cream of tartar, 

Epsom salts [Chem]; feverroot † , feverwort; friar's balsam, Indian 

sage; ipecac, ipecacuanha; jonquil, mercurous chloride, Peruvian 

bark; quinine, quinquina † ; sassafras, yarrow. salve, ointment, 

cerate, oil, lenitive, lotion, cosmetic; plaster; epithem † , 

#663. Bane -- N. bane, curse; evil &c. 619; hurtfulness &c. 

(badness) 649 † ; painfulness &c. (cause of pain) 830; scourge &c. 

(punishment) 975; damnosa hereditas [Lat.]; white elephant. 

sting, fang, thorn, tang, bramble, brier, nettle. poison, toxin; 

teratogen; leaven, virus venom; arsenic; antimony, tartar emetic; 

strychnine, nicotine; miasma, miasm † , mephitis † , malaria, azote † , 

sewer gas; pest. [poisonous substances, examples] Albany 

hemp † , arsenious oxide, arsenious acid; bichloride of mercury; 

carbonic acid, carbonic gas; choke damp, corrosive sublimate, 

fire damp; hydrocyanic acid, cyanide, Prussic acid, hydrogen 

cyanide; marsh gas, nux vomica [Lat.], ratsbane † . [poisonous 

plants] hemlock, hellebore, nightshade, belladonna, henbane, 

aconite; banewort † , bhang, ganja † , hashish; Upas tree. [list of 

poisonous substances] Toxline (online). rust, worm, helminth 

[Med.], moth, moth and rust, fungus, mildew; dry rot; canker, 

cankerworm; cancer; torpedo; viper &c. (evil doer) 913; demon 

&c. 980. [Science of poisons] toxicology. 

Adj. baneful &c. (bad) 649; poisonous &c. (unwholesome) 657. 

phr.. bibere venenum in auro [Lat.].

embrocation † , liniment, cataplasm † , sinapism † , arquebusade † , 

traumatic, vulnerary, pepastic † , poultice, collyrium † , depilatory; 

emplastrum † ; eyewater † , vesicant, vesicatory [Med.]. compress, 

pledget † ; bandage &c. (support) 215. treatment, medical 

treatment, regimen; dietary, dietetics; vis medicatrix † , vis 

medicatrix naturae [Lat.]; medecine expectante [Fr.]; bloodletting, 

bleeding, venesection [Med.], phlebotomy, cupping, sanguisae, 

leeches; operation, surgical operation; transfusion, infusion, 

intravenous infusion, catheter, feeding tube; prevention, 

preventative medicine, immunization, inoculation, vaccination, 

vaccine, shot, booster, gamma globulin. pharmacy, 

pharmacology, pharmaceutics; pharmacopoeia, formulary; 

acology † , Materia Medica [Lat.], therapeutics, posology † ; 

homeopathy, allopathy † , heteropathy [Med.], osteopathy, 

hydropathy [Med.]; cold water cure; dietetics; surgery, chirurgery 

[Med.], chirurgy † ; healing art, leechcraft † ; orthopedics, orthopedy † , 

orthopraxy † ; pediatrics; dentistry, midwifery, obstetrics, 

gynecology; tocology † ; sarcology † . hospital, infirmary; pesthouse † , 

lazarhouse † ; lazaretto; lock hospital; maison de sante [Fr.]; 

ambulance. dispensary; dispensatory † , drug store, pharmacy, 

apothecary, druggist, chemist. Hotel des Invalides; sanatorium, 

spa, pump room, well; hospice; Red Cross. doctor, physician, 

surgeon; medical practitioner, general practitioner, specialist; 

medical attendant, apothecary, druggist; leech; osteopath, 

osteopathist † ; optometrist, ophthalmologist; internist, oncologist, 

gastroenterologist; epidemiologist [Med.], public health specialist; 

dermatologist; podiatrist; witch doctor, shaman, faith healer, 

quack, exorcist; Aesculapius † , Hippocrates, Galen; accoucheur 

[Fr.], accoucheuse [Fr.], midwife, oculist, aurist † ; operator; nurse, 

registered nurse, practical nurse, monthly nurse, sister; nurse's 

aide, candystriper; dresser; bonesetter; pharmaceutist † , 

pharmacist, druggist, chemist, pharmacopolist † . 

V. apply a remedy &c. n.; doctor, dose, physic, nurse, minister to, 

attend, dress the wounds, plaster; drain; prevent &c. 706; relieve 

&c. 834; palliate &c. 658; restore &c. 660; drench with physic; 

bleed, cup, let blood; manicure. operate, excise, cut out; incise. 

Adj. remedial; restorative &c. 660; corrective, palliative, healing; 

sanatory † , sanative; prophylactic, preventative, immunizing; 

salutiferous &c. (salutary) 656 † ; medical, medicinal; therapeutic, 

chirurgical [Med.], epulotic † , paregoric, tonic, corroborant, 

analeptic † , balsamic, anodyne, hypnotic, neurotic, narcotic, 

sedative, lenitive, demulcent † , emollient; depuratory † ; detersive † , 

detergent; abstersive † , disinfectant, febrifugal † , alterative; 

traumatic, vulnerary. allopathic † , heteropathic † , homeopathic, 

hydropathic [Med.]; anthelmintic [Med.]; antifebrile [Med.], 

antiluetic † ; aperient † , chalybeate † , deobstruent † , depurative † , 

laxative, roborant † . dietetic, alimentary; nutritious, nutritive; peptic; 

alexipharmic † , alexiteric † ; remediable, curable. 

Phr.. aux grands maux les grands remedes [Fr.]; Dios que da la 

llaga da la medicina [Sp.]; para todo hay remedio sino para la 

muerte [Sp.]; temporis ars medicina fere est [Lat.] [Ovid]; the 

remedy is worse than the disease" [Dryden]; throw physic to the 

dogs, I'll none of it" [Macbeth]. 

#664. Safety -- N. safety, security, surety, impregnability; 

invulnerability, invulnerableness &c. adj.; danger past, danger 

over; storm blown over; coast clear; escape &c. 671; means of 

escape; blow valve, safety valve, release valve, sniffing valve; 

safeguard, palladium. guardianship, wardship, wardenship; 

tutelage, custody, safekeeping; preservation &c. 670; protection, 

auspices. safe-conduct, escort, convoy; guard, shield &c. 

(defense) 717; guardian angel; tutelary god, tutelary deity, tutelary 

saint; genius loci. protector, guardian; warden, warder; preserver, 

custodian, duenna [Sp.], chaperon, third person. watchdog, 

3. Contingent Subservience 

#665. Danger -- N. danger, peril, insecurity, jeopardy, risk, 

hazard, venture, precariousness, slipperiness; instability &c. 149; 

defenselessness &c. adj., exposure &c. (liability) 177; 

vulnerability; vulnerable point, heel of Achilles † ; forlorn hope &c. 

(hopelessness) 859. [Dangerous course] leap in the dark &c. 

(rashness) 863; road to ruin, faciles descensus Averni [Lat.] 

[Vergil], hairbreadth escape. cause for alarm; source of danger 

&c. 667. rock ahead [Approach of danger], breakers ahead; 

storm brewing; clouds in the horizon, clouds gathering; warning

custodian, duenna [Sp.], chaperon, third person. watchdog, 

bandog † ; Cerberus; watchman, patrolman, policeman; cop 

[Slang], dick [Slang], fuzz [Slang], smokey [Slang], peeler 

[Slang], zarp [Slang]; sentinel, sentry, scout &c. (warning) 668; 

garrison; guardship † . [Means of safety] refuge &c., anchor &c. 

666; precaution &c. (preparation) 673; quarantine, cordon 

sanitaire [Fr.]. [Sense of security]. confidence &c. 858 

V. be safe &c. adj.; keep one's head above water, tide over, save 

one's bacon; ride out the storm, weather the storm; light upon 

one's feet, land on one's feet; bear a charmed life; escape &c. 

671. make safe, render safe &c. Adj.; protect; take care of &c. 

(care) 459; preserve &c. 670; cover, screen, shelter, shroud, flank, 

ward; guard &c. (defend) 717; secure &c. (restrain) 751; entrench, 

intrench † , fence round &c. (circumscribe) 229; house, nestle, 

ensconce; take charge of. escort, convoy; garrison; watch, mount 

guard, patrol. make assurance doubly sure &c. (caution) 864; 

take up a loose thread; take precautions &c. (prepare for) 673; 

double reef topsails. seek safety; take shelter, find shelter &c. 

666. 

Adj. safe, secure, sure; in safety, in security; on the safe side; 

under the shield of, under the shade of, under the wing of, under 

the shadow of one's wing; under cover, under lock and key; out of 

danger, out of the woods, out of the meshes, out of harm's way; 

unharmed, unscathed; on sure ground, at anchor, high and dry, 

above water; unthreatened † , unmolested; protected &c. v.; 

cavendo tutus [Lat.]; panoplied &c. (defended) 717 † . snug, 

seaworthy; weatherproof, waterproof, fireproof. defensible, 

tenable, proof against, invulnerable; unassailable, unattackable, 

impenetrable; impregnable, imperdible † ; inexpugnable; 

Achillean † . safe and sound &c. (preserved) 670; scathless &c. 

(perfect) 650; unhazarded † ; not dangerous &c. 665. 

unthreatening, harmless; friendly (cooperative) 709. protecting, 

protective &c. v.; guardian, tutelary; preservative &c. 670; 

trustworthy &c. 939. 

Adv. ex abundanti cautela [Lat.]; with impunity. 

Phr. all's well; salva res est [Lat.]; suave mari magno [Lat.]; a 

couvert [Fr.]; e terra alterius spectare laborem [Lat.] [Lucretius]; 

Dieu vous garde [Fr.]. 

&c. 668; alarm &c. 669. [Sense of danger] apprehension &c. 860. 

V. be in danger &c. adj.; be exposed to danger, run into danger, 

incur danger, encounter danger &c. n.; run a risk; lay oneself open 

to &c. (liability) 177; lean on a broken reed, trust to a broken reed; 

feel the ground sliding from under one, have to run for it; have the 

chances against one, have the odds against one, face long odds; 

be in deep trouble, be between a rock and a hard place. hang by 

a thread, totter; sleep on a volcano, stand on a volcano; sit on a 

barrel of gunpowder, live in a glass house. bring in danger, place 

in danger, put in danger, place in jeopardy, put in jeopardy &c. n.; 

endanger, expose to danger, imperil; jeopard † , jeopardize; 

compromise; sail too near the wind &c. (rash) 863. adventure, 

risk, hazard, venture, stake, set at hazard; run the gauntlet &c. 

(dare) 861; engage in a forlorn hope. threaten danger &c. 909; run 

one hard; lay a trap for &c. (deceive) 545. 

Adj. in danger &c. n.; endangered &c. v.; fraught with danger; 

dangerous, hazardous, perilous, parlous, periculous † ; unsafe, 

unprotected &c. (safe, protect) &c. 664; insecure. untrustworthy; 

built upon.sand, on a sandy basis; wildcat. defenseless, 

fenceless, guardless † , harborless; unshielded; vulnerable, 

expugnable † , exposed; open to &c. (liable) 177. aux abois [Fr.], at 

bay; on the wrong side of the wall, on a lee shore, on the rocks. at 

stake, in question; precarious, critical, ticklish; slippery, slippy; 

hanging by a thread &c. v.; with a halter round one's neck; 

between the hammer and the anvil, between Scylla and 

Charybdis, between a rock and a hard place, between the devil 

and the deep blue sea, between two fires; on the edge of a 

precipice, on the brink of a precipice, on the verge of a precipice, 

on the edge of a volcano; in the lion's den, on slippery ground, 

under fire; not out of the wood. unwarned, unadmonished, 

unadvised, unprepared &c. 674; off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) 

508 † . tottering; unstable, unsteady; shaky, top-heavy, tumbledown, 

ramshackle, crumbling, waterlogged; helpless, guideless † ; in a 

bad way; reduced to the last extremity, at the last extremity; 

trembling in the balance; nodding to its fall &c. (destruction) 162. 

threatening &c. 909; ominous, illomened; alarming &c. (fear) 860; 

explosive. adventurous &c. (rash) 863, (bold) 861. 

Phr. incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare incidit in Scyllam qui vult 

vitare Charybdim [Lat.]; nam tua res agitur paries dum proximus 

ardet [Lat.]. 

#666. [Means of safety.] Refuge -- N. refuge, sanctuary, retreat, 

fastness; acropolis; keep, last resort; ward; prison &c. 752; 

asylum, ark, home, refuge for the destitute; almshouse † ; hiding 

place &c. (ambush) 530; sanctum sanctorum [Lat.] &c. (privacy) 

893. roadstead, anchorage; breakwater, mole, port, haven; 

harbor, harbor of refuge; seaport; pier, jetty, embankment, quay. 

covert, cover, shelter, screen, lee wall, wing, shield, umbrella; 

barrier; dashboard, dasher [U.S.]. wall &c. (inclosure) 232; fort 

&c. (defense) 717. anchor, kedge; grapnel, grappling iron; sheet 

anchor, killick † ; mainstay; support &c. 215; cheek &c. 706; ballast. 

jury mast; vent-peg; safety valve, blow-off valve; safety lamp; 

lightning rod, lightning conductor; safety belt, airbag, seat belt; 

antilock brakes, antiskid tires, snow tires. means of escape &c. 

(escape) 671; lifeboat, lifejacket, life buoy, swimming belt, cork 

jacket; parachute, plank, steppingstone; emergency landing. 

safeguard &c. (protection) 664. 

V. seek refuge, take refuge, find refuge &c. n.; seek safety, find 

safety &c. 664; throw oneself into the arms of; break for taller 

timber [U.S.]. create a diversion. 

Phr. any port in a storm; bibere venenum in auro [Lat.]; valet 

anchora virtus † #667. [Source of danger.] Pitfall -- N. rocks, reefs, coral reef, 

sunken rocks, snags; sands, quicksands; syrt 

. 

† , syrtis † ; Goodwin 

sands, sandy foundation; slippery ground; breakers, shoals, 

shallows, bank, shelf, flat, lee shore, ironbound coast; rock ahead, 

breakers ahead. precipice; maelstrom, volcano; ambush &c. 530; 

pitfall, trapdoor; trap &c. (snare) 545. sword of Damocles; wolf at 

the door, snake in the grass, death in the pot; latency &c. 526. ugly 

customer, dangerous person, le chat qui dort [Fr.]; firebrand, 

hornet's nest. 

Phr. latet anquis in herba [Lat.] [Vergil]; proximus ardet Ucalegon 

[Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#668. Warning -- N. warning, early warning, caution, caveat; notice &c. (information) 527; premonition, premonishment † ; prediction 

&c. 511; contraindication, lesson, dehortation † ; admonition, monition; alarm &c. 669. handwriting on the wall, mene mene tekel 

upharsin, red flag, yellow flag; fog-signal, foghorn; siren; monitor, warning voice, Cassandra † , signs of the times, Mother Cary's 

chickens † , stormy petrel, bird of ill omen, gathering clouds, clouds in the horizon, death watch. watchtower, beacon, signal post;

lighthouse &c. (indication of locality) 550. sentinel, sentry, , watch, watchman; watch and ward; watchdog, bandog † , housedog † ; 

patrol, patrolman, vedette † , picket, bivouac, scout, spy, spial † ; undercover agent, mole, plainclothesman; advanced guard, rear 

guard; lookout. cautiousness &c. 864. monitor, guard camera, radar, AWACS, spy satellite, spy-in-the-sky, U2 plane, spy plane. 

V. warn, caution; forewarn, prewarn † ; admonish, premonish † ; give notice, give warning, dehort † ; menace &c. (threaten) 909; put on 

one's guard; sound the alarm &c. 669; croak. beware, ware; take warning, take heed at one's peril; keep watch and ward &c. (care) 

459. 

Adj. warning &c. v.; premonitory, monitory, cautionary; admonitory, admonitive † ; sematic [Biol.]. warned, forewarned &c. v.; on one's 

guard &c. (careful) 459, (cautious) 864. 

Adv. in terrorem [Lat.] &c. (threat) 909. 

Int. beware!, ware!, take care!, look out!, fore (golf), mind what you are about!, take care what you are about!, mind!, 

Phr. ne reveillez pas le chat qui dort [Fr.], don't wake a sleeping cat; foenum habet in cornu [Lat.]; caveat actor; le silence du people 

est la legon des rois [Fr.]; verbum sat sapienti [Lat.], a word to the wise is sufficient; un averti en vaut deux [Fr.]. 

#669. [Indication of danger.] Alarm -- N. alarm; alarum, larum † , alarm bell, tocsin, alerts, beat of drum, sound of trumpet, note of 

alarm, hue and cry, fire cross, signal of distress; blue lights; war-cry, war-whoop; warning &c. 668; fogsignal, foghorn; yellow flag; 

danger signal; red light, red flag; fire bell; police whistle. false alarm, cry of wolf; bug-bear, bugaboo. 

V. give the alarm, raise the alarm, sound the alarm, turn in the alarm, beat the alarm, give an alarm, raise an alarm, sound an alarm, 

turn in an alarm, beat an alarm &c. n.; alarm; warn &c. 668; ring the tocsin; battre la generale [Fr.]; cry wolf. 

Adj. alarming &c. v.. 

Int. sauve qui peut! [Fr.], every man for himself! [Fr.Tr.]; qui vive [Fr.].? 

#670. Preservation -- N. preservation; safe-keeping; conservation &c. (storage) 636; maintenance, support, susteritation † , 

conservatism; vis conservatrix † ; salvation &c. (deliverance) 672. [Means of preservation] prophylaxis; preserver, preservative, 

additive; antibiotics, antifungals [Med.], biocide; hygiastics † , hygiantics † ; cover, drugget † ; cordon sanitaire [Fr.]; canning; ensilage; 

tinned goods, canned goods. [Superstitious remedies] snake oil, spider webs, cure-all; laetrile; charm &c. 993. 

V. preserve, maintain, keep, sustain, support, hold; keep up, keep alive; refrigerate, keep on ice; not willingly let die; bank up; nurse; 

save, rescue; be safe, make safe &c. 664; take care of &c. (care) 459; guard &c. (defend) 717. stare super antiquas vias [Lat.] 

[Bacon]; hold one's own; hold one's ground, stand one's ground &c. (resist) 719. embalm, cure, salt, pickle, season, kyanize † , bottle, 

pot, tin, can; sterilize, pasteurize, radiate; dry, lyophilize [Chem], freeze-dry, concentrate, evaporate; freeze, quick-freeze, deepfreeze; 

husband &c. (store) 636. 

Adj. preserving &c. v.; conservative; prophylactic; preservatory † , preservative; hygienic. preserved &c. v.; unimpaired, unbroken, 

uninjured, unhurt, unsinged † , unmarred; safe, safe and sound; intact, with a whole skin. 

Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari [Lat.]. 

#671. Escape -- N. escape, scape; avolation † , elopement, flight; evasion &c. (avoidance) 623; retreat; narrow escape, hairbreadth 

escape; close call; come off, impunity. [Means of escape] loophole &c. (opening) 260; path &c. 627; refuse &c. 666; vent, vent peg; 

safety valve; drawbridge, fire escape. reprieve &c. (deliverance) 672; liberation &c. 750. refugee &c. (fugitive) 623. 

V. escape, scape; make one's escape, effect one's escape, make good one's escape; break jail; get off, get clear off, get well out of; 

echapper belle [Fr.], save one's bacon, save one's skin; weather the storm &c. (safe) 664; escape scot-free. elude &c., make off &c. 

(avoid) 623; march off &c. (go away) 293; give one the slip; slip through the hands, slip through the fingers; slip the collar, wriggle out 

of prison, break out, break loose, break loose from prison; break away, slip away, get away; find vent, find a hole to creep out of. 

disappear, vanish. 

Adj. escaping, escaped &c. v.. stolen away, fled. 

Phr. the bird has flown the coop. 

#672. Deliverance -- N. deliverance, extrication, rescue; reprieve, reprieval † ; respite; liberation &c. 750; emancipation; redemption, 

salvation; riddance; gaol delivery; redeemableness † . 

V. deliver, extricate, rescue, save, emancipate, redeem, ransom; bring off, bring through; tirer d'affaire [Fr.], get the wheel out of the 

rut, snatch from the jaws of death, come to the rescue; rid; retrieve &c. (restore) 660; be rid of, get rid of. 

Adj. saved &c. v.. extricable, redeemable, rescuable. 

Int. to the rescue!, 

3. PRECURSORY MEASURES 

#673. Preparation -- N. preparation; providing &c. v.; provision, 

providence; anticipation &c. (foresight) 510; precaution, 

preconcertation † #674. Nonpreparation -- N. non-preparation, absence of 

, predisposition; forecast &c. (plan) 626; 

rehearsal, note of preparation. [Putting in order] arrangement &c. 

preparation, want of preparation; inculture 

60; clearance; adjustment &c. 23; tuning; equipment, outfit, 

accouterment, armament, array. ripening &c. v.; maturation, 

evolution; elaboration, concoction, digestion; gestation, batching, 

incubation, sitting. groundwork, first stone, cradle, stepping-stone; 

foundation, scaffold &c. (support) 215; scaffolding, echafaudage 

[Fr.]. [Preparation of men] training &c. (education) 537; inurement 

&c. (habit) 613; novitiate; cooking [Preparation of food], cookery; 

brewing, culinary art; tilling, plowing, [Preparation of the soil], 

† , inconcoction † , 

improvidence. immaturity, crudity; rawness &c. adj.; abortion; 

disqualification. [Absence of art] nature, state of nature; virgin soil, 

unweeded garden; neglect &c. 460. rough copy &c. (plan) 626; 

germ &c. 153; raw material &c. 635. improvisation &c. (impulse) 

612. 

V. be unprepared &c. adj.; want preparation, lack preparation; lie 

fallow; s'embarquer sans biscuits [Fr.]; live from hand to mouth. 

[Render unprepared] dismantle &c. (render useless) 645; 

undress &c. 226. extemporize, improvise, ad lib. 

Adj. unprepared &c. (prepare); &c.; 673; without preparation &c.

sowing; semination † , cultivation. [State of being prepared] 

preparedness, readiness, ripeness, mellowness; maturity; un 

impromptu fait a loisir [Fr.]. [Preparer] preparer, trainer; pioneer, 

trailblazer; avant-courrier [Fr.], avant-coureur [Fr.]; voortrekker 

[Afrik.]; sappers and miners, pavior † , navvy † ; packer, stevedore; 

warming pan. 

V. prepare; get ready, make ready; make preparations, settle 

preliminaries, get up, sound the note of preparation. set in order, 

put in order &c. (arrange) 60; forecast &c. (plan) 626; prepare the 

ground, plow the ground, dress the ground; till the soil, cultivate the 

soil; predispose, sow the seed, lay a train, dig a mine; lay the 

groundwork, fix the groundwork, lay the basis, fix the basis, lay the 

foundations, fix the foundations; dig the foundations, erect the 

scaffolding; lay the first stone &c. (begin) 66. roughhew; cut out 

work; block out, hammer out; lick into shape &c. (form) 240. 

elaborate, mature, ripen, mellow, season, bring to maturity; nurture 

&c. (aid) 707; hatch, cook, brew; temper, anneal, smelt; barbecue; 

infumate † ; maturate. equip, arm, man; fit-out, fit up; furnish, rig, 

dress, garnish, betrim † , accouter, array, fettle, fledge; dress up, 

furbish up, brush up, vamp up; refurbish; sharpen one's tools, trim 

one's foils, set, prime, attune; whet the knife, whet the sword; wind 

up, screw up; adjust &c. (fit) 27; put in trim, put in train, put in gear, 

put in working order, put in tune, put in a groove for, put in harness; 

pack. train &c. (teach) 537; inure &c. (habituate) 613; breed; 

prepare for &c.; rehearse; make provision for; take steps, take 

measures, take precautions; provide, provide against; beat up for 

recruits; open the door to &c. (facilitate) 705. set one's house in 

order, make all snug; clear the decks, clear for action; close one's 

ranks; shuffle the cards. prepare oneself; serve an apprenticeship 

&c. (learn) 539; lay oneself out for, get into harness, gird up one's 

loins, buckle on one's armor, reculer pour mieux sauter [Fr.], prime 

and load, shoulder arms, get the steam up, put the horses to. 

guard against, make sure against; forearm, make sure, prepare 

for the evil day, have a rod in pickle, provide against a rainy day, 

feather one's nest; lay in provisions &c. 637; make investments; 

keep on foot. be prepared, be ready &c. adj.; hold oneself in 

readiness, keep one's powder dry; lie in wait for &c. (expect) 507; 

anticipate &c. (foresee) 510; principiis obstare [Lat.]; veniente 

occurrere morbo [Lat.]. 

Adj. preparing &c. v.; in preparation, in course of preparation, in 

agitation, in embryo, in hand, in train; afoot, afloat; on foot, on the 

stocks, on the anvil; under consideration &c. (plan) 626; brewing, 

batching, forthcoming, brooding; in store for, in reserve. 

precautionary, provident; preparative, preparatory; provisional, 

inchoate, under revision; preliminary &c. (precedent) 62. prepared 

&c. v.; in readiness; ready, ready to one's band, ready made, 

ready cut and dried: made to one's hand, handy, on the table; in 

gear; in working order, in working gear; snug; in practice. ripe, 

mature, mellow; pukka † ; practiced &c. (skilled) 698; labored, 

elaborate, highly-wrought, smelling of the lamp, worked up. in full 

feather, in best bib and tucker; in harness, at harness; in the 

saddle, in arms, in battle array, in war paint; up in arms; armed at 

all points, armed to the teeth, armed cap a pie; sword in hand; 

booted and spurred. in utrumque paratus [Lat.], semper paratus 

[Lat.]; on the alert &c. (vigilant) 459; at one's post. 

Adv. in preparation, in anticipation of; against, for; abroach † Adj. unprepared ; without preparation 

673; incomplete &c. 53; rudimental, embryonic, abortive; 

immature, unripe, kachcha 

. 

Phr. a bove majori discit arare minor [Lat.]; looking before and 

after" [Hamlet], si vis pacem para bellum [Lat.]. 

† , raw, green, crude; coarse; rough 

cast, rough hewn; in the rough; unhewn † , unformed, unfashioned † , 

unwrought, unlabored † , unblown, uncooked, unboiled, 

unconcocted, unpolished. unhatched, unfledged, unnurtured † , 

unlicked † , untaught, uneducated, uncultivated, untrained, 

untutored, undrilled, unexercised; deckle-edged † ; precocious, 

premature; undigested, indigested † ; unmellowed † , unseasoned, 

unleavened. unrehearsed, unscripted, extemporaneous, 

improvised, spontaneous, ad lib, ad libitem [Lat.]. fallow; unsown, 

untilled; natural, in a state of nature; undressed; in dishabille, en 

deshabille [Fr.]. unqualified, disqualified; unfitted; ill-digested; 

unbegun, unready, unarranged † , unorganized, unfurnished, 

unprovided, unequipped, untrimmed; out of gear, out of order; 

dismantled &c. v.. shiftless, improvident, unthrifty, thriftless, 

thoughtless, unguarded; happy-go-lucky; caught napping &c. 

(inexpectant) 508 † ; unpremeditated &c. 612. 

Adv. extempore &c. 612. 

#675. Essay -- N. essay, trial, endeavor, attempt; aim, struggle, venture, adventure, speculation, coup d'essai [Fr.], debut; probation 

&c. (experiment) 463. 

V. try, essay; experiment &c. 463; endeavor, strive; tempt, attempt, make an attempt; venture, adventure, speculate, take one's 

chance, tempt fortune; try one's fortune, try one's luck, try one's hand; use one's endeavor; feel one's way, grope one's way, pick one's 

way. try hard, push, make a bold push, use one's best endeavor; do one's best &c. (exertion) 686. 

Adj. essaying &c. v.; experimental &c. 463; tentative, empirical, probationary. 

Adv. experimentally &c. adj.; on trial, at a venture; by rule of thumb. if one may be so bold. 

Phr. aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat.] [Ovid]; chi non s'arrischia non guadagna [Fr.].

#676. Undertaking -- N. undertaking; compact &c. 769; adventure, venture; engagement &c. (promise) 768; enterprise, emprise † ; 

pilgrimage; matter in hand &c. (business ) 625; move; first move &c. (beginning) 66. 

V. undertake; engage in, embark in; launch into, plunge into; volunteer; apprentice oneself to; engage &c. (promise) 768; contract &c. 

769; take upon oneself, take upon one's shoulders; devote oneself to &c. (determination) 604. take up, take in hand; tackle; set 

about, go about; set to, fall to, set to work; launch forth; set up shop; put in hand, put in execution; set forward; break the neck of a 

business, be in, for; put one's hand to, put one's foot in; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to, go to do; begin one's &c. 66; broach 

one's, institute one's &c. (originate) 153; put one's hand to the plow, lay one's hand to the plow, put one's shoulder to the wheel. have 

in hand &c. (business) 625; have many irons in the fire &c. (activity) 682. 

Adj. undertaking &c. v.; on the anvil &c. 625. 

Int. here goes!, 

#677. Use -- N. use; employ, employment; exercise, exercitation † ; 

application, appliance; adhibition † , disposal; consumption; 

agency &c. (physical) 170; usufruct; usefulness &c. 644; benefit; 

recourse, resort, avail. [Conversion to use] utilization, service, 

wear. [Way of using] usage. 

V. use, make use of, employ, put to use; put in action, put in 

operation, put in practice; set in motion, set to work. ply, work, 

wield, handle, manipulate; play, play off; exert, exercise, practice, 

avail oneself of, profit by, resort to, have recourse to, recur to, take 

betake oneself to; take up with, take advantage of; lay one's 

hands on, try. render useful &c. 644; mold; turn to account, turn to 

use; convert to use, utilize; work up; call into play, bring into play; 

put into requisition; call forth, draw forth; press into service, enlist 

into the service; bring to bear upon, devote, dedicate, consecrate, 

apply, adhibit † , dispose of; make a handle of, make a cat's-paw 

of. fall back upon, make a shift with; make the most of, make the 

best of. use up, swallow up; consume, absorb, expend; tax, task, 

wear, put to task. 

Adj. in use; used &c. v.; well-worn, well-trodden. useful &c. 644; 

subservient &c. (instrumental) 631. 

#678. Disuse -- N. forbearance, abstinence; disuse; 

relinquishment &c. 782; desuetude &c. (want of habit) 614; 

disusage † . 

V. not use; do without, dispense with, let alone, not touch, forbear, 

abstain, spare, waive, neglect; keep back, reserve. lay up, lay by, 

lay on the shelf, keep on the shelf, lay up in ordinary; lay up in a 

napkin; shelve; set aside, put aside, lay aside; disuse, leave off, 

have done with; supersede; discard &c. (eject) 297; dismiss, give 

warning. throw aside &c. (relinquish) 782; make away with &c. 

(destroy) 162; cast overboard, heave overboard, throw overboard; 

cast to the dogs, cast to the winds; dismantle &c. (Render 

useless) 645. lie unemployed, remain unemployed &c. adj. 

Adj. not used &c. v.; unemployed, unapplied, undisposed of, 

unspent, unexercised, untouched, untrodden, unessayed † , 

ungathered † , unculled; uncalled for, not required. disused &c. v.; 

done with. 

#679. Misuse -- N. misuse, misusage, misemployment † , 

misapplication, misappropriation. abuse, profanation, prostitution, 

desecration; waste &c. 638. 

V. misuse, misemploy, misapply, misappropriate. desecrate, 

abuse, profane, prostitute: waste &c. 638; overtask, overtax, 

overwork: squander &c. 818. cut blocks with a razor, employ a 

steam engine to crack a nut; catch at a straw. 

Adj. misused &c. v.. 

Phr. ludere cum sacris [Lat.]. 

SECTION III. 

VOLUNTARY ACTION 

1. Simple voluntary Action 

#680. Action -- N. action, performance; doing, &c. v.; 

perpetration; exercise, excitation; movement, operation, evolution, 

work; labor &c. (exertion) 686; praxis, execution; procedure &c. 

(conduct) 692; handicraft; business &c. 625; agency &c. (power at 

work) 170. deed, act, overt act, stitch, touch, gest transaction † #681. Inaction -- N. inaction, passiveness, abstinence from 

action; noninterference, nonintervention; Fabian policy, 

conservative policy; neglect &c. 460. inactivity &c. 683; rest &c. 

(repose) 687; quiescence &c. 265; want of occupation, 

, job, inoccupation 

doings, dealings, proceeding, measure, step, maneuver, bout, 

passage, move, stroke, blow; coup, coup de main, coup d'etat 

[Fr.]; tour de force &c. (display) 882; feat, exploit; achievement 

&c. (completion) 729; handiwork, workmanship; manufacture; 

stroke of policy &c. (plan) 626. actor &c. (doer) 690. 

V. do, perform, execute; achieve &c. (complete) 729; transact, 

enact; commit, perpetrate, inflict; exercise, prosecute, carry on, 

work, practice, play. employ oneself, ply one's task; officiate, have 

in hand &c. (business) 625; labor &c. 686; be at work; pursue a 

course; shape one's course &c. (conduct) 692. act, operate; take 

action, take steps; strike a blow, lift a finger, stretch forth one's 

hand; take in hand &c. (undertake) 676; put oneself in motion; put 

in practice; carry into execution &c. (complete) 729; act upon. be 

an actor &c. 690; take a part in, act a part in, play a part in, 

perform a part in; participate in; have a hand in, have a finger in 

the pie; have to do with; be a party to, be a participator in; bear a 

hand, lend a hand; pull an oar, run in a race; mix oneself up with 

&c. (meddle) 682. be in action; come into operation &c. (power at 

work) 170. 

Adj. doing &c. v.; acting; in action; in harness; on duty; in 

† ; idle hours, time hanging on one's hands, dolce far 

niente [It]; sinecure, featherbed, featherbedding, cushy job, noshow 

job; soft snap, soft thing. 

V. not do, not act, not attempt; be inactive &c. 683; abstain from 

doing, do nothing, hold, spare; not stir, not move, not lift a finger, 

not lift a foot, not lift a peg; fold one's arms, fold one's hands; leave 

alone, let alone; let be, let pass, let things take their course, let it 

have its way, let well alone, let well enough alone; quieta non 

movere [Lat.]; stare super antiquas vias [Lat.]; rest and be 

thankful, live and let live; lie rest upon one's oars; laisser aller [Fr.], 

faire [Fr.]; stand aloof; refrain &c. (avoid) 623, keep oneself from 

doing; remit one's efforts, relax one's efforts; desist &c. 

(relinquish) 624; stop &c. (cease) 142; pause &c. (be quiet) 265. 

wait, lie in wait, bide one's time, take time, tide it over. cool one's 

heels, kick one's heels; while away the time, while away tedious 

hours; pass the time, fill up the time, beguile the time; talk against 

time; let the grass grow under one's feet; waste time &c. (inactive) 

683. lie by, lie on the shelf, lie in ordinary, lie idle, lie to, lie fallow; 

keep quiet, slug; have nothing to do, whistle for want of thought. 

undo, do away with; take down, take to pieces; destroy &c. 162. 

Adj. not doing &c. v.; not done &c. v.; undone; passive; 

unoccupied, unemployed; out of employ, out of work; fallow;

operation &c. 170. 

unoccupied, unemployed; out of employ, out of work; fallow; 

Adv. in the act, in the midst of, in the thick of; red-handed, in desaeuvre [Fr.]. 

flagrante delicto [Lat.]; while one's hand is in. 

Adv. re infecta [Lat.], at a stand, les bras croisis [Fr.], with folded 

Phr. action is eloquence" [Coriolanus]; actions speak louder than arms; with the hands in the pockets, with the hands behind one's 

words; actum aiunt ne agas [Terence]; awake, arise, or be forever back; pour passer le temps [Fr.]. 

fall'n" [Paradise Lost]; dii pia facta vident [Lat.] [Ovid]; faire sans Int. so let it be!, stop!, &c. 142; hands off!, 

dire [Fr.]; fare fac [It]; fronte capillata post est occasio calva [Lat.]; Phr. cunctando restituit rem [Lat.], If it ain't broke don't fix it" [Bert 

our deeds are sometimes better than our our deeds are Lance]; stare decisis [Lat.], let the decision stand; 

sometimes better than our thoughts" [Bailey]; the great end of life 

is not knowledge but the great end of life is not knowledge but 

action" [Huxley]; thought is the soul of act" [R. Browning]; vivre-ce 

nest pas respirer c'est agir [Fr.]; we live in deeds not years" 

[Bailey]. 

#682. Activity -- N. activity; briskness, liveliness &c. adj.; 

animation, life, vivacity, spirit, dash, energy; snap, vim. 

nimbleness, agility; smartness, quickness &c. adj.; velocity, &c. 

274; alacrity, promptitude; despatch, dispatch; expedition; haste 

&c. 684; punctuality &c. (early) 132. eagerness, zeal, ardor, 

perfervidum aingenium [Lat.], empressement [Fr.], earnestness, 

intentness; abandon; vigor &c. (physical energy) 171; devotion 

&c. (resolution) 604; exertion &c. 686. industry, assiduity; 

assiduousness &c. adj.; sedulity; laboriousness; drudgery &c. 

(labor) 686; painstaking, diligence; perseverance &c. 604.1; 

indefatigation † ; habits of business. vigilance &c. 459; 

wakefulness; sleeplessness, restlessness; insomnia; pervigilium † , 

insomnium † ; racketing. movement, bustle, stir, fuss, ado, bother, 

pottering, fidget, fidgetiness; flurry &c. (haste) 684. officiousness; 

dabbling, meddling; interference, interposition, intermeddling; 

tampering with, intrigue. press of business, no sinecure, plenty to 

do, many irons in the fire, great doings, busy hum of men, battle of 

life, thick of the action. housewife, busy bee; new brooms; sharp 

fellow, sharp blade; devotee, enthusiast, zealot, meddler, 

intermeddler, intriguer, busybody, pickthank † ; hummer, hustler, live 

man [U.S.], rustler [U.S.]. 

V. be active &c. adj.; busy oneself in; stir, stir about, stir one's 

stumps; bestir oneself, rouse oneself; speed, hasten, peg away, 

lay about one, bustle, fuss; raise up, kick up a dust; push; make a 

push, make a fuss, make a stir; go ahead, push forward; fight 

one's way, elbow one's way; make progress &c. 282; toll &c. 

(labor) 686; plod, persist &c. (persevere) 604.1; keep up the ball, 

keep the pot boiling. look sharp; have all one's eyes about one &c. 

(vigilance) 459; rise, arouse oneself, hustle, get up early, be 

about, keep moving, steal a march, kill two birds with one stone; 

seize the opportunity &c. 134, lose no time, not lose a moment, 

make the most of one's time, not suffer the grass to grow under 

one's feet, improve the shining hour, make short work of; dash off; 

make haste &c. 684; do one's best take pains &c. (exert oneself) 

686; do wonders, work wonders. have many irons in the fire, have 

one's hands full, have much on one's hands; have other things to 

do, have other fish to fry; be busy; not have a moment to spare, not 

have a moment that one can call one's own. have one's fling, run 

the round of; go all lengths, stick at nothing, run riot. outdo; overdo, 

overact, overlay, overshoot the mark; make a toil of a pleasure. 

have a hand in &c. (act in) 680; take an active part, put in one's 

oar, have a finger in the pie, mix oneself up with, trouble, one's 

head about, intrigue; agitate. tamper with, meddle, moil; 

intermeddle, interfere, interpose; obtrude; poke one's nose in, 

thrust one's nose in. 

Adj. active, brisk, brisk as a lark, brisk as a bee; lively, animated, 

vivacious; alive, alive and kicking; frisky, spirited, stirring. nimble, 

nimble as a squirrel; agile; light-footed, nimble-footed; featly † , 

tripping. quick, prompt, yare † , instant, ready, alert, spry, sharp, 

smart; fast &c. (swift) 274; quick as a lamplighter, expeditious; 

awake, broad awake; go-ahead, live wide-awake [U.S.] &c. 

(intelligent) 498. forward, eager, strenuous, zealous, enterprising, 

in earnest; resolute &c. 604. industrious, assiduous, diligent, 

sedulous, notable, painstaking; intent &c. (attention) 457; 

#683. Inactivity -- N. inactivity; inaction &c. 681; inertness &c. 

172; obstinacy &c. 606. lull &c. (cessation) 142; quiescence &c. 

265; rust, rustiness. idleness, remissness &c. adj.; sloth, 

indolence, indiligence † ; dawdling &c. v.. ergophobia † , otiosity † . 

dullness &c. adj.; languor; segnity † , segnitude † ; lentor † ; 

sluggishness &c. (slowness) 275; procrastination &c. (delay) 133; 

torpor, torpidity, torpescence † ; stupor &c. (insensibility) 823; 

somnolence; drowsiness &c. adj.; nodding &c. v.; oscitation † , 

oscitancy † ; pandiculation † , hypnotism, lethargy; statuvolence 

heaviness † , heavy eyelids. sleep, slumber; sound sleep, heavy 

sleep, balmy sleep; Morpheus; Somnus; coma, trance, ecstasis † , 

dream, hibernation, nap, doze, snooze, siesta, wink of sleep, forty 

winks, snore; hypnology † . dull work; pottering; relaxation &c. 

(loosening) 47; Castle of Indolence. [Cause of inactivity] lullaby, 

sedative, tranquilizer, hypnotic, sleeping pill, relaxant, anaesthetic, 

general anaesthetic &c. 174; torpedo. [person who is inactive] 

idler, drone, droil † , dawdle, mopus † ; do-little faineant [Fr.], dummy, 

sleeping partner; afternoon farmer; truant &c. (runaway) 623; 

bummer † , loafer, goldbrick, goldbicker, lounger, lazzarone [It]; 

lubber, lubbard † ; slow coach &c. (slow.) 275; opium eater, lotus 

eater; slug; lag † , sluggard, slugabed; slumberer, dormouse, 

marmot; waiter on Providence, fruges consumere natus [Lat.]. 

V. be inactive &c. adj.; do nothing &c. 681; move slowly &c. 275; 

let the grass grow under one's feet; take one's time, dawdle, 

drawl, droil † , lag, hang back, slouch; loll, lollop † ; lounge, poke, loaf, 

loiter; go to sleep over; sleep at one's post, ne battre que d'une 

aile [Fr.]. take it easy, take things as they come; lead an easy life, 

vegetate, swim with the stream, eat the bread of idleness; loll in 

the lap of luxury, loll in the lap of indolence; waste time, consume 

time, kill time, lose time; burn daylight, waste the precious hours. 

idle away time, trifle away time, fritter away time, fool away time; 

spend time in, take time in; peddle, piddle; potter, pudder † , 

dabble, faddle fribble † , fiddle-faddle; dally, dilly-dally. sleep, 

slumber, be asleep; hibernate; oversleep; sleep like a top, sleep 

like a log, sleep like a dormouse; sleep soundly, heavily; doze, 

drowze † , snooze, nap; take a nap &c. n.; dream; snore one's best; 

settle to sleep, go to sleep, go off to sleep; doze off, drop off; fall 

asleep; drop asleep; close the eyes, seal up the eyes, seal up 

eyelids; weigh down the eyelids; get sleep, nod, yawn; go to bed, 

turn; get some z's, stack z's [Coll.]. languish, expend itself, flag, 

hang fire; relax. render idle &c. adj.; sluggardize † ; mitigate &c. 

174. 

Adj. inactive; motionless &c. 265; unoccupied &c. (doing nothing) 

681; unbusied † . indolent, lazy, slothful, idle, lusk † , remiss, slack, 

inert, torpid, sluggish, otiose, languid, supine, heavy, dull, leaden, 

lumpish † ; exanimate † , soulless; listless; drony † , dronish † ; lazy as 

Ludlam's dog. dilatory, laggard; lagging &c. v.; slow &c. 275; 

rusty, flagging; lackadaisical, maudlin, fiddle-faddle; pottering &c. 

v.; shilly-shally &c. (irresolute) 605. sleeping, &c. v.; asleep; fast 

asleep, dead asleep, sound asleep; in a sound sleep; sound as a 

top, dormant, comatose; in the arms of Morpheus, in the lap of 

Morpheus. sleepy, sleepful † ; dozy † , drowsy, somnolent, 

torpescent † , lethargic, lethargical † ; somnifacient † ; statuvolent † ,

indefatigable &c. (persevering) 604.1; unwearied; unsleeping † , 

never tired; plodding, hard-working &c. 686; businesslike, 

workaday. bustling; restless, restless as a hyena; fussy, fidgety, 

pottering; busy, busy as hen with one chicken. working, at work, on 

duty, in harness; up in arms; on one's legs, at call; up and doing, 

up and stirring. busy, occupied; hard at work, hard at it; up to one's 

ears in, full of business, busy as a bee, busy as a one-armed 

paperhanger. meddling &c. v.; meddlesome, pushing, officious, 

overofficious † , intrigant † . astir, stirring; agoing † , afoot; on foot; in 

full swing; eventful; on the alert, &c. (vigilant) 459. 

Adv. actively &c. adj.; with life and spirit, with might and main &c. 

686, with haste &c. 684, with wings; full tilt, in mediis rebus [Lat.]. 

Int. be alive, look alive, look sharp!, move on, push on!, keep 

moving!, go ahead!, stir your stumps!, age quod agis! [Lat.], jaldi! 

† , karo! † , step lively!, 

Phr. carpe diem [Lat.], seize the day; &c. (opportunity) 134 nulla 

dies sine linea [Lat.] [Pliny]; nec mora nec requies [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

the plot thickens; No sooner said than done &c. (early) 132; veni 

vidi vici [Lat.]" [Suetonius]; catch a weasel asleep; abends wird 

der Faule fleissig [G.]; dictum ac factum [Lat.] [Terence]; schwere 

Arbeit in der Jugend ist sanfte Ruhe im schwere Arbeit in der 

Jugend ist sanfte Ruhe im Alter [G.], hard work in youth means soft 

rest in age; the busy hum of men" [Milton]. 

torpescent † , lethargic, lethargical † ; somnifacient † ; statuvolent † , 

statuvolic † ; heavy, heavy with sleep; napping; somnific † , 

somniferous; soporous † , soporific, soporiferous † ; hypnotic; balmy, 

dreamy; unawakened, unawakened. sedative &c. 174. 

Adv. inactively &c. adj.; at leisure &c. 685. 

Phr. the eyes begin to draw straws; bankrupt of life yet prodigal of 

ease" [Dryden]; better 50 years of Europe than a cycle of better 

50 years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay" [Tennyson]; idly busy 

rolls their world away" [Goldsmith]; the mystery of folded sleep" 

[Tennyson]; the timely dew of sleep" [Milton]; thou driftest gently 

down the tides of sleep" [Longfellow]; tired Nature's sweet 

restorer, balmy sleep" [Young]. 

#684. Haste -- N. haste, urgency; despatch, dispatch; 

acceleration, spurt, spirt † , forced march, rush, dash; speed, 

velocity &c. 274; precipitancy, precipitation, precipitousness &c. 

adj.; impetuosity; brusquerie † ; hurry, drive, scramble, bustle, fuss, 

fidget, flurry, flutter, splutter. 

V. haste, hasten; make haste, make a dash &c. n.; hurry on, dash 

on, whip on, push on, press on, press forward; hurry, skurry † , 

scuttle along, barrel along, bundle on, dart to and fro, bustle, flutter, 

scramble; plunge, plunge headlong; dash off; rush &c. (violence) 

173; express. bestir oneself &c. (be active) 682; lose no time, 

lose not a moment, lose not an instant; make short work of; make 

the best of one's time, make the best of one's way. be precipitate 

&c. adj.; jump at, be in haste, be in a hurry &c. n.; have no time, 

have not a moment to lose, have not a moment to spare; work 

against time. quicken &c. 274; accelerate, expedite, put on, 

precipitate, urge, whip; railroad. 

Adj. hasty, hurried, brusque; scrambling, cursory, precipitate, 

headlong, furious, boisterous, impetuous, hotheaded; feverish, 

fussy; pushing. in haste, in a hurry &c. n.; in hot haste, in all haste; 

breathless, pressed for time, hard pressed, urgent. 

Adv. with haste, with all haste, with breathless speed; in haste &c. 

adj.; apace &c. (swiftly) 274; amain † ; all at once &c. 

(instantaneously) 113; at short notice &c.; immediately &c. (early) 

132; posthaste; by cable, by express, by telegraph, by forced 

marches. hastily, precipitately &c. adj.; helter-skelter, hurryskurry 

† #685. Leisure -- N. leisure; convenience; spare time, spare 

hours, spare moments; vacant hour; time, time to spare, time on 

one's hands; holiday, relaxation &c. (rest) 687; otium cum 

dignitate [Lat.] [Cicero], ease. no hurry; no big rush; no deadline. 

V. have leisure &c. n.; take one's time, take one's leisure, take 

one's ease; repose &c. 687; move slowly &c. 275; while away the 

time &c. (inaction) 681; be master of one's time, be an idle man. 

Adj. leisure, leisurely; slow &c. 275; deliberate, quiet, calm, 

undisturbed; at leisure, at one's ease, at loose ends, at a loose 

end. 

Adv. unhurriedly, deliberately, without undue haste; anytime. 

Phr. time hanging heavy on one's hands; eile mit Weile [G.]. 

, holus-bolus; slapdash, slap-bang; full-tilt, full drive; heels 

over head, head and shoulders, headlong, a corps perdu [Fr.]. by 

fits and starts, by spurts; hop skip and jump. 

Phr. [panic] sauve qui peut [Fr.], every man for himself [Fr.Tr.], 

devil take the hindmost, no time to be lost; no sooner said than 

done &c. (early) 132; a word and a blow; haste makes waste, 

maggiore fretta minore atto [It]; ohne Hast aber ohne Rast [G.], 

[Goethe's motto]; stand not upon the order of your going but go at 

stand not upon the order of your going but go at once" [Macbeth]; 

swift, swift, you dragons of the night" [Cymbeline]. 

#686. Exertion -- N. exertion, effort, strain, tug, pull, stress, throw, 

stretch, struggle, spell, spurt, spirt † ; stroke of work, stitch of work. 

a strong pull a long pull and a pull all a strong pull a long pull and a 

pull all together;" dead lift; heft; gymnastics; exercise, 

exercitation † ; wear and tear; ado; toil and trouble; uphill work, hard 

work, warm work; harvest time. labor, work, toil, travail, manual 

labor, sweat of one's brow, swink † , drudgery, slavery, fagging † #687. Repose -- N. repose, rest, silken repose; sleep &c. 683. 

relaxation, breathing time; halt, stay, pause &c. (cessation) 142; 

respite. day of rest, dies non, Sabbath, Lord's day, holiday, redletter 

day, vacation, recess. 

V. repose; rest, rest and be thankful; take a rest, take one's ease, 

take it easy. relax, unbend, slacken; take breath &c. (refresh) 689; 

, rest upon one's oars; pause &c. (cease) 142; stay one's hand. lie 

down; recline, recline on a bed of down, recline on an easy chair;

hammering; limae labor [Lat.]; industry, industriousness, 

operoseness † , operosity † . trouble, pains, duty; resolution &c. 604; 

energy &c. (physical) 171. 

V. exert oneself; exert one's energies, tax one's energies; use 

exertion. labor, work, toil, moil, sweat, fag, drudge, slave, drag a 

lengthened chain, wade through, strive, stretch a long arm; pull, 

tug, ply; ply the oar, tug at the oar; do the work; take the laboring 

oar bestir oneself (be active) 682; take trouble, trouble oneself. 

work hard; rough it; put forth one's strength, put forth a strong arm; 

fall to work, bend the bow; buckle to, set one's shoulder to the 

wheel &c. (resolution) 604; work like a horse, work like a cart 

horse, work like a galley slave, work like a coal heaver; labor day 

and night, work day and night; redouble one's efforts; do double 

duty; work double hours, work double tides; sit up, burn the candle 

at both ends; stick to &c. (persevere) 604.1; work one's way, fight 

one's way, lay about one, hammer at. take pains; do one's best, 

do one's level best, do one's utmost; give one hundred percent, do 

the best one can, do all one can, do all in one's power, do as 

much as in one lies, do what lies in one's power; use one's best 

endeavor, use one's utmost endeavor; try one's best, try one's 

utmost; play one's best card; put one's best leg foremost, put 

one's right leg foremost; have one's whole soul in his work, put all 

one's strength into, strain every nerve; spare no efforts, spare no 

pains; go all lengths; go through fire and water &c. (resolution) 

604; move heaven and earth, leave no stone unturned. 

Adj. laboring &c. v.. laborious, operose † , elaborate; strained; 

toilsome, troublesome, wearisome; uphill; herculean, gymnastic, 

palestric † down; recline, recline on a bed of down, recline on an easy chair; 

go to rest, go to bed, go to sleep &c. 683. take a holiday, shut up 

shop; lie fallow &c. (inaction) 681. 

Adj. reposing &c. v. [of people]; relaxed &c. v.; unstrained. [of 

materials and people] unstressed. 

Adv. at rest. 

Phr. The best of men have ever loved repose" [Thompson]; to 

repair our nature with comforting repose" [Henry VIII]. 

. hard-working, painstaking; strenuous, energetic. hard 

at work, on the stretch. 

Adv. laboriously &c. adj.; lustily; pugnis et calcibus [Lat.]; with 

might and main, with all one's might, with a strong hand, with a 

sledge hammer, with much ado; to the best of one's abilities, totis 

viribus [Lat.], vi et armis [Lat.], manibus pedibusque [Lat.], tooth 

and nail, unguibus et rostro [Lat.], hammer and tongs, heart and 

soul; through thick and thin &c. (perseverance) 604.1. by the 

sweat of one's brow, suo Marte. 

Phr. aide-toi le ciel t'aidera [Fr.]; and still be doing, never done" 

[Butler]; buen principio la mitad es hecha [Sp.]; cosa ben fatta e' 

fatta due volie [It]; it is better to wear out than to rust out" [Bp. 

Hornel]; labor omnia vincit [Lat.] [Vergil]; labor, wide as the earth, 

has its summit in labor, wide as the earth, has its summit in 

Heaven" [Carlyle]; le travail du corps delivre des peines de le 

travail du corps delivre des peines de l'esprit [Fr.]; manu forti 

[Lat.]; ora et labora [Lat.]. 

#688. Fatigue -- N. fatigue; weariness &c. 841; yawning, 

drowsiness &c. 683; lassitude, tiredness, fatigation † , exhaustion; 

sweat; dyspnoea. anhelation, shortness of breath; faintness; 

collapse, prostration, swoon, fainting, deliquium [Lat.], syncope, 

lipothymy † ; goneness † . 

V. be fatigued &c. adj.; yawn &c. (get sleepy) 683; droop, sink, 

flag; lose breath, lose wind; gasp, pant, puff, blow, drop, swoon, 

faint, succumb. fatigue, tire, weary, irk, flag, jade, harass, exhaust, 

knock up, wear out, prostrate. tax, task, strain; overtask, overwork, 

overburden, overtax, overstrain. 

Adj. fatigued, tired &c. v.; weary &c. 841; drowsy &c. 683; 

drooping &c. v.; haggard; toilworn † , wayworn:, footsore, 

surbated † , weather-beaten; faint; done up, used up, knocked up; 

bushed [U.S.]; exhausted, prostrate, spent; overtired, overspent, 

overfatigued; unrefreshed † , unrestored. worn, worn out; battered, 

shattered, pulled down, seedy, altered. breathless, windless; short 

of breath, out of breath, short of wind; blown, puffing and blowing; 

short-breathed; anhelose † ; broken winded, short-winded; 

dyspnaeal † , dyspnaeic † #689. Refreshment -- N. bracing &c. v.; recovery of strength, 

recuperation &c. 159; restoration, revival &c. 660; repair, 

refection, refocillation 

. ready to drop, all in, more dead than 

alive, dog-weary, walked off one's legs, tired to death, on one's 

last legs, played out, hors de combat [Fr.]. fatiguing &c. v.; 

tiresome, irksome, wearisome; weary, trying. 

† , refreshment, regalement † , bait; relief &c. 

834. break, spell. refreshment stand; refreshments; 

[Refreshments], ice cream, cold soda, soda pop, hot dogs (food). 

V. brace &c. (strengthen) 159; reinvigorate; air, freshen up, 

refresh, recruit; repair &c. (restore) 660; fan, refocillate † ; refresh 

the inner man. breathe, respire; drink in the ozone; take a break, 

take a breather, take five, draw breath, take a deep breath, take 

breath, gather breath, take a long breath, regain breath, recover 

breath; get better, raise one's head; recover one's strength, regain 

one's strength, renew one's strength &c. 159; perk up, get one's 

second wind. come to oneself &c. (revive) 660; feel refreshed, 

feel like a giant refreshed. 

Adj. refreshing &c. v.; recuperative &c. 660. refreshed &c. v.; 

untired † , unwearied.

#690. Agent -- N. doer, actor, agent, performer, perpetrator, operator; executor, executrix; practitioner, worker, stager. bee, ant, 

working bee, termite, white ant; laboring oar, servant of all work, factotum. workman, artisan; craftsman, handicraftsman; mechanic, 

operative; working man; laboring man; demiurgus, hewers of wood and drawers of water, laborer, navvy † ; hand, man, day laborer, 

journeyman, charwoman, hack; mere tool &c. 633; beast of burden, drudge, fag; lumper † , roustabout. maker, artificer, artist, wright, 

manufacturer, architect, builder, mason, bricklayer, smith, forger, Vulcan; carpenter; ganger, platelayer; blacksmith, locksmith, 

sailmaker, wheelwright. machinist, mechanician, engineer. sempstress † , semstress † , seamstress; needlewoman † , workwoman; 

tailor, cordwainer † . minister &c. (instrument) 631; servant &c. 746; representative &c. (commissioner) 758, (deputy) 759. coworker, 

party to, participator in, particeps criminis [Lat.], dramatis personae [Lat.]; personnel. 

Phr. quorum pars magna fui [Lat.] [Vergil]; faber est quisque fortunae suae [Lat.]. 

#691. Workshop -- N. workshop, workhouse, workplace, shop, place of business; manufactory, mill, plant, works, factory; cabinet, 

studio; office, branch office bureau, atelier. [specific types of workplace: list], hive, hive of industry; nursery; hothouse, hotbed; kitchen; 

mint, forge, loom; dock, dockyard; alveary † ; armory; laboratory, lab, research institute; refinery; cannery; power plant; beauty parlor; 

beehive, bindery, forcing pit, nailery † , usine † , slip, yard, wharf; foundry, foundery † ; furnace; vineyard; crucible, alembic, caldron, matrix. 

Adj. at work, at the office, at the shop; working. 

2. Complex Voluntary Action 

#692. Conduct -- N. conduct [actions of an individual agent]; behavior; deportment, comportment; carriage, maintien † , demeanor, 

guise, bearing, manner, observance. dealing, transaction &c. (action) 680; business &c. 625. tactics, game, game plan, policy, polity; 

generalship, statesmanship, seamanship; strategy, strategics † ; plan &c. 626. management; husbandry; housekeeping, housewifery; 

stewardship; menage; regime; economy, economics; political economy; government &c. (direction) 693. execution, manipulation, 

treatment, campaign, career, life, course, walk, race, record. course of conduct, line of conduct, line of action, line of proceeding; role; 

process, ways, practice, procedure, modus operandi, MO, method of operating; method &c.; path &c. 627. 

V. transact [cause to occur], execute; despatch, dispatch; proceed with, discharge; carry on, carry through, carry out, carry into effect, 

put into effect; work out; go through, get through; enact; put into practice; do &c. 680; officiate &c. 625. bear oneself, behave oneself, 

comport oneself, demean oneself, carry oneself, conduct oneself, acquit oneself. run a race, lead a life, play a game; take a course, 

adopt a course; steer one's course, shape one's course; play one's paint, play one's cards, shift for oneself; paddle one's own canoe; 

bail one's own boat. conduct; manage, supervise &c. (direct) 693. participate &c. 680. deal with, have to do with; treat, handle a 

case; take steps, take measures. 

Adj. conducting &c. v.. strategical, businesslike, practical, executive. 

#693. Direction -- N. direction; management, managery † ; government, gubernation † , conduct, legislation, regulation, guidance; 

bossism [U.S.]; legislature; steerage, pilotage; reins, reins of government; helm, rudder, needle, compass; guiding star, load star, 

lode star, pole star; cynosure. supervision, superintendence; surveillance, oversight; eye of the master; control, charge; board of 

control &c. (council) 696; command &c. (authority) 737. premiership, senatorship; director &c. 694; chair, portfolio. statesmanship; 

statecraft, kingcraft † , queencraft † . ministry, ministration; administration; stewardship, proctorship † ; agency. [person who directs] 

director &c. 694. 

V. direct, manage, govern, conduct; order, prescribe, cut out work for; bead, lead; lead the way, show the way; take the lead, lead on; 

regulate, guide, steer, pilot; tackle, take the helm, be at the helm; have the reins, handle the reins, hold the reins, take the reins; drive, 

tool. superintend, supervise; overlook, control, keep in order, look after, see to, legislate for; administer, ministrate † ; matronize † ; have 

the care of, have the charge of; be in charge of, have charge of, take the direction; boss, boss one around; pull the strings, pull the 

wires; rule &c. (command) 737; have the direction, hold office, hold the portfolio; preside, preside at the board; take the chair, occupy 

the chair, be in the chair; pull the stroke oar. 

Adj. directing &c. v.; hegemonic. 

Adv. at the helm, at the head of. 

#694. Director -- N. director, manager, governor, rector, comptroller. superintendent, supervisor, straw boss; intendant; overseer, 

overlooker † ; supercargo † , husband, inspector, visitor, ranger, surveyor, aedile † ; moderator, monitor, taskmaster; master &c. 745; 

leader, ringleader, demagogue, corypheus, conductor, fugleman † , precentor † , bellwether, agitator; caporal † , choregus † , collector, file 

leader, flugelman † , linkboy † . guiding star &c. (guidance) 693; adviser &c. 695; guide &c. (information) 527; pilot; helmsman; 

steersman, steermate † ; wire-puller. driver, whip, Jehu, charioteer; coachman, carman, cabman; postilion, vetturino † , muleteer, 

arriero † , teamster; whipper in. head, head man, head center, boss; principal, president, speaker; chair, chairman, chairwoman, 

chairperson; captain &c. (master) 745; superior; mayor &c. (civil authority) 745; vice president, prime minister, premier, vizier, grand 

vizier, eparch † . officer, functionary, minister, official, red-tapist † , bureaucrat; man in office, Jack in office; office bearer; person in 

authority &c. 745. statesman, strategist, legislator, lawgiver, politician, statist † , statemonger † ; Minos, Draco; arbiter &c. (judge) 967; 

boss [U.S.], political dictator. board &c. (council) 696. secretary, secretary of state; Reis Effendi; vicar &c. (deputy) 759; steward, 

factor; agent &c. 758; bailiff, middleman; foreman, clerk of works; landreeve † ; factotum, major-domo † , seneschal, housekeeper, 

shepherd, croupier; proctor, procurator. 

Adv. ex officio. 

#695. Advice -- N. advice, counsel, adhortation † ; word to the wise; suggestion, submonition † , recommendation, advocacy; 

advisement. exhortation &c. (persuasion) 615; expostulation &c. (dissuasion) 616; admonition &c. (warning) 668; guidance &c. 

(direction) 693. instruction, charge, injunction, obtestation † ; Governor's message, President's message; King's message, Queen's 

speech; message, speech from the throne. adviser, prompter; counsel, counselor; monitor, mentor, Nestor, magnus Apollo [Lat.], 

senator; teacher &c. 540. guide, manual, chart &c. (information) 527. physician, doctor, leech † , archiater † . arbiter &c. (judge) 967.

eference, referment † ; consultation, conference, pourparler. 

V. advise, counsel; give advice, give counsel, give a piece of advice [Fr.]; suggest, prompt, submonish † , recommend, prescribe, 

advocate; exhort &c. (persuade) 615. enjoin, enforce, charge, instruct, call; call upon &c. (request) 765; dictate. expostulate &c. 

(dissuade) 616; admonish &c. (warn) 668. advise with; lay heads together, consult together; compare notes; hold a council, 

deliberate, be closeted with. confer, consult, refer to, call in; take advice, follow advice; be advised by, have at one's elbow, take 

one's cue from. 

Adj. recommendatory; hortative &c. (persuasive) 615; dehortatory &c. (dissuasive) 616 † ; admonitory &c. (warning) 668. 

Int. go to!, 

Phr. give every man thine ear but few thy voice" [Hamlet]; I pray thee cease thy counsel" [Much Ado About Nothing]; my guide, 

philosopher, and friend" [Pope]; 'twas good advice and meant, my son be good" [Crabbe]; verbum sat sapienti [Lat.], a word to the 

wise is sufficient; vive memor leti [Lat.]; we, ask advice but we mean approbation" [Colton]. 

#696. Council -- N. council, committee, subcommittee, comitia [Lat.], court, chamber, cabinet, board, bench, staff. senate, senatus 

[Lat.], parliament, chamber of deputies, directory, reichsrath [G.], rigsdag, cortes [Sp.], storthing † , witenagemote † , junta, divan, 

musnud † , sanhedrim; classis † ; Amphictyonic council † ; duma [Rus.], house of representatives; legislative assembly, legislative 

council; riksdag † , volksraad [G.], witan † , caput † , consistory, chapter, syndicate; court of appeal &c. (tribunal) 966; board of control, 

board of works; vestry; county council, local board. audience chamber, council chamber, state chamber. cabinet council, privy council; 

cockpit, convocation, synod, congress, convention, diet, states-general. [formal gathering of members of a council: script] assembly, 

caucus, conclave, clique, conventicle; meeting, sitting, seance, conference, convention, exhibition, session, palaver, pourparler, 

durbar † , house; quorum; council fire [U.S.], powwow [U.S.], primary [U.S.]. meeting, assemblage &c. 72. [person who is member of a 

council] member; senator; member of parliament, M.P.; councilor, representative of the people; assemblyman, congressman; 

councilman, councilwoman, alderman, freeholder. 

V. assemble, gather together, meet (assemblage) 72; confer, caucus, hold council; huddle [Coll.]. 

Adj. senatorial, curule † ; congressional, parliamentary; legislative, law-making; regulatory; deliberative. 

#697. Precept -- N. precept, direction, instruction, charge; prescript, prescription; recipe, receipt; golden rule; maxim &c. 496. rule, 

canon, law, code, corpus juris [Lat.], lex scripta [Lat.], act, statute, rubric, stage direction, regulation; form, formula, formulary; 

technicality; canon law; norm. order &c. (command) 741. 

#698. Skill -- N. skill, skillfulness, address; dexterity, 

dexterousness; adroitness, expertness &c. adj.; proficiency, 

competence, technical competence, craft, callidity † , facility, knack, 

trick, sleight; mastery, mastership, excellence, panurgy † ; 

ambidexterity, ambidextrousness † ; sleight of hand &c. (deception) 

545. seamanship, airmanship, marksmanship, horsemanship; 

rope-dancing. accomplishment, acquirement, attainment; art, 

science; technicality, technology; practical knowledge, technical 

knowledge. knowledge of the world, world wisdom, savoir faire 

[Fr.]; tact; mother wit &c. (sagacity) 498; discretion &c. (caution) 

864; finesse; craftiness &c. (cunning) 702; management &c. 

(conduct) 692; self-help. cleverness, talent, ability, ingenuity, 

capacity, parts, talents, faculty, endowment, forte, turn, gift, genius; 

intelligence &c. 498; sharpness, readiness &c. (activity) 682; 

invention &c. 515; aptness, aptitude; turn for, capacity for, genius 

for; felicity, capability, curiosa felicitas [Lat.], qualification, 

habilitation. proficient &c. 700. masterpiece, coup de maitre [Fr.], 

chef d'euvre [Fr.], tour de force; good stroke &c. (plan) 626. 

V. be skillful &c. adj.; excel in, be master of; have a turn for &c. n.. 

know what's what, know a hawk from a handsaw, know what one 

is about, know on which side one's bread is buttered, know what's 

o'clock; have cut one's eye teeth, have cut one's wisdom teeth. 

see one's way, see where the wind lies, see which way the wind 

blows; have all one's wits about one, have one's hand in; savoir 

vivre [Fr.]; scire quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent [Lat.]. look 

after the main chance; cut one's coat according to one's cloth; live 

by one's wits; exercise one's discretion, feather the oar, sail near 

the wind; stoop to conquer &c. (cunning) 702; play one's cards 

well, play one's best card; hit the right nail on the head, put the 

saddle on the right horse. take advantage of, make the most of; 

profit by &c. (use) 677; make a hit &c. (succeed) 731; make a 

virtue of necessity; make hay while the sun shines &c. (occasion) 

134. 

Adj. skillful, dexterous, adroit, expert, apt, handy, quick, deft, 

ready, gain; slick, smart &c. (active) 682; proficient, good at, up 

to, at home in, master of, a good hand at, au fait, thoroughbred, 

masterly, crack, accomplished; conversant &c. (knowing) 490. 

experienced, practiced, skilled, hackneyed; up in, well up in; in 

#699. Unskillfulness -- N. unskillfulness &c. adj.; want of skill &c. 

698; incompetence, incompentency † ; inability, infelicity, 

indexterity † , inexperience; disqualification, unproficiency † ; 

quackery. folly, stupidity &c. 499; indiscretion &c. (rashness) 863; 

thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) 458 (neglect) 460; sabotage. 

mismanagement, misconduct; impolicy † ; maladministration; 

misrule, misgovernment, misapplication, misdirection, 

misfeasance; petticoat government. absence of rule, rule of 

thumb; bungling &c. v.; failure &c. 732; screw loose: too many 

cooks. blunder &c. (mistake) 495; etourderie gaucherie [Fr.], act 

of folly, balourdise † ; botch, botchery † ; bad job, sad work. sprat 

sent out to catch a whale, much ado about nothing, wild-goose 

chase. bungler &c. 701; fool &c. 501. 

V. be unskillful &c. adj.; not see an inch beyond one's nose; 

blunder, bungle, boggle, fumble, botch, bitch, flounder, stumble, 

trip; hobble &c. 275; put one's foot in it; make a mess of, make 

hash of, make sad work of; overshoot the mark. play tricks with, 

play Puck, mismanage, misconduct, misdirect, misapply, 

missend. stultify oneself, make a fool of oneself, commit oneself; 

act foolishly; play the fool; put oneself out of court; lose control, 

lose control of oneself, lose one's head, lose one's cunning. begin 

at the wrong end; do things by halves &c. (not complete) 730; 

make two bites of a cherry; play at cross purposes; strain at a 

gnat and swallow a camel &c. (caprice) 608; put the cart before 

the horse; lock the stable door when the horse is stolen &c. (too 

late) 135. not know what one is about, not know one's own 

interest, not know on which side one's bread is buttered; stand in 

one's own light, quarrel with one's bread and butter, throw a stone 

in one's own garden, kill the goose which lays the golden eggs, 

pay dear for one's whistle, cut one's own throat, bum one's fingers; 

knock one's head against a stone wall, beat one's head against a 

stone wall; fall into a trap, catch a Tartar, bring the house about 

one's ears; have too many eggs in one basket (imprudent) 863, 

have too many irons in the fire. mistake &c. 495; take the shadow 

for the substance &c. (credulity) 486; bark up the wrong tree; be in 

the wrong box, aim at a pigeon and kill a crow; take the wrong pig 

by the tail, get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the 

ear, get the dirty end of the stick; put the saddle on the wrong

practice, in proper cue; competent, efficient, qualified, capable, 

fitted, fit for, up to the mark, trained, initiated, prepared, primed, 

finished. clever, cute, able, ingenious, felicitous, gifted, talented, 

endowed; inventive &c. 515; shrewd, sharp, on the ball &c. 

(intelligent) 498; cunning &c. 702; alive to, up to snuff, not to be 

caught with chaff; discreet. neat-handed, fine-fingered, nimblefingered, 

ambidextrous, sure-footed; cut out for, fitted for. 

technical, artistic, scientific, daedalian † , shipshape; workman-like, 

business-like, statesman-like. 

Adv. skillfully &c. adj.; well &c. 618; artistically; with skill, with 

consummate skill; secundum artem [Lat.], suo Marte; to the best of 

one's abilities &c. (exertion) 686. 

Phr. ars celare artem [Lat.]; artes honorabit [Lat.]; celui qui veut 

celui-la peut [Fr.]; c'est une grande habilite que de savoir cacher 

c'est une grande habilite que de savoir cacher sonhabilite [Fr.]; 

expertus metuit [Lat.] [Horace]; es bildet ein Talent sich in der 

Stille sich ein es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille sich ein 

Charakter in dem Strom der Welt [G.]; heart to conceive, the 

understanding to direct, or heart to conceive, the understanding to 

direct, or the hand to execute;" [Junius]; if you have lemons, make 

lemonade. 

#700. Proficient -- N. proficient, expert, adept, dab; dabster † , 

crackerjack; connoisseur &c. (scholar) 492; master, master hand; 

prima donna [Sp.], first fiddle, top gun, chef de cuisine, top 

sawyer; protagonist; past master; mahatma. picked man; 

medallist, prizeman † . veteran; old stager, old campaigner, old 

soldier, old file, old hand; man of business, man of the world. nice 

hand, good hand, clean hand; practiced hand, experienced eye, 

experienced hand; marksman; good shot, dead shot, crack shot; 

ropedancer, funambulist † , acrobat; cunning man; conjuror &c. 

(deceiver) 548; wizard &c. 994. genius; mastermind, master 

head, master spirit. cunning blade, sharp blade, sharp fellow; 

jobber; cracksman &c. (thief) 792 † ; politician, tactician, strategist. 

pantologist † , admirable Crichton, Jack of all trades; prodigy of 

learning. 

#702. Cunning -- N. cunning, craft; cunningness † , craftiness &c. 

adj.; subtlety, artificiality; maneuvering &c. v.; temporization; 

circumvention. chicane, chicanery; sharp practice, knavery, 

jugglery † ; concealment &c. 528; guile, doubling, duplicity &c. 

(falsehood) 544; foul play. diplomacy, politics; Machiavelism; 

jobbery, backstairs influence. art, artifice; device, machination; 

plot &c. (plan) 626; maneuver, stratagem, dodge, sidestep, artful 

dodge, wile; trick, trickery &c. (deception) 545; ruse, ruse de 

guerre [Fr.]; finesse, side blow, thin end of the wedge, shift, go by, 

subterfuge, evasion; white lie &c. (untruth) 546; juggle, tour de 

force; tricks of the trade, tricks upon travelers; espieglerie [Fr.]; 

net, trap &c. 545. Ulysses, Machiavel, sly boots, fox, reynard; 

Scotchman; Jew, Yankee; intriguer, intrigant † ; floater [U.S.], Indian 

giver [U.S.], keener [U.S.], repeater [U.S.]. 

V. be cunning &c. adj.; have cut one's eyeteeth; contrive &c. (plan) 

626; live by one's wits; maneuver; intrigue, gerrymander, finesse, 

double, temporize, stoop to conquer, reculer pour mieux sauter 

[Fr.], circumvent, steal a march upon; overreach &c. 545; throw off 

one's guard; surprise &c. 508; snatch a verdict; waylay, 

undermine, introduce the thin end of the wedge; play a deep 

game, play tricks with; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat.]; 

flatter, make things pleasant; have an ax to grind. dodge, 

sidestep, bob and weave. 

Adj. cunning, crafty, artful; skillful &c. 698; subtle, feline, vulpine; 

cunning as a fox, cunning as a serpent; deep, deep laid; profound; 

designing, contriving; intriguing &c. v.; strategic, diplomatic, 

politic, Machiavelian, timeserving † ; artificial; tricky, tricksy † ; wily, 

horse, put a square peg into a round hole, put new wine into old 

bottles. cut blocks with a razor; hold a farthing candle to the sun 

&c. (useless) 645; fight with a shadow, grasp at a shadow; catch 

at straws, lean on a broken reed, reckon without one's host, 

pursue a wild goose chase; go on a fool's goose chase, 

sleeveless errand; go further and fare worse; lose one's way, miss 

one's way; fail &c. 732. 

Adj. unskillful &c. 698; inexpert; bungling &c. v.; awkward, clumsy, 

unhandy, lubberly, gauche, maladroit; left-handed, heavy-handed; 

slovenly, slatternly; gawky. adrift, at fault. inapt, unapt; inhabile 

[Fr.]; untractable † , unteachable; giddy &c. (inattentive) 458; 

inconsiderate &c. (neglectful) 460; stupid &c. 499; inactive &c. 

683; incompetent; unqualified, disqualified, ill-qualified; unfit; 

quackish; raw, green, inexperienced, rusty, out of practice. 

unaccustomed, unused, untrained &c. 537, uninitiated, 

unconversant &c. (ignorant) 491 † ; shiftless; unstatesmanlike. 

unadvised; ill-advised, misadvised; ill-devised, ill-imagined, illjudged, 

ill-contrived, ill-conducted; unguided, misguided; 

misconducted, foolish, wild; infelicitous; penny wise and pound 

foolish &c. (inconsistent) 608. 

Phr. one's fingers being all thumbs; the right hand forgets its 

cunning; il se noyerait dans une goutte d'eau [Fr.]; incidit in 

Scyllam qui vult vitare incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim 

[Lat.]; out of the frying pan into the fire; non omnia possumus 

omnes [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#701. Bungler -- N. bungler; blunderer, blunderhead † ; marplot, 

fumbler, lubber, duffer, dauber, stick; bad hand, poor hand, poor 

shot; butterfingers † . no conjurer, flat, muff, slow coach, looby † , 

lubber, swab; clod, yokel, awkward squad, blanc-bec; galoot † . 

land lubber; fresh water sailor, fair weather sailor; horse marine; 

fish out of water, ass in lion's skin, jackdaw in peacock's feathers; 

quack &c. (deceiver) 548; lord of misrule. sloven, slattern, trapes † . 

amateur, novice, greenhorn (learner) 541. 

Phr. il n'a pas invente' la poudre [Fr.]; he will never set the Thames 

on fire; acierta errando [Lat.]; aliquis in omnibus nullus in singulis 

[Lat.]. 

#703. Artlessness -- N. artlessness &c. adj.; nature, simplicity; 

innocence &c. 946; bonhomie, naivete, abandon, candor, 

sincerity; singleness of purpose, singleness of heart; honesty &c. 

939; plain speaking; epanchement [Fr.]. rough diamond, matter of 

fact man; le palais de verite [Fr.]; enfant terrible [Fr.]. 

V. be artless &c. adj.; look one in the face; wear one's heart upon 

his sleeves for daws to peck wear one's heart upon his sleeves for 

daws to peck at † ; think aloud; speak out, speak one's mind; be 

free with one, call a spade a spade. 

Adj. artless, natural, pure, native, confiding, simple, lain, 

inartificial † , untutored, unsophisticated, ingenu † , unaffected, naive; 

sincere, frank; open, open as day; candid, ingenuous, guileless; 

unsuspicious, honest &c. 939; innocent &c. 946; Arcadian † ; 

undesigning, straightforward, unreserved, aboveboard; simpleminded, 

single-minded; frank-hearted, open-hearted, singlehearted, 

simple-hearted. free-spoken, plain-spoken, outspoken; 

blunt, downright, direct, matter of fact, unpoetical † ; unflattering. 

Adv. in plain words, in plain English; without mincing the matter; 

not to mince the matter &c. (affirmation) 535. 

Phr. Davus sum non Oedipus [Lat.] [Terence]; liberavi animam 

meam [Lat.]; as frank as rain on cherry blossoms" [E.B. 

Browning].

sly, slim, insidious, stealthy; underhand &c. (hidden) 528; 

subdolous † ; deceitful &c. 545; slippery as an eel, evasive &c. 623; 

crooked; arch, pawky † , shrewd, acute; sharp, sharp as a tack, 

sharp as a needle † ; canny, astute, leery, knowing, up to snuff, too 

clever by half, not to be caught with chaff. tactful, diplomatic, 

politic; polite &c. 894. 

Adv. cunningly &c. adj.; slyly, slily † , on the sly, by a side wind. 

Phr. diamond cut diamond; a' bis ou a blanc [Fr.]; fin contre fin 

[Fr.]; something is rotten in the state of something is rotten in the 

state of Denmark" [Hamlet]. 

SECTION IV. 

ANTAGONISM 

1. Conditional Antagonism 

#704. Difficulty -- N. difficulty; hardness &c. adj.; impracticability 

&c. (impossibility) 471; tough work, hard work, uphill work; hard 

task, Herculean task, Augean task † ; task of Sisyphus, Sisyphean 

labor, tough job, teaser, rasper † , dead lift. dilemma, 

embarrassment; deadlock; perplexity &c. (uncertainty) 475; 

intricacy; entanglement, complexity &c. 59; cross fire; 

awkwardness, delicacy, ticklish card to play, knot, Gordian knot, 

dignus vindice nodus [Lat.], net, meshes, maze; coil &c. 

(convolution) 248; crooked path; involvement. nice point, delicate 

point, subtle point, knotty point; vexed question, vexata quaestio 

[Lat.], poser; puzzle &c. (riddle) 533; paradox; hard nut to crack, 

nut to crack; bone to pick, crux, pons asinorum [Lat.], where the 

shoe pinches. nonplus, quandary, strait, pass, pinch, pretty pass, 

stress, brunt; critical situation, crisis; trial, rub, emergency, 

exigency, scramble. scrape, hobble, slough, quagmire, hot water, 

hornet's nest; sea of troubles, peck of troubles; pretty kettle of fish; 

pickle, stew, imbroglio, mess, ado; false position. set fast, stand, 

standstill; deadlock, dead set. fix, horns of a dilemma, cul de sac 

[Fr.]; hitch; stumbling block &c. (hindrance) 706. [difficult person] 

crab; curmudgeon. 

V. be difficult &c. adj.; run one hard, go against the grain, try one's 

patience, put one out; put to one's shifts, put to one's wit's end; go 

hard with one, try one; pose, perplex &c. (uncertain) 475; bother, 

nonplus, gravel, bring to a deadlock; be impossible &c. 471; be in 

the way of &c. (hinder) 706. meet with difficulties; labor under 

difficulties; get into difficulties; plunge into difficulties; struggle with 

difficulties; contend with difficulties; grapple with difficulties; labor 

under a disadvantage; be in difficulty &c. adj.. fish in troubled 

waters, buffet the waves, swim against the stream, scud under 

bare poles. Have much ado with, have a hard time of it; come to 

the push, come to the pinch; bear the brunt. grope in the dark, lose 

one's way, weave a tangled web, walk among eggs. get into a 

scrape &c. n.; bring a hornet's nest about one's ears; be put to 

one's shifts; flounder, boggle, struggle; not know which way to turn 

&c. (uncertain) 475; perdre son Latin [Fr.]; stick at, stick in the 

mud, stick fast; come to a stand, come to a standstill, come to a 

deadlock; hold the wolf by the ears, hold the tiger by the tail. 

render difficult &c. adj.; enmesh, encumber, embarrass, ravel, 

entangle; put a spoke in the wheel &c. (hinder) 706; lead a pretty 

dance. 

Adj. difficult, not easy, hard, tough; troublesome, toilsome, 

irksome; operose † , laborious, onerous, arduous, Herculean, 

formidable; sooner said than done; more easily said than done, 

easier said than done. difficult to deal with, hard to deal with; illconditioned, 

crabbed, crabby; not to be handled with kid gloves, 

not made with rose water. awkward, unwieldy, unmanageable; 

intractable, stubborn &c. (obstinate) 606; perverse, refractory, 

plaguy † , trying, thorny, rugged; knotted, knotty; invious † #705. Facility -- N. facility, ease; easiness &c. adj.; capability; 

feasibility &c. (practicability) 470; flexibility, pliancy &c. 324; 

smoothness &c. 255. plain sailing, smooth sailing, straight sailing; 

mere child's play, holiday task; cinch [U.S.]. smooth water, fair 

wind; smooth royal road; clear coast, clear stage; tabula rasa 

[Lat.]; full play &c. (freedom) 748. disencumbrance 

; pathless, 

trackless; labyrinthine &c. (convoluted) 248; intricate, complicated 

&c. (tangled) 59; impracticable &c. (impossible) 471; not feasible 

&c. 470; desperate &c. (hopeless) 859. embarrassing, perplexing 

&c. (uncertain) 475; delicate, ticklish, critical; beset with 

† , 

disentanglement; deoppilation † ; permission &c. 760. simplicity, 

lack of complication. 

V. be easy &c. adj.; go on smoothly, run smoothly; have full play 

&c. n.; go on all fours, run on all fours; obey the helm, work well. 

flow with the stream, swim with the stream, drift with the stream, 

go with the stream, flow with the tide, drift with the tide; see one's 

way; have all one's own way, have the game in one's own hands; 

walk over the course, win at a canter; make light of, make nothing 

of, make no bones of. be at home in, make it look easy, do it with 

one's eyes closed, do it in one's sleep &c. (skillful) 698. render 

easy &c. adj.; facilitate, smooth, ease; popularize; lighten, lighten 

the labor; free, clear; disencumber, disembarrass, disentangle, 

disengage; deobstruct † , unclog, extricate, unravel; untie the knot, 

cut the knot; disburden, unload, exonerate, emancipate, free from, 

deoppilate † ; humor &c. (aid) 707; lubricate &c. 332; relieve &c. 

834. leave a hole to creep out of, leave a loophole, leave the 

matter open; give the reins to, give full play, give full swing; make 

way for; open the door to, open the way, prepare the ground, 

smooth the ground, clear the ground, open the way, open the path, 

open the road; pave the way, bridge over; permit &c. 760. 

Adj. easy, facile; feasible &c. (practicable) 470; easily managed, 

easily accomplished; within reach, accessible, easy of access, for 

the million, open to. manageable, wieldy; towardly † , tractable; 

submissive; yielding, ductile; suant † ; pliant &c. (soft) 324; glib, 

slippery; smooth &c. 255; on friction wheels, on velvet. 

unembarrassed, disburdened, unburdened, disencumbered, 

unencumbered, disembarrassed; exonerated; unloaded, 

unobstructed, untrammeled; unrestrained &c. (free) 748; at ease, 

light. [able to do easily] at home with; quite at home; in one's 

element, in smooth water; skillful &c. 698; accustomed &c. 613. 

Adv. easily &c. adj.; readily, smoothly, swimmingly, on easy 

terms, single-handed. 

Phr. touch and go.

difficulties, full of difficulties, surrounded by difficulties, entangled 

by difficulties, encompassed with difficulties. under a difficulty; in a 

box; in difficulty, in hot water, in the suds, in a cleft stick, in a fix, in 

the wrong box, in a scrape &c. n., in deep water, in a fine pickle; in 

extremis; between two stools, between Scylla and Charybdis; 

surrounded by shoals, surrounded by breakers, surrounded by 

quicksands; at cross purposes; not out of the wood. reduced to 

straits; hard pressed, sorely pressed; run hard; pinched, put to it, 

straitened; hard up, hard put to it, hard set; put to one's shifts; 

puzzled, at a loss, &c. (uncertain) 475; at the end of one's tether, 

at the end of one's rope, at one's wit's end, at a nonplus, at a 

standstill; graveled, nonplused, nonplussed, stranded, aground; 

stuck fast, set fast; up a tree, at bay, aux abois [Fr.], driven into a 

corner, driven from pillar to post, driven to extremity, driven to 

one's wit's end, driven to the wall; au bout de son Latin; out of 

one's depth; thrown out. accomplished with difficulty; hard-fought, 

hard-earned. 

Adv. with difficulty, with much ado; barely, hardly &c. adj.; uphill; 

against the stream, against the grain; d rebours [Fr.]; invita 

Minerva [Lat.]; in the teeth of; at a pinch, upon a pinch; at long 

odds, against long odds. 

Phr. ay there's the rub" [Hamlet]; hic labor hoc opus [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

things are come to a pretty pass, ab inconvenienti [Lat.]; ad astra 

per aspera [Lat.]; acun chemin de fleurs ne conduit a la gloire [Fr.]. 

2. Active Antagonism 

#706. Hindrance -- N. prevention, preclusion, obstruction, 

stoppage; embolus, embolism [Med.]; infarct [Med.]; interruption, 

interception, interclusion † ; hindrance, impedition † ; retardment † , 

retardation; embarrassment, oppilation † ; coarctation † , stricture, 

restriction; restraint &c. 751; inhibition &c. 761; blockade &c. 

(closure) 261. interference, interposition; obtrusion; 

discouragement, discountenance. impediment, let, obstacle, 

obstruction, knot, knag † ; check, hitch, contretemps, screw loose, 

grit in the oil. bar, stile, barrier; [barrier to vehicles] turnstile, 

turnpike; gate, portcullis. beaver dam; trocha † ; barricade &c. 

(defense) 717; wall, dead wall, sea wall, levee breakwater, 

groyne † ; bulkhead, block, buffer; stopper &c. 263; boom, dam, 

weir, burrock † . drawback, objection; stumbling-block, stumblingstone; 

lion in the path, snag; snags and sawyers. encumbrance, 

incumbrance † ; clog, skid, shoe, spoke; drag, drag chain, drag 

weight; stay, stop; preventive, prophylactic; load, burden, fardel † , 

onus, millstone round one's neck, impedimenta; dead weight; 

lumber, pack; nightmare, Ephialtes † , incubus, old man of the sea; 

remora. difficulty &c. 704; insuperable &c. 471; obstacle; estoppel 

[Law]; ill wind; head wind &c. (opposition) 708; trammel, tether &c. 

(means of restraint) 752; hold back, counterpoise. [person who 

hinders] damper, wet blanket, hinderer, marplot, killjoy; party 

pooper [Coll.]; party crasher, interloper. trail of a red herring; 

opponent &c. 710. 

V. hinder, impede, filibuster [U.S.], impedite † , embarrass. keep 

off, stave off, ward off; obviate; avert, antevert † ; turn aside, draw 

off, prevent, forefend, nip in the bud; retard, slacken, check, let; 

counteract, countercheck † ; preclude, debar, foreclose, estop 

[Law]; inhibit &c. 761; shackle &c. (restrain) 751; restrict. obstruct, 

stop, stay, bar, bolt, lock; block, block up; choke off; belay, 

barricade; block the way, bar the way, stop the way; forelay † ; dam 

up &c. (close) 261; put on the brake &c. n.; scotch the wheel, lock 

the wheel, put a spoke in the wheel; put a stop to &c. 142; 

traverse, contravene; interrupt, intercept; oppose &c. 708; hedge 

in, hedge round; cut off; inerclude † #707. Aid -- N. aid, aidance 

. interpose, interfere, 

intermeddle &c. 682. cramp, hamper; clog, clog the wheels; 

cumber; encumber, incumber; handicap; choke; saddle with, load 

with; overload, lay; lumber, trammel, tie one's hands, put to 

inconvenience; incommode, discommode; discompose; hustle, 

corner, drive into a corner. run foul of, fall foul of; cross the path of, 

† ; assistance, help, opitulation † , 

succor; support, lift, advance, furtherance, promotion; coadjuvancy 

&c. (cooperation) 709 † . patronage, championship, countenance, 

favor, interest, advocacy. sustentation, subvention, alimentation, 

nutrition, nourishment; eutrophy; manna in the wilderness; food &c. 

298; means &c. 632. ministry, ministration; subministration † ; 

accommodation. relief, rescue; help at a dead lift; supernatural 

aid; deus ex machina [Lat.]. supplies, reinforcements, 

reenforcements † , succors, contingents, recruits; support &c. 

(physical) 215; adjunct, ally &c. (helper) 711. 

V. aid, assist, help, succor, lend one's aid; come to the aid &c. n.. 

of; contribute, subscribe to; bring aid, give aid, furnish aid, afford 

aid, supply aid &c. n.; give a helping hand, stretch a hand, lend a 

helping hand, lend a hand, bear a helping hand, hold out a hand, 

hold out a helping hand; give one a life, give one a cast, give one 

a turn; take by the hand, take in tow; help a lame dog over a stile, 

lend wings to. relieve, rescue; set up, set agoing † , set on one's 

legs; bear through, pull through; give new life to, be the making of; 

reinforce, reenforce, recruit; set forward, put forward, push 

forward; give a lift, give a shove, give an impulse to; promote, 

further, forward, advance expedite, speed, quicken, hasten. 

support, sustain, uphold, prop, hold up, bolster. cradle, nourish; 

nurture, nurse, dry nurse, suckle, put out to nurse; manure, 

cultivate, force; foster, cherish, foment; feed the flame, fan the 

flame. serve; do service to, tender to, pander to; administer to, 

subminister to † , minister to; tend, attend, wait on; take care of &c. 

459; entertain; smooth the bed of death. oblige, accommodate, 

consult the wishes of; humor, cheer, encourage. second, stand by; 

back, back up; pay the piper, abet; work for, make interest for, 

stick up for, take up the cudgels for; take up the cause of, espouse 

the cause of, adopt the cause of; advocate, beat up for recruits, 

press into the service; squire, give moral support to, keep in 

countenance, countenance, patronize; lend oneself to, lend one's 

countenance to; smile upon, shine upon; favor, befriend, take in 

hand, enlist under the banners of; side with &c. (cooperate) 709. 

be of use to; subserve &c. (instrument) 631; benefit &c. 648; 

render a service &c. (utility) 644; conduce &c. (tend) 176. 

Adj. aiding &c. v.; auxiliary, adjuvant, helpful; coadjuvant &c. 709 † ; 

subservient, ministrant, ancillary, accessory, subsidiary. at one's 

beck, at one's beck and call; friendly, amicable, favorable, 

propitious, well-disposed; neighborly; obliging &c. (benevolent) 

906.

eak in upon. thwart, frustrate, disconcert, balk, foil; faze, feaze † , 

feeze [U.S.]; baffle, snub, override, circumvent; defeat &c. 731; 

spike guns &c. (render useless) 645; spoil, mar, clip the wings of; 

cripple &c. (injure) 659; put an extinguisher on; damp; dishearten 

&c. (dissuade) 616; discountenance, throw cold water on, spoil 

sport; lay a wet blanket, throw a wet blanket on; cut the ground 

from under one, take the wind out of one's sails, undermine; be in 

the way of, stand in the way of; act as a drag; hang like a millstone 

round one's neck. 

Adj. hindering &c. v.; obstructive, obstruent † ; impeditive † , 

impedient † ; intercipient † ; prophylactic &c. (remedial) 662; 

impedimentary. in the way of, unfavorable; onerous, burdensome; 

cumbrous, cumbersome; obtrusive. hindered &c. v.; windbound † 906. 

Adv. with the aid, by the aid of &c.; on behalf of, in behalf of; in aid 

of, in the service of, in the name of, in favor of, in furtherance of; on 

account of; for the sake of, on the part of; non obstante [Lat.]. 

Int. help!, save us!, to the rescue!, 

Phr. alterum alterius auxilio eget [Lat.] [Sallust]; God befriend us 

as our cause is just" [Henry IV]; at your service. 

, 

waterlogged, heavy laden; hard pressed. unassisted &c. (assist) 

&c. 707; single-handed, alone; deserted &c. 624. 

Phr. occurrent nubes [Lat.]. 

#708. Opposition -- N. opposition, antagonism; oppugnancy † , 

oppugnation † ; impugnation † ; contrariety; contravention; 

counteraction &c. 179; counterplot. cross fire, undercurrent, head 

wind. clashing, collision, conflict. competition, two of a trade, 

rivalry, emulation, race. absence of aid &c. 708; resistance &c. 

719; restraint &c. 751; hindrance &c. 706. 

V. oppose, counteract, run counter to; withstand &c. (resist) 719; 

control &c. (restrain) 751; hinder &c. 706; antagonize, oppugn, fly 

in the face of, go dead against, kick against, fall afoul of, run afoul 

of; set against, pit against; face, confront, cope with; make a 

stand, make a dead set against; set oneself against, set one's 

face against; protest against, vote against, raise one's voice 

against; disfavor, turn one's back upon; set at naught, slap in the 

face, slam the door in one's face. be at cross purposes; play at 

cross purposes; counterwork † , countermine; thwart, overthwart † ; 

work against, undermine. stem, breast, encounter; stem the tide, 

breast the tide, stem the current, stem the flood; buffet the waves; 

beat up against, make head against; grapple with; kick against 

the pricks &c. (resist) 719; contend &c. 720; do battle with &c. 

(warfare) 722, do battle against. contradict, contravene; belie; go 

against, run against, beat against, militate against; come in 

conflict with. emulate &c. (compete) 720; rival, spoil one's trade. 

Adj. opposing, opposed &c. v.; adverse, antagonistic; contrary 

&c. 14; at variance &c. 24; at issue, at war with. unfavorable, 

unfriendly; hostile, inimical, cross, unpropitious. in hostile array, 

front to front, with crossed bayonets, at daggers drawn; up in 

arms; resistant &c. 719. competitive, emulous. 

Adv. against, versus, counter to, in conflict with, at cross 

purposes. against the grain, against the current, against the 

stream, against the wind, against the tide; with a headwind; with 

the wind ahead, with the wind in one's teeth. in spite, in despite, in 

defiance; in the way, in the teeth of, in the face of; across; athwart, 

overthwart † ; where the shoe pinches; in spite of one's teeth. 

though &c. 30; even; quand meme [Fr.]; per contra. 

Phr. nitor in adversum [Lat.]. 

#710. Opponent -- N. opponent, antagonist, adversary; adverse 

party, opposition; enemy &c. 891; the other side; assailant. 

oppositionist, obstructive; brawler, wrangler, brangler † , disputant; 

filibuster [U.S.], obstructionist. malcontent; Jacobin, Fenian; 

demagogue, reactionist † . rival, competitor. bete noir [Fr.]. 

#709. Cooperation -- N. cooperation; coadjuvancy † , 

coadjutancy † ; coagency † , coefficiency † ; concert, concurrence, 

complicity, participation; union &c. 43; additivity, combination &c. 

48; collusion. association, alliance, colleagueship † , joint stock, 

copartnership † ; cartel; confederation &c. (party) 712; coalition, 

fusion; a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together; logrolling, 

freemasonry. unanimity &c. (assent) 488; esprit de corps, party 

spirit; clanship † , partisanship; concord &c. 714. synergy, 

coaction † . 

V. cooperate, concur; coact † , synergize. conduce &c. 178; 

combine, unite one's efforts; keep together, draw together, pull 

together, club together, hand together, hold together, league 

together, band together, be banded together; pool; stand shoulder 

to shoulder, put shoulder to shoulder; act in concert, join forces, 

fraternize, cling to one another, conspire, concert, lay one's heads 

together; confederate, be in league with; collude, understand one 

another, play into the hands of, hunt in couples. side with, take 

side with, go along with, go hand in hand with, join hands with, 

make common cause with, strike in with, unite with, join with, mix 

oneself up with, take part with, cast in one's lot with; join 

partnership, enter into partnership with; rally round, follow the lead 

of; come to, pass over to, come into the views of; be in the same 

boat, row in the same boat; sail in the same boat; sail on the 

same tack. be a party to, lend oneself to; chip in; participate; have 

a hand in, have a finger in the pie; take part in, bear part in; 

second &c. (aid) 707; take the part of, play the game of; espouse 

a cause, espouse a quarrel. 

Adj. cooperating &c. v.; in cooperation &c. n., in league &c. 

(party) 712; coadjuvant † , coadjutant † ; dyed in the wool; 

cooperative; additive; participative; coactive † , synergetic, 

synergistic. favorable to &c. 707; unopposed &c. 708. 

Adv. as one &c. (unanimously) 488; shoulder to shoulder; 

synergistically; cooperatively. 

Phr. due teste valgono piu che una sola [It]. 

#711. Auxiliary -- N. auxiliary; recruit; assistant; adjuvant, 

adjutant; ayudante † , coaid † ; adjunct; help, helper, help mate, 

helping hand; midwife; colleague, partner, mate, confrere, 

cooperator; coadjutor, coadjutrix † ; collaborator. ally; friend &c. 

890, confidant, fidus Achates [Lat.], pal, buddy, alter ego. 

[criminal law] confederate; accomplice; complice; accessory, 

accessory after the fact; particeps criminis [Lat.]; socius criminis 

[Lat.]. aide-de-camp, secretary, clerk, associate, marshal; righthand, 

right-hand man, Friday, girl Friday, man Friday, gopher, 

gofer; candle-holder, bottle-holder; handmaid; servant &c. 746; 

puppet, cat's-paw, jackal † . tool, dupe, stooge, ame damnee [Fr.]; 

satellite, adherent. votary; sectarian, secretary; seconder, backer, 

upholder, abettor, advocate, partisan, champion, patron, friend at 

court, mediator; angel (theater, entertainment). friend in need, 

Jack at a pinch, deus ex machina [Lat.], guardian angel, tutelary

genius. 

#712. Party -- N. party, faction, side, denomination, communion, set, crew, band. horde, posse, phalanx; family, clan, &c. 166; team; 

tong. council &c. 696. community, body, fellowship, sodality, solidarity; confraternity; familistere † , familistery † ; brotherhood, 

sisterhood. knot, gang, clique, ring, circle, group, crowd, in-crowd; coterie, club, casino † ; machine; Tammany, Tammany Hall [U.S.]. 

corporation, corporate body, guild; establishment, company; copartnership † , partnership; firm, house; joint concern, joint-stock 

company; cahoot, combine [U.S.], trust. society, association; institute, institution; union; trades union; league, syndicate, alliance, 

Verein [G.], Bund [G.], Zollverein [G.], combination; Turnverein [G.]; league offensive and defensive, alliance offensive and defensive; 

coalition; federation; confederation, confederacy; junto, cabal, camarilla † , camorra † , brigue † ; freemasonry; party spirit &c. 

(cooperation) 709. Confederates, Conservatives, Democrats, Federalists, Federals, Freemason, Knight Templar; Kuklux, Kuklux 

Klan, KKK; Liberals, Luddites, Republicans, Socialists, Tories, Whigs &c.. staff; dramatis personae [Lat.]. 

V. unite, join; club together &c. (cooperate) 709; cement a party, form a party &c. n.; associate &c. (assemble) 72; enleague † , 

federalize, go cahoots. 

Adj. in league, in partnership, in alliance &c. n.. bonded together, banded together, linked &c. (joined) 43, joined together; embattled; 

confederated, federative, joint. 

Adv. hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, en masse, in the same boat. 

#713. Discord -- N. disagreement &c. 24; discord, disaccord † , 

dissidence, dissonance; jar, clash, shock; jarring, jostling &c. v.; 

screw loose. variance, difference, dissension, misunderstanding, 

cross purposes, odds, brouillerie [Fr.]; division, split, rupture, 

disruption, division in the camp, house divided against itself, 

disunion, breach; schism &c. (dissent) 489; feud, faction. quarrel, 

dispute, tiff, tracasserie † , squabble, altercation, barney [Slang], 

demel_e, snarl, spat, towrow † , words, high words; wrangling &c. 

v.; jangle, brabble † , cross questions and crooked answers, snipsnap; 

family jars. polemics; litigation; strife &c. (contention) 720; 

warfare &c. 722; outbreak, open rupture, declaration of war. broil, 

brawl, row, racket, hubbub, rixation † ; embroilment, 

embranglement † , imbroglio, fracas, breach of the peace, piece of 

work [Fr.], scrimmage, rumpus; breeze, squall; riot, disturbance 

&c. (disorder) 59; commotion &c. (agitation) 315; bear garden, 

Donnybrook, Donnybrook Fair. subject of dispute, ground of 

quarrel, battle ground, disputed point; bone of contention, bone to 

pick; apple of discord, casus belli [Lat.]; question at issue &c. 

(subject of inquiry) 461; vexed question, vexata quaestio [Lat.], 

brand of discord. troublous times † ; cat-and-dog life; 

contentiousness &c. adj.; enmity &c. 889; hate &c. 898; Kilkenny 

cats; disputant &c. 710; strange bedfellows. 

V. be discordant &c. adj.; disagree, come amiss &c. 24; clash, 

jar, jostle, pull different ways, conflict, have no measures with, 

misunderstand one another; live like cat and dog; differ; dissent 

&c. 489; have a bone to pick, have a crow to pluck with. fall out, 

quarrel, dispute; litigate; controvert &c. (deny) 536; squabble, 

wrangle, jangle, brangle † , bicker, nag; spar &c. (contend) 720; 

have words &c. n.. with; fall foul of. split; break with, break squares 

with, part company with; declare war, try conclusions; join issue, 

put in issue; pick a quarrel, fasten a quarrel on; sow dissension, 

stir up dissension &c. n.; embroil, entangle, disunite, widen the 

breach; set at odds, set together by the ears; set against, pit 

against. get into hot water, fish in troubled waters, brawl; kick up a 

row, kick up a dust; turn the house out of window. 

Adj. discordant; disagreeing &c. v.; out of tune, ajar, on bad 

terms, dissentient &c. 489; unreconciled, unpacified; contentious 

&c. 720. quarrelsome, unpacific † #714. Concord -- N. concord, accord, harmony, symphony; 

homologue; agreement &c. 23; sympathy, empathy &c. (love) 

897; response; union, unison, unity; bonds of harmony; peace &c. 

721; unanimity &c. (assent) 488; league &c. 712; happy family. 

rapprochement; reunion; amity &c. (friendship) 888; alliance, 

entente cordiale [Fr.], good understanding, conciliation, 

peacemaker; intercessor, mediator. 

V. agree &c. 23; accord, harmonize with; fraternize; be 

concordant &c. adj.; go hand in hand; run parallel &c. (concur) 

178; understand one another, pull together &c. (cooperate) 709; 

put up one's horses together, sing in chorus. side with, sympathize 

with, go with, chime in with, fall in with; come round; be pacified 

&c. 723; assent &c. 488; empathize with, enter into the ideas of, 

enter into the feelings of; reciprocate. hurler avec les loups [Fr.]; 

go with the stream, swim with the stream. keep in good humor, 

render accordant, put in tune; come to an understanding, meet 

halfway; keep the peace, remain at peace. 

Adj. concordant, congenial; agreeing &c. v.; in accord &c. n.; 

harmonious, united, cemented; banded together &c. 712; allied; 

friendly &c. 888; fraternal; conciliatory; at one with; of one mind 

&c. (assent) 488. at peace, in still water; tranquil &c. (pacific) 721. 

Adv. with one voice &c. (assent) 488; in concert with, hand in 

hand; on one's side. 

Phr. commune periculum concordiam parit [Lat.]. 

; gladiatorial, controversial, 

polemic, disputatious; factious; litigious, litigant; pettifogging. at 

odds, at loggerheads, at daggers drawn, at variance, at issue, at 

cross purposes, at sixes and sevens, at feud, at high words; up in 

arms, together by the ears, in hot water, embroiled. torn, disunited. 

Phr. quot homines tot sententiae [Lat.] [Terence]; no love lost 

between them, non nostrum tantas componere lites [Lat.] [Vergil]; 

Mars gravior sub pace latet [Lat.] [Claudius]. 

#715. Defiance -- N. defiance; daring &c. v.; dare; challenge, cartel † ; threat &c. 909; war cry, war whoop. chest-beating, chestthumping; 

saber rattling. 

V. defy, dare, beard; brave &c. (courage) 861; bid defiance to; set at defiance, set at naught; hurl defiance at; dance the war dance, 

beat the war drums; snap the fingers at, laugh to scorn; disobey &c. 742. show fight, show one's teeth, show a bold front; bluster, look

ig, stand akimbo, beat one's chest; double the fist, shake the fist; threaten &c. 909. challenge, call out; throw down the gauntlet, fling 

down the gauntlet, fling down the gage, fling down the glove, throw down the glove. 

Adj. defiant; defying &c. v.. with 'with arms akimbo'." 

Adv. in defiance of, in the teeth of; under one's very nose. 

Int. do your worst!, come if you dare!, come on!, marry come up!, hoity toity! † , 

Phr. noli me tangere [Lat.]; nemo me impune lacessit [Lat.]; don't tread on me; don't you dare; don't even think of it; Go ahead, make 

my day! " [Dirty Harry]. 

#716. Attack -- N. attack; assault, assault and battery; onset, 

onslaught, charge. aggression, offense; incursion, inroad, 

invasion; irruption; outbreak; estrapade † , ruade † ; coupe de main, 

sally, sortie, camisade † , raid, foray; run at, run against; dead set 

at. storm, storming; boarding, escalade † ; siege, investment, 

obsession † , bombardment, cannonade. fire, volley; platoon fire, 

file fire; fusillade; sharpshooting, broadside; raking fire, cross fire; 

volley of grapeshot, whiff of the grape, feu d'enfer [Fr.]. cut, thrust, 

lunge, pass, passado † , carte and tierce [Fr.], home thrust; coupe 

de bec [Fr.]; kick, punch &c. (impulse) 276. battue † , razzia † , 

Jacquerie, dragonnade † ; devastation &c. 162; eboulement [Fr.]. 

assailant, aggressor, invader. base of operations, point of attack; 

echelon. 

V. attack, assault, assail; invade; set upon, fall upon; charge, 

impugn, break a lance with, enter the lists. assume the offensive, 

take the offensive; be the aggressor, become the aggressor; 

strike the first blow, draw first blood, throw the first stone at; lift a 

hand against, draw the sword against; take up the cudgels; 

advance against, march against; march upon, harry; come on, 

show fight. strike at, poke at, thrust at; aim a blow at, deal a blow 

at; give one a blow, fetch one a blow, fetch one a kick, give one a 

kick; have a cut at, have a shot at, take a cut at, take a shot at, 

have a fling at, have a shy at; be down upon, pounce upon; fall foul 

of, pitch into, launch out against; bait, slap on the face; make a 

thrust at, make a pass at, make a set at, make a dead set at; bear 

down upon. close with, come to close quarters; bring to bay. ride 

full tilt against; attack tooth and nail, go at hammer and tongs. let 

fly at, dash at, run a tilt at, rush at, tilt at, run at, fly at, hawk at, have 

at, let out at; make a dash, make a rush at; strike home; drive one 

hard; press one hard; be hard upon, run down, strike at the root of. 

lay about one, run amuck. aim at, draw a bead on [U.S.]. fire upon, 

fire at, fire a shot at; shoot at, pop at, level at, let off a gun at; open 

fire, pepper, bombard, shell, pour a broadside into; fire a volley, 

fire red-hot shot; spring a mine. throw a stone, throw stones at; 

stone, lapidate † , pelt; hurl at, hurl against, hurl at the head of; rock 

beset [U.S.], besiege, beleaguer; lay siege to, invest, open the 

trenches, plant a battery, sap, mine; storm, board, scale the walls. 

cut and thrust, bayonet, butt; kick, strike &c. (impulse) 276; whip 

&c. (punish) 972. [attack verbally] assail, impugn; malign (detract) 

934. bomb, rocket, blast. 

Adj. attacking &c. v.; aggressive, offensive, obsidional † . up in 

arms. 

Adv. on the offensive. 

Int. up and at them! " 

Phr. the din of arms, the yell of savage rage, the the din of arms, 

the yell of savage rage, the shriek of agony, the groan of death" 

[Southey]; their fatal hands no second stroke intend" [Paradise 

Lost]; thirst for glory quells the love of life" [Addison]. 

#718. Retaliation -- N. retaliation, reprisal, retort, payback; 

counter-stroke, counter-blast, counterplot, counter-project; 

retribution, lex talionis [Lat.]; reciprocation &c. (reciprocity) 12. tit 

#717. Defense -- N. defense, protection, guard, ward; shielding 

&c. v.; propugnation † , preservation &c. 670; guardianship. area 

defense; site defense. self-defense, self-preservation; resistance 

&c. 719. safeguard &c. (safety) 664; balistraria † ; bunker, screen 

&c. (shelter) 666; camouflage &c. (concealment) 530; 

fortification; munition, muniment † ; trench, foxhole; bulwark, fosse † , 

moat, ditch, entrenchment, intrenchment † ; kila † ; dike, dyke; 

parapet, sunk fence, embankment, mound, mole, bank, sandbag, 

revetment; earth work, field-work; fence, wall dead wall, 

contravallation † ; paling &c. (inclosure) 232; palisade, haha, 

stockade, stoccado † , laager † , sangar † ; barrier, barricade; boom; 

portcullis, chevaux de frise [Fr.]; abatis, abattis † , abbatis † ; vallum † , 

circumvallation † , battlement, rampart, scarp; escarp † , counterscarp; 

glacis, casemate † ; vallation † , vanfos † . buttress, abutment; 

shore &c. (support) 215. breastwork, banquette, curtain, mantlet † , 

bastion, redan † , ravelin † ; vauntmure † ; advance work, horn work, 

outwork; barbacan † , barbican; redoubt; fort-elage [Fr.], fort-alice; 

lines. loophole, machicolation † ; sally port. hold, stronghold, 

fastness; asylum &c. (refuge) 666; keep, donjon, dungeon, 

fortress, citadel, capitol, castle; tower of strength, tower of 

strength; fort, barracoon † , pah † , sconce, martello tower † , 

peelhouse † , blockhouse, rath † ; wooden walls. [body armor] 

bulletproof vest, armored vest, buffer, corner stone, fender, apron, 

mask, gauntlet, thimble, carapace, armor, shield, buckler, aegis, 

breastplate, backplate † , cowcatcher, face guard, scutum † , 

cuirass, habergeon † , mail, coat of mail, brigandine † , hauberk, 

lorication † , helmet, helm, bassinet, salade † , heaume † , morion † , 

murrion † , armet † , cabaset † , vizor † , casquetel † , siege cap, 

headpiece, casque, pickelhaube, vambrace † , shako &c. (dress) 

225. bearskin; panoply; truncheon &c. (weapon) 727. garrison, 

picket, piquet; defender, protector; guardian &c. (safety) 664; 

bodyguard, champion; knight-errant, Paladin; propugner † . 

bulletproof window. hardened site. 

V. defend, forfend, fend; shield, screen, shroud; engarrison † ; fend 

round &c. (circumscribe) 229; fence, entrench, intrench † ; guard 

&c. (keep safe) 664; guard against; take care of &c. (vigilance) 

459; bear harmless; fend off, keep off, ward off, beat off, beat 

back; hinder &c. 706. parry, repel, propugn † , put to flight; give a 

warm reception to [Iron.]; hold at bay, keep at bay, keep arm's 

length. stand on the defensive, act on the defensive; show fight; 

maintain one's ground, stand one's ground; stand by; hold one's 

own; bear the brunt, stand the brunt; fall back upon, hold, stand in 

the gap. 

Adj. defending &c. v.; defensive; mural † ; armed, armed at all 

points, armed cap-a-pie, armed to the teeth; panoplied † ; ironplated, 

ironclad; loopholed, castellated, machicolated † , 

casemated † ; defended &c. v.; proof against. armored, ballproof † , 

bulletproof; hardened. 

Adv. defensively; on the defense, on the defensive; in defense; at 

bay, pro aris et focis [Lat.]. 

Int. no surrender!, 

Phr. defense not defiance; Dieu defend le droit [Fr.]; fidei 

defensor [Lat.], defender of the faith. 

#719. Resistance -- N. resistance, stand, front, oppugnation † ; 

oppugnancy † ; opposition &c. 708; renitence † , renitency; 

reluctation † , recalcitration † ; kicking &c. v.. repulse, rebuff.

for tat, give and take, blow for blow, quid pro quo, a Roland for an 

Oliver, measure for measure, diamond cut diamond, the biter bit, 

a game at which two can play; reproof valiant, retort courteous. 

recrimination &c. (accusation) 938; revenge &c. 919; 

compensation &c. 30; reaction &c. (recoil) 277. 

V. retaliate, retort, turn upon; pay, pay off, pay back; pay in one's 

own coin, pay in the same coin; cap; reciprocate &c. 148; turn the 

tables upon, return the compliment; give a quid pro quo &c. n., 

give as much as one takes, give as good as one gets; give and 

take, exchange fisticuffs; be quits, be even with; pay off old 

scores. serve one right, be hoist on one's own petard, throw a 

stone in one's own garden, catch a Tartar. 

Adj. retaliating &c. v.; retaliatory, retaliative; talionic † . 

Adv. in retaliation; en revanche. 

Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat.] [Horace]; par pari 

refero [Lat.] [Terence]; tu quoque [Lat.], you too; you're another; 

suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat.]; a beau jeu beau retour [Fr.]; litem 

¦Á [Lat.]. lite resolvit [Lat.] [Horace]. 

reluctation , recalcitration ; kicking &c. v.. repulse, rebuff. 

insurrection &c. (disobedience) 742; strike; turn out, lock out, 

barring out; levee en masse [Fr.], Jacquerie; riot &c. (disorder) 59. 

V. resist; not submit &c. 725; repugn † , reluct, reluctate † , withstand; 

stand up against, strive against, bear up under, bear up against, 

be proof against, make head against; stand, stand firm, stand 

one's ground, stand the brunt of, stand out; hold one's grounds, 

hold one's own, hold out, hold firm. breast the wave, breast the 

current; stem the tide, stem the torrent; face, confront, grapple 

with; show a bold front &c. (courage) 861; present a front; make a 

stand, take one's stand. kick, kick against; recalcitrate † , kick 

against the pricks; oppose &c. 708; fly in the face of; lift the hand 

against &c. (attack) 716; rise up in arms &c. (war) 722; strike, turn 

out; draw up a round robin &c. (remonstrate) 932; revolt &c. 

(disobey) 742; make a riot. prendre le mors aux dents [Fr.], take 

the bit between the teeth; sell one's life dearly, die hard, keep at 

bay; repel, repulse. 

Adj. resisting &c. v.; resistive, resistant; refractory &c. 

(disobedient) 742; recalcitrant, renitent; up in arms. repulsive, 

repellant. proof against; unconquerable &c. (strong) 159; 

stubborn, unconquered; indomitable &c. (persevering) 604.1; 

unyielding &c. (obstinate) 606. 

Int. hands off!, keep off!, 

#720. Contention -- N. contention, strife; contest, contestation † ; 

struggle; belligerency; opposition &c. 708. controversy, polemics; 

debate &c. (discussion) 476; war of words, logomachy † , litigation; 

paper war; high words &c. (quarrel) 713; sparring &c. v.. 

competition, rivalry; corrivalry † , corrivalship † , agonism † , 

concours † , match, race, horse racing, heat, steeple chase, 

handicap; regatta; field day; sham fight, Derby day; turf, sporting, 

bullfight, tauromachy † , gymkhana † ; boat race, torpids † . wrestling, 

greco-roman wrestling; pugilism, boxing, fisticuffs, the manly art of 

self-defense; spar, mill, set-to, round, bout, event, prize fighting; 

quarterstaff, single stick; gladiatorship † , gymnastics; jiujitsu, 

jujutsu, kooshti † , sumo; athletics, athletic sports; games of skill &c. 

840. shindy † ; fracas &c. (discord) 713; clash of arms; tussle, 

scuffle, broil, fray; affray, affrayment † ; velitation † ; colluctation † , 

luctation † ; brabble † , brigue † , scramble, melee, scrimmage, 

stramash † , bushfighting † . free fight, stand up fight, hand to hand, 

running fight. conflict, skirmish; rencounter † , encounter; rencontre † , 

collision, affair, brush, fight; battle, battle royal; combat, action, 

engagement, joust, tournament; tilt, tilting [Mediev.]; tournay † , list; 

pitched battle. death struggle, struggle for life or death, life or 

death struggle, Armageddon † . hard knocks, sharp contest, tug of 

war. naval engagement, naumachia † , sea fight. duel, duello [It]; 

single combat, monomachy † , satisfaction, passage d'armes [Fr.], 

passage of arms, affair of honor; triangular duel; hostile meeting, 

digladiation † ; deeds of arms, feats of arms; appeal to arms &c. 

(warfare) 722. pugnacity; combativeness &c. adj.; bone of 

contention &c. 713. 

V. contend; contest, strive, struggle, scramble, wrestle; spar, 

square; exchange blows, exchange fisticuffs; fib † , justle † , tussle, 

tilt, box, stave, fence; skirmish; pickeer † ; fight &c. (war) 722; 

wrangle &c. (quarrel) 713. contend with &c., grapple with, engage 

with, close with, buckle with, bandy with, try conclusions with, have 

a brush &c. n.. with, tilt with; encounter, fall foul of, pitch into, 

clapperclaw † , run a tilt at; oppose &c. 708; reluct. join issue, come 

to blows, go to loggerheads, set to, come to the scratch, 

exchange shots, measure swords, meet hand to hand; take up the 

cudgels, take up the glove, take up the gauntlet; enter the lists; 

couch one's lance; give satisfaction; appeal to arms; &c. (warfare) 

722. lay about one; break the peace. compete with, cope with, vie 

with, race with; outvie † #721. Peace -- N. peace; amity &c. (friendship) 888; harmony &c. 

(concord) 714; tranquility, calm &c. (quiescence) 265; truce, 

peace treaty, accord &c. (pacification) 723; peace pipe, pipe of 

peace, calumet of peace. piping time of peace, quiet life; 

neutrality. [symbol of peace] dove of peace, white dove. [person 

who favors peace] dove. pax Romana [Lat.]; Pax Americana 

[Lat.]. 

V. be at peace; keep the peace &c. (concord) 714. make peace 

&c. 723. 

Adj. pacific; peaceable, peaceful; calm, tranquil, untroubled, 

halcyon; bloodless; neutral. dovish 

Phr. the storm blown over; the lion lies down with the lamb; all 

quiet on the Potomac;" paritur pax bello [Lat.] [Nepos]; peace hath 

her victories no less renowned than peace hath her victories no 

less renowned than war" [Milton]; they make a desert and they call 

it peace." 

, emulate, rival; run a race; contend for &c., 

stipulate for, stickle for; insist upon, make a point of. 

Adj. contending &c. v.; together by the ears, at loggerheads. at 

war. at issue. competitive, rival; belligerent; contentious,

combative, bellicose, unpeaceful † ; warlike &c. 722; quarrelsome 

&c. 901; pugnacious; pugilistic, gladiatorial; palestric † , 

palestrical † . 

Phr. a verbis ad verbera [Lat.]; a word and a blow; a very pretty 

quarrel as it stands" [Sheridan]; commune periculum concordiam 

parit [Lat.]; lis litem generat [Lat.]. 

#722. Warfare -- N. warfare; fighting &c. v.; hostilities; war, arms, 

the sword; Mars, Bellona, grim visaged war, horrida bella [Lat.]; 

bloodshed. appeal to arms, appeal to the sword; ordeal of battle; 

wager of battle; ultima ratio regum [Lat.], arbitrament of the sword. 

battle array, campaign, crusade, expedition, operations; 

mobilization; state of siege; battlefield, theater of operations &c. 

(arena) 728; warpath. art of war, tactics, strategy, 

castrametation † ; generalship; soldiership; logistics; military 

evolutions, ballistics, gunnery; chivalry. gunpowder, shot. battle, 

tug of war &c. (contention) 720; service, campaigning, active 

service, tented field; kriegspiel [G.], Kriegsspiel [G.]; fire cross, 

trumpet, clarion, bugle, pibroch † , slogan; war-cry, war-whoop; 

battle cry, beat of drum, rappel, tom-tom; calumet of war; word of 

command; password, watchword; passage d-armes [Fr.]. war to 

the death, war to the knife; guerre a mort [Fr.], guerre a outrance 

[Fr.]; open war, internecine war, civil war. 

V. arm; raise troops, mobilize troops; raise up in arms; take up the 

cudgels &c. 720; take up arms, fly to arms, appeal to arms, fly to 

the sword; draw the sword, unsheathe the sword; dig up the 

hatchet, dig up the tomahawk; go to war, wage war, let slip the 

dogs of war" [Julius Caesar]; cry havoc; kindle the torch of war, 

light the torch of war; raise one's banner, raise the fire cross; hoist 

the black flag; throw away, fling away the scabbard; enroll, enlist; 

take the field; take the law into one's own hands; do battle, give 

battle, join battle, engage in battle, go to battle; flesh one's sword; 

set to, fall to, engage, measure swords with, draw the trigger, 

cross swords; come to blows, come to close quarters; fight; 

combat; contend &c. 720; battle with, break a lance with. [pirates 

engage in battle] raise the jolly roger, run up the jolly roger. serve; 

see service, be on service, be on active service; campaign; wield 

the sword, shoulder a musket, smell powder, be under fire; spill 

blood, imbrue the hands in blood; on the warpath. carry on war, 

carry on hostilities; keep the field; fight the good fight; fight it out, 

fight like devils, fight one's way, fight hand to hand; sell one's life 

dearly; pay the ferryman's fee. 

Adj. contending, contentious &c. 720; armed, armed to the teeth, 

armed cap-a-pie; sword in hand; in arms, under arms, up in arms; 

at war with; bristling with arms; in battle array, in open arms, in the 

field; embattled; battled. unpacific † , unpeaceful † ; belligerent, 

combative, armigerous † , bellicose, martial, warlike; military, 

militant; soldier-like, soldierly. chivalrous; strategical, internecine. 

Adv. flagrante bello [Lat.], in the thick of the fray, in the cannon's 

mouth; at the sword's point, at the point of the bayonet. 

Int. vae victis! [Lat.], to arms!, to your tents O Israel!, 

Phr. the battle rages; a la guerre comme a la guerre [Fr.]; bis 

peccare in bello non licet [Lat.]; jus gladii [Lat.]; my voice is still for 

war" [Addison]; 'tis well that war is so terrible, otherwise we 'tis 

well that war is so terrible, otherwise we might grow fond of it" 

[Robert E. Lee]; my sentence is for open war" [Milton]; pride, 

pomp, and circumstance of glorious pride, pomp, and 

circumstance of glorious war" [Othello]; the cannons have their 

bowels full of wrath" [King John]; the cannons aspit forth their iron 

indignation" [King John]; the fire-eyed maid of smoky war" [Henry 

IV]; silent leges inter arma [Lat.] [Cicero]; si vis pacem para 

bellum [Lat.]. 

#723. Pacification -- N. pacification, conciliation; reconciliation, 

reconcilement; shaking of hands, accommodation, arrangement, 

adjustment; terms, compromise; amnesty, deed of release. peace 

offering; olive branch; calumet of peace, preliminaries of peace. 

truce, armistice; suspension of arms, suspension of hostilities, 

stand-down; breathing time; convention; modus vivendi [Lat.]; flag 

of truce, white flag, parlementaire [Fr.], cartel † . hollow truce, pax in 

bello [Lat.]; drawn battle. 

V. pacify, tranquilize, compose; allay &c. (moderate) 174; 

reconcile, propitiate, placate, conciliate, meet halfway, hold out 

the olive branch, heal the breach, make peace, restore harmony, 

bring to terms. settle matters, arrange matters, accommodate 

matters, accommodate differences; set straight; make up a 

quarrel, tantas componere lites [Lat.]; come to an understanding, 

come to terms; bridge over, hush up; make it, make matters up; 

shake hands; mend one's fences [U.S.]. raise a siege, lift a siege; 

put up the sword, sheathe the sword; bury the hatchet, lay down 

one's arms, turn swords into plowshares; smoke the calumet of 

peace, close the temple of Janus; keep the peace &c. (concord) 

714; be pacified &c.; come round. 

Adj. conciliatory; composing &c. v.; pacified &c. v.. 

Phr. requiescat in pace [Lat.]. 

#724. Mediation -- N. mediation, mediatorship † , mediatization † ; intervention, interposition, interference, intermeddling, intercession; 

arbitration; flag of truce &c. 723; good offices, peace offering; parley, negotiation; diplomatics † , diplomacy; compromise &c. 774. 

[person who mediates] mediator, arbitrator, intercessor, peacemaker, makepeace † , negotiator, go-between; diplomatist &c. 

(consignee) 758; moderator; propitiator; umpire.

V. mediate, mediatize † ; intercede, interpose, interfere, intervene; step in, negotiate; meet halfway; arbitrate; magnas componere lites 

[Lat.]. bargain &c. 794 

Adj. mediatory. 

#725. Submission -- N. submission, yielding; nonresistance; obedience &c. 743. surrender, cession, capitulation, resignation; 

backdown † . obeisance, homage, kneeling, genuflexion † , courtesy, curtsy, kowtow, prostration. 

V. succumb, submit, yeild, bend, resign, defer to. lay down one's arms, deliver up one's arms; lower colors, haul down colors, strike 

one's flag, strike colors. surrender, surrender at discretion; cede, capitulate, come to terms, retreat, beat a retreat; draw in one's 

horns &c. (humility) 879; give way, give round, give in, give up; cave in; suffer judgment by default; bend, bend to one's yoke, bend 

before the storm; reel back; bend down, knuckle down, knuckle to, knuckle under; knock under. eat dirt, eat the leek, eat humble pie; 

bite the dust, lick the dust; be at one's feet, fall at one's feet; craven; crouch before, throw oneself at the feet of; swallow the leek, 

swallow the pill; kiss the rod; turn the other cheek; avaler les couleuvres [Fr.], gulp down. obey &c. 743; kneel to, bow to, pay homage 

to, cringe to, truckle to; bend the neck, bend the knee; kneel, fall on one's knees, bow submission, courtesy, curtsy, kowtow. pocket 

the affront; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; grin and abide, grin and bear it, shrug the shoulders, resign oneself; submit 

with a good grace &c. (bear with) 826. 

Adj. surrendering &c. v.; submissive, resigned, crouching; downtrodden; down on one's marrow bones; on one's bended knee; 

unresistant, unresisting, nonresisting; pliant &c. (soft) 324; undefended. untenable, indefensible; humble &c. 879. 

Phr. have it your own way; it can't be helped; amen &c. (assent) 488; da locum melioribus [Lat.]; tempori parendum [Lat.]. 

#726. Combatant -- N. combatant; disputant, controversialist, polemic, litigant, belligerent; competitor, rival, corrival † ; fighter, 

assailant; champion, Paladin; mosstrooper † , swashbuckler fire eater, duelist, bully, bludgeon man, rough. prize fighter, pugilist, boxer, 

bruiser, the fancy, gladiator, athlete, wrestler; fighting-cock, game-cock; warrior, soldier, fighting man, Amazon, man at arms, 

armigerent † ; campaigner, veteran; swordsman, sabreur † , redcoat, military man, Rajput. armed force, troops, soldiery, military forces, 

sabaoth † , the army, standing army, regulars, the line, troops of the line, militia, yeomanry, volunteers, trainband, fencible † ; auxiliary, 

bersagliere † , brave; garde-nationale, garde-royale [Fr.]; minuteman [U.S.]; auxiliary forces, reserve forces; reserves, posse comitatus 

[Lat.], national guard, gendarme, beefeater; guards, guardsman; yeomen of the guard, life guards, household troops. janissary; 

myrmidon; Mama, Mameluke; spahee † , spahi † , Cossack, Croat, Pandoz. irregular, guerilla, partisan, condottiere † ; franctireur [Fr.], 

tirailleur † , bashi-bazouk; [guerilla organization names: list], vietminh, vietcong; shining path; contras; huk, hukbalahap. mercenary, 

soldier of fortune; hired gun, gunfighter, gunslinger; bushwhacker, free lance, companion; Hessian. hit man torpedo, soldier. levy, 

draught; Landwehr [G.], Landsturm [G.]; conscript, recruit, cadet, raw levies. infantry, infantryman, private, private soldier, foot soldier; 

Tommy Atkins † , rank and file, peon, trooper, sepoy † , legionnaire, legionary, cannon fodder, food for powder; officer &c. 

(commander) 745; subaltern, ensign, standard bearer; spearman, pikeman † ; spear bearer; halberdier † , lancer; musketeer, 

carabineer † , rifleman, jager [G.], sharpshooter, yager † , skirmisher; grenadier, fusileer † ; archer, bowman. horse and foot; horse 

soldier; cavalry, horse, artillery, horse artillery, light horse, voltigeur [Fr.], uhlan, mounted rifles, dragoon, hussar; light dragoon, heavy 

dragoon; heavy; cuirassier [Fr.]; Foot Guards, Horse Guards. gunner, cannoneer, bombardier, artilleryman † , matross † ; sapper, 

sapper and miner; engineer; light infantry, rifles, chasseur [Fr.], zouave; military train, coolie. army, corps d'armee [Fr.], host, division, 

battalia † , column, wing, detachment, garrison, flying column, brigade, regiment, corps, battalion, sotnia † , squadron, company, 

platoon, battery, subdivision, section, squad; piquet, picket, guard, rank, file; legion, phalanx, cohort; cloud of skirmishers. war horse, 

charger, destrier. marine, man-of-war's man &c. (sailor) 269; navy, wooden walls, naval forces, fleet, flotilla, armada, squadron. [ships 

of war] man-of-war; destroyer; submarine; minesweeper; torpedo-boat, torpedo-destroyer; patrol torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedocatcher, 

war castle, H.M.S.; battleship, battle wagon, dreadnought, line of battle ship, ship of the line; aircraft carrier, carrier. flattop 

[Coll.]; helicopter carrier; missile platform, missile boat; ironclad, turret ship, ram, monitor, floating battery; first-rate, frigate, sloop of 

war, corvette, gunboat, bomb vessel; flagship, guard ship, cruiser; armored cruiser, protected cruiser; privateer. [supporting ships] 

tender; store ship, troop ship; transport, catamaran; merchant marine. 

#727. Arms -- N. arm, arms; weapon, deadly weapon; armament, armaments, armature; panoply, stand of arms; armor &c. 

(defense) 717; armory &c. (store) 636; apparatus belli [Lat.]. ammunition; powder, powder and shot; cartridge; ball cartridge, 

cartouche, fireball; villainous saltpeter" [Henry IV]; dumdum bullet. explosive; gunpowder, guncotton; mercury fulminate; picrates; 

pentaerythritol tetranitrate, PETN. high explosive; trinitrotoluene, TNT; dynamite, melinite † , cordite, lyddite, plastic explosive, 

plastique; pyroxyline † . [knives and swords: list] sword, saber, broadsword, cutlass, falchion † , scimitar, cimeter † , brand, whinyard, 

bilbo, glaive † , glave † , rapier, skean, Toledo, Ferrara, tuck, claymore, adaga † , baselard † , Lochaber ax, skean dhu † , creese † , kris, 

dagger, dirk, banger † , poniard, stiletto, stylet † , dudgeon, bayonet; sword-bayonet, sword-stick; side arms, foil, blade, steel; ax, bill; 

pole-ax, battle-ax; gisarme † , halberd, partisan, tomahawk, bowie knife † ; ataghan † , attaghan † , yataghan † ; yatacban † ; assagai, 

assegai † ; good sword, trusty sword, naked sword; cold steel. club, mace, truncheon, staff, bludgeon, cudgel, life preserver, shillelah, 

sprig; hand staff, quarter staff; bat, cane, stick, knuckle duster; billy, blackjack, sandbag, waddy † . gun, piece [Fr.]; firearms; artillery, 

ordnance; siege train, battering train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, field piece [Fr.], mortar, howitzer, carronade † , 

culverin † , basilisk; falconet, jingal † , swivel, pederero † , bouche a feu [Fr.]; petard, torpedo; mitrailleur [Fr.], mitrailleuse [Fr.]; infernal 

machine; smooth bore, rifled cannon, Armstrong gun † , Lancaster gun, Paixhan gun, Whitworth gun, Parrott gun, Krupp gun, Gatling 

gun, Maxim gun, machine gun; pompom † ; ten pounder. small arms; musket, musketry, firelock † , fowling piece [Fr.], rifle, fusil † , 

caliver † , carbine, blunderbuss, musketoon † , Brown Bess, matchlock, harquebuss † , arquebus, haguebut † ; pistol, postolet † ; petronel; 

small bore; breach-loader, muzzle-loader; revolver, repeater; Minis rifle, Enfield rifle, Flobert rifle, Westley Richards rifle, Snider rifle, 

Martini-Henry rifle, Lee-Metford rifle, Lee-Enfield rifle, Mauser rifle, magazine rifle; needle gun, chassepot † ; wind gun, air gun; 

automatic gun, automatic pistol; escopet † , escopette † , gunflint, gun-lock; hackbut † , shooter, shooting iron [U.S.], six-shooter [U.S.], 

shotgun; Uzzi, assault rifle, Kalashnikov. bow, crossbow, balister † , catapult, sling; battering ram &c. (impulse) 276; gunnery; ballistics 

&c. (propulsion) 284. missile, bolt, projectile, shot, ball; grape; grape shot, canister shot, bar shot, cannon shot, langrel shot † ,

langrage shot † , round shot, chain shot; balista † , ballista † , slung shot, trebucbet † , trebucket † ; bullet, slug, stone, brickbat, grenade, 

shell, bomb, carcass, rocket; congreve † , congreve rocket † ; shrapnel, mitraille [Fr.]; levin bolt † , levin brand † ; thunderbolt. pike, lance, 

spear, spontoon † , javelin, dart, jereed † , jerid † , arrow, reed, shaft, bolt, boomerang, harpoon, gaff; eelspear † , oxgoad † , weet-weet, 

wommerah † ; cattle prod; chemical mace. 

Phr. en flute; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam [Lat.]. 

#728. Arena -- N. arena, field, platform; scene of action, theater; walk, course; hustings; stare, boards &c. (playhouse) 599; 

amphitheater; Coliseum, Colosseum; Flavian amphitheater, hippodrome, circus, race course, corso [Sp.], turf, cockpit, bear garden, 

playground, gymnasium, palestra, ring, lists; tiltyard † , tilting ground; Campus Martins, Champ de Allars † ; campus [U.S.]. boxing ring, 

canvas. theater of war, seat of war; battle-field, battle-ground; field of battle, field of slaughter; Aceldama † , camp; the enemy's camp; 

trusting place &c. (place of meeting) 74. 

#729. Completion -- N. completion, accomplishment, 

achievement, fulfillment; performance, execution; despatch, 

dispatch; consummation, culmination; finish, conclusion; close &c. 

(end) 67; terminus &c. (arrival) 292; winding up; finale, 

denouement, catastrophe, issue, upshot, result; final touch, last 

touch, crowning touch, finishing touch, finishing stroke; last finish, 

coup de grace; crowning of the edifice; coping-stone, keystone; 

missing link &c. 53; superstructure, ne plus ultra [Lat.], work done, 

fait accompli [Fr.]. elaboration; finality; completeness &c. 52. 

V. effect, effectuate; accomplish, achieve, compass, 

consummate, hammer out; bring to maturity, bring to perfection; 

perfect, complete; elaborate. do, execute, make; go through, get 

through; work out, enact; bring about, bring to bear, bring to pass, 

bring through, bring to a head. despatch, dispatch; knock off, 

finish off, polish off; make short work of; dispose of, set at rest; 

perform, discharge, fulfill, realize; put in practice, put in force; carry 

out, carry into effect, carry into execution; make good; be as good 

as one's word. do thoroughly, not do by halves, go the whole hog; 

drive home; be in at the death &c. (persevere) 604.1; carry 

through, play out, exhaust; fill the bill [U.S.]. finish, bring to a close 

&c. (end) 67; wind up, stamp, clinch, seal, set the seal on, put the 

seal; give the final touch &c. n.. to; put the last, put the finishing 

hand to, put the finishing touches on; crown, crown all; cap. ripen, 

culminate; come to a head, come to a crisis; come to its end; die 

a natural death, die of old age; run its course, run one's race; 

touch the goal, reach the goal, attain the goal; reach &c. (arrive) 

292; get in the harvest. 

Adj. completing, final; concluding, conclusive; crowning &c. v.; 

exhaustive. done, completed &c. v.; done for, sped, wrought out; 

highly wrought &c. (preparation) 673; thorough &c. 52; ripe &c. 

(ready) 673. 

Adv. completely &c. (thoroughly) 52; to crown all, out of hand. 

Phr. the race is run; actum est [Lat.]; finis coronat opus [Lat.]; 

consummatum est [Lat.]; c'en est fait [Fr.]; it is all over; the game 

is played out, the bubble has burst; aussitot dit aussitot fait [Fr.]; 

aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

SECTION V. 

RESULTS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION 

#730. Noncompletion -- N. noncompletion, nonfulfillment; 

shortcoming &c. 304; incompleteness &c. 53; drawn battle, drawn 

game; work of Penelope. nonperformance, inexecution † ; neglect 

&c. 460. 

V. not complete &c. 729; leave unfinished &c. adj., leave undone, 

drop, put down; neglect &c. 460; let alone, let slip; lose sight of 

(forget) 506. fall short of &c. 304; do things by halves, parboil, 

scotch the snake not lull it; hang fire; be slow to; collapse &c. 304. 

drop out. 

Adj. not completed &c. v.; incomplete &c. 53; uncompleted, 

unfinished, unaccomplished, unperformed, unexecuted; sketchy, 

addle. in progress, in hand; ongoing, going on, proceeding; on 

one's hands; on the anvil; in the fire, in the oven. parboiled, halfbaked. 

Adv. re infecta [Lat.]. 

#731. Success -- N. success, successfulness; speed; advance 

&c. (progress) 282. trump card; hit, stroke, score; lucky hit, 

fortunate hit, good hit, good stroke; direct hit, bull's eye; goal, 

point, touchdown; home run, homer, hole-in-one, grand slam; 

killing [make money], windfall bold stroke, master stroke; ten 

strike [U.S.]; coup de maitre [Fr.], checkmate; half the battle, prize; 

profit &c. (acquisition) 775. continued success; good fortune &c. 

(prosperity) 734; time well spent. advantage over; upper hand, 

whip hand; ascendancy, mastery; expugnation † , conquest, victory, 

subdual † #732. Failure -- N. failure; nonsuccess 

; subjugation &c. (subjection) 749. triumph &c. 

(exultation) 884; proficiency &c. (skill) 698. conqueror, victor, 

winner; master of the situation, master of the position, top of the 

heap, king of the hill; achiever, success, success story. 

V. succeed; be successful &c. adj.; gain one's end, gain one's 

ends; crown with success. gain a point, attain a point, carry a 

point, secure a point, win a point, win an object; get there [U.S.]; 

† , nonfulfillment; dead 

failure, successlessness † ; abortion, miscarriage; brutum fulmen 

&c. 158 [Lat.]; labor in vain &c. (inutility) 645; no go; inefficacy † ; 

inefficaciousness &c. adj.; vain attempt, ineffectual attempt, 

abortive attempt, abortive efforts; flash in the pan, lame and 

impotent conclusion" [Othello]; frustration; slip 'twixt cup and lip 

&c. (disappointment) 509. blunder &c. (mistake) 495; fault, 

omission, miss, oversight, slip, trip, stumble, claudication † , footfall; 

false step, wrong step; faux pas [Fr.], titubation † , b_evue [Fr.], 

faute [Fr.], lurch; botchery &c. (want of skill) 699 † ; scrape, mess, 

fiasco, breakdown; flunk [U.S.]. mishap &c. (misfortune) 735; 

split, collapse, smash, blow, explosion. repulse, rebuff, defeat, 

rout, overthrow, discomfiture; beating, drubbing; quietus, nonsuit † , 

subjugation; checkmate, stalemate, fool's mate. fall, downfall, ruin, 

perdition; wreck &c. (destruction) 162; deathblow; bankruptcy &c. 

(nonpayment) 808. losing game, affaire flamb_ee. victim;

manage to, contrive to; accomplish &c. (effect) (complete) 729; 

do wonders, work wonders; make a go of it. come off well, come 

off successful, come off with flying colors; make short work of; take 

by storm, carry by storm; bear away the bell; win one's wings, win 

one's spurs, win the battle; win the day, carry the day, gain the day, 

gain the prize, gain the palm; have the best of it, have it all one's 

own way, have the game in one's owns hands, have the ball at 

one's feet, have one on the hop; walk over the course; carry all 

before one, remain in possession of the field; score a success. 

speed; make progress &c. (advance) 282; win one's way, make 

one's way, work one's way, find one's way; strive to some 

purpose; prosper &c. 734; drive a roaring trade; make profit &c. 

(acquire) 775; reap the fruits, gather the fruits, reap the benefit of, 

reap the harvest; strike oil [U.S.], gain a windfall; make one's 

fortune, get in the harvest, turn to good account; turn to account 

&c. (use) 677. triumph, be triumphant; gain a victory, obtain a 

victory, gain an advantage; chain victory to one's car; nail a 

coonskin to the wall. surmount a difficulty, overcome a difficulty, 

get over a difficulty, get over an obstacle &c. 706; se tirer d'affaire 

[Fr.]; make head against; stem the torrent, stem the tide, stem the 

current; weather the storm, weather a point; turn a corner, keep 

one's head above water, tide over; master; get the better of, have 

the better of, gain the better of, gain the best of, gain the upper 

hand, gain the ascendancy, gain the whip hand, gain the start of; 

distance; surpass &c. (superiority) 33. defeat, conquer, vanquish, 

discomfit; euchre; overcome, overthrow, overpower, overmaster, 

overmatch, overset † , override, overreach; outwit, outdo, outflank, 

outmaneuver, outgeneral, outvote; take the wind out of one's 

adversary's sails; beat, beat hollow; rout, lick, drub, floor, worst; 

put down, put to flight, put to the rout, put hors de combat [Fr.], put 

out of court. silence, quell, nonsuit † , checkmate, upset, confound, 

nonplus, stalemate, trump; baffle &c. (hinder) 706; circumvent, 

elude; trip up, trip up the heels of; drive into a corner, drive to the 

wall; run hard, put one's nose out of joint. settle, do for; break the 

neck of, break the back of; capsize, sink, shipwreck, drown, 

swamp; subdue; subjugate &c. (subject) 749; reduce; make the 

enemy bite the dust; victimize, roll in the dust, trample under foot, 

put an extinguisher upon. answer, answer the purpose; avail, 

prevail, take effect, do, turn out well, work well, take, tell, bear fruit; 

hit it, hit the mark, hit the right nail on the head; nick it; turn up 

trumps, make a hit; find one's account in. 

Adj. succeeding &c. v.; successful; prosperous &c. 734; 

triumphant; flushed with success, crowned with success; 

victorious, on top; set up; in the ascendant; unbeaten &c. (beat) 

&c. v.; well-spent; felicitous, effective, in full swing. 

Adv. successfully &c. adj.; well flying colors, in triumph, 

swimmingly; a merveille [Fr.], beyond all hope; to some purpose, 

to good purpose; to one's heart's content. 

Phr. veni vidi vici [Lat.], the day being one's own, one's star in the 

ascendant; omne tulit punctum [Lat.]. bis vincit qui se vincit in 

victoria [Lat.]; cede repugnanti cedendo victor abibis [Lat.] [Ovid]; 

chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune [Fr.]; dies faustus [Lat.]; l'art de 

vaincre est celui de mepriser la l'art de vaincre est celui de 

mepriser la mort [Fr.]; omnia vincit amor [Lat.], love conquers all; 

peace hath her victories no less renowned than peace hath her 

victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; the race by vigor not 

by vaunts is won" [Pope]; vincit qui patitur [Lat.]; vincit qui se vincit 

[Lat.]; The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle The race is 

not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that's the 

way to bet" [Mark Twain]. 

(nonpayment) 808. losing game, affaire flamb_ee. victim; 

bankrupt; flunker † , flunky [U.S.]. 

V. fail; be unsuccessful &c. adj.; not succeed &c. 731; make vain 

efforts &c. n.; do in vain, labor in vain, toil in vain; flunk [U.S.]; lose 

one's labor, take nothing by one's motion; bring to naught, make 

nothing of; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) 471; roll the 

stones of Sisyphus &c. (useless) 645; do by halves &c. (not 

complete) 730; lose ground &c. (recede) 282; fall short of &c. 

304. miss, miss one's aim, miss the mark, miss one's footing, 

miss stays; slip, trip, stumble; make a slip &c. n.. blunder &c. 495, 

make a mess of, make a botch of; bitch it † , miscarry, abort, go up 

like a rocket and come down like the stick, come down in flames, 

get shot down, reckon without one's host; get the wrong pig by the 

tail, get the wrong sow by the ear &c. (blunder), )mismanage) 

699. limp, halt, hobble, titubate † ; fall, tumble; lose one's balance; 

fall to the ground, fall between two stools; flounder, falter, stick in 

the mud, run aground, split upon a rock; beat one's head against a 

stone wall, run one's head against a stone wall, knock one's head 

against a stone wall, dash one's head against a stone wall; break 

one's back; break down, sink, drown, founder, have the ground cut 

from under one; get into trouble, get into a mess, get into a 

scrape; come to grief &c. (adversity) 735; go to the wall, go to the 

dogs, go to pot; lick the dust, bite the dust; be defeated &c. 731; 

have the worst of it, lose the day, come off second best, lose; fall a 

prey to; succumb &c. (submit) 725; not have a leg to stand on. 

come to nothing, end in smoke; flat out † ; fall to the ground, fall 

through, fall dead, fall stillborn, fall flat; slip through one's fingers; 

hang fire, miss fire; flash in the pan, collapse; topple down &c. 

(descent) 305; go to wrack and ruin &c. (destruction) 162. go 

amiss, go wrong, go cross, go hard with, go on a wrong tack; go 

on ill, come off ill, turn out ill, work ill; take a wrong term, take an 

ugly term; take an ugly turn, take a turn for the worse. be all over 

with, be all up with; explode; dash one's hopes &c. (disappoint) 

509; defeat the purpose; sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, 

jump out of the frying pan into the fire, go from the frying pan into 

the fire. 

Adj. unsuccessful, successless † ; failing, tripping &c. v.; at fault; 

unfortunate &c. 735. abortive, addle, stillborn; fruitless, bootless; 

ineffectual, ineffective, inconsequential, trifling, nugatory; inefficient 

&c. (impotent) 158; insufficient &c. 640; unavailing &c. (useless) 

645; of no effect. aground, grounded, swamped, stranded, cast 

away, wrecked, foundered, capsized, shipwrecked, nonsuited † ; 

foiled; defeated &c. 731; struck down, borne down, broken down; 

downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; all up with; ploughed, 

plowed, plucked. lost, undone, ruined, broken; bankrupt &c. (not 

paying) 808; played out; done up, done for; dead beat, ruined root 

and branch, flambe † , knocked on the head; destroyed &c. 162. 

frustrated, crossed, unhinged, disconcerted dashed; thrown off 

one's balance, thrown on one's back, thrown on one's beam 

ends † ; unhorsed, in a sorry plight; hard hit. stultified, befooled † , 

dished, hoist on one's own petard; victimized, sacrificed. wide of 

the mark &c. (error) 495; out of one's reckoning &c. 

(inexpectation) 508 † ; left in the lurch; thrown away &c. (wasted) 

638; unattained; uncompleted &c. 730. 

Adv. unsuccessfully &c. adj.; to little or no purpose, in vain, re 

infecta [Lat.]. 

Phr. the bubble has burst, the jig is up," the game is up" 

[Cymbeline]; all is lost; the devil to pay; parturiunt montes &c. 

(disappointment) 509 [Lat.]; dies infaustus [Lat.]; tout est perdu 

hors l'honneur [Fr.]. 

#733. Trophy -- N. trophy; medal, prize, palm, award; laurel, laurels; bays, crown, chaplet, wreath, civic crown; insignia &c. 550; 

feather in one's cap &c. (honor) 873; decoration &c. 877; garland, triumphal arch, Victoria Cross, Iron Cross. triumph &c. 

(celebration) 883; flying colors &c. (show) 882. monumentum aere perennius [Horace]. 

Phr. for valor" 

#734. Prosperity -- N. prosperity, welfare, well-being; affluence 

&c. (wealth) 803; success &c. 731; thrift, roaring trade; good 

#735. Adversity -- N. adversity, evil &c. 619; failure &c. 732; bad 

luck, ill luck, evil luck, adverse luck, hard fortune, hard hap, hard

fortune, smiles of fortune; blessings, godsend. luck; good luck, run 

of luck; sunshine; fair weather, fair wind; palmy days, bright days, 

halcyon days; piping times, tide, flood, high tide. Saturnia regna 

[Lat.], Saturnian age; golden time, golden age; bed of roses, fat 

city [Coll.]; fat of the land, milk and honey, loaves and fishes. 

made man, lucky dog, enfant gate [Fr.], spoiled child of fortune. 

upstart, parvenu, skipjack † luck, hard lot; frowns of fortune; evil dispensation, evil star, evil 

genius 

, mushroom. 

V. prosper, thrive, flourish; be prosperous &c. adj.; drive a roaring 

trade, do a booming business; go on well, go on smoothly, go on 

swimmingly; sail before the wind, swim with the tide; run smooth, 

run smoothly, run on all fours. rise in the world, get on in the world; 

work one's way, make one's way; look up; lift one's head, raise 

one's head, make one's fortune, feather one's nest, make one's 

pile. flower, blow, blossom, bloom, fructify, bear fruit, fatten. keep 

oneself afloat; keep one's head above water, hold one's head 

above water; land on one's feet, light on one's feet, light on one's 

legs, fall on one's legs, fall on one's feet; drop into a good thing; 

bear a charmed life; bask in the sunshine; have a good time of it, 

have a fine time of it; have a run of luck; have the good fortune &c. 

n.. to; take a favorable turn; live on the fat of the land, live off the fat 

of the land, live in clover. 

Adj. prosperous; thriving &c. v.; in a fair way, buoyant; well off, well 

to do, well to do in the world; set up, at one's ease; rich &c. 803; in 

good case; in full, in high feather; fortunate, lucky, in luck; born with 

a silver spoon in one's mouth, born under a lucky star; on the 

sunny side of the hedge. auspicious, propitious, providential. 

palmy, halcyon; agreeable &c. 829; couleur de rose [Fr.]. 

Adv. prosperously &c. adj.; swimmingly; as good luck would have 

it; beyond all hope. 

Phr. one's star in the ascendant, all for the best, one's course runs 

smooth. chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune [Fr.]; donec eris felix 

multos numerabis amicos [Lat.] [Ovid]; felicitas multos habet 

amicos [Lat.]; felix se nescit amari [Lat.] [Lucan]; good luck go 

with thee" [Henry V]; nulli est homini perpetuum bonum [Lat.] 

[Plautus]. 

† ; vicissitudes of life, ups and downs of life, broken 

fortunes; hard case, hard lines, hard life; sea of troubles; peck of 

troubles; hell upon earth; slough of despond. trouble, hardship, 

curse, blight, blast, load, pressure. pressure of the times, iron age, 

evil day, time out of joint; hard times, bad times, sad times; rainy 

day, cloud, dark cloud, gathering clouds, ill wind; visitation, 

infliction; affliction &c. (painfulness) 830; bitter pill; care, trial; the 

sport of fortune. mishap, mischance, misadventure, misfortune; 

disaster, calamity, catastrophe; accident, casualty, cross, reverse, 

check, contretemps, rub; backset † , comedown, setback [U.S.]. 

losing game; falling &c. v.; fall, downfall; ruination, ruinousness; 

undoing; extremity; ruin &c. (destruction) 162. 

V. be ill off &c. adj.; go hard with; fall on evil, fall on evil days; go 

on ill; not prosper &c. 734. go downhill, go to rack and ruin &c. 

(destruction) 162, go to the dogs; fall, fall from one's high estate; 

decay, sink, decline, go down in the world; have seen better days; 

bring down one's gray hairs with sorrow to the bring down one's 

gray hairs with sorrow to the grave; come to grief; be all over, be 

up with; bring a wasp's nest about one's ears, bring a hornet's 

nest about one's ears. 

Adj. unfortunate, unblest † , unhappy, unlucky; improsperous † , 

unprosperous; hoodooed [U.S.]; luckless, hapless; out of luck; in 

trouble, in a bad way, in an evil plight; under a cloud; clouded; ill 

off, badly off; in adverse circumstances; poor &c. 804; 

behindhand, down in the world, decayed, undone; on the road to 

ruin, on its last legs, on the wane; in one's utmost need. planetstruck, 

devoted; born under an evil star, born with a wooden ladle 

in one's mouth; ill-fated, ill-starred, ill-omened. adverse, untoward; 

disastrous, calamitous, ruinous, dire, deplorable. 

#736. Mediocrity -- N. moderate circumstances, average circumstances; respectability; middle classes; mediocrity; golden mean 

&c. (mid-course) 628, (moderation) 174. 

V. jog on; go fairly, go quietly, go peaceably, go tolerably, go respectably, get on fairly, get on quietly, get on peaceably, get on 

tolerably, get on respectably. 

DIVISION II 

INTERSOCIAL VOLITION 

SECTION I. 

GENERAL INTERSOCIAL VOLITION 

#737. Authority -- N. authority; influence, patronage, power, 

preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative, jurisdiction; right &c. 

(title) 924; direction &c. 693; government &c. 737.1. divine right, 

dynastic rights, authoritativeness; absoluteness, absolutism; 

despotism; jus nocendi [Lat.]; jus divinum [Lat.]. mastery, 

mastership, masterdom † ; dictation, control. hold, grasp; grip, 

gripe; reach; iron sway &c. (severity) 739; fangs, clutches, talons; 

rod of empire &c. (scepter) 747. [Vicarious authority] commission 

&c. 755; deputy &c. 759; permission &c. 760. 

V. authorize &c. (permit) 760; warrant &c. (right) 924; dictate &c. 

(order) 741. be at the head of &c. adj.; hold office, be in office, fill 

an office; hold master, occupy master, a post master, be master 

&c. 745. have the upper hand, get the upper hand, have the whip, 

get the whip; gain a hold upon, preponderate, dominate, rule the 

roost; boss [U.S.]; override, overrule, overawe; lord it over, hold in 

hand, keep under, make a puppet of, lead by the nose, turn round 

one's little finger, bend to one's will, hold one's own, wear the 

breeches; have the ball at one's feet, have it all one's own way, 

have the game in one's own hand, have on the hip, have under 

one's thumb; be master of the situation; take the lead, play first 

fiddle, set the fashion; give the law to; carry with a high hand; lay 

down the law; ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm" [Addison]; 

#738. [Absence of authority] Laxity -- N. laxity; laxness, 

looseness, slackness; toleration &c. (lenity) 740; freedom &c. 

748. anarchy, interregnum; relaxation; loosening &c. v.; remission; 

dead letter, brutum fulmen [Lat.], misrule; license, licentiousness; 

insubordination &c. (disobedience) 742; lynch law &c. (illegality) 

964; nihilism, reign of violence. [Deprivation of power] 

dethronement, deposition, usurpation, abdication. 

V. be lax &c. adj.; laisser faire [Fr.], laisser aller [Fr.]; hold a loose 

rein; give the reins to, give rope enough, give a loose to; tolerate; 

relax; misrule. go beyond the length of one's tether; have one's 

swing, have one's fling; act without instructions, act without 

authority, act outside of one's authority; act on one's own 

responsibility, usurp authority. dethrone, depose; abdicate. 

Adj. lax, loose; slack; remiss &c. (careless) 460; weak. relaxed; 

licensed; reinless † , unbridled; anarchical; unauthorized &c. 

(unwarranted) 925; adespotic † .

ule with a rod of iron &c. (severity) 739. 

Adj. at the head, dominant, paramount, supreme, predominant, 

preponderant, in the ascendant, influential; arbitrary; compulsory 

&c. 744; stringent. at one's command; in one's power, in one's 

grasp; under control. 

Adv. in the name of, by the authority of, de par le Roi [Fr.], in virtue 

of; under the auspices of, in the hands of. at one's pleasure; by a 

dash if the pen, by a stroke of the pen; ex mero motu [Lat.]; ex 

cathedra [Lat.], from the chair. 

Phr. the gray mare the better horse; every inch a king" [Lear]. 780, 

#737a. Government -- N. government, legal authority, soveriegn, 

sovereign authority; authority &c. 737; master &c. 745; direction 

&c. 693. [nations] national government, nation, state, country, 

nation-state, dominion, republic, empire, union, democratic 

republic; kingdom, principality. [subdivisions of nations] state 

government [Lat.], state; shire [Brit.]; province [Can.]; county [Ire.]; 

canton [Switz.]; territory [Austral.]; duchy, archduchy, 

archdukedom † ; woiwodshaft; commonwealth; region &c. 181; 

property &c. 780. [smaller subdivisions] county, parish city, 

domain, tract, arrondissement [Fr.], mofussil † , commune; 

wappentake, hundred, riding, lathe, garth † , soke † , tithing; ward, 

precinct, bailiwick. command, empire, sway, rule; dominion, 

domination; sovereignty, supremacy, suzerainty; lordship, 

headship † ; chiefdom † ; seigniory, seigniority † . rule, sway, 

command, control, administer; govern &c. (direct) 693; lead, 

preside over, reign, possess the throne, be seated on the throne, 

occupy the throne; sway the scepter, wield the scepter; wear the 

crown. state, realm, body politic, posse comitatus [Lat.]. [person 

in the governing authority] judicature &c. 965; cabinet &c. 

(council) 696; seat of government, seat of authority; headquarters. 

[Acquisition of authority] accession; installation &c. 755; politics 

&c. 737.1. reign, regime, dynasty; directorship, dictatorship; 

protectorate, protectorship; caliphate, pashalic † , electorate; 

presidency, presidentship † ; administration; proconsul, consulship; 

prefecture; seneschalship; magistrature † , magistracy. monarchy; 

kinghood † , kingship; royalty, regality; aristarchy † , aristocracy; 

oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, demagogy; commonwealth; 

dominion; heteronomy; republic, republicanism; socialism; 

collectivism; mob law, mobocracy † , ochlocracy † ; vox populi, 

imperium in imperio [Lat.]; bureaucracy; beadledom † , 

bumbledom † ; stratocracy; military power, military government, 

junta; feodality † , feudal system, feudalism. thearchy † , theocracy, 

dinarchy † ; duarchy † , triarchy, heterarchy † ; duumvirate; triumvirate; 

autocracy, autonomy; limited monarchy; constitutional government, 

constitutional monarchy; home rule; representative government; 

monocracy † , pantisocracy † . gynarchy † , gynocracy † , gynaeocracy † ; 

petticoat government. [government functions] legislature, 

judiciary, administration. [Government agencies and institutions] 

office of the president, office of the prime minister, cabinet; 

senate, house of representatives, parliament; council &c. 696; 

courts, supreme court; [U.S. national government departments], 

state, interior, labor, health and human services, defense, 

education, agriculture, justice, commerce, treasury; Federal 

Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; 

National Institutes of Health, NIH; Postal Service, Post Office; 

Federal Aviation Administration, FAA. [national government 

officials] president, vice president, cabinet member, prime 

minister, minister; senator, representatative, president pro tem 

[Lat.], speaker of the house; department head, section head, 

section chief; federal judge, justice, justice of the supreme court, 

chief justice; treasurer, secretary of the treasury; director of the 

FBI. [state government officials] governor, state cabinet member; 

state senator, assemblyman, assemblywoman. 

V. govern, rule, have authority, hold authority, possess authority, 

exercise authority, exert authority, wield authority &c. n.; reign, be 

sovereign. [acquire authority] ascend the throne, mount the 

throne; take the reins, take the reins into one's hand; assume

authority &c. n., assume the reins of government; take command, 

assume command. [contend for authority] politics &c. 737.1. be 

governed by, be in the power of, be a subject of, be a citizen of. 

Adj. regal, sovereign, governing; royal, royalist; monarchical, 

kingly; imperial, imperiatorial † ; princely; feudal; aristocratic, 

autocratic; oligarchic &c. n.; republican, dynastic. ruling &c. v.; 

regnant, gubernatorial; imperious; authoritative, executive, 

administrative, clothed with authority, official, departmental, ex 

officio, imperative, peremptory, overruling, absolute; hegemonic, 

hegemonical † ; authorized &c. (due) 924. [pertaining to property 

owned by government] government, public; national, federal; his 

majesty's [Brit.], her majesty's; state, county, city, &c. N.. 

Phr. a dog's obeyed in office" [Lear]; cada uno tiene su alguazil 

[Sp.]; le Roi le veut [Fr.]; regibus esse manus en nescio longas 

[Lat.]; regnant populi [Lat.]; the demigod Authority [Lat.Tran] 

[Measure for Measure]; the right divine of kings to govern wrong" 

[Pope]; uneasy lies the head that wears a crown" [Henry IV]. 

#737b. Politics [contention for governmental authority or 

influence]. -- N. politics; political science; candidacy, campaign, 

campaigning, electioneering; partisanship, ideology, factionalism. 

election, poll, ballot, vote, referendum, recall, initiative, voice, 

suffrage, plumper, cumulative vote, plebiscitum [Lat.], plebiscite, 

vox populi; electioneering; voting &c. v.; elective franchise; straight 

ticket [U.S.]; opinion poll, popularity poll. issue; opinion, stand, 

position; program, platform; party line. [ideologies] democracy, 

republicanism; communism, statism, state socialism; socialism; 

conservatism, toryism; liberalism, whigism; theocracy; 

constitutional monarchy. [political parties] party &c. 712; [U.S: 

Political parties list], Democratic Party, Republican Party, 

Socialist Party; Communist Party; [U.S. defunct parties: list], 

Federalist Party, Bull Moose Party, Abolitionist Party; [Germany: 

list], Christian Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party; 

National Socialist Worker's Party; [Germany, 1930-1945], Nazi 

Party; [Great Britain:list], Liberal Party, Labor Party, Conservative 

Party. ticket, slate. [person active in politics] politician activist; 

[specific politicians: list], candidate, aspirant, hopeful, officeseeker, 

front-runner, dark horse, long shot, shoo-in; supporter, 

backer, political worker, campaign worker; lobbyist, contributor; 

party hack, ward heeler; regional candidate, favorite son; running 

mate, stalking horse; perpetual candidate, political animal. 

political contribution, campaign contribution; political action 

committee, PAC. political district, electoral division, electoral 

district, bailiwick. electorate, constituents. get-out-the-vote 

campaign, political education. negative campaigning, dirty 

politics, smear campaign. [unsuccessful candidate] also-ran, 

loser; has-been. [successful candidate] office holder, official, 

occupant of a position; public servant, incumbent; winner. 

V. run for office, stand for office; campaign, stump; throw one's hat 

in the ring; announce one's candidacy. 

Adj. political, partisan. 

Phr. Money is the mother's milk of politics" [Tip O'Neill]. 

#739. Severity -- N. severity; strictness, harshness &c. adj.; rigor, 

stringency, austerity; inclemency &c. (pitilessness) 914.1; 

arrogance &c. 885; precisianism † . arbitrary power; absolutism, 

despotism; dictatorship, autocracy, tyranny, domineering, 

oppression; assumption, usurpation; inquisition, reign of terror, 

martial law; iron heel, iron rule, iron hand, iron sway; tight grasp; 

brute force, brute strength; coercion &c. 744; strong hand, tight 

hand. hard lines, hard measure; tender mercies [Iron.]; sharp 

practice; pipe-clay, officialism. tyrant, disciplinarian, precisian † , 

martinet, stickler, bashaw † , despot, hard master, Draco, 

oppressor, inquisitor, extortioner, harpy, vulture; accipitres † , birds 

of prey, raptorials † , raptors † #740. Lenity -- N. lenity, lenience, leniency; moderation &c. 174; 

tolerance, toleration; mildness, gentleness; favor, indulgence, 

indulgency 

. 

V. be severe &c. adj.. assume, usurp, arrogate, take liberties; 

domineer, bully &c. 885; tyrannize, inflict, wreak, stretch a point, 

put on the screw; be hard upon; bear a heavy hand on, lay a heavy 

† ; clemency, mercy, forbearance, quarter; compassion 

&c. 914. 

V. be lenient &c. adj.; tolerate, bear with; parcere subjectis [Lat.], 

give quarter. indulge, allow one to have his own way, spoil. 

Adj. lenient; mild, mild as milk; gentle, soft; tolerant, indulgent, 

easy-going; clement &c. (compassionate) 914; forbearing; longsuffering.

hand on; be down upon, come down upon; ill treat; deal hardly 

with, deal hard measure to; rule with a rod of iron, chastise with 

scorpions; dye with blood; oppress, override; trample under foot; 

tread under foot, tread upon, trample upon, tread down upon, 

trample down upon; crush under an iron heel, ride roughshod over; 

rivet the yoke; hold a tight hand, keep a tight hand; force down the 

throat; coerce &c. 744; give no quarter &c. (pitiless) 914.1. 

Adj. severe; strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, rigorous, 

uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant † , inexorable, 

inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, hard-nosed, hard-shell 

[U.S.], relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced, 

searching, unsparing, iron-handed, peremptory, absolute, 

positive, arbitrary, imperative; coercive &c. 744; tyrannical, 

extortionate, grinding, withering, oppressive, inquisitorial; 

inclement &c. (ruthless) 914.1; cruel &c. (malevolent) 907; 

haughty, arrogant &c. 885; precisian † . 

Adv. severely &c. adj.; with a high hand, with a strong hand, with a 

tight hand, with a heavy hand. at the point of the sword, at the point 

of the bayonet. 

Phr. Delirant reges plectuntur Achivi [Lat.]; manu forti [Lat.]; ogni 

debole ha sempre il suo tiranno [It]. 

#741. Command -- N. command, order, ordinance, act, fiat, hukm † , bidding, dictum, hest † , behest, call, beck, nod. despatch, 

dispatch; message, direction, injunction, charge, instructions; appointment, fixture. demand, exaction, imposition, requisition, claim, 

reclamation, revendication † ; ultimatum &c. (terms) 770; request &c. 765; requirement. dictation; dictate, mandate; caveat, decree, 

senatus consultum [Lat.]; precept; prescript, rescript; writ, ordination, bull, ex cathedra pronouncement [Lat.], edict, decretal † , 

dispensation, prescription, brevet, placit † , ukase, ukaz [Rus.], firman, hatti-sherif † , warrant, passport, mittimus, mandamus, 

summons, subpoena, nisi prius [Lat.], interpellation, citation; word, word of command; mot d'ordre [Fr.]; bugle call, trumpet call; beat 

of drum, tattoo; order of the day; enactment &c. (law) 963; plebiscite &c. (choice) 609. 

V. command, order, decree, enact, ordain, dictate, direct, give orders. prescribe, set, appoint, mark out; set a task, prescribe a task, 

impose a task; set to work, put in requisition. bid, enjoin, charge, call upon, instruct; require at the hands of; exact, impose, tax, task; 

demand; insist on &c. (compel) 744. claim, lay claim to, revendicate † , reclaim. cite, summon; call for, send for; subpoena; beckon. 

issue a command; make a requisition, issue a requisition, promulgate a requisition, make a decree, issue a decree, promulgate a 

decree, make an order, issue an order, promulgate an order &c. n.; give the word of command, give the word, give the signal; call to 

order; give the law, lay down the law; assume the command &c. (authority) 737; remand. be ordered &c.; receive an order &c. n.. 

Adj. commanding &c. v.; authoritative &c. 737; decretory † , decretive † , decretal † ; callable, jussive † . 

Adv. in a commanding tone; by a stroke of the pen, by a dash of the pen; by order, at beat of drum, on the first summons. 

Phr. the decree is gone forth; sic volo sic jubeo [Lat.]; le Roi le veut [Fr.]; boutez en avant [Fr.]. 

#742. Disobedience -- N. disobedience, insubordination, 

contumacy; infraction, infringement; violation, noncompliance; 

nonobservance &c. 773. revolt, rebellion, mutiny, outbreak, rising, 

uprising, insurrection, emeute [Fr.]; riot, tumult &c. (disorder) 59; 

strike &c. (resistance) 719; barring out; defiance &c. 715. 

mutinousness &c. adj.; mutineering † ; sedition, treason; high 

treason, petty treason, misprision of treason; premunire [Lat.]; 

lese majeste [Fr.]; violation of law &c. 964; defection, secession. 

insurgent, mutineer, rebel, revolter, revolutionary, rioter, traitor, 

quisling, carbonaro † , sansculottes [Fr.], red republican, bonnet 

rouge, communist, Fenian, frondeur; seceder, secessionist, 

runagate, renegade, brawler, anarchist, demagogue; Spartacus, 

Masaniello, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade; ringleader. 

V. disobey, violate, infringe; shirk; set at defiance &c. (defy) 715; 

set authority at naught, run riot, fly in the face of; take the law into 

one's own hands; kick over the traces. turn restive, run restive; 

champ the bit; strike &c. (resist) 719; rise, rise in arms; secede; 

mutiny, rebel. 

Adj. disobedient; uncomplying, uncompliant; unsubmissive † , 

unruly, ungovernable; breachy † , insubordinate, impatient of 

control, incorrigible; restiff † , restive; refractory, contumacious, 

recusant &c. (refuse) 764; recalcitrant; resisting &c. 719; lawless, 

mutinous, seditions, insurgent, riotous. unobeyed † #743. Obedience -- N. obedience; observance &c. 772; 

compliance; submission &c. 725; subjection &c. 749; 

nonresistance; passiveness, resignation. allegiance, loyalty, fealty, 

homage, deference, devotion; constancy, fidelity. submissness 

; unbidden. 

Phr. seditiosissimus quisque ignavus [Lat.] [Tacitus]; unthread the 

rude eye of rebellion" [King John]. 

† , 

submissiveness; ductility &c. (softness) 324; obsequiousness &c. 

(servility) 886. 

V. be obedient &c. adj.; obey, bear obedience to; submit &c. 725; 

comply, answer the helm, come at one's call; do one's bidding, do 

what one is told, do suit and service; attend to orders, serve 

faithfully. follow the lead of, follow to the world's end; serve &c. 

746; play second fiddle. 

Adj. obedient; complying, compliant; loyal, faithful, devoted; at 

one's call, at one's command, at one's orders, at one's beck and 

call; under beck and call, under control. restrainable; resigned, 

passive; submissive &c. 725; henpecked; pliant &c. (soft) 324. 

unresisted † . 

Adv. obediently &c. adj.; in compliance with, in obedience to. 

Phr. to hear is to obey; as you please, if you please; your wish is 

my command; as you wish; no sooner said than done. 

#744. Compulsion -- N. compulsion, coercion, coaction † , constraint, duress, enforcement, press, conscription. force; brute force, 

main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio [Lat.]; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum † , le droit du plus fort

[Fr.], martial law. restraint &c. 751; necessity &c. 601; force majeure [Fr.]; Hobson's choice. 

V. compel, force, make, drive, coerce, constrain, enforce, necessitate, oblige. force upon, press; cram down the throat, thrust down 

the throat, force down the throat; say it must be done, make a point of, insist upon, take no denial; put down, dragoon. extort, wring 

from; squeeze, put on the squeeze; put on the screws, turn on the screw; drag into; bind, bind over; pin down, tie down; require, tax, 

put in force; commandeer; restrain &c. 751. 

Adj. compelling &c. v.; coercive, coactive † ; inexorable &c. 739; compulsory, compulsatory † ; obligatory, stringent, peremptory. 

forcible, not to be trifled with; irresistible &c. 601; compelled &c. v.; fain to. 

Adv. by force &c. n., by force of arms; on compulsion, perforce; vi et armis [Lat.], under the lash; at the point of the sword, at the point 

of the bayonet; forcibly; by a strong arm. under protest, in spite of one's teeth; against one's will &c. 603; nolens volens [Lat.] &c. (of 

necessity) 601; by stress of circumstances, by stress of weather; under press of; de rigueur. with a gun to one's head. 

Phr. I'll make him an offer he can't refuse. 

#745. Master -- N. master, padrone; lord, lord paramount; 

commander, commandant; captain; chief, chieftain; sirdar † , 

sachem, sheik, head, senior, governor, ruler, dictator; leader &c. 

(director) 694; boss, cockarouse † , sagamore, werowance † . lord 

of the ascendant; cock of the walk, cock of the roost; gray mare; 

mistress. potentate; liege, liege lord; suzerain, sovereign, 

monarch, autocrat, despot, tyrant, oligarch. crowned head, 

emperor, king, anointed king, majesty, imperator [Lat.], protector, 

president, stadholder † , judge. ceasar, kaiser, czar, tsar, sultan, 

soldan † , grand Turk, caliph, imaum † , shah, padishah † , sophi † , 

mogul, great mogul, khan, lama, tycoon, mikado, tenno [Jap.], 

inca, cazique † ; voivode † ; landamman † ; seyyid † ; Abuna † , 

cacique † , czarowitz † , grand seignior. prince, duke &c. (nobility) 

875; archduke, doge, elector; seignior; marland † , margrave; rajah, 

emir, wali, sheik nizam † , nawab. empress, queen, sultana, 

czarina, princess, infanta, duchess, margravine † ; czarevna † , 

czarita † ; maharani, rani, rectrix † . regent, viceroy, exarch † , palatine, 

khedive, hospodar † , beglerbeg † , three-tailed bashaw † , pasha, 

bashaw † , bey, beg, dey † , scherif † , tetrarch, satrap, mandarin, 

subahdar † , nabob, maharajah; burgrave † ; laird &c. (proprietor) 

779; collector, commissioner, deputy commissioner, woon † . the 

authorities, the powers that be, the government; staff, etat major 

[Fr.], aga † , official, man in office, person in authority; sircar † , 

sirkar † , Sublime Porte. [Military authorities] marshal, field 

marshal, marechal † ; general, generalissimo; commander in chief, 

seraskier † , hetman † ; lieutenant general, major general; colonel, 

lieutenant colonel, major, captain, centurion, skipper, lieutenant, 

first lieutenant, second lieutenant, sublieutenant, officer, staff 

officer, aide-de-camp, brigadier, brigade major, adjutant, 

jemidar † , ensign, cornet, cadet, subaltern, noncommissioned 

officer, warrant officer; sergeant, sergeant major; color sergeant; 

corporal, corporal major; lance corporal, acting corporal; drum 

major; captain general, dizdar † , knight marshal, naik † , pendragon. 

[Civil authorities] mayor, mayoralty; prefect, chancellor, archon, 

provost, magistrate, syndic; alcalde † , alcaid † ; burgomaster, 

corregidor † , seneschal, alderman, councilman, committeeman, 

councilwoman, warden, constable, portreeve † ; lord mayor; officer 

&c. (executive) 965; dewan † , fonctionnaire [Fr.]. [Naval 

authorities] admiral, admiralty; rear admiral, vice admiral, port 

admiral; commodore, captain, commander, lieutenant, ensign, 

skipper, mate, master, officer of the day, OD; navarch † . 

Phr. da locum melioribus [Lat.]; der Furst ist der erste Diener 

seines Staats [G.], the prince is the first servant of his state; lord of 

thy presence and no land beside" [King John]. 

#746. Servant -- N. subject, liegeman † ; servant, retainer, follower, 

henchman, servitor, domestic, menial, help, lady help, employe, 

attache; official. retinue, suite, cortege, staff, court. attendant, 

squire, usher, page, donzel † , footboy † ; train bearer, cup bearer; 

waiter, lapster † , butler, livery servant, lackey, footman, flunky, 

flunkey, valet, valet de chambre [Fr.]; equerry, groom; jockey, 

hostler, ostler † , tiger, orderly, messenger, cad, gillie † , herdsman, 

swineherd; barkeeper, bartender; bell boy, boots, boy, 

counterjumper † ; khansamah † , khansaman † ; khitmutgar † ; yardman. 

bailiff, castellan † , seneschal, chamberlain, major-domo † , groom of 

the chambers. secretary; under secretary, assistant secretary; 

clerk; subsidiary; agent &c. 758; subaltern; underling, 

understrapper; man. maid, maidservant; handmaid; confidente 

[Fr.], lady's maid, abigail, soubrette; amah † , biddy, nurse, bonne 

[Fr.], ayah † ; nursemaid, nursery maid, house maid, parlor maid, 

waiting maid, chamber maid, kitchen maid, scullery maid; femme 

de chambre [Fr.], femme fille [Fr.]; camarista † ; chef de cuisine, 

cordon bleu [Fr.], cook, scullion, Cinderella; potwalloper † ; maid of 

all work, servant of all work; laundress, bedmaker † ; journeyman, 

charwoman &c. (worker) 690; bearer, chokra † , gyp (Cambridge), 

hamal † , scout (Oxford). serf, vassal, slave, negro, helot; 

bondsman, bondswoman † ; bondslave † ; ame damnee [Fr.], 

odalisque, ryot † , adscriptus gleboe [Lat.]; villian † , villein; 

beadsman † , bedesman † ; sizar † ; pensioner, pensionary † ; client; 

dependant, dependent; hanger on, satellite; parasite &c. (servility) 

886; led captain; protege [Fr.], ward, hireling, mercenary, puppet, 

tool, creature. badge of slavery; bonds &c. 752. 

V. serve; wait upon, attend upon, dance attendance upon, pin 

oneself upon; squire, tend, hang on the sleeve of; chore [U.S.]. 

Adj. in the train of; in one's pay, in one's employ; at one's call &c. 

(obedient) 743; in bonds. 

#747. [Insignia of authority.] Scepter -- N. scepter, regalia, caduceus; Mercury's rod, Mercury's staff, Mercury's wand; rod of empire, 

mace, fasces † , wand; staff, staff of office; baton, truncheon; flag &c. (insignia) 550; ensign of authority, emblem of authority, badge of 

authority, insignia of authority. throne, chair, musnud † , divan, dais, woolsack † . toga, pall, mantle, robes of state, ermine, purple. crown, 

coronet, diadem, tiara, cap of maintenance; decoration; title &c. 877; portfolio. key, signet, seals, talisman; helm; reins &c. (means of 

restraint) 752. 

#748. Freedom -- N. freedom, liberty, independence; license &c. 

(permission) 760; facility &c. 705. scope, range, latitude, play; 

#749. Subjection -- N. subjection; dependence, dependency; 

subordination; thrall, thralldom, thraldom, enthrallment, 

subjugation, bondage, serfdom; feudalism, feudality † ; vassalage,

free play, full play, free scope, full scope; free stage and no favor; 

swing, full swing, elbowroom, margin, rope, wide berth; Liberty 

Hall. franchise, denization † ; free man, freed man, livery man; 

denizen. autonomy, self-government, liberalism, free trade; 

noninterference &c. 706; Monroe Doctrine [U.S.]. immunity, 

exemption; emancipation &c. (liberation) 750; enfranchisement, 

affranchisement † . free land, freehold; allodium † ; frankalmoigne 

[Fr.], mortmain [Fr.]. bushwhacker; freelance, free thinker, free 

trader; independent. 

V. be free &c. adj.; have scope &c. n., have the run of, have one's 

own way, have a will of one's own, have one's fling; do what one 

likes, do what one wishes, do what one pleases, do what one 

chooses; go at large, feel at home, paddle one's own canoe; 

stand on one's legs, stand on one's rights; shift for oneself. take a 

liberty; make free with, make oneself quite at home; use a 

freedom; take leave, take French leave. set free &c. (liberate) 

750; give a loose to &c. (permit) 760; allow scope &c. n.. to, give 

scope &c. n.. to; give a horse his head. make free of; give the 

freedom of, give the franchise; enfranchise, affranchise † . laisser 

faire [Fr.], laisser aller [Fr.]; live and let live; leave to oneself; leave 

alone, let alone. 

Adj. free, free as air; out of harness, independent, at large, loose, 

scot-free; left alone, left to oneself. in full swing; uncaught, 

unconstrained, unbuttoned, unconfined, unrestrained, unchecked, 

unprevented † , unhindered, unobstructed, unbound, uncontrolled, 

untrammeled. unsubject † , ungoverned, unenslaved † , unenthralled † , 

unchained, unshackled, unfettered, unreined † , unbridled, 

uncurbed, unmuzzled. unrestricted, unlimited, unmitigated, 

unconditional; absolute; discretionary &c. (optional) 600. 

unassailed, unforced, uncompelled. unbiassed † , spontaneous. 

free and easy; at ease, at one's ease; degage [Fr.], quite at home; 

wanton, rampant, irrepressible, unvanquished † . exempt; freed &c. 

750; freeborn; autonomous, freehold, allodial † ; gratis &c. 815; 

eleutherian † . unclaimed, going a begging. 

Adv. freely &c. adj.; ad libitum &c. (at will) 600. 

Phr. ubi libertas ibi patria [Lat.]; free white and twenty-one. 

subjugation, bondage, serfdom; feudalism, feudality † ; vassalage, 

villenage; slavery, enslavement, involuntary servitude; conquest. 

service; servitude, servitorship † ; tendence † , employ, tutelage, 

clientship † ; liability &c. 177; constraint &c. 751; oppression &c. 

(severity) 739; yoke &c. (means of restraint) 752; submission &c. 

725; obedience &c. 743. 

V. be subject &c. adj.; be at the mercy of, lie at the mercy of; 

depend upon, lean upon, hang upon; fall a prey to, fall under; play 

second fiddle. be a mere machine, be a puppet, be a football; not 

dare to say one's soul is his own; drag a chain. serve &c. 746; 

obey &c. 743; submit &c. 725. break in, tame; subject, subjugate; 

master &c. 731; tread down, tread under foot; weigh down; drag 

at one's chariot wheels; reduce to subjection, reduce to slavery; 

enthrall, inthrall † , bethrall † ; enslave, lead captive; take into custody 

&c. (restrain) 751; rule &c. 737; drive into a corner, hold at the 

sword's point; keep under; hold in bondage, hold in leading 

strings, hold in swaddling clothes. 

Adj. subject, dependent, subordinate; feudal, feudatory; in 

subjection to, under control; in leading strings, in harness; 

subjected, enslaved &c. v.; constrained &c. 751; downtrodden; 

overborne, overwhelmed; under the lash, on the hip, led by the 

nose, henpecked; the puppet of, the sport of, the plaything of; 

under one's orders, under one's command, under one's thumb; a 

slave to; at the mercy of; in the power of, in the hands of, in the 

clutches of; at the feet of; at one's beck and call &c. (obedient) 

743; liable &c. 177; parasitical; stipendiary. 

Adv. under. 

Phr. slaves - in a land of light and law" [Whittier]. 

#750. Liberation -- N. liberation, disengagement, release, 

enlargement, emancipation; disenthrallment † , disenthralment † ; 

affranchisement † , enfranchisement; manumission; discharge, 

dismissal. deliverance &c. 672; redemption, extrication, 

acquittance, absolution; acquittal &c. 970; escape &c. 671. 

V. liberate, free; set free, set clear, set at liberty; render free, 

emancipate, release; enfranchise, affranchise † #751. Restraint -- N. restraint; hindrance &c. 706; coercion &c. 

(compulsion) 744; cohibition 

; manumit; enlarge; 

disband, discharge, disenthrall, disenthral, dismiss; let go, let 

loose, loose, let out, let slip; cast adrift, turn adrift; deliver &c. 672; 

absolve &c. (acquit) 970. unfetter &c. 751, untie &c. 43; loose &c. 

(disjoin) 44; loosen, relax; unbolt, unbar, unclose, uncork, unclog, 

unhand, unbind, unchain, unharness, unleash; disengage, 

disentangle; clear, extricate, unloose. gain one's liberty, obtain 

one's liberty, acquire one's liberty &c. 748; get rid of, get clear of; 

deliver oneself from; shake off the yoke, slip the collar; break 

loose, break prison; tear asunder one's bonds, cast off trammels; 

escape &c. 671. 

Adj. liberated &c. v.; out of harness &c. (free) 748. 

Int. unhand me!, let me go!, 

† , constraint, repression, 

suppression; discipline, control. confinement; durance, duress; 

imprisonment; incarceration, coarctation † , entombment, 

mancipation † , durance vile, limbo, captivity; blockade. arrest, 

arrestation † ; custody, keep, care, charge, ward, restringency † . 

curb &c. (means of restraint) 752; lettres de cachet [Fr.]. 

limitation, restriction, protection, monopoly; prohibition &c. 761. 

prisoner &c. 754; repressionist † . 

V. restrain, check; put under restraint, lay under restraint; enthral, 

enthrall, inthral † , inthrall † , bethral † , bethrall † ; restrict; debar &c. 

(hinder) 706; constrain; coerce &c. (compel) 744; curb, control; 

hold back, hold from, hold in, hold in check, hold within bounds, 

keep back, keep from, keep in, keep in check, keep within 

bounds; hold in leash, hold in leading strings; withhold. keep 

under; repress, suppress; smother; pull in, rein in; hold, hold fast; 

keep a tight hand on; prohibit &c. 761; inhibit, cohibit † . enchain; 

fasten &c. (join) 43; fetter, shackle; entrammel † ; bridle, muzzle, 

hopple † , gag, pinion, manacle, handcuff, tie one's hands, hobble, 

bind hand and foot; swathe, swaddle; pin down, tether; picket; tie 

down, tie up; secure; forge fetters; disable, hamstring 

(incapacitate) 158. confine; shut up, shut in; clap up, lock up, box 

up, mew up, bottle up, cork up, seal up, button up; hem in, bolt in, 

wall in, rail in; impound, pen, coop; inclose &c. (circumscribe) 

229; cage; incage † , encage † ; close the door upon, cloister; 

imprison, immure; incarcerate, entomb; clap under hatches, lay 

under hatches; put in irons, put in a strait-waistcoat; throw into 

prison, cast into prison; put into bilboes. arrest; take up, take 

charge of, take into custody; take prisoner, take captive, make 

prisoner, make captive; captivate; lead captive, lead into captivity;

send to prison, commit to prison; commit; give in charge, give in 

custody; subjugate &c. 749. 

Adj. restrained, constrained; imprisoned &c. v.; pent up; jammed 

in, wedged in; under lock and key, under restraint, under hatches; 

in swaddling clothes; on parole; in custody, doing time &c. 

(prisoner) 754; cohibitive † ; coactive &c. (compulsory) 744 † . stiff, 

restringent † , strait-laced, hidebound, barkbound † . ice bound, wind 

bound, weather bound; cabined cribbed confined" [Macbeth]; in 

Lob's pound, laid by the heels. 

#752. [Means of restraint.] Prison -- N. prison, prison house; jail, gaol, cage, coop, den, cell; stronghold, fortress, keep, donjon, 

dungeon, Bastille, oubliette, bridewell † , house of correction, hulks, tollbooth, panopticon † , penitentiary, guardroom, lockup, hold; 

round house, watch house, station house, sponging house; station; house of detention, black hole, pen, fold, pound; inclosure &c. 

232; isolation (exclusion) 893; penal settlement, penal colony; bilboes, stocks, limbo, quod [Lat.]; calaboose, chauki † , choky † , 

thana † ; workhouse [U.S.]. Newgate, Fleet, Marshalsea; King's Bench, Queen's Bench. bond; bandage; irons, pinion, gyve, fetter, 

shackle, trammel, manacle, handcuff, straight jacket, strait jacket, strait-jacket, strait-waistcoat, hopples † ; vice, vise. yoke, collar, 

halter, harness; muzzle, gag, bit, brake, curb, snaffle, bridle; rein, reins; bearing rein; martingale; leading string; tether, picket, band, 

guy, chain; cord &c. (fastening) 45; cavesson † , hackamore [U.S.], headstall, jaquima [U.S.], lines, ribbons. bolt, deadbolt, bar, lock, 

police lock, combination lock, padlock, rail, wall, stone wall; paling, palisade; fence, picket fence, barbed wire fence, Cyclone fence, 

stockade fence, chain-link fence; barrier, barricade. drag &c. (hindrance) 706. 

#753. Keeper -- N. keeper, custodian, custos [Lat.], ranger, 

warder, jailer, gaoler, turnkey, castellan † , guard; watchdog, 

watchman; Charley; chokidar † , durwan † , hayward † ; sentry, 

sentinel; watch and ward; concierge, coast guard, guarda costa 

[Sp.], game keeper. escort, bodyguard. protector, governor, 

duenna [Sp.]; guardian; governess &c. (teacher) 540; nurse, 

nanny, babysitter, catsitter, dogsitter, bonne [Fr.], ayah † . 

#754. Prisoner -- N. prisoner, prisoner of war, POW, captive, 

inmate, detainee, hostage, abductee † , detenu [Fr.], close 

prisoner. jail bird, ticket of leave man, chevronne [Fr.]. 

V. stand committed; be imprisoned &c. 751. take prisoner, take 

hostage (capture) 789. 

Adj. imprisoned &c. 751; in prison, in quod [Lat.], in durance vile, 

in limbo, in custody, doing time, in charge, in chains; under lock 

and key, under hatches; on parole. 

#755. [Vicarious authority.] Commission -- N. commission, 

delegation; consignment, assignment; procuration † ; deputation, 

legation, mission, embassy; agency, agentship † #756. Abrogation -- N. abrogation, annulment, nullification, 

recision; vacatur [Lat.]; canceling &c. v.; cancel; revocation, 

; power of revokement 

attorney; clerkship; surrogacy. errand, charge, brevet, diploma, 

exequatur [Lat.], permit &c. (permission) 760. appointment, 

nomination, designation, return; charter; ordination; installation, 

inauguration, investiture, swearing-in; accession, coronation, 

enthronement. vicegerency; regency, regentship. viceroy &c. 745; 

consignee &c. 758; deputy &c. 759. [person who receives a 

commission] agent, delegate, consignee &c. 758. 

V. commission, delegate, depute; consign, assign; charge; intrust, 

entrust; commit, commit to the hands of; authorize &c. (permit) 

760. put in commission, accredit, engage, hire, bespeak, appoint, 

name, nominate, return, ordain; install, induct, inaugurate, swear 

in, invest, crown; enroll, enlist; give power of attorney to. employ, 

empower; set over, place over; send out. be commissioned, be 

accredited; represent, stand for; stand in the stead of, stand in the 

place of, stand in the shoes of. 

Adj. commissioned &c. v.. 

Adv. per procurationem [Lat.]. 

† ; repeal, rescission, defeasance. dismissal, conge 

[Fr.], demission † ; bounce [U.S.]; deposal, deposition; 

dethronement; disestablishment, disendowment † ; 

deconsecration; sack [Slang], walking papers, pink slip, walking 

ticket; yellow cover [Slang]. abolition, abolishment; dissolution. 

counter order, countermand; repudiation, retraction, retractation † ; 

recantation &c. (tergiversation) 607; abolitionist. 

V. abrogate, annul, cancel; destroy &c. 162; abolish; revoke, 

repeal, rescind, reverse, retract, recall; abolitionize † ; overrule, 

override; set aside; disannul, dissolve, quash, nullify, declare null 

and void; disestablish, disendow † ; deconsecrate. disclaim &c. 

(deny) 536; ignore, repudiate; recant &c. 607; divest oneself, 

break off. countermand, counter order; do away with; sweep away, 

brush away; throw overboard, throw to the dogs; scatter to the 

winds, cast behind. dismiss, discard; cast off, turn off, cast out, 

cast adrift, cast out of doors, cast aside, cast away; send off, send 

away, send packing, send about one's business; discharge, get 

rid of &c. (eject) 297; bounce [U.S.]; fire [Slang], fire out [Slang]; 

sack [Slang]. cashier; break; oust; unseat, unsaddle; unthrone † , 

dethrone, disenthrone † ; depose, uncrown † ; unfrock, strike off the 

roll; disbar, disbench † . be abrogated &c.; receive its quietus; walk 

the plank. 

Adj. abrogated &c. v.; functus officio [Lat.]. 

Int. get along with you!, begone!, go about your business!, away 

with!, 

#757. Resignation -- N. resignation, retirement, abdication, renunciation, abjuration; abandonment, relinquishment. 

V. resign; give up, throw up; lay down, throw up the cards, wash one's hands of, abjure, renounce, forego, disclaim, retract; deny &c. 

536. abrogate &c. 756; desert &c. (relinquish) 624; get rid of &c. 782. abdicate; vacate, vacate one's seat; accept the stewardship 

of the Chiltern accept the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds; retire; tender one's resignation. 

Adj. abdicant † . 

Phr. Othello's occupation's gone" [Othello]. 

#758. Consignee -- N. consignee, trustee, nominee, committee. agent, delegate; commissary, commissioner; emissary, envoy,

commissionaire [Fr.]; messenger &c. 534. diplomatist, diplomat, diplomate, corps diplomatique [Fr.], embassy; ambassador, 

embassador † ; representative, resident, consul, legate, nuncio, internuncio † , charge d'affaires [Fr.], attache. vicegerent &c. (deputy) 

759; plenipotentiary. functionary, placeman † , curator; treasurer &c. 801; factor, bailiff, clerk, secretary, attorney, advocate, solicitor, 

proctor, broker, underwriter, commission agent, auctioneer, one's man of business; factotum &c. (director) 694; caretaker; dalal † , 

dubash † , garnishee, gomashta † . negotiator, go-between; middleman; under agent, employe; servant &c. 746; referee, arbitrator &c. 

(judge) 967. traveler, bagman, commis-voyageur [Fr.], touter † , commercial traveler, drummer [U.S.], traveling man. newspaper 

correspondent, own correspondent, special correspondent. 

#759. Deputy -- N. deputy, substitute, vice, proxy, locum tenens, badli † , delegate, representative, next friend, surrogate, secondary. 

regent, viceregent † , vizier, minister, vicar; premier &c. (director) 694; chancellor, prefect, provost, warden, lieutenant, archon, consul, 

proconsul; viceroy &c. (governor) 745; commissioner &c. 758; Tsung-li Yamen, Wai Wu Pu; plenipotentiary, alter ego. team, eight, 

eleven; champion. 

V. be deputy &c. n.; stand for, appear for, hold a brief for, answer for; represent; stand in the shoes of, walk in the shoes of; stand in 

the stead of. ablegate † , accredit. 

Adj. acting, vice, vice regal; accredited to. 

Adv. in behalf of. 

SECTION II. 

SPECIAL INTERSOCIAL VOLITION 

#760. Permission -- N. permission, leave; allowance, sufferance; 

tolerance, toleration; liberty, law, license, concession, grace; 

indulgence &c. (lenity) 740; favor, dispensation, exemption, 

release; connivance; vouchsafement † . authorization, warranty, 

accordance, admission. permit, warrant, brevet, precept, 

sanction, authority, firman; hukm † ; pass, passport; furlough, 

license, carte blanche [Fr.], ticket of leave; grant, charter; patent, 

letters patent. 

V. permit; give permission &c. n., give power; let, allow, admit; 

suffer, bear with, tolerate, recognize; concede &c. 762; accord, 

vouchsafe, favor, humor, gratify, indulge, stretch a point; wink at, 

connive at; shut one's eyes to. grant, empower, charter, 

enfranchise, privilege, confer a privilege, license, authorize, 

warrant; sanction; intrust &c. (commission) 755. give carte 

blanche [Fr.], give the reins to, give scope to &c. (freedom) 748; 

leave alone, leave it to one, leave the door open; open the door to, 

open the flood gates; give a loose to. let off; absolve &c. (acquit) 

970; release, exonerate, dispense with. ask permission, beg 

permission, request permission, ask leave, beg leave, request 

leave. 

Adj. permitting &c. v.; permissive, indulgent; permitted &c. v.; 

patent, chartered, permissible, allowable, lawful, legitimate, legal; 

legalized &c. (law) 963; licit; unforbid † , unforbidden † #761. Prohibition -- N. prohibition, inhibition; veto, disallowance; 

interdict, interdiction; injunction, estoppel [Law]; embargo, ban, 

taboo, proscription; index expurgatorius [Lat.]; restriction &c. 

(restraint) 751; hindrance &c. 706; forbidden fruit; Maine law 

[U.S.]. 

V. prohibit, inhibit; forbid, put one's veto upon, disallow, enjoin, 

ban, outlaw, taboo, proscribe, estop [Law]; bar; debar &c. (hinder) 

706, forefend. keep in, keep within bounds; restrain &c. 751; 

cohibit 

; 

unconditional. 

Adv. by leave, with leave, on leave &c. n.; speciali gratia [It]; under 

favor of; pace; ad libitum &c. (freely) 748, (at will) 600; by all 

means &c. (willingly) 602; yes &c. (assent) 488. 

Phr. avec permissin [Fr.]; brevet d'invention [Fr.]. 

† , withhold, limit, circumscribe, clip the wings of, restrict; 

interdict, taboo; put under an interdiction, place under an 

interdiction; put under the ban, place under the ban; proscribe; 

exclude, shut out; shut the door, bolt the door, show the door; warn 

off; dash the cup from one's lips; forbid the banns. 

Adj. prohibitive, prohibitory; proscriptive; restrictive, exclusive; 

forbidding &c. v.. prohibited &c. v.; not permitted &c. 760; 

unlicensed, contraband, impermissible, under the ban of; illegal 

&c. 964; unauthorized, not to be thought of, uncountenanced, 

unthinkable, beyond the pale. 

Adv. on no account &c. (no) 536. 

Int. forbid it heaven!, &c. (deprecation) 766. hands off!, keep off!, 

hold!, stop!, desist!, cease and desist!, avast!, 

Phr. that will never do; don't you dare; forget it; don't even think 

about doing it; go ahead; make my day [Iron.]" [Dirty Harry]. 

#762. Consent -- N. consent; assent &c. 488; acquiescence; approval &c. 931; compliance, agreement, concession; yieldance † , 

yieldingness † ; accession, acknowledgment, acceptance, agnition † . settlement, ratification, confirmation, adjustment. permit &c. 

(permission) 760; promise &c. 768. 

V. consent; assent &c. 488; yield assent, admit, allow, concede, grant, yield; come round, come over; give into, acknowledge, 

agnize † , give consent, comply with, acquiesce, agree to, fall in with, accede, accept, embrace an offer, close with, take at one's word, 

have no objection. satisfy, meet one's wishes, settle, come to terms &c. 488; not refuse &c. 764; turn a willing ear &c. (willingness) 

602; jump at; deign, vouchsafe; promise &c. 768. 

Adj. consenting &c. v.; squeezable; agreed &c. (assent) 488; unconditional. 

Adv. OK, yes &c. (assent) 488; by all means &c. (willingly) 602; no problem; if you please, as you please; be it so, so be it, well and 

good, of course; please do; don't hesitate. 

Phr. chi tace accousente [It]. 

#763. Offer -- N. offer, proffer, presentation, tender, bid, overture; 

proposal, proposition; motion, invitation; candidature; offering &c. 

(gift) 784. 

V. offer, proffer, present, tender; bid; propose, move; make a 

motion, make advances; start; invite, hold out, place in one's way, 

put forward. hawk about; offer for sale &c. 796; press &c. 

#764. Refusal -- N. refusal, rejection; noncompliance, 

incompliance † ; denial; declining &c. v.; declension; declinature † ; 

peremptory refusal, flat refusal, point blank refusal; repulse, rebuff; 

discountenance. recusancy, abnegation, protest, disclaimer; 

dissent &c. 489; revocation &c. 756. 

V. refuse, reject, deny, decline, turn down; nill, negative; refuse

(request) 765; lay at one's feet. offer oneself, present oneself; 

volunteer, come forward, be a candidate; stand for, bid for; seek; 

be at one's service; go a begging; bribe &c. (give) 784. 

Adj. offering, offered &c. v.; in the market, for sale, to let, 

disengaged, on hire. 

#765. Request -- N. request, requisition; claim &c. (demand) 

741; petition, suit, prayer; begging letter, round robin. motion, 

overture, application, canvass, address, appeal, apostrophe; 

imprecation; rogation; proposal, proposition. orison &c. (worship) 

990; incantation &c. (spell) 993. mendicancy; asking, begging &c. 

v.; postulation, solicitation, invitation, entreaty, importunity, 

supplication, instance, impetration † , imploration † , obsecration † , 

obtestation † , invocation, interpellation. 

V. request, ask; beg, crave, sue, pray, petition, solicit, invite, pop 

the question, make bold to ask; beg leave, beg a boon; apply to, 

call to, put to; call upon, call for; make a request, address a 

request, prefer a request, put up a request, make a prayer, 

address a prayer, prefer a prayer, put up a prayer, make a 

petition, address a petition, prefer a petition, put up a petition; 

make application, make a requisition; ask trouble, ask one for; 

claim &c. (demand) 741; offer up prayers &c. (worship) 990; 

whistle for. beg hard, entreat, beseech, plead, supplicate, implore; 

conjure, adjure; obtest † ; cry to, kneel to, appeal to; invoke, evoke; 

impetrate † , imprecate, ply, press, urge, beset, importune, dun, tax, 

clamor for; cry aloud, cry for help; fall on one's knees; throw 

oneself at the feet of; come down on one's marrowbones. beg 

from door to door, send the hat round, go a begging; mendicate † , 

mump † , cadge, beg one's bread. dance attendance on, besiege, 

knock at the door. bespeak, canvass, tout, make interest, court; 

seek, bid for &c. (offer) 763; publish the banns. 

Adj. requesting &c. v.; precatory † ; suppliant, supplicant, 

supplicatory; postulant; obsecratory † . importunate, clamorous, 

urgent; cap in hand; on one's knees, on one's bended knees, on 

one's marrowbones. 

Adv. prithee, do, please, pray; be so good as, be good enough; 

have the goodness, vouchsafe, will you, I pray thee, if you please. 

Int. for God's sake!, for heaven's sake!, for goodness' sake!, for 

mercy's sake!, 

Phr. Dieu vous garde [Fr.]; dirigenos Domine [Lat.]; would you be 

so kind as to. 

one's assent, withhold one's assent; shake the head; close the 

hand, close the purse; grudge, begrudge, be slow to, hang fire; 

pass (at cards). be deaf to; dismiss, turn a deaf ear to, turn one's 

back upon; set one's face against, discountenance, not hear of, 

have nothing to do with, wash one's hands of, stand aloof, 

forswear, set aside, cast behind one; not yield an inch &c. 

(obstinacy) 606. resist, cross; not grant &c. 762; repel, repulse, 

shut the door in one's face, slam the door in one's face; rebuff; 

send back, send to the right about, send away with a flea in the 

ear; deny oneself, not be at home to; discard, spurn, &c. 

(repudiate) 610; rescind &c. (revoke) 756; disclaim, protest; 

dissent &c. 489. 

Adj. refusing &c. v.; restive, restiff † ; recusant; uncomplying, 

unconsenting; not willing to hear of, deaf to. refused &c. v.; 

ungranted, out of the question, not to be thought of, impossible. 

Adv. no &c. 536; on no account, not for the world; no thank you, 

thanks but no thanks. 

Phr. non possumus [Lat.]; your humble servant [Iron.]; bien oblige 

[Fr.]; not on your life [U.S.]; no way; not even if you beg on your 

knees. 

#766. [Negative request.] Deprecation -- N. deprecation, 

expostulation; intercession, mediation, protest, remonstrance. 

V. deprecate, protest, expostulate, enter a protest, intercede for; 

remonstrate. 

Adj. deprecatory, expostulatory † , intercessory, mediatorial † . 

deprecated, protested. unsought, unbesought † ; unasked &c. (ask) 

&c. 765. 

Int. cry you mercy!, God forbid!, forbid it Heaven!, Heaven 

forefend, Heaven forbid!, far be it from!, hands off!, &c. 

(prohibition) 761; please don't. 

#767. Petitioner -- N. petitioner, solicitor, applicant; suppliant, supplicant; suitor, candidate, claimant, postulant, aspirant, competitor, 

bidder; place hunter, pot hunter; prizer † ; seeker. beggar, mendicant, moocher, panhandler, freeloader, sponger, mumper † , sturdy 

beggar, cadger; hotel runner, runner, steerer [U.S.], tout, touter † . [poor person] pauper, homeless person, hobo, bum, tramp, bindle 

stiff, bo, knight of the road (poverty) 804; hippie, flower child; hard core unemployed; welfare client, welfare case. canvasser, bagman 

&c. 758; salesman. 

SECTION III. 

CONDITIONAL INTERSOCIAL VOLITION 

#768. Promise -- N. promise, undertaking, word, troth, plight, pledge, parole, word of honor, vow; oath &c. (affirmation) 535; 

profession, assurance, warranty, guarantee, insurance, obligation; contract &c. 769; stipulation. engagement, preengagement;

affiance; betroth, betrothal, betrothment. 

V. promise; give a promise &c. n.; undertake, engage; make an engagement, form an engagement; enter into an engagement, enter 

on an engagement; bind oneself, tie oneself, pledge oneself, commit oneself, take upon oneself; vow; swear &c. (affirm) 535, give 

one's word, pass one's word, pledge one's word, plight one's word, give one's honor, pass one's honor, pledge one's honor, plight 

one's honor, give credit, pass credit, pledge credit, plight credit, give troth, pass troth, pledge troth, plight troth; betroth, plight faith. 

assure, warrant, guarantee; covenant &c. 769; attest &c. (bear witness) 467. hold out an expectation; contract an obligation; become 

bound to, become sponsor for; answer for, be answerable for; secure; give security &c. 771; underwrite. adjure, administer an oath, 

put to one's oath, swear a witness. 

Adj. promising &c. v.; promissory; votive; under hand and seal, upon oath. promised &c. v.; affianced, pledged, bound; committed, 

compromised; in for it. 

Adv. as one's head shall answer for. 

Phr. in for a penny in for a pound; ex voto [Lat.]; gage d'amour. 

#768a. Release from engagement -- N. release &c. (liberation) 750. 

Adj. absolute; unconditional &c. (free) 748. 

#769. Compact -- N. compact, contract, agreement, bargain; affidation † ; pact, paction † ; bond, covenant, indenture; bundobast † , 

deal. stipulation, settlement, convention; compromise, cartel. Protocol, treaty, concordat, Zollverein [G.], Sonderbund [G.], charter, 

Magna Charta [Lat.], Progmatic Sanction, customs union, free trade region; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT; most 

favored nation status. negotiation &c. (bargaining) 794; diplomacy &c. (mediation) 724; negotiator &c. (agent) 758. ratification, 

completion, signature, seal, sigil [Lat.], signet. 

V. contract, covenant, agree for; engage &c. (promise) 768. treat, negotiate, stipulate, make terms; bargain &c. (barter) 794. make a 

bargain, strike a bargain; come to terms, come to an understanding; compromise &c. 774; set at rest; close, close with; conclude, 

complete, settle; confirm, ratify, clench, subscribe, underwrite; endorse, indorse; put the seal to; sign, seal &c. (attest) 467; indent. 

take one at one's word, bargain by inch of candle. 

Adj. agreed &c. v.; conventional; under hand and seal. 

Phr. caveat emptor. 

#770. Conditions -- N. conditions, terms; articles, articles of agreement; memorandum. clauses, provisions; proviso &c. 

(qualification) 469; covenant, stipulation, obligation, ultimatum, sine qua non; casus foederris [Lat.]. 

V. make terms, come to terms &c. (contract) 769; make it a condition, stipulate, insist upon, make a point of; bind, tie up. 

Adj. conditional, provisional, guarded, fenced, hedged in. 

Adv. conditionally &c. (with qualification) 469; provisionally, pro re nata [Lat.]; on condition; with a string to it. 

#771. Security -- N. security; guaranty, guarantee; gage, warranty, bond, tie, pledge, plight, mortgage, collateral, debenture, 

hypothecation, bill of sale, lien, pawn, pignoration † ; real security; vadium † . stake, deposit, earnest, handsel, caution. promissory note; 

bill, bill of exchange; I.O.U.; personal security, covenant, specialty; parole &c. (promise) 768. acceptance, indorsement † , signature, 

execution, stamp, seal. sponsor, cosponsor, sponsion † , sponsorship; surety, bail; mainpernor † , hostage; godchild, godfather, 

godmother. recognizance; deed of indemnity, covenant of indemnity. authentication, verification, warrant, certificate, voucher, docket, 

doquet † ; record &c. 551; probate, attested copy. receipt; acquittance, quittance; discharge, release. muniment † , title deed, 

instrument; deed, deed poll; assurance, indenture; charter &c. (compact) 769; charter poll; paper, parchment, settlement, will, 

testament, last will and testament, codicil. 

V. give security, give bail, give substantial bail; go bail; pawn, impawn † , spout, mortgage, hypothecate, impignorate † . guarantee, 

warrant, warrantee, assure; accept, indorse, underwrite, insure; cosign, countersign, sponsor, cosponsor. execute, stamp; sign, seal 

&c. (evidence) 467. let, sett † ; grant a lease, take a lease, hold a lease; hold in pledge; lend on security &c. 787. 

Phr. bonis avibus [Lat.]; gone where the woodbine twineth." 

#772. Observance -- N. observance, performance, compliance, #773. Nonobservance -- N. nonobservance &c. 772; evasion, 

acquiescence, concurrence; obedience &c. 743; fulfillment, inobservance, failure, omission, neglect, laches [Law], laxity, 

satisfaction, discharge; acquittance, acquittal. adhesion, informality. infringement, infraction; violation, transgression; 

acknowledgment; fidelity &c. (probity) 939; exact &c. 494; piracy. retraction, retractation 

observance. 

V. observe, comply with, respect, acknowledge, abide by; cling to, 

adhere to, be faithful to, act up to; meet, fulfill; carry out, carry into 

execution; execute, perform, keep, satisfy, discharge; do one's 

office. perform an obligation, fulfill an obligation, discharge an 

obligation, acquit oneself of an obligation; make good; make 

good one's word, make good one's promise, keep one's word, 

keep one's promise; redeem one's pledge; keep faith with, stand 

to one's engagement. 

Adj. observant, faithful, true, loyal; honorable &c. 939; true as the 

dial to the sun, true as the needle to the pole; punctual, punctilious; 

literal &c. (exact) 494; as good as one's word. 

Adv. faithfully &c. adj.. 

Phr. ignoscito saepe alteri nunquam tibi [Lat.]; tempori parendum 

[Lat.]; to God, thy country, and thy friend be true" [Vaughan]. 

† , repudiation, nullification; protest; 

forfeiture. lawlessness; disobedience &c. 742; bad faith &c. 940. 

V. fail, neglect, omit, elude, evade, give the go-by to, set aside, 

ignore; shut one's eyes to, close one's eyes to. infringe, 

transgress, violate, pirate, break, trample under foot, do violence 

to, drive a coach and six through. discard, protest, repudiate, fling 

to the winds, set at naught, nullify, declare null and void; cancel &c. 

(wipe off) 552. retract, go back from, be off, forfeit, go from one's 

word, palter; stretch a point, strain a point. 

Adj. violating &c. v.; lawless, transgressive; elusive, evasive. 

unfulfilled &c. (fulfill) &c. 772.

#774. Compromise -- N. compromise, commutation, composition; middle term, mezzo termine [It]; compensation &c. 30; 

abatement of differences, adjustment, mutual concession. 

V. compromise, commute, compound; take the mean; split the difference, meet one halfway, give and take; come to terms &c. 

(contract) 769; submit to arbitration, abide by arbitration; patch up, bridge over, arrange; straighten out, adjust, differences, agree; 

make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; take the will for the deed. 

SECTION IV. 

POSSESSIVE RELATIONS 

1. Property in general 

#775. Acquisition -- N. acquisition; gaining &c. v.; obtainment; 

procuration † , procurement; purchase, descent, inheritance; gift 

&c. 784. recovery, retrieval, revendication † , replevin [Law], 

restitution &c. 790; redemption, salvage, trover [Law]. find, 

trouvaille † , foundling. gain, thrift; money-making, money grubbing; 

lucre, filthy lucre, pelf; loaves and fishes, the main chance; 

emolument &c. (remuneration) 973. profit, earnings, winnings, 

innings, pickings, net profit; avails; income &c. (receipt) 810; 

proceeds, produce, product; outcome, output; return, fruit, crop, 

harvest; second crop, aftermath; benefit &c. (good) 618. 

sweepstakes, trick, prize, pool; pot; wealth &c. 803. subreption 

[Fraudulent acquisition]; obreption † ; stealing &c. 791. 

V. acquire, get, gain, win, earn, obtain, procure, gather; collect &c. 

(assemble) 72; pick, pickup; glean. find; come upon, pitch upon, 

light upon; scrape up, scrape together; get in, reap and carry, net, 

bag, sack, bring home, secure; derive, draw, get in the harvest. 

profit; make profit, draw profit, turn a quick profit; turn to profit, turn 

to account; make capital out of, make money by; obtain a return, 

reap the fruits of; reap an advantage, gain an advantage; turn a 

penny, turn an honest penny; make the pot boil, bring grist to the 

mill; make money, coin money, raise money; raise funds, raise the 

wind; fill one's pocket &c. (wealth) 803. treasure up &c. (store) 

636; realize, clear; produce &c. 161; take &c. 789. get back, 

recover, regain, retrieve, revendicate † #776. Loss -- N. loss; deperdition 

, replevy [Law], redeem, 

come by one's own. come by, come in for; receive &c. 785; 

inherit; step into a fortune, step into the shoes of; succeed to. get 

hold of, get between one's finger and thumb, get into one's hand, 

get at; take possession, come into possession, enter into 

possession. be profitable &c. adj.; pay, answer. accrue &c. (be 

received) 785. 

Adj. acquiring, acquired &c. v.; profitable, advantageous, gainful, 

remunerative, paying, lucrative. 

Phr. lucri causa [Lat.]. 

† , perdition; forfeiture, lapse. 

privation, bereavement; deprivation &c. (dispossession) 789; 

riddance; damage, squandering, waste. 

V. lose; incur a loss, experience a loss, meet with a loss; miss; 

mislay, let slip, allow to slip through the fingers; be without &c. 

(exempt) 777.1; forfeit. get rid of &c. 782; waste &c. 638. be lost; 

lapse. 

Adj. losing &c. v.; not having &c. 777.1. shorn of, deprived of; 

denuded, bereaved, bereft, minus, cut off; dispossessed &c. 789; 

rid of, quit of; out of pocket. lost &c. v.; long lost; irretrievable &c. 

(hopeless) 859; off one's hands. 

Int. farewell to!, adieu to. 

#777. Possession -- N. possession, seizin [Law], seisin [Law]; 

ownership &c. 780; occupancy; hold, holding; tenure, tenancy, 

feodality † , dependency; villenage, villeinage † ; socage † , chivalry, 

knight service. exclusive possession, impropriation † , monopoly, 

retention &c. 781; prepossession, preoccupancy † ; nine points of 

the law; corner, usucaption † . future possession, heritage, 

inheritance, heirship, reversion, fee, seigniority † ; primogeniture, 

ultimogeniture † . futures contract [right of future possession; 

financial instruments], warrant, put, call, option; right of first 

refusal. bird in hand, uti possidetis [Lat.], chose in possession. 

V. possess, have, hold, occupy, enjoy; be possessed of &c. adj.; 

have in hand &c. adj.; own &c. 780; command. inherit; come to, 

come in for. engross, monopolize, forestall, regrate † , 

impropriate † , have all to oneself; corner; have a firmhold of &c. 

(retain) 781 † ; get into one's hand &c. (acquire) 775. belong to, 

appertain to, pertain to; be in one's possession &c. adj.; vest in. 

Adj. possessing &c. v.; worth; possessed of, seized of, master of, 

in possession of; usucapient † #777a. Exemption -- N. exemption; absence &c. 187; exception, 

immunity, privilege, release. 

V. not have &c. 777; be without &c. adj.; excuse. 

Adj. exempt from, devoid of, without, unpossessed of 

; endowed with, blest with, instinct 

with, fraught with, laden with, charged with. possessed &c. v.; on 

hand, by one; in hand, in store, in stock; in one's hands, in one's 

grasp, in one's possession; at one's command, at one's disposal; 

one's own &c. (property) 780. unsold, unshared. 

† , unblest 

with † ; immune from. not having &c. 777; unpossessed † ; 

untenanted &c. (vacant) 187; without an owner. unobtained † , 

unacquired.

Phr. entbehre gern was du nicht hast [G.]; meum et tuum [Lat.]; 

tuum est [Lat.]. 

#778. [Joint possession.] Participation -- N. participation; cotenancy † , joint tenancy; occupancy in common, possession in common, 

tenancy in common; joint stock, common stock; co-partnership, partnership; communion; community of possessions, community of 

goods; communism, socialism; cooperation &c. 709. snacks, coportion † , picnic, hotchpot † ; co-heirship, co-parceny † , co-parcenary; 

gavelkind † . participator, sharer; co-partner, partner; shareholder; co-tenant, joint tenant; tenants in common; co-heir, co-parcener † . 

communist, socialist. 

V. participate, partake; share, share in; come in for a share; go shares, go snacks, go halves; share and share alike. have in 

common, possess in common, be seized in common, have as joint tenants, possess as joint tenants, be seized as joint tenants &c. 

n.. join in; have a hand in &c. (cooperate) 709. 

Adj. partaking &c. v.; communistic. 

Adv. share and share alike. 

#779. Possessor -- N. possessor, holder; occupant, occupier; tenant; person in possession, man in possession &c. 777; renter, 

lodger, lessee, underlessee † ; zemindar † , ryot † ; tenant on sufferance, tenant at will, tenant from year to year, tenant for years, tenant for 

life. owner; proprietor, proprietress, proprietary; impropriator † , master, mistress, lord. land holder, land owner, landlord, land lady, 

slumlord; lord of the manor, lord paramount; heritor, laird, vavasour † , landed gentry, mesne lord † ; planter. cestui-que-trust [Fr.], 

beneficiary, mortgagor. grantee, feoffee † , releasee [Law], relessee † , devisee; legatee, legatary † . trustee; holder of the legal estate 

&c.; mortgagee. right owner, rightful owner. [Future possessor] heir presumptive, heir apparent; heiress; inheritor, inheritress, 

inheritrix; reversioner † , remainderman † . 

#780. Property -- N. property, possession, suum cuique [Lat.], meum et tuum [Lat.]. ownership, proprietorship, lordship; seignority † ; 

empire &c. (dominion) 737. interest, stake, estate, right, title, claim, demand, holding; tenure &c. (possession) 777; vested interest, 

contingent interest, beneficial interest, equitable interest; use, trust, benefit; legal estate, equitable estate; seizin [Law], seisin [Law]. 

absolute interest, paramount estate, freehold; fee tail, fee simple; estate in fee, estate in tail, estate tail; estate in tail male, estate in 

tail female, estate in tail general. limitation, term, lease, settlement, strict settlement, particular estate; estate for life, estate for years, 

estate pur autre vie [Fr.]; remainder, reversion, expectancy, possibility. dower, dowry, jointure † , appanage, inheritance, heritage, 

patrimony, alimony; legacy &c. (gift) 784; Falcidian law, paternal estate, thirds. assets, belongings, means, resources, 

circumstances; wealth &c. 803; money &c. 800; what one is worth, what one will cut up for; estate and effects. landed property, 

landed real estate property; realty; land, lands; tenements; hereditaments; corporeal hereditaments, incorporeal hereditaments; 

acres; ground &c. (earth) 342; acquest † , messuage, toft † . territory, state, kingdom, principality, realm, empire, protectorate, sphere of 

influence. manor, honor, domain, demesne; farm, plantation, hacienda; allodium &c. (free) 748 † ; fief, fieff † , feoff † , feud, zemindary † , 

dependency; arado † , merestead † , ranch. free lease-holds, copy lease-holds; folkland † ; chattels real; fixtures, plant, heirloom; 

easement; right of common, right of user. personal property, personal estate, personal effects; personalty, chattels, goods, effects, 

movables; stock, stock in trade; things, traps, rattletraps, paraphernalia; equipage &c. 633. parcels, appurtenances. impedimenta; 

luggage, baggage; bag and baggage; pelf; cargo, lading. rent roll; income &c. (receipts) 810; maul and wedges [U.S.]. patent, 

copyright; chose in action; credit &c. 805; debt &c. 806. 

V. possess &c. 777; be the possessor of &c. 779, own; have for one's own, have for one's very own; come in for, inherit. savor of the 

realty. be one's property &c. n.; belong to; appertain to, pertain to. 

Adj. one's own; landed, predial † , manorial, allodial † ; free lease-hold, copy lease-hold; feudal, feodal † . 

Adv. to one's credit, to one's account; to the good. to one and his heirs for ever, to one and the heirs of his body, to one and his heirs 

and assigns, to one and his executors administrators and to one and his executors administrators and assigns. 

#781. Retention -- N. retention; retaining &c. v.; keep, detention, 

custody; tenacity, firm hold, grasp, gripe, grip, iron grip. fangs, 

teeth, claws, talons, nail, unguis, hook, tentacle, tenaculum; bond 

&c. (vinculum) 45. clutches, tongs, forceps, pincers, nippers, 

pliers, vice. paw, hand, finger, wrist, fist, neaf † , neif † . bird in hand; 

captive &c. 754. 

V. retain, keep; hold fast one's own, hold tight one's own, hold fast 

one's ground, hold tight one's ground; clinch, clench, clutch, grasp, 

gripe, hug, have a firm hold of. secure, withhold, detain; hold back, 

keep back; keep close; husband &c. (store) 636; reserve; have in 

stock, have on hand, keep in stock &c. (possess) 777; entail, tie 

up, settle. 

Adj. retaining &c. v.; retentive, tenacious. unforfeited † #782. Relinquishment -- N. relinquishment, abandonment &c. (of 

a course) 624; renunciation, expropriation 

, 

undeprived, undisposed, uncommunicated. incommunicable, 

inalienable; in mortmain [Fr.]; in strict settlement. 

Phr. uti possidetis [Lat.]. 

† , dereliction; cession, 

surrender, dispensation; quitclaim deed; resignation &c. 757; 

riddance. derelict &c. adj.; foundling; jetsam, waif. discards, culls, 

rejects; garbage, refuse, rubbish. 

V. relinquish, give up, surrender, yield, cede; let go, let slip; spare, 

drop, resign, forego, renounce, abandon, expropriate † , give away, 

dispose of, part with; lay aside, lay apart, lay down, lay on the shelf 

&c. (disuse) 678; set aside, put aside, put away; make away with, 

cast behind; maroon. give notice to quit, give warning; supersede; 

be rid of, get rid of, be quit of, get quit of; eject &c. 297. rid oneself 

of, disburden oneself of, divest oneself of, dispossess oneself of; 

wash one's hands of. discard, cast off, dismiss; cast away, throw 

away, pitch away, fling away, cast aside, cast overboard, cast to 

the dogs, throw aside, throw overboard, throw to the dogs, pitch 

aside, pitch overboard, pitch to the dogs, fling aside, fling 

overboard, fling to the dogs; cast to the winds, throw to the winds, 

sweep to the winds; put away, turn away, sweep away; jettison; 

reject. quit one's hold, quitclaim. 

Adj. relinquished &c. v.; cast off, derelict; unowned, 

unappropriated, unculled; left &c. (residuary) 40. 

Int. away with!,

2. Transfer of Property 

#783. Transfer -- N. transfer, conveyance, assignment, alienation, abalienation † ; demise, limitation; conveyancing † ; transmission 

&c. (transference) 270; enfeoffment † , bargain and sale, lease and release; exchange &c. (interchange) 148; barter &c. 794; 

substitution &c. 147. succession, reversion; shifting use, shifting trust; devolution. 

V. transfer, convey; alienate, alien; assign; grant &c. (confer) 784; consign; make over, hand over; pass, hand, transmit, negotiate; 

hand down; exchange &c. (interchange) 148. change hands, change hands from one to another; devolve, succeed; come into 

possession &c. (acquire) 775. abalienate † ; disinherit; dispossess &c. 789; substitute &c. 147. 

Adj. alienable, negotiable. 

Phr. estate coming into possession. 

#784. Giving -- N. giving &c. v.; bestowal, bestowment † , 

donation; presentation, presentment; accordance; concession; 

delivery, consignment, dispensation, communication, endowment; 

investment, investiture; award. almsgiving † , charity, liberality, 

generosity. [Thing given] gift, donation, present, cadeau † ; fairing; 

free gift, boon, favor, benefaction, grant, offering, oblation, 

sacrifice, immolation; lagniappe [U.S.], pilon [U.S.]. grace, act of 

grace, bonus. allowance, contribution, subscription, subsidy, 

tribute, subvention. bequest, legacy, devise, will, dotation † , dot, 

appanage; voluntary settlement, voluntary conveyance &c. 783; 

amortization. alms, largess, bounty, dole, sportule † , donative † , 

help, oblation, offertory, honorarium, gratuity, Peter pence, 

sportula † , Christmas box, Easter offering, vail † , douceur [Fr.], 

drink money, pourboire, trinkgeld [G.], bakshish † ; fee &c. 

(recompense) 973; consideration. bribe, bait, ground bait; peace 

offering, handsel; boodle [Slang], graft, grease [Slang]; blat 

[Rus.]. giver, grantor &c. v.; donor, feoffer † , settlor. 

V. deliver, hand, pass, put into the hands of; hand over, make 

over, deliver over, pass over, turn over; assign dower. present, 

give away, dispense, dispose of; give out, deal out, dole out, mete 

out, fork out, squeeze out. pay &c. 807; render, impart, 

communicate. concede, cede, yield, part with, shed, cast; spend 

&c. 809. give, bestow, confer, grant, accord, award, assign. 

intrust, consign, vest in. make a present; allow, contribute, 

subscribe, furnish its quota. invest, endow, settle upon; bequeath, 

leave, devise. furnish, supply, help; administer to; afford, spare; 

accommodate with, indulge with, favor with; shower down upon; 

lavish, pour on, thrust upon. tip, bribe; tickle the palm, grease the 

palm; offer &c. 763; sacrifice, immolate. 

Adj. giving &c. v.; given &c. v.; allowed, allowable; concessional † ; 

communicable; charitable, eleemosynary, sportulary † , tributary; 

gratis &c. 815; donative † #785. Receiving -- N. receiving &c. v.; acquisition &c. 775; 

reception &c. (introduction) 296; suscipiency 

. 

Phr. auctor pretiosa facit [Lat.]; ex dono [Lat.]; res est ingeniosa 

dare [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

† , acceptance, 

admission. recipient, accipient † ; assignee, devisee; legatee, 

legatary † ; grantee, feoffee † , donee [Fr.], releasee [Law], 

relessee † , lessee; receiver. sportulary † , stipendiary; beneficiary; 

pensioner, pensionary † ; almsman † . income &c. (receipt) 810. 

V. receive; take &c. 789; acquire &c. 775; admit. take in, catch, 

touch; pocket; put into one's pocket, put into one's purse; accept; 

take off one's hands. be received; come in, come to hand; pass 

into one's hand, fall into one's hand; go into one's pocket; fall to 

one's lot, fall to one's share; come to one, fall to one; accrue; have 

given to one &c. 784. 

Adj. receiving &c. v.; recipient, suscipient † . received &c. v.; given 

&c. 784; secondhand. not given, unbestowed &c. (give), (bestow) 

&c. 784. 

#786. Apportionment -- N. apportionment, allotment, consignment, assignment, appointment; appropriation; dispensation, 

distribution; division, deal; repartition, partition; administration. dividend, portion, contingent, share, allotment, fair share, allocation, 

lot, measure, dose; dole, meed, pittance; quantum, ration; ratio, proportion, quota, modicum, mess, allowance; suerte † . 

V. apportion, divide; distribute, administer, dispense; billet, allot, detail, cast, share, mete; portion out, parcel out, dole out; deal, 

carve. allocate, ration, ration out; assign; separate &c. 44. partition, assign, appropriate, appoint. come in for one's share &c. 

(participate) 778. 

Adj. apportioning &c. v.; respective. 

Adv. respectively, each to each. 

#787. Lending -- N. lending &c. v.; loan, advance, 

accommodation, feneration † ; mortgage, second mortgage, home 

loan &c. (security) 771; investment; note, bond, commercial 

paper. mont de piete [Fr.], pawnshop, my uncle's. lender, 

pawnbroker, money lender; usurer, loan shark. loaner (of item 

loaned). 

V. lend, advance, accommodate with; lend on security; loan; pawn 

&c. (security) 771. intrust, invest; place out to interest, put out to 

interest. let, demise, lease, sett † , underlet. 

Adj. lending &c. v.; lent &c. v.; unborrowed &c. (borrowed) &c. 

788 † #788. Borrowing -- N. borrowing, pledging. borrowed plumes; 

plagiarism &c. (thieving) 791. replevin [Law]. 

V. borrow, desume 

. 

† . hire, rent, farm; take a lease, take a demise; 

take by the hour, take by the mile, take by the year &c.; hire by the 

hour, hire by the mile, hire by the year &c.; adopt, apply, 

appropriate, imitate, make use of, take. raise money, take up 

money; raise the wind; fly a kite, borrow from Peter to pay Paul; 

run into debt &c. (debt) 806. replevy [Law].

Adv. in advance; on loan, on security. 

#789. Taking -- N. taking &c. v.; reception &c. (taking in) 296; 

deglutition &c. (taking food) 298; appropriation, prehension, 

prensation † ; capture, caption; apprehension, deprehension † ; 

abreption † , seizure, expropriation, abduction, ablation; 

subtraction, withdrawal &c. 38; abstraction, ademption † ; 

adrolepsy † . dispossession; deprivation, deprivement † ; 

bereavement; divestment; disherison † ; distraint, distress; 

sequestration, confiscation; eviction &c. 297. rapacity, 

rapaciousness, extortion, vampirism; theft &c. 791. resumption; 

reprise, reprisal; recovery &c. 775. clutch, swoop, wrench; grip &c. 

(retention) 781; haul, take, catch; scramble. taker, captor. 

[Descent of one of the earth's crustal plates under another plate] 

subduction [Geol.]. 

V. take, catch, hook, nab, bag, sack, pocket, put into one's 

pocket; receive; accept. reap, crop, cull, pluck; gather &c. (get) 

775; draw. appropriate, expropriate, impropriate † ; assume, 

possess oneself of; take possession of; commandeer; lay one's 

hands on, clap one's hands on; help oneself to; make free with, 

dip one's hands into, lay under contribution; intercept; scramble 

for; deprive of. take away, carry away, bear away, take off, carry 

off, bear off; adeem † ; abstract; hurry off with, run away with; 

abduct; steal &c. 791; ravish; seize; pounce upon, spring upon; 

swoop to, swoop down upon; take by storm, take by assault; 

snatch, reave † . snap up, nip up, whip up, catch up; kidnap, crimp, 

capture, lay violent hands on. get hold of, lay hold of, take hold of, 

catch hold of, lay fast hold of, take firm hold of; lay by the heels, 

take prisoner; fasten upon, grip, grapple, embrace, gripe, clasp, 

grab, clutch, collar, throttle, take by the throat, claw, clinch, clench, 

make sure of. catch at, jump at, make a grab at, snap at, snatch 

at; reach, make a long arm, stretch forth one's hand. take from, 

take away from; disseize † ; deduct &c. 38; retrench &c. (curtail) 

201; dispossess, ease one of, snatch from one's grasp; tear from, 

tear away from, wrench from, wrest from, wring from; extort; 

deprive of, bereave; disinherit, cut off with a shilling. oust &c. 

(eject) 297; divest; levy, distrain, confiscate; sequester, 

sequestrate; accroach † ; usurp; despoil, strip, fleece, shear, 

displume † , impoverish, eat out of house and home; drain, drain to 

the dregs; gut, dry, exhaust, swallow up; absorb &c. (suck in) 296; 

draw off; suck the blood of, suck like a leech. retake, resume; 

recover &c. 775. 

Adj. taking &c. v.; privative † , prehensile; predaceous, predal † , 

predatory, predatorial † ; lupine, rapacious, raptorial; ravenous; 

parasitic. bereft &c. 776. 

Adv. at one fell swoop. 

Phr. give an inch and take an ell. 

#790. Restitution -- N. restitution, return; rendition, reddition † ; 

restoration; reinvestment, recuperation; rehabilitation &c. 

(reconstruction) 660; reparation, atonement; compensation, 

indemnification. release, replevin [Law], redemption; recovery &c. 

(getting back) 775; remitter, reversion. 

V. return, restore; give back, carry back, bring back; render, 

render up; give up; let go, unclutch; disgorge, regorge † ; 

regurgitate; recoup, reimburse, compensate, indemnify; remit, 

rehabilitate; repair &c. (make good) 660. reinvest, revest, 

reinstate. redeem, recover &c. (get back) 775; take back again. 

revest, revert. 

Adj. restoring &c. v.; recuperative &c. 660. 

Phr. suum cuique [Lat.]. 

#791. Stealing -- N. stealing &c. v.; theft, thievery, latrociny † , direption † ; abstraction, appropriation; plagiary, plagiarism; 

autoplagiarism † ; latrocinium † . spoliation, plunder, pillage; sack, sackage † ; rapine, brigandage, foray, razzia † , rape, depredation, 

raid; blackmail. piracy, privateering, buccaneering; license to plunder, letters of marque, letters of mark and reprisal. filibustering, 

filibusterism † ; burglary; housebreaking; badger game [Slang]. robbery, highway robbery, hold-up [U.S.], mugging. peculation, 

embezzlement; fraud &c. 545; larceny, petty larceny, grand larceny, shoplifting. thievishness, rapacity, kleptomania, Alsatia † , den of 

Cacus, den of thieves. blackmail, extortion, shakedown, Black Hand [U.S.]. [person who commits theft] thief &c. 792. 

V. steal, thieve, rob, mug, purloin, pilfer, filch, prig, bag, nim † , crib, cabbage, palm; abstract; appropriate, plagiarize. convey away, 

carry off, abduct, kidnap, crimp; make off with, walk off with, run off with; run away with; spirit away, seize &c. (lay violent hands on) 

789. plunder, pillage, rifle, sack, loot, ransack, spoil, spoliate † , despoil, strip, sweep, gut, forage, levy blackmail, pirate, pickeer † , 

maraud, lift cattle, poach; smuggle, run; badger [Slang]; bail up, hold up, stick up; bunco, bunko, filibuster. swindle, peculate, 

embezzle; sponge, mulct, rook, bilk, pluck, pigeon, fleece; defraud &c. 545; obtain under false pretenses; live by one's wits. rob Peter 

to pay Paul, borrow of Peter to pay Paul; set a thief to catch a thief. disregard the distinction between meum and disregard the 

distinction between meum and tuum [Lat.]. [receive stolen goods] fence, launder, launder money. 

Adj. thieving &c. v.; thievish, light-fingered; furacious † , furtive; piratical; predaceous, predal † , predatory, predatorial † ; raptorial &c. 

(rapacious) 789. stolen &c. v.. 

Phr. sic vos non vobis [Lat.]. 

#792. Thief -- N. thief, robber, homo triumliterarum [Lat.], pilferer, rifler, filcher † , plagiarist. spoiler, depredator, pillager, marauder;

harpy, shark [Slang], land shark, falcon, mosstrooper † , bushranger † , Bedouin † , brigand, freebooter, bandit, thug, dacoit † ; pirate, 

corsair, viking, Paul Jones † , buccaneer, buccanier † ; piqueerer † , pickeerer † ; rover, ranger, privateer, filibuster; rapparee † , wrecker, 

picaroon † ; smuggler, poacher; abductor, badger [Slang], bunko man, cattle thief, chor † , contrabandist † , crook, hawk, holdup man, 

hold-up [U.S.], jackleg [U.S.], kidnaper, rustler, cattle rustler, sandbagger, sea king, skin [Slang], sneak thief, spieler † , strong-arm 

man [U.S.]. highwayman, Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Macheath, footpad, sturdy beggar. cut purse, pick purse; pickpocket, lightfingered 

gentry; sharper; card sharper, skittle sharper; thimblerigger; rook [Slang], Greek, blackleg, leg, welsher [Slang]; defaulter; 

Autolycus † , Jeremy Diddler † , Robert Macaire, artful dodger, trickster; swell mob [Slang], chevalier d'industrie [Fr.]; shoplifter. 

swindler, peculator; forger, coiner; fence, receiver of stolen goods, duffer; smasher. burglar, housebreaker; cracksman † , magsman 

[Slang]; Bill Sikes, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild. gang [group of thieves], gang of thieves, theft ring; organized crime, mafia, the 

Sicilian Mafia, the mob, la cosa nostra [It]. [famous thieves], Dillinger, Al Capone; Robin Hood. 

#793. Booty -- N. booty, spoil, plunder, prize, loot, swag [Slang], pickings; spolia opima [Lat.], prey; blackmail; stolen goods. 

Adj. manubial † . 

3. Interchange of Property 

#794. Barter -- N. barter, exchange, scorse † , truck system; interchange &c. 148. a Roland for an Oliver; quid pro quo; commutation, 

composition; Indian gift [U.S.]. trade, commerce, mercature † , buying and selling, bargain and sale; traffic, business, nundination † , 

custom, shopping; commercial enterprise, speculation, jobbing, stockjobbing † , agiotage † , brokery † . deal, dealing, transaction, 

negotiation, bargain. free trade. 

V. barter, exchange, swap, swop † , truck, scorse † ; interchange &c. 148; commutate &c. (substitute) 147; compound for. trade, traffic, 

buy and sell, give and take, nundinate † ; carry on a trade, ply a trade, drive a trade; be in business, be in the city; keep a shop, deal in, 

employ one's capital in. trade with, deal with, have dealings with; transact business with, do business with; open an account with, 

keep an account with. bargain; drive a bargain, make a bargain; negotiate, bid for; haggle, higgle † ; dicker [U.S.]; chaffer, huckster, 

cheapen, beat down; stickle, stickle for; out bid, under bid; ask, charge; strike a bargain &c. (contract) 769. speculate, give a sprat to 

catch a herring; buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest market, buy low and sell high; 

corner the market; rig the market, stag the market. 

Adj. commercial, mercantile, trading; interchangeable, marketable, staple, in the market, for sale. wholesale, retail. 

Adv. across the counter. 

Phr. cambio non e furto [It]. 

#795. Purchase -- N. purchase, emption † ; buying, purchasing, 

shopping; preemption, refusal. coemption † , bribery; slave trade. 

buyer, purchaser, emptor, vendee; patron, employer, client, 

customer, clientele. 

V. buy, purchase, invest in, procure; rent &c. (hire) 788; 

repurchase, buy in. keep in one's pay, bribe, suborn; pay &c. 807; 

spend &c. 809. make a purchase, complete a purchase; buy over 

the counter. shop, market, go shopping. 

Adj. purchased &c. v.. 

Phr. caveat emptor; the customer is always right. 

#796. Sale -- N. sale, vent, disposal; auction, roup, Dutch auction; 

outcry, vendue † ; custom &c. (traffic) 794. vendibility, 

vendibleness † . seller; vender, vendor; merchant &c. 797; 

auctioneer. 

V. sell, vend, dispose of, effect a sale; sell over the counter, sell by 

auction &c. n.; dispense, retail; deal in &c. 794; sell off, sell out; 

turn into money, realize; bring to the hammer, bring under the 

hammer, put up to auction, put up for auction; offer for sale, put up 

for sale; hawk, bring to market; offer &c. 763; undersell. let; 

mortgage &c. (security) 771. 

Adj. under the hammer, on the market, for sale. salable, 

marketable, vendible; unsalable &c. unpurchased † , unbought; on 

one's hands. 

Phr. chose qui plait est a demi vendue [Fr.]. 

#797. Merchant -- N. merchant, trader, dealer, monger, chandler, salesman; changer; regrater † ; shopkeeper, shopman † ; tradesman, 

tradespeople, tradesfolk. retailer; chapman, hawker, huckster, higgler † ; pedlar, colporteur, cadger, Autolycus † ; sutler † , vivandiere † ; 

costerman † , costermonger † ; tallyman; camelot; faker; vintner. money broker, money changer, money lender; cambist † , usurer, 

moneyer † , banker. jobber; broker &c. (agent) 758; buyer &c. 795; seller &c. 796; bear, bull. concern; firm &c. (partnership) 712. 

#798. Merchandise -- N. merchandise, ware, commodity, effects, goods, article, stock, product, produce, staple commodity; stock 

in trade &c. (store) 636; cargo &c. (contents) 190. 

#799. Mart -- N. mart; market, marketplace; fair, bazaar, staple, exchange, change, bourse, hall, guildhall; tollbooth, customhouse; 

Tattersall's. stall, booth, stand, newsstand; cart, wagon. wharf; office, chambers, countinghouse, bureau; counter, compter [Fr.]. shop, 

emporium, establishment; store &c. 636; department store, general store, five and ten, variety store, co-op, finding store [U.S.], 

grindery warehouse † . [food stores: list] grocery, supermarket, candy store, sweet shop, confectionery, bakery, greengrocer, 

delicatessen, bakeshop, butcher shop, fish store, farmers' market, mom and pop store, dairy, health food store. [specialized stores: 

list] tobacco shop, tobacco store, tobacconists, cigar store, hardware store, jewelry shop, bookstore, liquor store, gun shop, rod and 

reel shop, furniture store, drugstore, chemist's [Brit.], florist, flower shop, shoe store, stationer, stationer's, electronics shop, telephone 

store, music store, record shop, fur store, sporting goods store, video store, video rental store; lumber store, lumber yard, home 

improvements store, home improvement center; gas station, auto repair shop, auto dealer, used car dealer. mall, suburban mall, 

commons, pedestrian mall; shopping street. surplus store, army-navy surplus store. [locations where used articles are sold] auction; 

flea market; yard sale, garage sale; pawn shop; antiques store; second-hand store, second time around shop, thrift shop. warehouse, 

wareroom † ; depot, interposit † , entrepot [Fr.]. market-overt. real-estate broker. vending machine.

#799a. Stock Market [specialized markets for financial instruments] -- N. stock market, stock exchange, securities exchange; 

bourse, board; the big board, the New York Stock Exchange; the market, the open market; over-the-counter market; privately traded 

issues. commodities exchange, futures exchange, futures market. the pit, the floor. ticker, stock ticker, quotation; stock index, market 

index, the Dow Jones Index, the Dow Industrials, the transportation index, utilities, the utilities index; the New York Stock Exchange 

index, the Nikkei index [Jap.Tr.]; the Financial Times index, the FTI [Brit.], the over-the-counter index, NASDAQ index. [person or firm 

trading securities] broker, stockbroker, jobber, stock dealer, odd-lot dealer; specialist. [person who buys or sells stocks] investor, 

speculator, operator; bull, buyer; bear, short seller; scalper, arbitrager † , arbitrageur † ; stockholder, share-holder, stockholder of 

record; bond holder, coupon-clipper [Sarc.]. investment; speculation. 

V. speculate, invest, trade, trade stocks, play the market; buy long, sell short, take a position, straddle; take a plunge, plunge in, take 

a flier [Coll.]. 

#799b. Securities -- N. securities, stocks, common stock, preferred stock, bonds, puts, calls, options, option contract, warrants, 

commercial paper, bearer bond, tax-exempt bond, callable bond, convertable bond † . share, stock certificate; coupon, bond coupon. 

liquid assets. 

4. Monetary Relations 

#800. Money -- N. money, legal tender; money matters, money market; finance; accounts &c. 811; funds, treasure; capital, stock; 

assets &c. (property) 780; wealth &c. 803; supplies, ways and means, wherewithal, sinews of war, almighty dollar, needful, cash; 

mammon. [colloquial terms for money] dough, cabbage. money-like instruments, M1, M2, sum, amount; balance, balance sheet; 

sum total; proceeds &c. (receipts) 810. currency, circulating medium, specie, coin, piece [Fr.], hard cash, cold cash; dollar, sterling 

coin; pounds shillings and pence; Ls.d.; pocket, breeches pocket, purse; money in hand, cash at hand; ready money, ready cash; 

slug [U.S.], wad [Slang] wad of bills [U.S.], wad of money, thick wad of bills, roll of dough [Coll.]; rhino † , blunt † , dust † , mopus † , tin † , 

salt † , chink † ; argent comptant [Lat.]; bottom dollar, buzzard dollar † ; checks, dibs [Slang]. [specific types of currency] double eagle, 

eagle; Federal currency, fractional currency, postal currency; Federal Reserve Note, United States Note, silver certificate † , gold 

certificate † ; long bit, short bit [U.S.]; moss, nickel, pile [Slang], pin money, quarter [U.S.], red cent, roanoke † , rock [Slang]; seawan † , 

seawant † ; thousand dollars, grand [Coll.]. [types of paper currency, U.S.] single, one-dollar bill; two-dollar bill; five-dollar bill, fiver 

[Coll.], fin [Coll.], Lincoln; ten-dollar bill, sawbuck; twenty-dollar bill, Jackson, double sawbuck; fifty-dollar bill; hundred-dollar bill, Cnote. 

[types of U.S. coins: list] penny, cent, Lincoln cent, indian head penny, copper [1700-1900]; two-cent piece three-cent piece 

[Fr.], half-dime † , nickel, buffalo nickel, V nickel † , dime, disme † , mercury dime † , quarter, two bits, half dollar, dollar, silver dollar, 

Eisenhower dollar, Susan B. Anthony dollar † . precious metals, gold, silver, copper, bullion, ingot, nugget. petty cash, pocket money, 

change, small change, small coin, doit † , stiver † , rap, mite, farthing, sou, penny, shilling, tester, groat, guinea; rouleau † ; wampum; good 

sum, round sum, lump sum; power of money, plum, lac of rupees. major coin, crown; minor coin. monetarist, monetary theory. 

[Science of coins] numismatics, chrysology † . [coin scholar or collector] numismatist. paper money, greenback; major denomination, 

minor denomination; money order, postal money order, Post Office order; bank note; bond; bill, bill of exchange; order, warrant, 

coupon, debenture, exchequer bill, assignat † ; blueback [U.S.], hundi † , shinplaster [U.S.]. note, note of hand; promissory note, I O U; 

draft, check, cheque, back-dated check; negotiable order of withdrawal, NOW. remittance &c. (payment) 807; credit &c. 805; liability 

&c. 806. drawer, drawee † ; obligor † , obligee † ; moneyer † , coiner. false money, bad money; base coin, flash note, slip † , kite [Slang]; 

fancy stocks; Bank of Elegance. argumentum ad crumenam [Lat.]. letter of credit. circulation, multiplier effect. [variation in the value 

of currency] inflation, double-digit inflation, hyperinflation, erosion of the currency, debasement of the currency; deflation; stagflation. 

[relative value of two currencies] exchange rate, rate of exchange, floating exchange rates, fixed rates. [place to exchange 

currencies] currency counter, currency exchange, bureau de change [Fr.]. gold-backed currency, gold standard, silver standard. bank 

account, savings account, checking account, money market account, NOW account, time deposit, deposit, demand deposit, super 

NOW account; certificate of deposit, CD. [money symbols] $ [U.S.], US$ [U.S.]; Y; A$. [authorities controlling currency] Federal 

Reserve Bank [U.S.], central bank [U.S.]; Federal Reserve Board, board of governors of the Federal Reserve; Treasury Department; 

Secret Service. [place where money is manufactured] mint, bureau of engraving. [government profit in manufacturing money] 

seigniorage. [false money] counterfeit, funny money, bogus money, (falsehood) 545. [cost of money] interest, interest rate, discount 

rate. 

V. amount to, come to, mount up to; touch the pocket; draw, draw upon; indorse &c. (security) 771; issue, utter; discount &c. 813; 

back; demonetize, remonetize; fiscalize † , monetize. circulate, be in circulation; be out of circulation. [manufacture currency] mint 

(coins), coin; print (paper currency). [vary the value of money] inflate, deflate; debase; devalue, revalue. [vary the amount of money] 

circulate, put in circulation; withdraw from circulation. [change the type of currency] exchange currencies, change money. charge 

interest; pay interest; lose interest. 

Adj. monetary, pecuniary, crumenal † , fiscal, financial, sumptuary, numismatic, numismatical † ; sterling; nummary † . 

Phr. barbarus ipse placet dummodo sit dives [Lat.] [Ovid]; but the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that but the jingling of the 

guinea helps the hurt that honor feels" [Tennyson]; Gelt regiert die Welt [G.], money rules the world, money makes the world go round; 

nervos belli pecuniam infinitam [Lat.] [Cicero]; redet Geld so schweigt die Welt [G.]; money is the mother's milk of politics" [Tip 

O'Neill]; money is the root of all evil; money isn't everything; as phony as a three-dollar bill;" don't take any wooden nickels." 

#801. Treasurer -- N. treasurer; bursar, bursary; purser, purse bearer; cash keeper, banker; depositary; questor † , receiver, steward, 

trustee, accountant, Accountant General, almoner, liquidator, paymaster, cashier, teller; cambist † ; money changer &c. (merchant) 

797. financier. Secretary of the Treasury; Chancellor of the Exchequer, minister of finance. 

#802. Treasury -- N. treasury, bank, exchequer, fisc, hanaper † ; cash register, kutcherry † , bursary; strong box, strong hold, strong 

room; coffer; chest &c. (receptacle) 191; safe; bank vault; depository &c. 636; till, tiller; purse; money bag, money box; porte-monnaie

[Fr.]. purse strings; pocket, breeches pocket. sinking fund; stocks; public stocks, public funds, public securities, parliamentary stocks, 

parliamentary funds, parliamentary securities; Consols, credit mobilier [Fr.]; bonds. 

#803. Wealth -- N. wealth, riches, fortune, handsome fortune, 

opulence, affluence; good circumstances, easy circumstances; 

independence; competence &c. (sufficiency) 639; solvency. 

provision, livelihood, maintenance; alimony, dowry; means, 

resources, substance; property &c. 780; command of money. 

income &c. 810; capital, money; round sum &c. (treasure) 800; 

mint of money, mine of wealth, El Dorado [Sp.], bonanza, 

Pacatolus, Golconda, Potosi. long purse, full purse, well lined 

purse, heavy purse, deep pockets; purse of Fortunatus [Lat.]; 

embarras de richesses [Fr.]. pelf, Mammon, lucre, filthy lucre; 

loaves and fishes † . rich man, moneyed man, warm man; man of 

substance; capitalist, millionaire, tippybob [Slang], Nabob, 

Croesus, idas, Plutus, Dives, Timon of Athens † ; Timocracy, 

Plutocracy; Danae. 

V. be rich &c. adj.; roll in wealth, roll in riches, wallow in wealth, 

wallow in riches. afford, well afford; command money, command a 

sum; make both ends meet, hold one's head above water. 

become rich &c. adj.; strike it rich; come into a sum of money, 

receive a windfall, receive an inheritance, hit the jackpot, win the 

lottery; fill one's pocket &c. (treasury) 802; feather one's nest, 

make a fortune; make money &c. (acquire) 775. enrich, imburse. 

worship the golden calf, worship Mammon. 

Adj. wealthy, rich, affluent, opulent, moneyed, monied, worth much; 

well to do, well off; warm; comfortable, well, well provided for. 

made of money; rich as Croesus, filthy rich, rich as a Jew † ; rolling 

in riches, rolling in wealth. flush, flush of cash, flush of money, flush 

of tin [Slang]; in funds, in cash, in full feather; solvent, pecunious † , 

out of debt, in the black, all straight. 

Phr. one's ship coming in. amour fait beaucoup mais argent fait 

tout [Fr.], love does much but money does everything; aurea 

rumpunt tecta quietem [Lat.] [Seneca]; magna servitus ist magna 

fortuna [Lat.]; mammon, the least erected spirit that fell from 

mammon, the least erected spirit that fell from Heaven" [Paradise 

Lost]; opum furiata cupido [Lat.] [Ovid]; vera prosperita e non aver 

necessita [It]; wie gewonnen so zerronnen [G.]. 

#805. Credit -- N. credit, trust, tick, score, tally, account. letter of 

credit, circular note; duplicate; mortgage, lien, debenture, paper 

credit, floating capital; draft, lettre de creance [Fr.], securities. 

creditor, lender, lessor, mortgagee; dun; usurer. credit account, 

line of credit, open line of credit. credit card. 

V. keep an account with, run up an account with; intrust, credit, 

accredit. place to one's credit, credit to one's account, place to 

one's account † ; give credit, take credit; fly a kite † . 

Adj. crediting, credited; accredited. 

Adv. on credit &c. n.; on account; to the account of, to the credit 

of; a compte [Fr.]. 

#807. Payment -- N. payment, defrayment † ; discharge; 

acquittance, quittance; settlement, clearance, liquidation, 

satisfaction, reckoning, arrangement. acknowledgment, release; 

receipt, receipt in full, receipt in full of all demands; voucher. 

#804. Poverty -- N. poverty, indigence, penury, pauperism, 

destitution, want; need, neediness; lack, necessity, privation, 

distress, difficulties, wolf at the door. bad circumstances, poor 

circumstances, need circumstances, embarrassed 

circumstances, reduced circumstances, straightened 

circumstances; slender means, narrow means; straits; hand to 

mouth existence, res angusta domi [Lat.], low water, 

impecuniosity. beggary; mendicancy, mendicity † ; broken fortune, 

loss of fortune; insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808. empty pocket, 

empty purse; light purse; beggarly account of empty boxes. [poor 

people] poor man, pauper, mendicant, mumper † , beggar, 

starveling; pauvre diable [Fr.]; fakir † , schnorrer † ; homeless 

person. 

V. be poor &c. adj.; want, lack, starve, live from hand to mouth, 

have seen better days, go down in the world, come upon the 

parish; go to the dogs, go to wrack and ruin; not have a penny &c. 

(money) 800, not have a shot in one's locker; beg one's bread; 

tirer le diable par la queue [Fr.]; run into debt &c. (debt) 806. 

render poor &c. adj.; impoverish; reduce, reduce to poverty; 

pauperize, fleece, ruin, bring to the parish. 

Adj. poor, indigent; poverty-stricken; badly off, poorly off, ill off; 

poor as a rat, poor as a church mouse, poor as a Job; 

fortuneless † , dowerless † , moneyless † , penniless; unportioned † , 

unmoneyed † ; impecunious; out of money, out of cash, short of 

money, short of cash; without a rap, not worth a rap &c. (money) 

800; qui n'a pas le sou [Fr.], out of pocket, hard up; out at elbows, 

out at heels; seedy, bare-footed; beggarly, beggared; destitute; 

fleeced, stripped; bereft, bereaved; reduced; homeless. in want 

&c. n.; needy, necessitous, distressed, pinched, straitened; put to 

one's shifts, put to one's last shifts; unable to keep the wolf from 

the door, unable to make both ends meet; embarrassed, under 

hatches; involved &c. (in debt) 806; insolvent &c. (not paying) 

808. 

Adv. in forma pauperis [Lat.]. 

Phr. zonam perdidit [Lat.]; a penniless lass wi' a lang pedigree" 

[Lady Nairne]; a pobreza no hay verguenza [Sp.]; he that is down 

can fall no lower" [Butler]; poca roba poco pensiero [It]; steeped . . 

. in poverty to the very steeped . . . in poverty to the very lips" 

[Othello]; the short and simple annals of the poor" [Gray]. 

#806. Debt -- N. debt, obligation, liability, indebtment † , debit, 

score. bill; check; account (credit) 805. arrears, deferred payment, 

deficit, default, insolvency &c. (nonpayment) 808; bad debt. 

interest; premium; usance † , usury; floating debt, floating capital. 

debtor, debitor † ; mortgagor; defaulter &c. 808; borrower. 

V. be in debt &c. adj.; owe; incur a debt, contract a debt &c. n.; 

run up a bill, run up a score, run up an account; go on tick; borrow 

&c. 788; run into debt, get into debt, outrun the constable; run up 

debts, run up bills (spend) 809. answer for, go bail for. [notify a 

person of his indebtedness: ] bill, charge. 

Adj. indebted; liable, chargeable, answerable for. in debt, in 

embarrassed circumstances, in difficulties; incumbered, involved; 

involved in debt, plunged in debt, deep in debt, over one's head in 

debt, over head and ears in debt; deeply involved; fast tied up; 

insolvent &c. (not paying) 808; minus, out of pocket. unpaid; 

unrequited, unrewarded; owing, due, in arrear † , outstanding; past 

due. 

Phr. aes alienum debitorem leve gravius inimicum aes alienum 

debitorem leve gravius inimicum facit [Lat.]; neither a borrower nor 

a lender be" [Hamlet]. 

#808. Nonpayment -- N. nonpayment; default, defalcation; 

protest, repudiation; application of the sponge † ; whitewashing. 

insolvency, bankruptcy, failure; insufficiency &c. 640; run upon a 

bank; overdrawn account. waste paper bonds; dishonored bills,

salary, compensation, remuneration (reward) 973. repayment, 

reimbursement, retribution; pay &c. (reward) 973; money paid &c. 

(expenditure) 809. ready money &c. (cash) 800; stake, 

remittance, installment. payer, liquidator &c. 801. pay cash, pay 

cash on the barrelhead. 

V. pay, defray, make payment; paydown, pay on the nail, pay 

ready money, pay at sight, pay in advance; cash, honor a bill, 

acknowledge; redeem; pay in kind. pay one's way, pay one's shot, 

pay one's footing; pay the piper, pay sauce for all, pay costs; do 

the needful; shell out, fork out; cough up [Coll.], fork over; come 

down with, come down with the dust; tickle the palm, grease the 

palm; expend &c. 809; put down, lay down. discharge, settle, quit, 

acquit oneself of; foot the bill; account with, reckon with, settle with, 

be even with, be quits with; strike a balance; settle accounts with, 

balance accounts with, square accounts with; quit scores; wipe off 

old scores, clear off old scores; satisfy; pay in full; satisfy all 

demands, pay in full of all demands; clear, liquidate; pay up, pay 

old debts. disgorge, make repayment; repay, refund, reimburse, 

retribute † ; make compensation &c. 30. pay by credit card, put it 

on the plastic. 

Adj. paying &c.; paid &c. v.; owing nothing, out of debt, all straight; 

unowed † , never indebted. 

Adv. to the tune of; on the nail, money down. 

#809. Expenditure -- N. expenditure, money going out; out 

goings, out lay; expenses, disbursement; prime cost &c. (price) 

812; circulation; run upon a bank. payment &c. 807 [Money paid]; 

pay &c. (remuneration) 973; bribe &c. 973; fee, footing, garnish; 

subsidy; tribute; contingent, quota; donation &c. 784. pay in 

advance, earnest, handsel, deposit, installment. investment; 

purchase &c. 795. 

V. expend, spend; run through, get through; pay, disburse; ante, 

ante up; pony up [U.S.]; open the purse strings, loose the purse 

strings, untie the purse strings; lay out, shell out [Slang], fork out 

[Slang], fork over; bleed; make up a sum, invest, sink money. run 

up debts, run up bills (debt) 806. fee &c. (reward) 973; pay one's 

way &c. (pay) 807; subscribe &c. (give) 784; subsidize. 

Adj. expending, expended &c. v.; sumptuary. 

Phr. vectigalia nervos esse reipublicae [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

protested bills; bogus check, bogus cheque, rubber check. 

bankrupt, insolvent, debtor, lame duck, man of straw, welsher, 

stag, defaulter, levanter † . 

V. not pay &c. 807; fail, break, stop payment; become insolvent, 

become bankrupt; be gazetted. protest, dishonor, repudiate, 

nullify, refuse payment. pay under protest; button up one's pockets, 

draw the purse strings; apply the sponge; pay over the left 

shoulder, get whitewashed; swindle &c. 791; run up bills, fly kites. 

Adj. not paying, non-paying, non-performing; in debt &c. 806; 

behindhand, in arrear † , behind in payments, in arrears; beggared 

&c. (poor) 804; unable to make both ends meet, minus; worse 

than nothing; worthless. insolvent, bankrupt, in the gazette, 

gazetted. unpaid &c. (outstanding) 806; gratis &c. 815; 

unremunerated. 

#810. Receipt -- N. receipt, value received, money coming in; 

income, incomings, innings, revenue, return, proceeds; gross 

receipts, net profit; earnings &c. (gain) 775; accepta † , avails. rent, 

rent roll; rental, rentage † ; rack-rent. premium, bonus; 

sweepstakes, tontine. pension, annuity; jointure &c. (property) 

780 † ; alimony, palimony [Coll.], pittance; emolument &c. 

(remuneration) 973. 

V. receive &c. 785; take money; draw from, derive from; acquire 

&c. 775; take &c. 789. bring in, yield, afford, pay, return; accrue 

&c. (be received from) 785. 

Adj. receiving, received &c. v.; profitable &c. (gainful) 775. 

#811. Accounts -- N. accounts, accompts † ; commercial arithmetic, monetary arithmetic; statistics &c. (numeration) 85; money 

matters, finance, budget, bill, score, reckoning, account. books, account book, ledger; day book, cash book, pass book; journal; 

debtor and creditor account, cash account, running account; account current; balance, balance sheet; compte rendu [Fr.], account 

settled, acquit, assets, expenditure, liabilities, outstanding accounts; profit and loss account, profit and loss statement, receipts. 

bookkeeping, accounting, double entry bookkeeping, reckoning. audit. [person who keeps accounts] accountant, auditor, actuary, 

bookkeeper, bean counter [Sarc.]; financier &c. 801; accounting party; chartered accountant, certified accountant; accounting firm, 

auditing firm. 

V. keep accounts, enter, post, book, credit, debit, carry over; take stock; balance accounts, make up accounts, square accounts, 

settle accounts, wind up accounts, cast up accounts; make accounts square, square accounts. bring to book, tax, surcharge and 

falsify. audit, field audit; check the books, verify accounts. falsify an account, garble an account, cook an account, cook the books, 

doctor an account. 

Adj. monetary &c. 800; accountable, accounting. 

#812. Price -- N. price, amount, cost, expense, prime cost, 

charge, figure; demand, damage; fare, hire, wages &c. 

(remuneration) 973; value &c. 812.1. dues, duty, toll, tax, impost, 

cess † , sess † , tallage † , levy; abkari † ; capitation tax, poll tax; 

doomage [U.S.], likin † ; gabel † , gabelle † ; gavel, octroi † , custom, 

excise, assessment, benevolence, tithe, tenths, exactment † , 

ransom, salvage, tariff; brokerage, wharfage, freightage. bill &c. 

(account) 811; shot. 

V. bear a price, set a price, fix a price; appraise, assess, doom 

[U.S.], price, charge, demand, ask, require, exact, run up; distrain; 

run up a bill &c. (debt) 806; have one's price; liquidate. amount to, 

come to, mount up to; stand one in. fetch, sell for, cost, bring in, 

yield, afford. 

Adj. priced &c. v.; to the tune of, ad valorem; dutiable; mercenary, 

venal. 

#812b. Worthlessness -- N. worthlessness, valuelessness † ; lack 

of value; uselessness. [low value] cheapness, shoddiness; low 

quality, poor quality. [worthless item] trash, garbage. 

Adj. worthless, valueless; useless. [of low value] cheap, shoddy; 

slapdash. inexpensive &c. 815. 

Phr. not worth the paper it's printed on, not worth a sou. 

#813. Discount -- N. discount, abatement, concession, reduction, 

depreciation, allowance; qualification, set-off, drawback, 

poundage, agio † , percentage; rebate, rebatement † ; 

backwardation, contango † ; salvage; tare and tret † . sale, bargain; 

half price; price war. wholesale, wholesale price; dealer's price; 

trade price. coupon, discount coupon, cents-off coupon; store 

coupon, manufacturer's coupon; double coupon discount, triple 

coupon discount. 

V. discount, bate; abate, rebate; reduce, price down, mark down

Phr. no penny no paternoster [Lat.]; point d'argent point de Suisse V. discount, bate; abate, rebate; reduce, price down, mark down 

[Fr.], no longer pipe no longer dance, no song no supper, if you take off, allow, give, make allowance; tax. 

dance you have to pay the piper, you get what you pay for, there's Adj. discounting &c. v.. 

no such thing as a free lunch. one may have it for; a bon marche Adv. at a discount, below par; at wholesale; have a friend in the 

[Fr.]. 

business. 

#812a. Value [intrinsic worth] -- N. worth, rate, value, intrinsic 

value, quality; par value. [estimated value] valuation, appraisal, 

assessment, appraisement. [value as estimated in a market] 

price current, market price, quotation; fair price, going price; what 

it will fetch &c. v.; what the market will bear. money's worth; 

penny's worth &c.; worth. cost (price) 812. 

V. value, esteem; appreciate. [estimate value] appraise, evaluate, 

assess. 

Adj. valuable, estimable; worthwhile; worthy, full of worth. precious 

(expensive) 814. 

Phr. worth the price; worth a king's ransom; accountants who 

know the price of everything and the accountants who know the 

price of everything and the value of nothing. 

#814. Dearness -- N. dearness &c. adj.; high price, famine price, 

fancy price; overcharge; extravagance; exorbitance, extortion; 

heavy pull upon the purse. 

V. be dear &c. adj.; cost much, cost a pretty penny; rise in price, 

look up. [demand a price in excess of value] overcharge, bleed, 

fleece, extort. [pay a price in excess of value] pay too much, pay 

through the nose, pay too dear for one's whistle, pay top dollar. 

Adj. dear; high, high priced; of great price, expensive, costly, 

precious; worth a Jew's eye † , dear bought. at a premium. not to 

be had, not to be had for love or money; beyond price, above 

price, priceless, of priceless value. [priced in excess of value] 

unreasonable, extravagant, exorbitant, extortionate; overpriced, 

more than it's woth. 

Adv. dear, dearly; at great cost, heavy cost; a grands frais [Fr.]. 

Phr. prices looking up; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle [Fr.]; le cout 

en ote le gout [Fr.]; vel prece vel pretio [Lat.]; too high a price to 

pay, not worth it. 

#816. Liberality -- N. liberality, generosity, munificence; bounty, 

bounteousness, bountifulness; hospitality; charity &c. 

(beneficence) 906. 

V. be liberal &c. adj.; spend freely, bleed freely; shower down 

upon; open one's purse strings &c. (disburse) 809; spare no 

expense, give carte blanche [Fr.]. 

Adj. liberal, free, generous; charitable &c. (beneficent) 906; 

hospitable; bountiful, bounteous; handsome; unsparing, 

ungrudging; unselfish; open handed, free handed, full handed; 

open hearted, large hearted, free hearted; munificent, princely. 

overpaid. 

Phr. handsome is that handsome does" [Goldsmith]. 

#815. Cheapness -- N. cheapness, low price; depreciation; 

bargain; good penny worth &c.; snap [U.S.]. [Absence of charge] 

gratuity; free quarters, free seats, free admission, pass, free pass, 

free warren, give-away, freebee [Coll.]; run of one's teeth; nominal 

price, peppercorn rent; labor of love. drug in the market; 

deadhead † . 

V. be cheap &c. adj.; cost little; come down in price, fall in price. 

buy for a mere nothing, buy for an old song; have one's money's 

worth. 

Adj. cheap; low, low priced; moderate, reasonable; inexpensive, 

unexpensive † ; well worth the money, worth the money; magnifique 

et pas cher [Fr.]; good at the price, cheap at the price; dirt cheap, 

dog cheap; cheap, cheap as dirt, cheap and nasty; catchpenny; 

discounted &c. 813. half-price, depreciated, unsalable. gratuitous, 

gratis, free, for nothing; costless, expenseless † ; without charge, 

not charged, untaxed; scotfree, shotfree † , rent-free; free of cost, 

free of expense; honorary, unbought, unpaid. 

Adv. for a mere song, for a song; at cost, at cost price, at prime 

cost, at a reduction; a bon marche [Fr.]. 

#817. Economy -- N. economy, frugality; thrift, thriftiness; care, 

husbandry, good housewifery, savingness † , retrenchment. 

savings; prevention of waste, save-all; cheese parings and candle 

ends; parsimony &c. 819. cost-cutting, cost control. 

V. be economical &c. adj.; practice economy; economize, save; 

retrench, cut back expenses, cut expenses; cut one's coat 

according to one's cloth, make both ends meet, keep within 

compass, meet one's expenses, pay one's way, pay as you go; 

husband &c. (lay by) 636. save money, invest money; put out to 

interest; provide for a rainy day, save for a rainy day, provide 

against a rainy day, save against a rainy day; feather one's nest; 

look after the main chance. cut costs. 

Adj. economical, frugal, careful, thrifty, saving, chary, spare, 

sparing; parsimonious &c. 819. underpaid. 

Adv. sparingly &c. adj.; ne quid nimis [Lat.]. 

Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit [Lat.]; magnum est 

vectigal parsimonia [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

#817a. Greed [excessive desire] -- N. covetousness, ravenousness &c. adj.; venality, avidity, cupidity; acquisitiveness (acquisition) 

775; desire &c. 865. [greed for money or material things] greed, greediness, avarice, avidity, rapacity, extortion. selfishness &c. 

943; auri sacra fames [Lat.]. grasping, craving, canine appetite, rapacity. 

V. covet, crave (desire) 865; grasp; exact, extort. 

Adj. greedy, avaricious, covetous, acquisitive, grasping; rapacious; lickerish † . greedy as a hog; overeager; voracious; ravenous, 

ravenous as a wolf; openmouthed, extortionate, exacting, sordid † , alieni appetens [Lat.]; insatiable, insatiate; unquenchable, 

quenchless; omnivorous. 

#818. Prodigality -- N. prodigality, prodigence † ; unthriftiness † , 

waste; profusion, profuseness; extravagance; squandering &c. v.; 

#819. Parsimony -- N. parsimony, parcity † ; parsimoniousness † , 

stinginess &c. adj.; stint; illiberality, tenacity. avarice, greed &c.

malversation. prodigal; spendthrift, waste thrift; losel † , 

squanderer † , locust; high roller [U.S.]. 

V. be prodigal &c. adj.; squander, lavish, sow broadcast; pour 

forth like water; blow, blow in [Slang]; pay through the nose &c. 

(dear) 814; spill, waste, dissipate, exhaust, drain, eat out of house 

and home, overdraw, outrun the constable; run out, run through; 

misspend; throw good money after bad, throw the helve after the 

hatchet † ; burn the candle at both ends; make ducks and drakes of 

one's money; fool away one's money, potter away one's money, 

muddle away one's money, fritter away one's money, throw away 

one's money, run through one's money; pour water into a sieve, kill 

the goose that lays the golden eggs; manger son ble en herbe 

[Fr.]. 

Adj. prodigal, profuse, thriftless, unthrifty, improvident, wasteful, 

losel † 817.1. miser, niggard, churl, screw, skinflint, crib, codger, 

muckworm 

, extravagant, lavish, dissipated, overliberal; full-handed &c. 

(liberal) 816. penny wise and pound foolish. 

Adv. with an unsparing hand; money burning a hole in one's 

pocket. 

Phr. amor nummi [Lat.]; facile largiri de alieno [Lat.]; wie 

gewonnen so zerronnen [G.]; les fous font les festins et les sages 

les les fous font les festins et les sages les mangent [Fr.]; 

spendthrift alike of money and of wit" [Cowper]; squandering 

wealth was his peculiar squandering wealth was his peculiar art" 

[Dryden]. 

† , scrimp, lickpenny † , hunks, curmudgeon, Harpagon, 

harpy, extortioner, Jew, usurer; Hessian [U.S.]; pinch fist, pinch 

penny. 

V. be parsimonious &c. adj.; grudge, begrudge, stint, pinch, gripe, 

screw, dole out, hold back, withhold, starve, famish, live upon 

nothing, skin a flint. drive a bargain, drive a hard bargain; 

cheapen, beat down; stop one hole in a sieve; have an itching 

palm, grasp, grab. 

Adj. parsimonious, penurious, stingy, miserly, mean, shabby, 

peddling, scrubby, penny wise, near, niggardly, close; fast 

handed, close handed, strait handed; close fisted, hard fisted, 

tight fisted; tight, sparing; chary; grudging, griping &c. v.; illiberal, 

ungenerous, churlish, hidebound, sordid, mercenary, venal, 

covetous, usurious, avaricious, greedy, extortionate, rapacious. 

Adv. with a sparing hand. 

Phr. desunt inopioe multa avaritiae omnia [Lat.] [Syrus]; hoards 

after hoards his rising raptures hoards after hoards his rising 

raptures fill" [Goldsmith]; the unsunn'd heaps of miser's treasures" 

[Milton]. 

CLASS VI 

WORDS RELATING TO THE SENTIENT AND MORAL POWERS 

SECTION I. 

AFFECTIONS IN GENERAL 

#820. Affections -- N. affections, affect; character, qualities, disposition, nature, spirit, tone; temper, temperament; diathesis † , 

idiosyncrasy; cast of mind, cast of soul, habit of mind, habit of soul, frame of mind, frame of soul; predilection, turn, natural turn of 

mind; bent, bias, predisposition, proneness, proclivity, propensity, propenseness † , propension † , propendency † ; vein, humor, mood, 

grain, mettle; sympathy &c. (love) 897. soul, heart, breast, bosom, inner man; heart's core, heart's strings, heart's blood; heart of 

hearts, bottom of one's heart, penetralia mentis [Lat.]; secret and inmost recesses of the heart, cockles of one's heart; inmost heart, 

inmost soul; backbone. passion, pervading spirit; ruling passion, master passion; furore † ; fullness of the heart, heyday of the blood, 

flesh and blood, flow of soul. energy, fervor, fire, force. 

V. have affections, possess affections &c. n.; be of a character &c. n.; be affected &c. adj.; breathe. 

Adj. affected, characterized, formed, molded, cast; attempered † , tempered; framed; predisposed; prone, inclined; having a bias &c. 

n.; tinctured with, imbued with, penetrated with, eaten up with. inborn, inbred, ingrained; deep-rooted, ineffaceable, inveterate; 

pathoscopic † ; congenital, dyed in the wool, implanted by nature, inherent, in the grain. affective. 

Adv. in one's heart &c. n.; at heart; heart and soul &c. 821. 

Phr. affection is a coal that must be cool'd else affection is a coal that must be cool'd else suffer'd it will set the heart on fire" [Venus 

and Adonis]. 

#821. Feeling -- N. feeling; suffering &c. v.; endurance, tolerance, sufferance, supportance † , experience, response; sympathy &c. 

(love) 897; impression, inspiration, affection, sensation, emotion, pathos, deep sense. warmth, glow, unction, gusto, vehemence; 

fervor, fervency; heartiness, cordiality; earnestness, eagerness; empressement [Fr.], gush, ardor, zeal, passion, enthusiasm, verve, 

furore † , fanaticism; excitation of feeling &c. 824; fullness of the heart &c. (disposition) 820; passion &c. (state of excitability) 825; 

ecstasy &c. (pleasure) 827. blush, suffusion, flush; hectic; tingling, thrill, turn, shock; agitation &c. (irregular motion) 315; quiver, 

heaving, flutter, flurry, fluster, twitter, tremor; throb, throbbing; pulsation, palpitation, panting; trepidation, perturbation; ruffle, hurry of 

spirits, pother, stew, ferment; state of excitement. 

V. feel; receive an impression &c. n.; be impressed with &c. adj.; entertain feeling, harbor feeling, cherish feeling &c. n.. respond; 

catch the flame, catch the infection; enter the spirit of. bear, suffer, support, sustain, endure, thole [Scot.], aby † ; abide &c. (be 

composed) 826; experience &c. (meet with) 151; taste, prove; labor under, smart under; bear the brunt of, brave, stand. swell, glow, 

warm, flush, blush, change color, mantle; turn color, turn pale, turn red, turn black in the face; tingle, thrill, heave, pant, throb, palpitate, 

go pitapat, tremble, quiver, flutter, twitter; shake &c. 315; be agitated, be excited &c. 824; look blue, look black; wince; draw a deep 

breath. impress &c. (excite the feelings) 824. 

Adj. feeling &c. v.; sentient; sensuous; sensorial, sensory; emotive, emotional; of feeling, with feeling &c. n.. warm, quick, lively, 

smart, strong, sharp, acute, cutting, piercing, incisive; keen, keen as a razor; trenchant, pungent, racy, piquant, poignant, caustic. 

impressive, deep, profound, indelible; deep felt, home felt, heartfelt; swelling, soul-stirring, deep-mouthed, heart-expanding, electric, 

thrilling, rapturous, ecstatic. earnest, wistful, eager, breathless; fervent; fervid; gushing, passionate, warm-hearted, hearty, cordial, 

sincere, zealous, enthusiastic, glowing, ardent, burning, red-hot, fiery, flaming; boiling over. pervading, penetrating, absorbing; rabid, 

raving, feverish, fanatical, hysterical; impetuous &c. (excitable) 825. impressed with, moved with, touched with, affected with, 

penetrated with, seized with, imbued with &c. 82; devoured by; wrought up &c. (excited) 824; struck all of a heap; rapt; in a quiver &c. 

n.; enraptured &c. 829.

Adv. heart and soul, from the bottom of one's heart, ab imo pectore [Lat.], at heart, con amore [It], heartily, devoutly, over head and 

ears, head over heels. 

Phr. the heart big, the heart full, the heart swelling, the heart beating, the heart pulsating, the heart throbbing, the heart thumping, the 

heart beating high, the heart melting, the heart overflowing, the heart bursting, the heart breaking; the heart goes out, a heart as big as 

all outdoors (sympathy) 897. 

#822. Sensibility -- N. sensibility, sensibleness, sensitiveness; 

moral sensibility; impressibility, affectibility † ; susceptibleness, 

susceptibility, susceptivity † ; mobility; vivacity, vivaciousness; 

tenderness, softness; sentimental, sentimentality; sentimentalism. 

excitability &c. 825; fastidiousness &c. 868; physical sensibility 

&c. 375. sore point, sore place; where the shoe pinches. 

V. be sensible &c. adj.; have a tender heart, have a warm heart, 

have a sensitive heart. take to heart, treasure up in the heart; 

shrink. die of a rose in aromatic pain" [Pope]; touch to the quick; 

touch on the raw, touch a raw nerve. 

Adj. sensible, sensitive; impressible, impressionable; susceptive, 

susceptible; alive to, impassionable † , gushing; warm hearted, 

tender hearted, soft hearted; tender as a chicken; soft, 

sentimental, romantic; enthusiastic, highflying † , spirited, 

mettlesome, vivacious, lively, expressive, mobile, tremblingly alive; 

excitable &c. 825; oversensitive, without skin, thin-skinned; 

fastidious &c. 868. 

Adv. sensibly &c. adj.; to the quick, to the inmost core. 

Phr. mens aequa in arduis [Lat.]; pour salt in the wound. 

#823. Insensibility -- N. insensibility, insensibleness † ; moral 

insensibility; inertness, inertia; vis inertiae [Lat.]; impassibility, 

impassibleness; inappetency † , apathy, phlegm, dullness, 

hebetude † , supineness, lukewarmness † . cold fit, cold blood, cold 

heart; coldness, coolness; frigidity, sang froid [Fr.]; stoicism, 

imperturbation &c. (inexcitability) 826 † ; nonchalance, unconcern, 

dry eyes; insouciance &c. (indifference) 866; recklessness &c. 

863; callousness; heart of stone, stock and stone, marble, 

deadness. torpor, torpidity; obstupefaction † , lethargy, coma, 

trance, vegetative state; sleep &c. 683; suspended animation; 

stupor, stupefaction; paralysis, palsy; numbness &c. (physical 

insensibility) 376. neutrality; quietism, vegetation. 

V. be insensible &c. adj.; have a rhinoceros hide; show 

insensibility &c. n.; not mind, not care, not be affected by; have no 

desire for &c. 866; have no interest in, feel no interest in, take no 

interest in; nil admirari [Lat.]; not care a straw for &c. 

(unimportance) 643; disregard &c. (neglect) 460; set at naught 

&c. (make light of) 483; turn a deaf ear to &c. (inattention) 458; 

vegetate. render insensible, render callous; blunt, obtund † , numb, 

benumb, paralyze, deaden, hebetate † , stun, stupefy; brutify † ; 

brutalize; chloroform, anaesthetize † , put under; assify † . inure; 

harden the heart; steel, caseharden, sear. 

Adj. insensible, unconscious; impassive, impassible; blind to, 

deaf to, dead to; unsusceptible, insusceptible; unimpressionable † , 

unimpressible † ; passionless, spiritless, heartless, soulless; 

unfeeling, unmoral. apathetic; leuco- † , phlegmatic; dull, frigid; cold 

blooded, cold hearted; cold as charity; flat, maudlin, obtuse, inert, 

supine, sluggish, torpid, torpedinous † , torporific † ; sleepy &c. 

(inactive) 683; languid, half-hearted, tame; numbed; comatose; 

anaesthetic &c. 376; stupefied, chloroformed, drugged, stoned; 

palsy-stricken. indifferent, lukewarm; careless, mindless, 

regardless; inattentive &c. 458; neglectful &c. 460; disregarding. 

unconcerned, nonchalant, pococurante † , insouciant, sans souci 

[Fr.]; unambitious &c. 866. unaffected, unruffled, unimpressed, 

uninspired, unexcited, unmoved, unstirred, untouched, 

unshocked † , unstruck † ; unblushing &c. (shameless) 885; 

unanimated; vegetative. callous, thick-skinned, hard-nosed, 

pachydermatous, impervious; hardened; inured, casehardened; 

steeled against, proof against; imperturbable &c. (inexcitable) 

826 † ; unfelt. 

Adv. insensibly &c. adj.; aequo animo [Lat.]; without being moved, 

without being touched, without being impressed; in cold blood; 

with dry eyes, with withers unwrung † . 

Phr. never mind; macht nichts [G.], it is of no consequence &c. 

(unimportant) 643; it cannot be helped; nothing coming amiss; it 

is all the same to, it is all one to. 

#824. Excitation -- N. excitation of feeling; mental excitement; suscitation † , galvanism, stimulation, piquance, piquancy, provocation, 

inspiration, calling forth, infection; animation, agitation, perturbation; subjugation, fascination, intoxication; enravishment † ; 

entrancement; pressure, tension, high pressure. unction, impressiveness &c. adj.. trail of temper, casus belli [Lat.]; irritation &c. 

(anger) 900; passion &c. (state of excitability) 825; thrill &c. (feeling) 821; repression of feeling &c. 826; sensationalism, yellow 

journalism. 

V. excite, affect, touch, move, impress, strike, interest, animate, inspire, impassion, smite, infect; stir the blood, fire the blood, warm 

the blood; set astir; wake, awake, awaken; call forth; evoke, provoke; raise up, summon up, call up, wake up, blow up, get up, light up; 

raise; get up the steam, rouse, arouse, stir; fire, kindle, enkindle, apply the torch, set on fire, inflame. stimulate; exsuscitate † ; inspirit; 

spirit up, stir up, work up, pique; infuse life into, give new life to; bring new blood, introduce new blood; quicken; sharpen, whet; work 

upon &c. (incite) 615; hurry on, give a fillip, put on one's mettle. fan the fire, fan the flame; blow the coals, stir the embers; fan into a 

flame; foster, heat, warm, foment, raise to a fever heat; keep up, keep the pot boiling; revive, rekindle; rake up, rip up. stir the feelings, 

play on the feelings, come home to the feelings; touch a string, touch a chord, touch the soul, touch the heart; go to one's heart, 

penetrate, pierce, go through one, touch to the quick; possess the soul, pervade the soul, penetrate the soul, imbrue the soul, absorb

the soul, affect the soul, disturb the soul. absorb, rivet the attention; sink into the mind, sink into the heart; prey on the mind, distract; 

intoxicate; overwhelm, overpower; bouleverser [Fr.], upset, turn one's head. fascinate; enrapture &c. (give pleasure) 829. agitate, 

perturb, ruffle, fluster, shake, disturb, startle, shock, stagger; give one a shock, give one a turn; strike all of a heap; stun, astound, 

electrify, galvanize, petrify. irritate, sting; cut to the heart, cut to the quick; try one's temper; fool to the top of one's bent, pique; 

infuriate, madden, make one's blood boil; lash into fury &c. (wrath) 900. be excited &c. adj.; flush up, flare up; catch the infection; thrill 

&c. (feel) 821; mantle; work oneself up; seethe, boil, simmer, foam, fume, flame, rage, rave; run mad &c. (passion) 825. 

Adj. excited &c. v.; wrought up, up the qui vive [Fr.], astir, sparkling; in a quiver &c. 821, in a fever, in a ferment, in a blaze, in a state 

of excitement; in hysterics; black in the face, overwrought, tense, taught, on a razor's edge; hot, red-hot, flushed, feverish; all of a 

twitter, in a pucker; with quivering lips, with tears in one's eyes. flaming; boiling over; ebullient, seething; foaming at the mouth; fuming, 

raging, carried away by passion, wild, raving, frantic, mad, distracted, beside oneself, out of one's wits, ready to burst, bouleverse † , 

demoniacal. lost, eperdu [Fr.], tempest-tossed; haggard; ready to sink. stung to the quick, up, on one's high ropes. exciting, 

absorbing, riveting, distracting &c. v.; impressive, warm, glowing, fervid, swelling, imposing, spirit-stirring, thrilling; high-wrought; soulstirring, 

soul-subduing; heart-stirring, heart-swelling, heart-thrilling; agonizing &c. (painful) 830; telling, sensational, hysterical; 

overpowering, overwhelming; more than flesh and blood can bear; yellow. piquant &c. (pungent) 392; spicy, appetizing, provocative, 

provoquant † , tantalizing. eager to go, anxious to go, chafing at the bit. 

Adv. till one is black in the face. 

Phr. the heart beating high, the heart going pitapat, the heart leaping into one's mouth; the blood being up, the blood boiling in one's 

veins; the eye glistening, the eyes in a fine frenzy rolling; the head turned; when the going gets tough, the tough get when the going 

gets tough, the tough get going" [Richard Nixon]. 

#825. [Excess of sensitiveness] Excitability -- N. excitability, 

impetuosity, vehemence; boisterousness &c. adj.; turbulence; 

impatience, intolerance, nonendurance † ; irritability &c. 

(irascibility) 901; itching &c. (desire) 865; wincing; disquiet, 

disquietude; restlessness; fidgets, fidgetiness; agitation &c. 

(irregular motion) 315. trepidation, perturbation, ruffle, hurry, fuss, 

flurry; fluster, flutter; pother, stew, ferment; whirl; buck fever; hurryskurry 

† , thrill &c. (feeling) 821; state of excitement, fever of 

excitement; transport. passion, excitement, flush, heat; fever, heat; 

fire, flame, fume, blood boiling; tumult; effervescence, ebullition; 

boiling over; whiff, gust, story, tempest; scene, breaking out, burst, 

fit, paroxysm, explosion; outbreak, outburst; agony. violence &c. 

173; fierceness &c. adj.; rage, fury, furor, furore † , desperation, 

madness, distraction, raving, delirium; phrensy † , frenzy, hysterics; 

intoxication; tearing passion, raging passion; anger &c. 900. 

fascination, infatuation, fanaticism; Quixotism, Quixotry; tete 

montee [Fr.]. 

V. be impatient &c. adj.; not be able to bear &c. 826; bear ill, 

wince, chafe, champ a bit; be in a stew &c. n.; be out of all 

patience, fidget, fuss, not have a wink of sleep; toss on one's 

pillow. lose one's temper &c. 900; break out, burst out, fly out; go 

off, fly off, fly off at a tangent, fly off the handle, lose one's cool 

[Coll.]; explode, flare up, flame up, fire up, burst into a flame, take 

fire, fire, burn; boil, boil over; foam, fume, rage, rave, rant, tear; go 

wild, run wild, run mad, go into hysterics; run riot, run amuck; battre 

la campagne [Fr.], faire le diable a quatre [Fr.], play the deuce. 

Adj. excitable, easily excited, in an excitable state; high-strung; 

irritable &c. (irascible) 901; impatient, intolerant. feverish, febrile, 

hysterical; delirious, mad, moody, maggoty-headed. unquiet, 

mercurial, electric, galvanic, hasty, hurried, restless, fidgety, fussy; 

chafing &c. v.. startlish † , mettlesome, high-mettled † , skittish. 

vehement, demonstrative, violent, wild, furious, fierce, fiery, hotheaded, 

madcap. overzealous, enthusiastic, impassioned, 

fanatical; rabid &c. (eager) 865. rampant, clamorous, uproarious, 

turbulent, tempestuous, tumultuary † , boisterous. impulsive, 

impetuous, passionate; uncontrolled, uncontrollable; 

ungovernable, irrepressible, stanchless † #826. [Absence of excitability, or of excitement.] Inexcitability -- 

N. inexcitability 

, inextinguishable, 

burning, simmering, volcanic, ready to burst forth, volatile. excited, 

exciting &c. 824. 

Int. pish!, pshaw!, 

Phr. noli me tangere [Lat.]; filled with fury, rapt, inspir'd" [Collins]; 

maggiore fretta minore atto [It]. 

† , imperturbability, inirritability † ; even temper, 

tranquil mind, dispassion; tolerance, patience, coolth [Coll.]. 

passiveness &c. (physical inertness) 172; hebetude † , 

hebetation † ; impassibility &c. (insensibility) 823; stupefaction. 

coolness, calmness &c. adj.; composure, placidity, 

indisturbance † , imperturbation † , sang froid [Fr.], tranquility, 

serenity; quiet, quietude; peace of mind, mental calmness. 

staidness &c. adj.; gravity, sobriety, Quakerism † ; philosophy, 

equanimity, stoicism, command of temper; self-possession, selfcontrol, 

self-command, self-restraint, ice water in one's veins; 

presence of mind. submission &c. 725; resignation; sufferance, 

supportance † , endurance, longsufferance † , forbearance; 

longanimity † ; fortitude; patience of Job, patience on a monument" 

[Twelfth Night], patience 'sovereign o'er transmuted ill'" [Johnson]; 

moderation; repression of feelings, subjugation of feeling; restraint 

&c. 751. tranquillization &c. (moderation) 174 † . 

V. be composed &c. adj.. laisser faire [Fr.], laisser aller [Fr.]; take 

things easily, take things as they come; take it easy, rub on, live 

and let live; take easily, take cooly † , take in good part; aequam 

servare mentem [Lat.]. bear the brunt, bear well; go through, 

support, endure, brave, disregard. tolerate, suffer, stand, bide; 

abide, aby † ; bear with, put up with, take up with, abide with; 

acquiesce; submit &c. (yield) 725; submit with a good grace; 

resign oneself to, reconcile oneself to; brook, digest, eat, swallow, 

pocket, stomach. make light of, make the best of, make 'a virtue of 

necessity'" [Chaucer]; put a good face on, keep one's 

countenance; check &c. 751; check oneself. compose, appease 

&c. (moderate); 174; propitiate; repress &c. (restrain) 751; render 

insensible &c. 823; overcome one's excitability, allay one's 

excitability, repress one's excitability &c. 825; master one's 

feelings. make oneself easy; make one's mind easy; set one's 

mind at ease, set one's mind at rest. calm down, cool down; 

gentle; thaw, grow cool. be borne, be endured; go down. 

Adj. inexcitable † , unexcitable; imperturbable; unsusceptible &c. 

(insensible) 823; unpassionate † , dispassionate; cold-blooded, 

irritable; enduring &c. v.; stoical, Platonic, philosophic, staid, 

stayed; sober, sober minded; grave; sober as a judge, grave as a 

judge; sedate, demure, cool-headed. easy-going, peaceful, 

placid, calm; quiet as a mouse; tranquil, serene; cool as a 

cucumber, cool as a custard; undemonstrative. temperate &c. 

(moderate) 174; composed, collected; unexcited, unstirred, 

unruffled, undisturbed, unperturbed, unimpassioned; unoffended † ; 

unresisting. meek, tolerant; patient, patient as Job; submissive 

&c. 725; tame; content, resigned, chastened, subdued, lamblike † ; 

gentle as a lamb; suaviter in modo [Lat.]; mild as mothers milk; 

soft as peppermint; armed with patience, bearing with, clement,

long-suffering. 

Adv. like patience on a monument smiling at grief" [Twelfth Night]; 

aequo animo [Lat.], in cold blood &c. 823; more in sorrow than in 

anger. 

Int. patience!, and shuffle the cards. 

Phr. cool calm and collected," keep calm in the midst of a storm; 

adversity's sweet milk, philosophy" [Romeo and Juliet]; mens 

aequa in arduis philosophia stemma non mens aequa in arduis 

philosophia stemma non inspecite [Lat.] [Seneca]; quo me 

cumque rapit tempestas deferor hospes [Lat.] [Horace]; they also 

serve who only stand and wait" [Milton]. 

SECTION II 

PERSONAL AFFECTIONS 

1. PASSIVE AFFECTIONS 

#827. Pleasure -- N. pleasure, gratification, enjoyment, fruition; 

oblectation, delectation, delection † ; relish, zest; gusto &c. 

(physical pleasure) 377; satisfaction &c. (content) 831; 

complacency. well-being; good &c. 618; snugness, comfort, ease; 

cushion &c. 215; sans souci [Fr.], without worry, mind at ease. joy, 

gladness, delight, glee, cheer, sunshine; cheerfulness &c. 836. 

treat, refreshment; amusement &c. 840; luxury &c. 377. mens 

sana in corpore sano [Lat.] [Juvenal], a sound mind in a sound 

body. happiness, felicity, bliss; beatitude, beautification; 

enchantment, transport, rapture, ravishment, ecstasy; summum 

bonum [Lat.]; paradise, elysium &c. (heaven) 981; third heaven † , 

seventh heaven, cloud nine; unalloyed happiness &c.; hedonics † , 

hedonism. honeymoon; palmy days, halcyon days; golden age, 

golden time; Dixie, Dixie's land; Saturnia regna [Lat.], Arcadia † , 

Shangri-La, happy valley, Agapemone † . 

V. be pleased &c. 829; feel pleasure, experience pleasure &c. n.; 

joy; enjoy oneself, hug oneself; be in clover &c. 377, be in elysium 

&c. 981; tread on enchanted ground; fall into raptures, go into 

raptures. feel at home, breathe freely, bask in the sunshine. be 

pleased with &c. 829; receive pleasure, derive pleasure &c. n.. 

from; take pleasure &c. n.. in; delight in, rejoice in, indulge in, 

luxuriate in; gloat over &c. (physical pleasure) 377; enjoy, relish, 

like; love &c. 897; take to, take a fancy to; have a liking for; enter 

into the spirit of. take in good part. treat oneself to, solace oneself 

with. 

Adj. pleased &c. 829; not sorry; glad, gladsome; pleased as 

Punch. happy, blest, blessed, blissful, beatified; happy as a clam 

at high water [U.S.], happy as a clam, happy as a king, happy as 

the day is long; thrice happy, ter quaterque beatus [Lat.]; enjoying 

&c. v.; joyful &c. (in spirits) 836; hedonic † . in a blissful state, in 

paradise &c. 981, in raptures, in ecstasies, in a transport of 

delight. comfortable &c. (physical pleasure) 377; at ease; content 

&c. 831; sans souci [Fr.]. overjoyed, entranced, enchanted; 

enraptures; enravished † ; transported; fascinated, captivated. with 

a joyful face, with sparkling eyes. pleasing &c. 829; ecstatic, 

beatic † ; painless, unalloyed, without alloy, cloudless. 

Adv. happily &c. adj.; with pleasure &c. (willingfully) 602 † #828. Pain -- N. mental suffering, pain, dolor; suffering, 

sufferance; ache, smart &c. (physical pain) 378; passion. 

displeasure, dissatisfaction, discomfort, discomposure, disquiet; 

malaise; inquietude, uneasiness, vexation of spirit; taking; 

discontent &c. 832. dejection &c. 837; weariness &c. 841; 

anhedonia 

; with 

glee &c. n.. 

Phr. one's heart leaping with joy. a wilderness of sweets" 

[Paradise Lost]; I wish you all the joy that you can wish" [M. of 

Venice]; jour de ma vie; joy ruled the day and love the night" 

[Dryden]; joys season'd high and tasting strong of joys season'd 

high and tasting strong of guilt" [Young]; oh happiness, our 

being's end and aim! " [Pope]; there is a pleasure that is born of 

pain" [O Meridith]; throned on highest bliss" [Paradise Lost]; vedi 

Napoli e poi muori [It]; zwischen Freud und Leid ist die Brucke 

nicht zwischen Freud und Leid ist die Brucke nicht weit [G.], the 

bridge between joy and sorrow is not wide. 

† . annoyance, irritation, worry, infliction, visitation; 

plague, bore; bother, botheration; stew, vexation, mortification, 

chagrin, esclandre [Fr.]; mauvais quart d'heur [Fr.]. care, anxiety, 

solicitude, trouble, trial, ordeal, fiery ordeal, shock, blow, cark † , 

dole, fret, burden, load. concern, grief, sorrow, distress, affliction, 

woe, bitterness, heartache; carking cares; heavy heart, aching 

heart, bleeding heart, broken heart; heavy affliction, gnawing grief. 

unhappiness, infelicity, misery, tribulation, wretchedness, 

desolation; despair &c. 859; extremity, prostration, depth of 

misery. nightmare, ephialtes † , incubus. pang, anguish, agony; 

torture, torment; purgatory &c. (hell) 982. hell upon earth; iron age, 

reign of terror; slough of despond &c. (adversity) 735; peck of 

troubles; ills that flesh is heir to" &c. (evil) 619 [Hamlet]; miseries 

of human life; unkindest cut of all" [Julius Caesar]. sufferer, victim, 

prey, martyr, object of compassion, wretch, shorn lamb. 

V. feel pain, suffer pain, experience pain, undergo pain, bear pain, 

endure pain &c. n., smart, ache &c. (physical pain) 378; suffer, 

bleed, ail; be the victim of. labor under afflictions; bear the cross; 

quaff the bitter cup, have a bad time of it; fall on evil days &c. 

(adversity) 735; go hard with, come to grief, fall a sacrifice to, 

drain the cup of misery to the dregs, sup full of horrors" [Macbeth]. 

sit on thorns, be on pins and needles, wince, fret, chafe, worry 

oneself, be in a taking, fret and fume; take on, take to heart; cark † . 

grieve; mourn &c. (lament) 839; yearn, repine, pine, droop, 

languish, sink; give way; despair &c. 859; break one's heart; 

weigh upon the heart &c. (inflict pain) 830. 

Adj. in pain, in a state of pain, full of pain &c. n.; suffering &c. v.; 

pained, afflicted, worried, displeased &c. 830; aching, griped, 

sore &c. (physical pain) 378; on the rack, in limbo; between hawk 

and buzzard. uncomfortable, uneasy; ill at ease; in a taking, in a 

way; disturbed; discontented &c. 832; out of humor &c. 901.1; 

weary &c. 841. heavy laden, stricken, crushed, a prey to, 

victimized, ill-used. unfortunate &c. (hapless) 735; to be pitied, 

doomed, devoted, accursed, undone, lost, stranded; fey. unhappy, 

infelicitous, poor, wretched, miserable, woe-begone; cheerless 

&c. (dejected) 837; careworn. concerned, sorry; sorrowing, 

sorrowful; cut up, chagrined, horrified, horror-stricken; in grief, 

plunged in grief, a prey to grief &c. n.; in tears &c. (lamenting) 

839; steeped to the lips in misery; heart-stricken, heart-broken, 

heart-scalded; broken-hearted; in despair &c. 859. 

Phr. the iron entered into our soul;" haeret lateri lethalis arundo 

[Lat.] [Vergil]; one's heart bleeding; down, thou climbing sorrow" 

[Lear]; mirth cannot move a soul in agony" [Love's Labor's Lost]; 

nessun maggior dolere che ricordarsi del tempo nessun maggior 

dolere che ricordarsi del tempo felice nella miseria [It]; sorrow's 

crown of sorrow is remembering happier sorrow's crown of sorrow

is remembering happier things" [Tennyson]; the Niobe of 

Nations" [Byron]. 

#829. [Capability of giving pleasure; cause or source of 

pleasure.] Pleasurableness -- N. pleasurableness, 

pleasantness, agreeableness &c. adj.; pleasure giving, jucundity † , 

delectability; amusement &c. 840. attraction &c. (motive) 615; 

attractiveness, attractability † ; invitingness &c. adj. † ; harm, 

fascination, enchantment, witchery, seduction, winning ways, 

amenity, amiability; winsomeness. loveliness &c. (beauty) 845; 

sunny side, bright side; sweets &c. (sugar) 396; goodness &c. 

648; manna in the wilderness, land flowing with milk and honey; 

bittersweet; fair weather. treat; regale &c. (physical pleasure) 

377; dainty; titbit † , tidbit; nuts, sauce piquante [Fr.]. 

V. cause pleasure, produce pleasure, create pleasure, give 

pleasure, afford pleasure, procure pleasure, offer pleasure, 

present pleasure, yield pleasure &c. 827. please, charm, delight, 

becharm † , imparadise † ; gladden &c. (make cheerful) 836; take, 

captivate, fascinate; enchant, entrance, enrapture, transport, 

bewitch; enravish † . bless, beatify; satisfy; gratify, desire; &c. 865; 

slake, satiate, quench; indulge, humor, flatter, tickle; tickle the 

palate &c. (savory) 394; regale, refresh; enliven; treat; amuse &c. 

840; take one's fancy, tickle one's fancy, hit one's fancy; meet 

one's wishes; win the heart, gladden the heart, rejoice the heart, 

warm the cockles of the heart; do one's heart good. attract, allure 

&c. (move) 615; stimulate &c. (excite) 824; interest. make things 

pleasant, popularize, gild the pill, sugar-coat the pill, sweeten. 

Adj. causing pleasure &c. v.; laetificant † ; pleasure-giving, 

pleasing, pleasant, pleasurable; agreeable; grateful, gratifying; 

leef † , lief, acceptable; welcome, welcome as the roses in May; 

welcomed; favorite; to one's taste, to one's mind, to one's liking; 

satisfactory &c. (good) 648. refreshing; comfortable; cordial; 

genial; glad, gladsome; sweet, delectable, nice, dainty; delicate, 

delicious; dulcet; luscious &c. 396; palatable &c. 394; luxurious, 

voluptuous; sensual &c. 377. [of people] attractive &c. 615; 

inviting, prepossessing, engaging; winning, winsome; taking, 

fascinating, captivating, killing; seducing, seductive; heartrobbing, 

alluring, enticing; appetizing &c. (exciting) 824; cheering 

&c. 836; bewitching; enchanting, entrancing, enravishing † . 

charming; delightful, felicitous, exquisite; lovely &c. (beautiful) 

845; ravishing, rapturous; heartfelt, thrilling, ecstatic; beatic † #830. [Capability of giving pain; cause or source of pain]. 

Painfulness -- N. painfulness &c. adj.; trouble, care &c. (pain) 

828; trial; affliction, infliction; blow, stroke, burden, load, curse; 

bitter pill, bitter draught; waters of bitterness. annoyance, 

grievance, nuisance, vexation, mortification, sickener 

; 

beatific; seraphic; empyrean; elysian &c. (heavenly) 981. palmy, 

halcyon, Saturnian. 

Phr. decies repetita placebit [Lat.]; charms strike the sight but 

merit wins the charms strike the sight but merit wins the soul" 

[Pope]; sweetness and light" [Swift]; beauty is only skin deep. 

† ; bore, 

bother, pother, hot water, sea of troubles" [Hamlet], hornet's nest, 

plague, pest. cancer, ulcer, sting, thorn; canker &c. (bane) 663; 

scorpion &c. (evil doer) 913; dagger &c. (arms) 727; scourge &c. 

(instrument of punishment) 975; carking care, canker worm of 

care. mishap, misfortune &c. (adversity) 735; desagrement [Fr.], 

esclandre [Fr.], rub. source of irritation, source of annoyance; 

wound, open sore; sore subject, skeleton in the closet; thorn in the 

flesh, thorn in one's side; where the shoe pinches, gall and 

wormwood. sorry sight, heavy news, provocation; affront &c. 929; 

head and front of one's offending" [Othello]. infestation, 

molestation; malignity &c. (malevolence) 907. 

V. cause pain, occasion pain, give pain, bring pain, induce pain, 

produce pain, create pain, inflict pain &c. 828; pain, hurt, wound. 

pinch, prick, gripe &c. (physical pain) 378; pierce, lancinate † , cut. 

hurt the feelings, wound the feelings, grate upon the feelings, grate 

upon the nerves, jar upon the feelings; wring the heart, pierce the 

heart, lacerate the heart, break the heart, rend the heart; make the 

heart bleed; tear the heart strings, rend the heart strings; draw 

tears from the eyes. sadden; make unhappy &c. 828; plunge into 

sorrow, grieve, fash † , afflict, distress; cut up, cut to the heart. 

displease, annoy, incommode, discompose, trouble, disquiet; 

faze, feaze † , feeze [U.S.]; disturb, cross, perplex, molest, tease, 

tire, irk, vex, mortify, wherret † , worry, plague, bother, pester, bore, 

pother, harass, harry, badger, heckle, bait, beset, infest, 

persecute, importune. wring, harrow, torment, torture; bullyrag; put 

to the rack, put to the question; break on the wheel, rack, scarify; 

cruciate † , crucify; convulse, agonize; barb the dart; plant a dagger 

in the breast, plant a thorn in one's side. irritate, provoke, sting, 

nettle, try the patience, pique, fret, rile, tweak the nose, chafe, gall; 

sting to the quick, wound to the quick, cut to the quick; aggrieve, 

affront, enchafe † , enrage, ruffle, sour the temper; give offense &c. 

(resentment) 900. maltreat, bite, snap at, assail; smite &c. 

(punish) 972. sicken, disgust, revolt, nauseate, disenchant, repel, 

offend, shock, stink in the nostrils; go against the stomach, turn the 

stomach; make one sick, set the teeth on edge, go against the 

grain, grate on the ear; stick in one's throat, stick in one's gizzard; 

rankle, gnaw, corrode, horrify, appal † , appall, freeze the blood; 

make the flesh creep, make the hair stand on end; make the blood 

curdle, make the blood run cold; make one shudder. haunt the 

memory; weigh on the heart, prey on the heart, weigh on the mind, 

prey on the mind, weigh on the spirits, prey on the spirits; bring 

one's gray hairs with sorrow to the bring one's gray hairs with 

sorrow to the grave; add a nail to one's coffin. 

Adj. causing pain, hurting &c. v.; hurtful &c. (bad) 649; painful; 

dolorific † , dolorous; unpleasant; unpleasing, displeasing; 

disagreeable, unpalatable, bitter, distasteful; uninviting; 

unwelcome; undesirable, undesired; obnoxious; unacceptable, 

unpopular, thankless. unsatisfactory, untoward, unlucky, 

uncomfortable. distressing; afflicting, afflictive; joyless, cheerless, 

comfortless; dismal, disheartening; depressing, depressive; 

dreary, melancholy, grievous, piteous; woeful, rueful, mournful, 

deplorable, pitiable, lamentable; sad, affecting, touching, pathetic. 

irritating, provoking, stinging, annoying, aggravating, mortifying, 

galling; unaccommodating, invidious, vexatious; troublesome, 

tiresome, irksome, wearisome; plaguing, plaguy † ; awkward. 

importunate; teasing, pestering, bothering, harassing, worrying, 

tormenting, carking. intolerable, insufferable, insupportable; 

unbearable, unendurable; past bearing; not to be borne, not to be 

endured; more than flesh and blood can bear; enough to drive one 

mad, enough to provoke a saint, enough to make a parson swear, 

enough to gag a maggot. shocking, terrific, grim, appalling,

#831. Content -- N. content, contentment, contentedness; 

complacency, satisfaction, entire satisfaction, ease, heart's ease, 

peace of mind; serenity &c. 826; cheerfulness &c. 836; ray of 

comfort; comfort &c. (well-being) 827. reconciliation; resignation 

&c. (patience) 826. [person who is contented] waiter on 

Providence. 

V. be content &c. adj.; rest satisfied, rest and be thankful; take the 

good the gods provide, let well alone, let well enough alone, feel 

oneself at home, hug oneself, lay the flattering unction to one's 

soul. take up with, take in good part; accept, tolerate; consent &c. 

762; acquiesce, assent &c. 488; be reconciled to, make one's 

peace with; get over it; take heart, take comfort; put up with &c. 

(bear) 826. render content &c. adj.; set at ease, comfort; set one's 

heart at ease, set one's mind at ease, set one's heart at rest, set 

one's mind at rest; speak peace; conciliate, reconcile, win over, 

propitiate, disarm, beguile; content, satisfy; gratify &c. 829. be 

tolerated &c. 826; go down, go down well, go down with; do; be 

OK. 

Adj. content, contented; satisfied &c. v.; at ease, at one's ease, at 

home; with the mind at ease, sans souci [Fr.], sine cura [Lat.], 

easygoing, not particular; conciliatory; unrepining † , of good 

comfort; resigned &c. (patient) 826; cheerful &c. 836. unafflicted, 

unvexed † , unmolested, unplagued † ; serene &c. 826; at rest, snug, 

comfortable; in one's element. satisfactory, tolerable, good 

enough, OK, all right, acceptable. 

Adv. contently † , contentedly, to one's heart's content; a la bonne 

heure [Fr.]; all for the best. 

Int. amen &c. (assent) 488; very well, all the better, so much the 

better, well and good; it will do, that will do; it cannot be helped. 

Phr. nothing comes amiss. a heart with room for every joy" 

[Bailey]; ich habe genossen das irdische Gluck ich habe gelebt 

ich habe genossen das irdische Gluck ich habe gelebt und 

geliebet [G.] [Schiller]; nor cast one longing lingering look behind" 

[Gray]; shut up in measureless content" [Macbeth]; sweet are the 

thoughts that savor of content" [R. Greene]; their wants but few 

their wishes all their wants but few their wishes all confined" 

[Goldsmith]; might as well relax and enjoy it. 

#834. Relief -- N. relief; deliverance; refreshment &c. 689; 

easement, softening, alleviation, mitigation, palliation, soothing, 

lullaby. solace, consolation, comfort, encouragement. lenitive, 

restorative &c. (remedy) 662; cushion &c. 215; crumb of comfort, 

crushing; dreadful, fearful, frightful; thrilling, tremendous, dire; 

heart-breaking, heart-rending, heart-wounding, heart-corroding, 

heart-sickening; harrowing, rending. odious, hateful, execrable, 

repulsive, repellent, abhorrent; horrid, horrible, horrific, horrifying; 

offensive. nauseous, nauseating; disgusting, sickening, revolting; 

nasty; loathsome, loathful † ; fulsome; vile &c. (bad) 649; hideous 

&c. 846. sharp, acute, sore, severe, grave, hard, harsh, cruel, 

biting, caustic; cutting, corroding, consuming, racking, 

excruciating, searching, grinding, grating, agonizing; envenomed; 

catheretic † , pyrotic [Med.]. ruinous, disastrous, calamitous, 

tragical; desolating, withering; burdensome, onerous, oppressive; 

cumbrous, cumbersome. 

Adv. painfully &c. adj.; with pain &c. 828; deuced. 

Int. hinc illae lachrymae! [Lat.], 

Phr. surgit amari aliquid [Lat.]; the place being too hot to hold one; 

the iron entering into the soul; he jests at scars that never felt a 

wound" [Romeo and Juliet]; I must be cruel only to be kind" 

[Hamlet]; what deep wounds ever closed without a scar? [Byron]. 

#832. Discontent -- N. discontent, discontentment; 

dissatisfaction; dissent &c. 489. disappointment, mortification; 

cold comfort; regret &c. 833; repining, taking on &c. v.; heartburning, 

heart-grief; querulousness &c. (lamentation) 839; 

hypercriticism. inquietude, vexation of spirit, soreness; worry, 

concern, fear &c. 860. [person who is discontented] malcontent, 

grumbler, growler, croaker, dissident, dissenter, laudator temporis 

acti [Lat.]; censurer, complainer, fault-finder, murmerer † . cave of 

Adullam † , indignation meeting, winter of our discontent" [Henry 

VI]; with what I most enjoy contented least" [Shakespeare]. 

V. be discontented &c. adj.; quarrel with one's bread and butter; 

repine; regret &c. 833; wish one at the bottom of the Red Sea; 

take on, take to heart; shrug the shoulders; make a wry face, pull a 

long face; knit one's brows; look blue, look black, look black as 

thunder, look blank, look glum. take in bad part, take ill; fret, chafe, 

make a piece of work [Fr.]; grumble, croak; lament &c. 839. cause 

discontent &c. n.; dissatisfy, disappoint, mortify, put out, 

disconcert; cut up; dishearten. 

Adj. discontented; dissatisfied &c. v.; unsatisfied, ungratified; 

dissident; dissentient &c. 489; malcontent, malcontented, exigent, 

exacting, hypercritical. repining &c. v.; regretful &c. 833; down in 

the mouth &c. (dejected) 837. in high dudgeon, in a fume, in the 

sulks, in the dumps, in bad humor; glum, sulky; sour as a crab; 

soured, sore; out of humor, out of temper. disappointing &c. v.; 

unsatisfactory. frustrated (failure) 732. 

Int. so much the worse!, 

Phr. that won't do, that will never do, it will never do; curtae nescio 

quid semper abest rei [Lat.] [Horace]; ne Jupiter Quidem omnibus 

placet [Lat.]; poor in abundance, famished at a feast" [Young]. 

#833. Regret -- N. regret, repining; homesickness, nostalgia; mal 

du pays, maladie [Fr.]; lamentation &c. 839; penitence &c. 950. 

bitterness, heartburning † . recrimination (accusation) 938. laudator 

temporis acti [Lat.] &c. (discontent) 832. 

V. regret, deplore; bewail &c. (lament) 839; repine, cast a longing 

lingering look behind; rue, rue the day; repent &c. 950; infandum 

renovare dolorem [Lat.]. prey on the mind, weigh on the mind, 

have a weight on the mind; leave an aching void. 

Adj. regretting &c. v.; regretful; homesick. regretted &c. v.; much 

to be regretted, regrettable; lamentable &c. (bad) 649. 

Adv. regrettably, unfortunately; most unfortunately. 

Int. alas!; what a pity!, hang it!, 

Phr. 'tis pity [Contr.], 'tis too true [Contr.]; sigh'd and look'd and 

sigh'd again" [Dryden]; I'm sorry." 

#835. Aggravation -- N. aggravation, worsening, heightening; 

exacerbation; exasperation; overestimation &c. 482; 

exaggeration &c. 549. 

V. aggravate, render worse, heighten, embitter, sour; exacerbate;

alm in Gilead. 

V. relieve, ease, alleviate, mitigate, palliate, soothe; salve; soften, 

soften down; foment, stupe † , poultice; assuage, allay. cheer, 

comfort, console; enliven; encourage, bear up, pat on the back, 

give comfort, set at ease; gladden the heart, cheer the heart; 

inspirit, invigorate. remedy; cure &c. (restore) 660; refresh; pour 

balm into, pour oil on. smooth the ruffled brow of care, temper the 

wind to the shorn lamb, lay the flattering unction to one's soul. 

disburden &c. (free) 705; take a load off one's chest, get a load off 

one's chest, take off a load of care. be relieved; breathe more 

freely, draw a long breath; take comfort; dry the tears, dry the 

eyes, wipe the tears, wipe the eyes. 

Adj. relieving &c. v.; consolatory, soothing; assuaging, 

assuasive † ; balmy, balsamic; lenitive, palliative; anodyne &c. 

(remedial) 662; curative &c. 660. 

Phr. here comes a man of comfort" [Measure for Measure]. 

exasperate, envenom; enrage, provoke, tease. add fuel to the fire, 

add fuel to the flame; fan the flame &c. (excite) 824; go from bad 

to worse &c. (deteriorate) 659. 

Adj. aggravated &c. v.; worse, unrelieved; aggravable † ; 

aggravating &c. v.. 

Adv. out of the frying pan into the fire, from bad to worse, worse 

and worse. 

Int. so much the worse!, 

#836. Cheerfulness -- N. cheerfulness &c. adj.; geniality, gayety, 

l'allegro [Fr.], cheer, good humor, spirits; high spirits, animal 

spirits, flow of spirits; glee, high glee, light heart; sunshine of the 

mind, sunshine of the breast; gaiete de coeur [Fr.], bon naturel 

[Fr.]. liveliness &c. adj.; life, alacrity, vivacity, animation, 

allegresse † ; jocundity, joviality, jollity; levity; jocularity &c. (wit) 842. 

mirth, merriment, hilarity, exhilaration; laughter &c. 838; 

merrymaking &c. (amusement) 840; heyday, rejoicing &c. 838; 

marriage bell. nepenthe, Euphrosyne † , sweet forgetfulness. 

optimism &c. (hopefulness) 858; self complacency; hedonics † , 

hedonism. 

V. be cheerful &c. adj.; have the mind at ease, smile, put a good 

face upon, keep up one's spirits; view the bright side of the 

picture, view things en couleur de rose [Fr.]; ridentem dicere virum 

[Lat.], cheer up, brighten up, light up, bear up; chirp, take heart, 

cast away care, drive dull care away, perk up. keep a stiff upper 

lip. rejoice &c. 838; carol, chirrup, lilt; frisk, rollick, give a loose to 

mirth. cheer, enliven, elate, exhilarate, gladden, inspirit, animate, 

raise the spirits, inspire; perk up; put in good humor; cheer the 

heart, rejoice the heart; delight &c. (give pleasure) 829. 

Adj. cheerful; happy &c. 827; cheery, cheerly † ; of good cheer, 

smiling; blithe; in spirits, in good spirits; breezy, bully, chipper 

[U.S.]; in high spirits, in high feather; happy as the day is long, 

happy as a king; gay as a lark; allegro; debonair; light, lightsome, 

light hearted; buoyant, debonnaire, bright, free and easy, airy; 

janty † , jaunty, canty † ; hedonic † ; riant † ; sprightly, sprightful † ; spry; 

spirited, spiritful † ; lively, animated, vivacious; brisk as a bee; 

sparkling, sportive; full of play, full of spirit; all alive. sunny, palmy; 

hopeful &c. 858. merry as a cricket, merry as a grig † , merry as a 

marriage bell; joyful, joyous, jocund, jovial; jolly as a thrush, jolly as 

a sandboy † ; blithesome; gleeful, gleesome † ; hilarious, rattling. 

winsome, bonny, hearty, buxom. playful, playsome † ; folatre [Fr.], 

playful as a kitten, tricksy † , frisky, frolicsome; gamesome; jocose, 

jocular, waggish; mirth loving, laughter-loving; mirthful, rollicking. 

elate, elated; exulting, jubilant, flushed; rejoicing &c. 838; cock-ahoop. 

cheering, inspiriting, exhilarating; cardiac, cardiacal † #837. Dejection -- N. dejection; dejectedness &c. adj.; 

depression, prosternation 

; 

pleasing &c. 829; palmy. 

Adv. cheerfully &c. adj.. 

Int. never say die!, come!, cheer up!, hurrah!, &c. 838; hence 

loathed melancholy!," begone dull care!, away with melancholy!, 

Phr. a merry heart goes all the day" [A winter's Tale]; as merry as 

the day is long" [Much Ado]; ride si sapis [Lat.] [Martial]. 

† ; lowness of spirits, depression of 

spirits; weight on the spirits, oppression on the spirits, damp on 

the spirits; low spirits, bad spirits, drooping spirits, depressed 

spirits; heart sinking; heaviness of heart, failure of heart. 

heaviness &c. adj.; infestivity † , gloom; weariness &c. 841; 

taedium vitae, disgust of life; mal du pays &c. (regret) 833; 

anhedonia † . melancholy; sadness &c. adj.; il penseroso [It], 

melancholia, dismals † , blues, lachrymals † , mumps † , dumps, blue 

devils, doldrums; vapors, megrims, spleen, horrors, 

hypochondriasis [Med.], pessimism; la maladie sans maladie 

[Fr.]; despondency, slough of Despond; disconsolateness &c. 

adj.; hope deferred, blank despondency; voiceless woe. 

prostration of soul; broken heart; despair &c. 859; cave of 

despair, cave of Trophonius demureness &c. adj.; gravity, 

solemnity; long face, grave face. hypochondriac, seek sorrow, 

self-tormentor, heautontimorumenos † , malade imaginaire [Fr.], 

medecin tant pis [Fr.]; croaker, pessimist; mope, mopus † . [Cause 

of dejection] affliction &c. 830; sorry sight; memento mori [Lat.]; 

damper, wet blanket, Job's comforter. 

V. be dejected &c. adj.; grieve; mourn &c. (lament) 839; take on, 

give way, lose heart, despond, droop, sink. lower, look downcast, 

frown, pout; hang down the head; pull a long face, make a long 

face; laugh on the wrong side of the mouth; grin a ghastly smile; 

look blue, look like a drowned man; lay to heart, take to heart. 

mope, brood over; fret; sulk; pine, pine away; yearn; repine &c. 

(regret) 833; despair &c. 859. refrain from laughter, keep one's 

countenance; be grave, look grave &c. adj.; repress a smile. 

depress; discourage, dishearten; dispirit; damp, dull, deject, 

lower, sink, dash, knock down, unman, prostrate, break one's 

heart; frown upon; cast a gloom, cast a shade on; sadden; damp 

one's hopes, dash one's hopes, wither one's hopes; weigh on the 

mind, lie heavy on the mind, prey on the mind, weigh on the spirits, 

lie heavy on the spirits, prey on the spirits; damp the spirits, 

depress the spirits. 

Adj. cheerless, joyless, spiritless; uncheerful, uncheery † ; unlively † ; 

unhappy &c. 828; melancholy, dismal, somber, dark, gloomy, 

triste [Fr.], clouded, murky, lowering, frowning, lugubrious, 

funereal, mournful, lamentable, dreadful. dreary, flat; dull, dull as a 

beetle, dull as ditchwater † ; depressing &c. v.. melancholy as a gib 

cat;" oppressed with melancholy, a prey to melancholy; downcast, 

downhearted; down in the mouth, down in one's luck; heavyhearted; 

in the dumps, down in the dumps, in the suds, in the 

sulks, in the doldrums; in doleful dumps, in bad humor; sullen; 

mumpish † , dumpish, mopish † , moping; moody, glum; sulky &c. 

(discontented) 832; out of sorts, out of humor, out of heart, out of 

spirits; ill at ease, low spirited, in low spirits, a cup too low; weary 

&c. 841; discouraged, disheartened; desponding; chapfallen † , 

chopfallen † , jaw fallen, crest fallen. sad, pensive, penseroso [It], 

tristful † ; dolesome † , doleful; woebegone; lacrymose, lachrymose, 

in tears, melancholic, hypped † , hypochondriacal, bilious,

#838. [Expression of pleasure.] Rejoicing -- N. rejoicing, 

exultation, triumph, jubilation, heyday, flush, revelling; merrymaking 

&c. (amusement) 840; jubilee &c. (celebration) 883; paean, Te 

Deum &c. (thanksgiving) 990 [Lat.]; congratulation &c. 896. smile, 

simper, smirk, grin; broad grin, sardonic grin. laughter 

(amusement) 840. risibility; derision &c. 856. Momus; 

Democritus the Abderite † ; rollicker † . 

V. rejoice, thank one's stars, bless one's stars; congratulate 

oneself, hug oneself; rub one's hands, clap one's hands; smack 

the lips, fling up one's cap; dance, skip; sing, carol, chirrup, chirp; 

hurrah; cry for joy, jump for joy, leap with joy; exult &c. (boast) 884; 

triumph; hold jubilee &c. (celebrate) 883; make merry &c. (sport) 

840. laugh, raise laughter &c. (amuse) 840. 

Adj. rejoicing &c. v.; jubilant, exultant, triumphant; flushed, elated, 

pleased, delighted, tickled pink. amused &c. 840; cheerful &c. 

836. laughable &c. (ludicrous) 853. 

Int. hurrah!, Huzza!, aha! † , hail!, tolderolloll! † , Heaven be 

praised!, io triumphe! † , tant mieux! [Fr.], so much the better. 

Phr. the heart leaping with joy; ce n'est pas etre bien aise que de 

rire [Fr.]; Laughter holding both his sides" [Milton]; le roi est mort, 

vive le roi;" with his eyes in flood with laughter" [Cymbeline]. 

#840. Amusement -- N. amusement, entertainment, recreation, 

fun, game, fun and games; diversion, divertissement; reaction, 

solace; pastime, passetemps [Fr.], sport; labor of love; pleasure 

jaundiced, atrabilious † , saturnine, splenetic; lackadaisical. 

serious, sedate, staid, stayed; grave as a judge, grave as an 

undertaker, grave as a mustard pot; sober, sober as a judge, 

solemn, demure; grim; grim-faced, grim-visaged; rueful, wan, 

long-faced. disconsolate; unconsolable, inconsolable; forlorn, 

comfortless, desolate, desole [Fr.], sick at heart; soul sick, heart 

sick; au desespoir [Fr.]; in despair &c. 859; lost. overcome; 

broken down, borne down, bowed down; heartstricken &c. 

(mental suffering) 828 † ; cut up, dashed, sunk; unnerved, 

unmanned; down fallen, downtrodden; broken-hearted; careworn. 

Adv. with a long face, with tears in one's eyes; sadly &c. adj.. 

Phr. the countenance falling; the heart failing, the heart sinking 

within one; a plague of sighing and grief" [Henry IV]; thick-ey'd 

musing and curs'd melancholy" [Henry IV]; the sickening pang of 

hope deferred" [Scott]. 

#839. [Expression of pain.] Lamentation -- N. lament, 

lamentation; wail, complaint, plaint, murmur, mutter, grumble, 

groan, moan, whine, whimper, sob, sigh, suspiration, heaving, 

deep sigh. cry &c. (vociferation) 411; scream, howl; outcry, wail of 

woe, ululation; frown, scowl. tear; weeping &c. v.; flood of tears, fit 

of crying, lacrimation, lachrymation † , melting mood, weeping and 

gnashing of teeth. plaintiveness &c. adj.; languishment † ; 

condolence &c. 915. mourning, weeds, willow, cypress, crape, 

deep mourning; sackcloth and ashes; lachrymatory † ; knell &c. 

363; deep death song, dirge, coronach † , nenia † , requiem, elegy, 

epicedium † ; threne † ; monody, threnody; jeremiad, jeremiade † ; 

ullalulla † . mourner; grumbler &c. (discontent) 832; Noobe; 

Heraclitus. 

V. lament, mourn, deplore, grieve, weep over; bewail, bemoan; 

condole with &c. 915; fret &c. (suffer) 828; wear mourning, go into 

mourning, put on mourning; wear the willow, wear sackcloth and 

ashes; infandum renovare dolorem [Lat.] [Vergil]; &c. (regret) 833 

give sorrow words. sigh; give a sigh, heave, fetch a sigh; waft a 

sigh from Indus to the pole" [Pope]; sigh 'like a furnace'" [As you 

Like It]; wail. cry, weep, sob, greet, blubber, pipe, snivel, bibber † , 

whimper, pule; pipe one's eye; drop tears, shed tears, drop a tear, 

shed a tear; melt into tears, burst into tears; fondre en larmes [Fr.]; 

cry oneself blind, cry one's eyes out; yammer. scream &c. (cry out) 

411; mew &c. (animal sounds) 412; groan, moan, whine; roar; 

roar like a bull, bellow like a bull; cry out lustily, rend the air. frown, 

scowl, make a wry face, gnash one's teeth, wring one's hands, 

tear one's hair, beat one's breast, roll on the ground, burst with 

grief. complain, murmur, mutter, grumble, growl, clamor, make a 

fuss about, croak, grunt, maunder; deprecate &c. (disapprove) 

932. cry out before one is hurt, complain without cause. 

Adj. lamenting &c. v.; in mourning, in sackcloth and ashes; 

sorrowing, sorrowful &c. (unhappy) 828; mournful, tearful; 

lachrymose; plaintive, plaintful † ; querulous, querimonious † ; in the 

melting mood; threnetic † . in tears, with tears in one's eyes; with 

moistened eyes, with watery eyes; bathed in tears, dissolved in 

tears; like Niobe all tears" [Hamlet]. elegiac, epicedial † . 

Adv. de profundis [Lat.]; les larmes aux yeux [Fr.]. 

Int. heigh-ho!, alas!, alack! † , O dear!, ah me!, woe is me!, 

lackadaisy! † , well a day!, lack a day!, alack a day! † , wellaway! † , 

alas the day!, O tempora O mores! † , what a pity!, miserabile 

dictu! [Lat.], O lud lud! † , too true!, 

Phr. tears standing in the eyes, tears starting from the eyes; eyes 

suffused, eyes swimming, eyes brimming, eyes overflowing with 

tears; if you have tears prepare to shed them now" [Julius 

Caesar]; interdum lacrymae pondera vocis habent [Lat.] [Ovid]; 

strangled his language in his tears" [Henry VIII]; tears such as 

angels weep" [Paradise Lost]. 

#841. Weariness -- N. weariness, defatigation † ; lassitude &c. 

(fatigue) 688; drowsiness &c. 683. disgust, nausea, loathing, 

sickness; satiety &c. 869; taedium vitae &c. (dejection) 837;

&c. 827. relaxation; leisure &c. 685. fun, frolic, merriment, jollity; 

joviality, jovialness † ; heyday; laughter &c. 838; jocosity, 

jocoseness † ; drollery, buffoonery, tomfoolery; mummery, 

pleasantry; wit &c. 842; quip, quirk. [verbal expressions of 

amusement: list] giggle, titter, snigger, snicker, crow, cheer, 

chuckle, shout; horse laugh, belly laugh, hearty laugh; guffaw; burst 

of laughter, fit of laughter, shout of laughter, roar of laughter, peal 

of laughter; cachinnation † ; Kentish fire; tiger. play; game, game at 

romps; gambol, romp, prank, antic, rig, lark, spree, skylarking, 

vagary, monkey trick, gambade, fredaine † , escapade, echappee 

[Fr.], bout, espieglerie [Fr.]; practical joke &c. (ridicule) 856. 

dance; hop, reel, rigadoon † , saraband † , hornpipe, bolero, 

ballroom dance; [ballroom dances: list], minuet, waltz, polka, fox 

trot, tango, samba, rhumba, twist, stroll, hustle, cha-cha; fandango, 

cancan; bayadere † ; breakdown, cake-walk, cornwallis [U.S.], 

break dancing; nautch-girl; shindig [U.S.]; skirtdance † , stag 

dance, Virginia reel, square dance; galop † , galopade † ; jig, Irish 

jig, fling, strathspey † ; allemande [Fr.]; gavot † , gavotte, tarantella; 

mazurka, morisco † , morris dance; quadrille; country dance, folk 

dance; cotillon, Sir Roger de Coverley; ballet &c. (drama) 599; 

ball; bal, bal masque, bal costume; masquerade; Terpsichore. 

festivity, merrymaking; party &c. (social gathering) 892; blowout 

[U.S.], hullabaloo, hoedown, bat [U.S.], bum [U.S.], bust [Slang], 

clambake [U.S.], donation party [U.S.], fish fry [U.S.], jamboree 

[Slang], kantikoy † , nautch † , randy, squantum [U.S.], tear [Slang], 

Turnerfest † , yule log; fete, festival, gala, ridotto † ; revels, revelry, 

reveling; carnival, brawl, saturnalia, high jinks; feast, banquet &c. 

(food) 298; regale, symposium, wassail; carouse, carousal; 

jollification, junket, wake, Irish wake, picnic, fete champetre [Fr.], 

regatta, field day; treat. round of pleasures, dissipation, a short life 

and a merry one, racketing, holiday making. rejoicing &c. 838; 

jubilee &c. (celebration) 883. bonfire, fireworks, feu-de-joie, 

firecracker. holiday; gala day, red letter day, play day; high days 

and holidays; high holiday, Bank holiday; May day, Derby day; 

Saint Monday, Easter Monday, Whit Monday; Bairam † ; wayzgoos 

† , bean feast; Arbor Day, Declaration Day, Independence 

Day, Labor Day, Memorial Day, Thanksgiving Day; Mardi gras 

[Fr.], mi-careme [Fr.], feria [Lat.], fiesta. place of amusement, 

theater; hall, concert room, ballroom, assemblyroom † ; music hall. 

park, plaisance † ; national park, national forest, state park, county 

park, city park, vest-pocket park, public park (public) 737.1; arbor; 

garden &c. (horticulture) 371; pleasure ground, playground, 

cricketground, croquet ground, archery ground, hunting ground; 

tennis court, racket court; bowling alley, green alley; croquet lawn, 

rink, glaciarum † , skating rink; roundabout, merry-go-round; swing; 

montagne Russe [Fr.]. game of chance, game of skill. athletic 

sports, gymnastics; archery, rifle shooting; tournament, pugilism 

&c. (contention) 720; sports &c. 622; horse racing, the turf; 

aquatics &c. 267; skating, sliding; cricket, tennis, lawn tennis; 

hockey, football, baseball, soccer, ice hockey, basketball; rackets, 

fives, trap bat and ball, battledore and shuttlecock, la grace; pallmall, 

tipcat † , croquet, golf, curling, pallone † , polo, water polo; tent 

pegging; tilting at the ring, quintain [Mediev.]; greasy pole; quoits, 

horseshoes, discus; rounders, lacrosse; tobogganing, water polo; 

knurr and spell † . [childrens' games] leapfrog, hop skip and jump; 

mother may I; French and English, tug of war; blindman's bluff, hunt 

the slopper † , hide and seek, kiss in the ring; snapdragon; cross 

questions and crooked answers.; crisscross, hopscotch; jacks, 

jackstones † , marbles; mumblety-peg, mumble-the-peg, pushball, 

shinney, shinny, tag &c.; billiards, pool, pingpong, pyramids, 

bagatelle; bowls, skittles, ninepins, kain † , American bowls † ; 

tenpins [U.S.], tivoli. cards, card games; whist, rubber; round 

game; loo, cribbage, besique † , euchre, drole † , ecarte [Fr.], 

picquet † , allfours † , quadrille, omber, reverse, Pope Joan, commit; 

boston, boaston † ; blackjack, twenty-one, vingtun [Fr.]; quinze [Fr.], 

thirty-one, put, speculation, connections, brag, cassino † sickness; satiety &c. 869; taedium vitae &c. (dejection) 837; 

boredom, ennui. wearisomeness, tediousness &c. adj.; dull work, 

tedium, monotony, twice-told tale. bore, buttonholer, proser 

, lottery, 

† , wet 

blanket; pill [Slang], stiff [Slang]; heavy hours, the enemy" (time). 

V. weary; tire &c. (fatigue) 688; bore; bore to death, weary to 

death, tire to death, bore out of one's skull, bore out of one's life, 

weary out of one's life, tire out of one's life, bore out of all patience, 

weary out of all patience, wear out one's patience, tire out of all 

patience; set to sleep, send to sleep; buttonhole. pall, sicken, 

nauseate, disgust. harp on the same string; drag its slow length 

along, drag its weary length along. never hear the last of; be tired 

of, be sick of, be tired with &c. adj.; yawn; die with ennui. [of 

journalistic articles] MEGO, my eyes glaze over. 

Adj. wearying &c. v.; wearing; wearisome, tiresome, irksome; 

uninteresting, stupid, bald, devoid of interest, dry, monotonous, 

dull, arid, tedious, humdrum, mortal, flat; prosy, prosing; slow, 

soporific, somniferous. disgusting &c. v.; unenjoyed † . weary, tired 

&c. v.; drowsy &c. (sleepy) 683; uninterested, flagging, used up, 

worn out, blase, life-weary, weary of life; sick of. 

Adv. wearily &c. adj.; usque ad nauseam [Lat.]. 

Phr. time hanging heavily on one's hands; toujours perdrix [Fr.]; 

crambe repetita [Lat.].

commerce, snip-snap-snoren † , lift smoke, blind hookey, Polish 

bank, Earl of Coventry, Napoleon, patience, pairs; banker; blind 

poker, draw poker, straight poker, stud poker; bluff, bridge, bridge 

whist; lotto, monte, three-card monte, nap, penny-ante, poker, 

reversis † , squeezers, old maid, fright, beggar-my-neighbor; 

baccarat. [cards: list] ace, king, queen, knave, jack, ten, nine, 

eight, seven, six, five, four, trey, deuce; joker; trump, wild card. 

[card suits: list] spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds; major suit, minor 

suit. bower; right bower, left bower; dummy; jackpot; deck. [hands 

at poker: list] pair, two pair, three of a kind, straight, flush, fullhouse, 

four of a kind, royal flush; misere &c.. [board games: list] 

chess, draughts, checkers, checquers, backgammon, dominos, 

merelles † , nine men's morris, go bang, solitaire; game of fox and 

goose; monopoly; loto &c.; [word games: list], scrabble, 

scribbage, boggle, crossword puzzle, hangman. morra † ; gambling 

&c. (chance) 621. toy, plaything, bauble; doll &c. (puppet ) 554; 

teetotum † ; knickknack &c. (trifle) 643; magic lantern &c. (show) 

448; peep show, puppet show, raree show, gallanty show † ; toy 

shop; quips and cranks and wanton wiles, nods and becks quips 

and cranks and wanton wiles, nods and becks and wreathed 

smiles" [Milton]. entertainer, showman, showgirl; dancer, tap 

dancer, song-and-dance man; vaudeville act; singer; musician &c. 

416. sportsman, gamester, reveler; master of ceremonies, master 

of revels; pompom girl † ; arbiter elegantiarum [Lat.]; arbiter bibendi 

[Lat.], archer, fan [U.S.], toxophilite † , turfman † . 

V. amuse, entertain, divert, enliven; tickle the fancy; titillate, raise a 

smile, put in good humor; cause laughter, create laughter, 

occasion laughter, raise laughter, excite laughter, produce 

laughter, convulse with laughter; set the table in a roar, be the 

death of one. recreate, solace, cheer, rejoice; please &c. 829; 

interest; treat, regale. amuse oneself, game; play a game, play 

pranks, play tricks; sport, disport, toy, wanton, revel, junket, feast, 

carouse, banquet, make merry, drown care; drive dull care away; 

frolic, gambol, frisk, romp; caper; dance &c. (leap) 309; keep up 

the ball; run a rig, sow one's wild oats, have one's fling, take one's 

pleasure; paint the town red [Slang]; see life; desipere in loco 

[Lat.], play the fool. make holiday, keep holiday; go a Maying. 

while away the time, beguile the time; kill time, dally. smile, 

simper, smirk; grin, grin like a Cheshire cat; mock, laugh in one's 

sleeve; laugh, laugh outright; giggle, titter, snigger, crow, snicker, 

chuckle, cackle; burst out, burst into a fit of laughter; shout, split, 

roar. shake one's sides, split one's sides, hold both one's sides; 

roar with laughter, die with laughter. 

Adj. amusing, entertaining, diverting &c. v.; recreational, 

recreative, lusory † ; pleasant &c. (pleasing) 829; laughable &c. 

(ludicrous) 853; witty &c. 842; fun, festive, festal; jovial, jolly, 

jocund, roguish, rompish † ; playful, playful as a kitten; sportive, 

ludibrious † . funny; very funny, hilarious, uproarious, side-splitting. 

amused &c. v.; pleased with a rattle, tickled with a pleased with a 

rattle, tickled with a straw" [Pope]; laughing &c. v.; risible; ready to 

burst, ready to split, ready to die with laughter; convulsed with 

laughter, rolling in the aisles. 

Adv. on the light fantastic toe" [Milton], at play, in sport. 

Int. vive la bagatelle! [Fr.], vogue la galere! [Fr.], 

Phr. deus nobis haec otia fecit [Lat.]; dum vivimus vivamus [Lat.]; 

dulce est desipere in loco [Lat.] [Horace]; (every room) hath 

blazed with lights and brayed (every room) hath blazed with lights 

and brayed with minstrelsy" [Timon of Athens]; misce stullitiam 

consiliis brevem [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#842. Wit -- N. wit, humor, wittiness; sense of humor; attic wit, 

attic salt; atticism † ; salt, esprit, point, fancy, whim, drollery, 

pleasantry. farce, buffoonery, fooling, tomfoolery; shenanigan 

[U.S.], harlequinade &c. 599 † ; broad farce, broad humor; fun, 

espieglerie [Fr.]; vis comica [Lat.]. jocularity; jocosity, 

jocoseness † #843. Dullness -- N. dullness, heaviness, flatness; infestivity 

; facetiousness; waggery, waggishness; whimsicality; 

comicality &c. 853. banter, badinage, retort, repartee, smartness, 

† &c. 

837, stupidity &c. 499; want of originality; dearth of ideas. prose, 

matter of fact; heavy book, conte a dormir debout [Fr.]; platitude. 

V. be dull &c. adj.; prose, take au serieux [Fr.], be caught napping. 

render dull &c. adj.; damp, depress, throw cold water on, lay a wet 

blanket on; fall flat upon the ear. no joke, serious matter 

(importance) 642. 

Adj. dull, dull as ditch water; unentertaining, uninteresting, flat, dry

eady wit, quid-pro-quo; ridicule &c. 856. jest, joke, jape, jibe; 

facetiae [Lat.], levity, quips and cranks; capital joke; canorae 

nugae [Lat.]; standing jest, standing joke, private joke, conceit, 

quip, quirk, crank, quiddity, concetto † , plaisanterie [Fr.], brilliant 

idea; merry thought, bright thought, happy thought; sally; flash of 

wit, flash of merriment; scintillation; mot [Fr.], mot pour rire [Fr.]; 

witticism, smart saying, bon-mot, jeu d'esprit [Fr.], epigram; jest 

book; dry joke, quodlibet, cream of the jest. word-play, jeu de mots 

[Fr.]; play of words, play upon words; pun, punning; double 

entente, double entendre [Fr.] &c. (ambiguity) 520; quibble, verbal 

quibble; conundrum &c. (riddle) 533; anagram, acrostic, double 

acrostic, trifling, idle conceit, turlupinade † . old joke, tired joke, flat 

joke, Joe Miller † . 

V. joke, jest, crack a joke, make a joke, jape, cut jokes; perpetrate 

a joke; pun, perpetrate a pun; make fun of, make merry with; kid, 

kid around, fool around; set the table in a roar &c. (amuse) 840. 

retort; banter &c. (ridicule) 856; ridentem dicere verum [Lat.]; joke 

at one's expense. take in jest. [make a joke which is not funny] 

bomb, fall flat; go over like a lead balloon. 

Adj. witty, attic; quick-witted, nimble-witted; smart; jocular, jocose, 

humorous; facetious, waggish, whimsical; kidding, joking, puckish; 

playful &c. 840; merry and wise; pleasant, sprightly, light, 

spirituel † , sparkling, epigrammatic, full of point, ben trovato [It]; 

comic &c. 853. zany, madcap. funny, amusing &c. (amusement) 

840. 

Adv. jokingly, in joke, in jest, in sport, in play. 

Phr. adhibenda est in jocando moderatio [Lat.]; gentle dullness 

ever loves a joke" [Pope]; leave this keen encounter of our wits" 

[Richard III]; just joking, just kidding; surely you jest!." 

Adj. dull, dull as ditch water; unentertaining, uninteresting, flat, dry 

as dust; unfunny, unlively † , logy [U.S.]; unimaginative; insulse † ; dry 

as dust; prosy, prosing, prosaic; matter of fact, commonplace, 

pedestrian, pointless; weary stale flat and unprofitable" [Hamlet]. 

stupid, slow, flat, insipid, vapid, humdrum, monotonous; 

melancholic &c. 837; stolid &c. 499; plodding. boring, tiresome, 

tedious &c. 841. 

Phr. davus sum non Aedipus † ; deadly dull and boring, DDB. 

#844. Humorist -- N. humorist, wag, wit, reparteeist † , epigrammatist, punster; bel esprit, life of the party; wit-snapper, wit-cracker, 

wit-worm; joker, jester, Joe Miller † , drole de corps † , gaillard † , spark; bon diable [Fr.]; practical joker. buffoon, farceur [Fr.], merryandrew, 

mime, tumbler, acrobat, mountebank, charlatan, posturemaster † , harlequin, punch, pulcinella † , scaramouch † , clown; wearer 

of the cap and bells, wearer of the motley; motley fool; pantaloon, gypsy; jack-pudding, jack in the green, jack a dandy; wiseacre, wise 

guy, smartass [Coll.]; fool &c. 501. zany, madcap; pickle-herring, witling † , caricaturist, grimacier † ; persifleur † . 

2. DISCRIMINATIVE AFFECTIONS 

#845. Beauty -- N. beauty, the beautiful, to kalon [Gr.], le beau 

ideal. [Science of the perception of beauty] aesthetics, 

callaesthetics † . [-beauty of people] pulchritude, form, elegance, 

grace, beauty unadorned, natural beauty; symmetry &c. 242; 

comeliness, fairness &c. adj.; polish, gloss; good effect, good 

looks; belle tournure † ; trigness † ; bloom, brilliancy, radiance, 

splendor, gorgeousness, magnificence; sublimity, sublimification † . 

concinnity † , delicacy, refinement; charm, je ne sais quoi [Fr.], style. 

Venus, Aphrodite † , Hebe, the Graces, Peri, Houri, Cupid, Apollo † , 

Hyperion, Adonis † , Antionous † , Narcissus. peacock, butterfly; 

garden; flower of, pink of; bijou; jewel &c. (ornament) 847; work of 

art. flower, flow'ret gay † ; [flowers: list] wildflower; rose, lily, 

anemone, asphodel, buttercup, crane's bill, daffodil, tulip, tiger lily, 

day lily, begonia, marigold, geranium, lily of the valley, ranunculus, 

rhododendron, windflower. pleasurableness &c. 829. beautifying; 

landscaping, landscape gardening; decoration &c. 847; 

calisthenics † . [person who is beautiful] beauty; hunk (of men). 

V. be beautiful &c. adj.; shine, beam, bloom; become one &c. 

(accord) 23; set off, grace. render beautiful &c. adj.; beautify; 

polish, burnish; gild &c. (decorate) 847; set out. snatch a grace 

beyond the reach of art" [Pope]. 

Adj. beautiful, beauteous; handsome; gorgeous; pretty; lovely, 

graceful, elegant, prepossessing; attractive &c. (inviting) 615; 

delicate, dainty, refined; fair, personable, comely, seemly; bonny 

[Scot.]; good-looking; well-favored, well-made, well-formed, wellproportioned; 

proper, shapely; symmetrical &c. (regular) 242; 

harmonious &c. (color) 428; sightly. fit to be seen, passable, not 

amiss. goodly, dapper, tight, jimp † ; gimp; janty † #846. Ugliness -- N. ugliness &c. adj.; deformity, inelegance; 

acomia 

, jaunty; trig, natty, 

† ; disfigurement &c. (blemish) 848; want of symmetry, 

inconcinnity † ; distortion &c. 243; squalor &c. (uncleanness) 653. 

forbidding countenance, vinegar aspect, hanging look, wry face, 

spretae injuria formae" [Vergil]. [person who is ugly] eyesore, 

object, witch, hag, figure, sight, fright; monster; dog [Coll.], woofer 

[Coll.], pig [Coll.]; octopus, specter, scarecrow, harridan † , satyr † , 

toad, monkey, baboon, Caliban, Aesop † , monstrum horrendum 

informe ingens cui lumen monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui 

lumen ademptum [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

V. be ugly &c. adj.; look ill, grin horribly a ghastly smile, make 

faces. render ugly &c. adj.; deface; disfigure, defigure † ; distort &c. 

23; blemish &c. (injure) 659; soil &c. (render unclean) 653. 

Adj. ugly, ugly as sin, ugly as a toad, ugly as a scarecrow, ugly as 

a dead monkey; plain, bald (unadorned) 849; homely; ordinary, 

unornamental † , inartistic; unsightly, unseemly, uncomely, unlovely; 

unshapely; sightless, seemless † ; not fit to be seen; unbeauteous † , 

unbeautiful; beautiless † , semibeautiful; shapeless &c. 

(amorphous) 241. misshapen, misproportioned † ; monstrous; 

gaunt &c. (thin) 203; dumpy &c. (short) 201; curtailed of its fair 

proportions; ill-made, ill-shaped, ill-proportioned; crooked &c. 

(distorted) 243; hard featured, hard visaged; ill-favored, hardfavored, 

evil-favored; ill-looking; unprepossessing, unattractive, 

uninviting, unpleasing. graceless, inelegant; ungraceful, ungainly, 

uncouth, stiff; rugged, rough, gross, rude, awkward, clumsy, 

slouching, rickety; gawky; lumping, lumpish † ; lumbering; hulky † , 

hulking; unwieldy. squalid, haggard; grim, grim faced, grim 

visaged; grisly, ghastly; ghost like, death like; cadaverous, 

grewsome † , gruesome. frightful, hideous, odious, uncanny,

quaint, trim, tidy, neat, spruce, smart, tricksy † . bright, bright eyed; 

rosy cheeked, cherry cheeked; rosy, ruddy; blooming, in full 

bloom. brilliant, shining; beamy † , beaming; sparkling, splendid, 

resplendent, dazzling, glowing; glossy, sleek. rich, superb, 

magnificent, grand, fine, sublime, showy, specious. artistic, 

artistical † grewsome 

; aesthetic; picturesque, pictorial; fait a peindre [Fr.]; 

well-composed, well grouped, well varied; curious. enchanting &c. 

(pleasure-giving) 829; becoming &c. (accordant) 23; ornamental 

&c. 847. undeformed, undefaced, unspotted; spotless &c. 

(perfect) 650. 

Phr. auxilium non leve vultus habet [Lat.] [Ovid]; beauty born of 

murmuring sound" [Wordsworth]; flowers preach to us if we will 

hear" [C.G. Rossetti]; gratior ac pulchro veniens in corpore gratior 

ac pulchro veniens in corpore virtus [Lat.] [Vergil]; none but the 

brave deserve the fair" [Dryden]; thou who hast the fatal gift of 

beauty" [Byron]. 

† , gruesome. frightful, hideous, odious, uncanny, 

forbidding; repellant, repulsive, repugnant, grotesque, bizarre; 

grody [Coll.], grody to the max [Coll.]; horrid, horrible; shocking 

&c. (painful) 830. foul &c. (dirty) 653; dingy &c. (colorless) 429; 

gaudy &c. (color) 428; disfigured &c. v.; discolored. 

#847. Ornament -- N. ornament, ornamentation, ornamental art; 

ornature † , ornateness; adornment, decoration, embellishment; 

architecture; jewelry &c. 847.1. [surface coatings for wood: list] 

garnish, polish, varnish, French polish, veneer, japanning, lacquer. 

[surface coatings for metal] gilding, plating, ormolu, enamel, 

cloisonn_e. [surface coatings for human skin] cosmetics (in 

general), makeup; [Makeup list], eye shadow, rouge, face 

powder, lipstick, blush. [ornamental surface pattern: list] pattern, 

diaper, powdering, paneling, graining, pargeting † ; detail; 

repousse (convexity) 250; texture &c. 329; richness; tracery, 

molding, fillet, listel † , strapwork † , coquillage [Fr.], flourish, fleur-delis 

[Fr.], arabesque, fret, anthemion † ; egg and tongue, egg and 

dart; astragal † , zigzag, acanthus, cartouche; pilaster &c. 

(projection) 250; bead, beading; champleve ware [Fr.], cloisonne 

ware; frost work, Moresque [Lat.], Morisco, tooling. [ornamental 

cloth] embroidery; brocade, brocatelle † , galloon, lace, fringe, 

trapping, border, edging, trimming; hanging, tapestry, arras; 

millinery, ermine; drap d'or [Fr.]. wreath, festoon, garland, chaplet, 

flower, nosegay, bouquet, posy, daisies pied and violets blue," 

tassel, [Love's Labor's Lost], knot; shoulder knot, apaulette † , 

epaulet, aigulet † , frog; star, rosette, bow; feather, plume, 

pompom † , panache, aigrette. finery, frippery, gewgaw, gimcrack, 

tinsel, spangle, clinquant † , pinchbeck, paste; excess of ornament 

&c. (vulgarity) 851; gaud, pride. [ornamentation of text] 

illustration, illumination, vignette. fleuron † ; head piece [Fr.], tail 

piece [Fr.]; cul-de-lampe [Fr.]; flowers of rhetoric &c. 577; work of 

art. 

V. ornament, embellish, enrich, decorate, adorn, bead, beautify, 

adonize † . smarten, furbish, polish, gild, varnish, whitewash, 

enamel, japan, lacquer, paint, grain. garnish, trim, dizen † , bedizen, 

prink † , prank; trick out, fig out; deck, bedeck, dight † , bedight † , 

array; begawd † , titivate † ; dress, dress up; spangle, bespangle, 

powder; embroider, work; chase, emboss, fret, emblazon; 

illuminate; illustrate. become &c. (accord with) 23. 

Adj. ornamented, beautified &c. v.; ornate, rich, gilt, begilt † , 

tesselated, festooned; champleve [Fr.], cloisonne, topiary. smart, 

gay, trickly † , flowery, glittering; new gilt, new spangled; fine as a 

Mayday queen, fine as a fivepence † , fine as a carrot fresh 

scraped; pranked out, bedight † , well-groomed. in full dress &c. 

(fashion) 852; dressed to kill, dressed to the nines, dressed to 

advantage; in Sunday best, en grand tenue [Fr.], en grande toilette 

[Fr.]; in best bib and tucker, endimanche [Fr.]. showy, flashy; 

gaudy &c. (vulgar) 851; garish, gairish † ; gorgeous. ornamental, 

decorative; becoming &c. (accordant) 23. 

#847a. [ornaments worn by people on the body] Jewelry -- N. 

jewel [general], , jewelry, jewellery † ; bijoutry † ; bijou, bijouterie [Fr.]; 

trinket; fine jewelry; costume jewelry, junk jewelry; gem, gemstone, 

precious stone. [forms of jewelry: list] necklace, bracelet, anklet; 

#848. Blemish -- N. blemish, disfigurement, deformity; 

adactylism † ; flaw, defect &c. (imperfection) 651; injury &c. 

(deterioration) 659; spots on the sun † ; eyesore. stain, blot; spot, 

spottiness; speck, speckle, blur. tarnish, smudge; dirt &c. 653. 

[blemish on a person's skin: list] freckle, mole, macula [Anat.], 

patch, blotch, birthmark; blobber lip † , blubber lip; blain † , 

maculation; scar, wem † ; pustule; whelk; excrescence, pimple &c. 

(protuberance) 250. 

V. disfigure &c. (injure) 659; speckle. 

Adj. pitted, freckled, discolored; imperfect &c. 651; blobberlipped, 

bloodshot; injured &c. (deteriorated) 659. 

#849. Simplicity -- N. simplicity; plainness, homeliness; undress, 

chastity. 

V. be simple &c. adj.. render simple &c. adj.; simplify, 

uncomplicate. 

Adj. simple, plain; homely, homespun; ordinary, household. 

unaffected; ingenuous, sincere (artless) 703; free from affectation, 

free from ornament; simplex munditiis [Lat.] [Horace]; sans facon 

[Fr.], en deshabille [Fr.]. chaste, inornate † , severe. unadorned, 

bare, unornamented, undecked † , ungarnished, unarranged † , 

untrimmed, unvarnished. bald, flat, dull. 

Phr. veritatis simplex oratio est [Lat.].

earring; locket, pendant, charm bracelet; ring, pinky ring; 

carcanet † ; chain, chatelaine; broach, pin, lapel pin, torque. 

[gemstones: list] diamond, brilliant, rock [Coll.]; beryl, emerald; 

chalcedony, agate, heliotrope; girasol † , girasole † ; onyx, plasma; 

sard † , sardonyx; garnet, lapis lazuli, opal, peridot, tourmaline, 

chrysolite; sapphire, ruby, synthetic ruby; spinel, spinelle; balais † ; 

oriental, oriental topaz; turquois † , turquoise; zircon, cubic zirconia; 

jacinth, hyacinth, carbuncle, amethyst; alexandrite † , cat's eye, 

bloodstone, hematite, jasper, moonstone, sunstone † . [jewelry 

materials derived from living organisms] pearl, cultured pearl, 

fresh-water pearl; mother of pearl; coral. [person who sells jewels] 

jeweler. [person who studies gemstones] gemologist; 

minerologist. [person who cuts gemstones] lapidary, lapidarian. 

[study of gemstones] gemology, gemmology; minerology. 

V. shine like a diamond. 

Adj. bejeweled; diamond &c. n. (gemstones). gemological. 

#850. [Good taste.] Taste -- N. taste; good taste, refined taste, 

cultivated taste; delicacy, refinement, fine feeling, gust, gusto, tact, 

finesse; nicety &c. (discrimination) 465; to prepon [Gr.]; polish, 

elegance, grace. judgment, discernment &c. 465. dilettantism, 

dilettanteism; virtu; fine art; culture, cultivation. [Science of taste] 

aesthetics. man of taste &c.; connoisseur, judge, critic, 

conoscente, virtuoso, amateur, dilettante, Aristarchus † , Corinthian, 

arbiter elegantiarum [Lat.], stagirite † , euphemist. caviare to the 

general" [Hamlet]. 

V. appreciate, judge, criticise, discriminate &c. 465 

Adj. in good taste, cute, tasteful, tasty; unaffected, pure, chaste, 

classical, attic; cultivated, refined; dainty; esthetic, aesthetic, 

artistic; elegant &c. 578; euphemistic. to one's taste, to one's 

mind; after one's fancy; comme il faut [Fr.]; tire a quatre epingles 

[Fr.]. 

Adv. elegantly &c. adj.. 

Phr. nihil tetigit quod non ornavit [Lat.] [from Johnson's epitaph 

on Goldsmith]; chacun a son gout [Fr.]; oculi pictura tenentur 

aures cantibus [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

#851. [Bad taste.] Vulgarity -- N. vulgarity, vulgarism; barbarism, 

Vandalism, Gothicism † ; mauvis gout [Fr.], bad taste; gaucherie, 

awkwardness, want of tact; ill-breeding &c. (discourtesy) 895. 

courseness &c. adj. † ; indecorum, misbehavior. lowness, 

homeliness; low life, mauvais ton [Fr.], rusticity; boorishness &c. 

adj.; brutality; rowdyism, blackguardism † ; ribaldry; slang &c. 

(neology) 563. bad joke, mauvais plaisanterie [Fr.]. [Excess of 

ornament] gaudiness, tawdriness; false ornament; finery, frippery, 

trickery, tinsel, gewgaw, clinquant † ; baroque, rococo. rough 

diamond, tomboy, hoyden, cub, unlicked cub † ; clown &c. 

(commonalty) 876; Goth, Vandal, Boeotian; snob, cad, gent; 

parvenu &c. 876; frump, dowdy; slattern &c. 653. 

V. be vulgar &c. adj.; misbehave; talk shop, smell of the shop. 

Adj. in bad taste vulgar, unrefined. coarse, indecorous, ribald, 

gross; unseemly, unbeseeming † , unpresentable † ; contra bonos 

mores [Lat.]; ungraceful &c. (ugly) 846. dowdy; slovenly &c. (dirty) 

653; ungenteel, shabby genteel; low, common, hoi polloi [Gr.], &c. 

(plebeian) 876; uncourtly † ; uncivil &c. (discourteous) 895; ill bred, 

ill mannered; underbred; ungentlemanly, ungentlemanlike; 

unladylike, unfeminine; wild, wild as an unbacked colt. untutored, 

unschooled (ignorant) 491. unkempt. uncombed, untamed, 

unlicked † , unpolished, uncouth; plebeian; incondite † ; heavy, rude, 

awkward; homely, homespun, home bred; provincial, countrified, 

rustic; boorish, clownish; savage, brutish, blackguard, rowdy, 

snobbish; barbarous, barbaric; Gothic, unclassical † , doggerel, 

heathenish, tramontane, outlandish; uncultivated; Bohemian. 

obsolete &c. (antiquated) 124; unfashionable; newfangled &c. 

(unfamiliar) 83; odd &c. (ridiculous) 853. particular; affected &c. 

855; meretricious; extravagant, monstrous, horrid; shocking &c. 

(painful) 830. gaudy, tawdry, overornamented, baroque, rococo; 

bedizened, tricked out, gingerbread; obtrusive. 

#852. Fashion -- N. fashion, style, ton, bon ton † , society; good society, polite society; monde [Fr.]; drawing-room, civilized life, 

civilization, town, beau monde [Fr.], high life, court; world; fashionable world, gay world; Vanity Fair; show &c. (ostentation) 822. 

manners, breeding &c. (politeness) 894; air, demeanor &c. (appearance) 448; savoir faire [Fr.]; gentlemanliness † , gentility, 

decorum, propriety, biens_eance [Fr.]; conventions of society; Mrs. Grundy; punctilio; form, formality; etiquette, point of etiquette; 

dress &c. 225. custom &c. 613; mode, vogue, go; rage &c. (desire) 865; prevailing taste; fad, trend, bandwagon, furore † , thing, in 

thing, craze, chic, last word. man of fashion, woman of fashion, man of the world, woman of the world; height of fashion, pink of 

fashion, star of fashion, glass of fashion, leader of fashion; arbiter elegantiarum [Lat.] &c. (taste) 850; the beautiful people, the fashion 

set, upper ten thousand &c. (nobility) 875; elite &c. (distinction) 873; smart set; the four hundred [U.S.]; in crowd. 

V. be fashionable &c. adj., be the rage &c. n.; have a run, pass current. follow the fashion, conform to the fashion, fall in with the 

fashion, follow the trend, follow the crowd &c. n.; go with the stream &c. (conform) 82; savoir vivre [Fr.], savoir faire [Fr.]; keep up 

appearances, behave oneself. set the fashion, bring in the fashion; give a tone to society, cut a figure in society; keep one's carriage. 

Adj. fashionable; in fashion &c. n.; a la mode, comme il faut [Fr.]; admitted in society, admissible in society &c. n.; presentable; 

conventional &c. (customary) 613; genteel; well-bred, well mannered, well behaved, well spoken; gentlemanlike † , gentlemanly; 

ladylike; civil, polite &c. (courteous) 894. polished, refined, thoroughbred, courtly; distingue [Fr.]; unembarrassed, degage [Fr.]; janty † , 

jaunty; dashing, fast. modish, stylish, chic, trendy, recherche; newfangled &c. (unfamiliar) 83; all the rage, all the go † ; with it, in, 

faddish. in court, in full dress, in evening dress; en grande tenue [Fr.] &c. (ornament) 847. 

Adv. fashionably &c. adj.; for fashion's sake.

Phr. a la francaise, a la parisienne; a l' anglaise [Fr.], a l' americaine [Fr.]; autre temps autre mauers [Fr.]; chaque pays a sa guise 

[Fr.]. 

#853. Ridiculousness -- N. ridiculousness &c. adj.; comicality, oddity &c. adj.; extravagance, drollery. farce, comedy; burlesque &c. 

(ridicule) 856; buffoonery &c. (fun) 840; frippery; doggerel verses; absurdity &c. 497; bombast &c. (unmeaning) 517; anticlimax, 

bathos; eccentricity, monstrosity &c. (unconformity) 83; laughingstock &c. 857. 

V. be ridiculous &c. adj.; pass from the sublime to the ridiculous; make one laugh; play the fool, make a fool of oneself, commit an 

absurdity. 

Adj. ridiculous, ludicrous; comical; droll, funny, laughable, pour rire, grotesque, farcical, odd; whimsical, whimsical as a dancing bear; 

fanciful, fantastic, queer, rum, quizzical, quaint, bizarre; screaming; eccentric &c. (unconformable) 83; strange, outlandish, out of the 

way, baroque, weird; awkward &c. (ugly) 846. extravagant, outre, monstrous, preposterous, bombastic, inflated, stilted, burlesque, 

mock heroic. drollish; seriocomic, tragicomic; gimcrack, contemptible &c. (unimportant) 643; doggerel; ironical &c. (derisive) 856; 

risible. 

Phr. risum teneatis amici [Lat.] [Horace]; rideret Heraclitus; du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas [Lat.] [Napoleon]. 

#854. Fop -- N. fop, fine gentleman; swell; dandy, dandiprat † ; exquisite, coxcomb, beau, macaroni, blade, blood, buck, man about 

town, fast man; fribble, milliner † ; Jemmy Jessamy † , carpet knight; masher, dude. fine lady, coquette; flirt, vamp. 

#855. Affectation -- N. affectation; affectedness &c. adj.; acting a part &c. v.; pretense &c. (falsehood) 544, (ostentation) 882; 

boasting &c. 884. charlatanism, quackery, shallow profundity; pretension, airs, pedantry, purism, precisianism, euphuism; teratology 

&c. (altiloquence) 577. mannerism, simagree, grimace. conceit, foppery, dandyism, man millinery, coxcombry, puppyism. stiffness, 

formality, buckram; prudery, demureness, coquetry, mock modesty, minauderie, sentimentalism; mauvais honte, false shame. 

affector, performer, actor; pedant, pedagogue, doctrinaire, purist, euphuist, mannerist; grimacier; lump of affectation, precieuse 

ridicule [Fr.], bas bleu [Fr.], blue stocking, poetaster; prig; charlatan &c. (deceiver) 548; petit maitre &c. (fop) 854; flatterer &c. 935; 

coquette, prude, puritan. 

V. affect, act a part, put on; give oneself airs &c. (arrogance) 885; boast &c. 884; coquet; simper, mince, attitudinize, pose; flirt a fan; 

overact, overdo. 

Adj. affected, full of affectation, pretentious, pedantic, stilted, stagy, theatrical, big-sounding, ad captandum; canting, insincere. not 

natural, unnatural; self-conscious; maniere; artificial; overwrought, overdone, overacted; euphuist &c. 577. stiff, starch, formal, prim, 

smug, demure, tire a quatre epingles, quakerish, puritanical, prudish, pragmatical, priggish, conceited, coxcomical, foppish, 

dandified; finical, finikin; mincing, simpering, namby-pamby, sentimental. 

Phr. conceit in weakest bodies strongest works" [Hamlet]. 

#856. Ridicule -- N. ridicule, derision; sardonic smile, sardonic grin; irrision † ; scoffing &c. (disrespect) 929; mockery, quiz † , banter, 

irony, persiflage, raillery, chaff, badinage; quizzing &c. v.; asteism † . squib, satire, skit, quip, quib † , grin. parody, burlesque, travesty, 

travestie † ; farce &c. (drama) 599; caricature. buffoonery &c. (fun) 840; practical joke; horseplay. scorn, contempt &c. 930. 

V. ridicule, deride, mock, taunt; snigger; laugh in one's sleeve; tease [ridicule lightly], badinage, banter, rally, chaff, joke, twit, quiz, 

roast; haze [U.S.]; tehee † ; fleer † ; show up. play upon, play tricks upon; fool to the top of one's bent; laugh at, grin at, smile at; poke fun 

at. satirize, parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty. turn into ridicule; make merry with; make fun of, make game of, make a fool of, 

make an April fool of † ; rally; scoff &c. (disrespect) 929. raise a laugh &c. (amuse) 840; play the fool, make a fool of oneself. 

Adj. derisory, derisive; mock, mocking; sarcastic, ironic, ironical, quizzical, burlesque, Hudibrastic † ; scurrilous &c. (disrespectful) 

929. 

Adv. in ridicule &c. n.. 

#857. [Object and cause of ridicule.] Laughingstock -- N. laughingstock, jestingstock † , gazingstock † ; butt, game, fair game; April 

fool &c. (dupe) 547 † . original, oddity; queer fish, odd fish; quiz, square toes; old monkey, old fogey, fogey monkey, fogy monkey; 

buffoon &c. (jester) 844; pantomimist &c. (actor) 599. schlemiel. jest &c. (wit) 842. 

Phr. dum vitant stulti vitia in contraria currunt [Lat.]. 

#858. Hope -- N. hope, hopes; desire &c. 865; fervent hope, 

sanguine expectation, trust, confidence, reliance; faith &c. (belief) 

484; affiance, assurance; secureness, security; reassurance. 

good omen, good auspices; promise, well grounded hopes; good 

prospect, bright prospect; clear sky. assumption, presumption; 

anticipation &c. (expectation) 507. hopefulness, buoyancy, 

optimism, enthusiasm, heart of grace, aspiration. [person who is 

hopeful] optimist, utopian, utopist † . castles in the air, castles in 

Spain, chateaux en Espagne [Fr.], le pot aut lait [Fr.], Utopia, 

millennium; day dream, golden dream; dream of Alnaschar † ; airy 

hopes, fool's paradise; mirage &c. (fallacies of vision) 443; fond 

hope. beam of hope, ray of hope, gleam of hope, glimmer of 

hope, flash of hope, dawn of hope, star of hope; cheer; bit of blue 

sky, silver lining, silver lining of the cloud, bottom of Pandora's 

box, balm in Gilead; light at the end of the tunnel. anchor, sheet 

anchor, mainstay; staff &c. (support) 215; heaven &c. 981. 

3. PROSPECTIVE AFFECTIONS 

#859. [Absence, want or loss of hope.] Hopelessness -- N. 

hopelessness &c. adj.; despair, desperation; despondency, 

depression &c. (dejection) 837; pessimism, pessimist; Job's 

comforter; bird of bad omen, bird of ill omen. abandonment, 

desolation; resignation, surrender, submission &c. 725. hope 

deferred, dashed hopes; vain expectation &c. (disappointment) 

509. airy hopes &c. &c. 858; forlorn hope; gone case, dead duck, 

gone coon [U.S.]; goner [Slang]; bad job, bad business; enfant 

perdu [Fr.]; gloomy horizon, black spots in the horizon; slough of 

Despond, cave of Despair; immedicabile vulnus [Lat.]. 

V. despair; lose all hope, give up all hope, abandon all hope, 

relinquish all hope, lose the hope of, give up the hope of, abandon 

the hope of, relinquish the hope of; give up, give over; yield to 

despair; falter; despond &c. (be dejected) 837; jeter le manche 

apres la cognee [Fr.]. inspire despair, drive to despair &c. n.; 

disconcert; dash one's hopes, crush one's hopes, destroy one's

V. hope, trust, confide, rely on, put one's trust in; lean upon; pin 

one's hope upon, pin one's faith upon &c. (believe) 484. feel 

hope, entertain hope, harbor hope, indulge hope, cherish hope, 

feed hope, foster hope, nourish hope, encourage hope, cling to 

hope, live in hope, &c. n.; see land; feel assured, rest assured, 

feel confident, rest confident &c. adj.. presume; promise oneself; 

expect &c. (look forward to) 507. hope for &c. (desire) 865; 

anticipate. be hopeful &c. adj.; look on the bright side of, view on 

the sunny side, voir en couleur de rose [Fr.], make the best of it, 

hope for the best; put a good face upon, put a bold face upon, put 

the best face upon; keep one's spirits up; take heart, take heart of 

grace; be of good heart, be of good cheer; flatter oneself, lay the 

flattering unction to one's soul," catch at a straw, [Hamlet], hope 

against hope, reckon one's chickens before they are reckon one's 

chickens before they are hatched, count one's chickens before 

they are hatched. [cause hope] give hope, inspire hope, raise 

hope, hold out hope &c. n.; promise, bid fair, augur well, be in a 

fair way, look up, flatter, tell a flattering tale; raise expectations 

(sentient subject); encourage, cheer, assure, reassure, buoy up, 

embolden. 

Adj. hoping &c. v.; in hopes &c. n.; hopeful, confident; secure &c. 

(certain) 484; sanguine, in good heart, buoyed up, buoyant, 

elated, flushed, exultant, enthusiastic; heartsome † ; utopian. 

unsuspecting, unsuspicious; fearless, free from fear, free from 

suspicion, free from distrust, free from despair, exempt from fear, 

exempt from suspicion, exempt from distrust, exempt from 

despair; undespairing † , self reliant. probable, on the high road to; 

within sight of shore, within sight of land; promising, propitious; of 

promise, full of promise; of good omen; auspicious, de bon 

augure [Fr.]; reassuring; encouraging, cheering, inspiriting, 

looking up, bright, roseate, couleur de rose [Fr.], rose-colored. 

Adv. hopefully &c. adj.. 

Int. God speed!, 

Phr. nil desperandum [Lat.] [Horace]; never say die, dum spiro 

spero [Lat.], latet scintillula forsan [Lat.], all is for the best, spero 

meliora [Lat.]; every cloud has a silver lining; the wish being father 

to the thought" [Henry IV]; hope told a flattering tale;" rusticus 

expectat dum defluat amnis [Lat.]. at spes non fracta [Lat.]; ego 

spem prietio non emo [Lat.] [Terence]; un Dieu est ma fiance [Fr.]; 

hope! thou nurse of young desire" [Bickerstaff]; in hoc signo spes 

mea [Lat.]; in hoc signo vinces [Lat.]; la speranza e il pan de 

miseri [It]; l'esperance est le songe d'un homme l'esperance est le 

songe d'un homme eveille [Fr.]; the mighty hopes that make us 

men" [Tennyson]; the sickening pang of hope deferred" [Scott]. 

hopes; hope against hope. abandon; resign, surrender, submit 

&c. 725. 

Adj. hopeless, desperate, despairing, gone, in despair, au 

desespoir [Fr.], forlorn, desolate; inconsolable &c. (dejected) 837; 

broken hearted. unpromising, unpropitious; inauspicious, illomened, 

threatening, clouded over. out of the question, not to be 

thought of; impracticable &c. 471; past hope, past cure, past 

mending, past recall; at one's last gasp &c. (death) 360; given up, 

given over. incurable, cureless, immedicable, remediless, beyond 

remedy; incorrigible; irreparable, irremediable, irrecoverable, 

irreversible, irretrievable, irreclaimable, irredeemable, 

irrevocable; ruined, undone; immitigable. 

Phr. lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate" [Dante]; its days are 

numbered; the worst come to the worst; no change, no pause, no 

hope, yet I endure" [Shelley]; O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of 

noon" [Milton]; mene mene tekel upharson" [Old Testament]. 

#860. Fear -- N. fear, timidity, diffidence, want of confidence; 

apprehensiveness, fearfulness &c. adj.; solicitude, anxiety, care, 

apprehension, misgiving; feeze [U.S.]; mistrust &c. (doubt) 485; 

suspicion, qualm; hesitation &c. (irresolution) 605. nervousness, 

restlessness &c. adj.; inquietude, disquietude, worry, concern; 

batophobia † ; heartquake † ; flutter, trepidation, fear and trembling, 

perturbation, tremor, quivering, shaking, trembling, throbbing 

heart, palpitation, ague fit, cold sweat; abject fear &c. (cowardice) 

862; mortal funk, heartsinking † , despondency; despair &c. 859. 

fright; affright, affrightment † ; boof alarm [U.S.], dread, awe, terror, 

horror, dismay, consternation, panic, scare, stampede (of horses). 

intimidation, terrorism, reign of terror. [Object of fear] bug bear, 

bugaboo; scarecrow; hobgoblin &c. (demon) 980; nightmare, 

Gorgon, mormo † , ogre, Hurlothrumbo † , raw head and bloody 

bones, fee-faw-fum, bete noire [Fr.], enfant terrible [Fr.]. alarmist 

&c. (coward) 862. 

V. fear, stand in awe of; be afraid &c. adj.; have qualms &c. n.; 

apprehend, sit upon thorns, eye askance; distrust &c. (disbelieve) 

485. hesitate &c. (be irresolute) 605; falter, funk, cower, crouch; 

skulk &c. (cowardice) 862; let 'I dare not' wait upon 'I would'" 

[Macbeth] take fright, take alarm; start, wince, flinch, shy, shrink; fly 

&c. (avoid) 623. tremble, shake; shiver, shiver in one's shoes; 

shudder, flutter; shake like an aspen leaf, tremble like an aspen 

leaf, tremble all over; quake, quaver, quiver, quail. grow pale, turn 

pale; blench, stand aghast; not dare to say one's soul is one's 

own. inspire fear, excite fear, inspire awe, excite awe; raise 

apprehensions † ; be in a daze, bulldoze [U.S.]; faze, feeze [U.S.]; 

give an alarm, raise an alarm, sound an alarm; alarm, startle, 

scare, cry 'wolf', disquiet, dismay; fright, frighten, terrify; astound; 

fright from one's propriety; fright out of one's senses, fright out of 

one's wits, fright out of one's seven senses; awe; strike all of a 

heap, strike an awe into, strike terror; harrow up the soul, appall, 

unman, petrify, horrify; pile on the agony. make one's flesh creep, 

make one's hair stand on end, make one's blood run cold, make 

one's teeth chatter; take away one's breath, stop one's breath; 

make one tremble &c.; haunt; prey on the mind, weigh on the 

mind. put in fear, put in bodily fear; terrorize, intimidate, cow, 

daunt, overawe, abash, deter, discourage; browbeat, bully; 

threaten &c. 909. 

Adj. fearing &c. v.; frightened &c. v.; in fear, in a fright &c. n.; 

haunted with the fear of &c. n.; afeard † . afraid, fearful; timid, 

timorous; nervous, diffident, coy, faint-hearted, tremulous, shaky, 

afraid of one's shadow, apprehensive, restless, fidgety; more 

frightened than hurt. aghast; awe-stricken, horror-stricken, terrorstricken, 

panic-stricken, awestruck, awe-stricken, horror-struck; 

frightened to death, white as a sheet; pale, pale as a ghost, pale 

as death, pale as ashes; breathless, in hysterics. inspiring fear 

&c. v.; alarming; formidable, redoubtable; perilous &c. (danger) 

665; portentous; fearful; dread, dreadful; fell; dire, direful; 

shocking; terrible, terrific; tremendous; horrid, horrible, horrific; 

ghastly; awful, awe-inspiring; revolting &c. (painful) 830; 

Gorgonian.

#861. [Absence of fear.] Courage -- N. courage, bravery, valor; 

resoluteness, boldness &c. adj.; spirit, daring, gallantry, intrepidity; 

contempt of danger, defiance of danger; derring-do; audacity; 

rashness &c. 863; dash; defiance &c. 715; confidence, selfreliance. 

manliness, manhood; nerve, pluck, mettle, game; heart, 

heart of grace; spunk, guts, face, virtue, hardihood, fortitude, 

intestinal fortitude; firmness &c. (stability) 150; heart of oak; 

bottom, backbone, spine &c. (perseverance) 604.1. resolution 

&c. (determination) 604; bulldog courage. prowess, heroism, 

chivalry. exploit, feat, achievement; heroic deed, heroic act; bold 

stroke. man, man of mettle; hero, demigod, Amazon, Hector; lion, 

tiger, panther, bulldog; gamecock, fighting-cock; bully, fire eater 

&c. 863. 

V. be courageous &c. adj.; dare, venture, make bold; face danger, 

front danger, affront danger, confront danger, brave danger, defy 

danger, despise danger, mock danger; look in the face; look full in 

the face, look boldly in the face, look danger in the face; face; 

meet, meet in front; brave, beard; defy &c. 715. take courage, 

muster courage, summon up courage, pluck up courage; nerve 

oneself, take heart; take heart, pluck up heart of grace; hold up 

one's head, screw one's courage to the sticking place; come up to 

scratch; stick to one's guns, standfire † , stand against; bear up, 

bear up against; hold out &c. (persevere) 604.1. put a bold face 

upon; show a bold front, present a bold front; show fight; face the 

music. bell the cat, take the bull by the horns, beard the lion in his 

den, march up to the cannon's mouth, go through fire and water, 

run the gantlet. give courage, infuse courage, inspire courage; 

reassure, encourage, embolden, inspirit, cheer, nerve, put upon 

one's mettle, rally, raise a rallying cry; pat on the back, make a 

man of., keep in countenance. 

Adj. courageous, brave; valiant, valorous; gallant, intrepid; 

spirited, spiritful † ; high-spirited, high-mettled † ; mettlesome, plucky; 

manly, manful; resolute; stout, stout-hearted; iron-hearted, lionhearted; 

heart of oak; Penthesilean. bold, bold-spirited; daring, 

audacious; fearless, dauntless, dreadless † , aweless; undaunted, 

unappalled, undismayed, unawed, unblanched, unabashed, 

unalarmed, unflinching, unshrinking † , unblanching † , 

unapprehensive; confident, self-reliant; bold as a lion, bold as 

brass. enterprising, adventurous; venturous, venturesome; 

dashing, chivalrous; soldierly &c. (warlike) 722; heroic. fierce, 

savage; pugnacious &c. (bellicose) 720. strong-minded, hardy, 

doughty; firm &c. (stable) 150; determined &c. (resolved) 604; 

dogged, indomitable &c. (persevering) 604.1. up to, up to the 

scratch; upon one's mettle; reassured &c. v.; unfeared † , 

undreaded † . 

Phr. one's blood being up; courage sans peur [Fr.]; fortes fortuna 

adjuvat [Lat.] [Terence]; have I not in my time heard lions roar" 

[Taming of the Shrew]; I dare do all that may become a man" 

[Macbeth]; male vincetis sed vincite [Lat.] [Ovid]; omne solum forti 

patria [Lat.]; self-trust is the essence of heroism" [Emerson]; 

stimulos dedit oemula virtus [Lat.] [Lucan]; strong and great, a 

hero" [Longfellow]; teloque animus proestantior omni [Lat.] [Ovid]; 

there, is always safety in valor" [Emerson]; virtus ariete fortier 

[Lat.]. 

#863. Rashness -- N. rashness &c. adj.; temerity, want of 

caution, imprudence, indiscretion; overconfidence, presumption, 

Adv. in terrorem [Lat.]. 

Int. angels and ministers of grace defend us! " [Hamlet]. 

Phr. ante tubam trepidat [Lat.]; horresco referens [Lat.], one's 

heart failing one, obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus 

obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

a dagger of the mind" [Macbeth]; expertus metuit [Lat.] [Horace]; 

fain would I climb but that I fear to fall" [Raleigh]; fear is the parent 

of cruelty" [Froude]; Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire" 

[Paradise Lost]; omnia tuta timens [Lat.] [Vergil]; our fears do 

make us traitors" [Macbeth]; 

#862. [Excess of fear.] Cowardice -- N. cowardice, pusillanimity; 

cowardliness &c. adj.; timidity, effeminacy. poltroonery, baseness; 

dastardness † , dastardy † ; abject fear, funk; Dutch courage; fear 

&c. 860; white feather, faint heart; cold feet [U.S.], yellow streak 

[Slang]. coward, poltroon, dastard, sneak, recreant; shy cock, 

dunghill cock; coistril † , milksop, white liver, lily liver, nidget † , one 

that cannot say 'boo' to a goose; slink; Bob Acres, Jerry Sneak. 

alarmist, terrorist † , pessimist; runagate &c. (fugitive) 623. 

V. quail &c. (fear) 860; be cowardly &c. adj., be a coward &c. n.; 

funk; cower, skulk, sneak; flinch, shy, fight shy, slink, turn tail; run 

away &c. (avoid) 623; show, the white feather. 

Adj. coward, cowardly; fearful, shy; timid, timorous; skittish; poorspirited, 

spiritless, soft, effeminate. weak-minded; infirm of 

purpose &c. 605; weak-hearted, fainthearted, chickenhearted, 

henhearted † , lilyhearted, pigeon-hearted; white-livered † , lilylivered, 

milk-livered † ; milksop, smock-faced; unable to say 'boo' to 

a goose. dastard, dastardly; base, craven, sneaking, dunghill, 

recreant; unwarlike, unsoldier-like. in face a lion but in heart a 

deer." unmanned; frightened &c. 860. 

Int. sauve qui peut! [Fr.], every man for himself! [Fr.Tr.]; devil take 

the hindmost!, 

Phr. ante tubam trepidat [Lat.], one's courage oozing out; 

degeneres animos timor arguit [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#864. Caution -- N. caution; cautiousness &c. adj.; discretion, 

prudence, cautel † , heed, circumspection, calculation, deliberation.

audacity. precipitancy, precipitation; impetuosity; levity; 

foolhardihood † , foolhardiness; heedlessness, thoughtlessness &c. 

(inattention) 458; carelessness &c. (neglect) 460; desperation; 

Quixotism, knight-errantry; fire eating. gaming, gambling; blind 

bargain, leap in the dark, leap of faith, fool's paradise; too many 

eggs in one basket. desperado, rashling † , madcap, daredevil, 

Hotspur, fire eater, bully, bravo, Hector, scapegrace, enfant perdu 

[Fr.]; Don Quixote, knight-errant, Icarus; adventurer; gambler, 

gamester; dynamitard † ; boomer [U.S.]. 

V. be rash &c. adj.; stick at nothing, play a desperate game; run 

into danger &c. 665; play with fire, play with edge tools. carry too 

much sail, sail too near the wind, ride at single anchor, go out of 

one's depth. take a leap in the dark, buy a pig in a poke. donner 

tete baissee [Fr.]; knock, one's bead against a wall &c. (be 

unskillful) 699; rush on destruction; kick against the pricks, tempt 

Providence, go on a forlorn hope, go on a fool's errand. reckon 

one's chickens before they are reckon one's chickens before they 

are hatched, count one's chickens before they are hatched, 

reckon without one's host; catch at straws; trust to a broken reed, 

lean on a broken reed. 

Adj. rash, incautious, indiscreet; imprudent, improvident, 

temerarious; uncalculating † ; heedless; careless &c. (neglectful) 

460; without ballast, heels over head, head over heels; giddy &c. 

(inattentive) 458; wanton, reckless, wild, madcap; desperate, 

devil-may-care. hot-blooded, hotheaded, hotbrained † ; headlong, 

headstrong; breakneck; foolhardy; harebrained; precipitate, 

impulsive. overconfident, overweening; venturesome, venturous; 

adventurous, Quixotic, fire eating, cavalier; janty † , jaunty, free and 

easy. off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) 508 † . 

Adv. post haste, a corps perdu [Fr.], hand over head, tete baissee 

[Fr.], headforemost † ; happen what may, come what may. 

Phr. neck or nothing, the devil being in one; non semper temeritas 

est felix [Lat.] [Livy]; paucis temeritas est bono multis malo [Lat.] 

[Phaedrus]. 

#865. Desire -- N. desire, wish, fancy, fantasy; want, need, 

exigency. mind, inclination, leaning, bent, animus, partiality, 

penchant, predilection; propensity &c. 820; willingness &c. 602; 

liking, love, fondness, relish. longing, hankering, inkling; solicitude, 

anxiety; yearning, coveting; aspiration, ambition, vaulting ambition; 

eagerness, zeal, ardor, empressement [Fr.], breathless 

impatience, overanxiety; impetuosity, &c. 825. appetite, 

appetition † , appetence † , appetency † ; sharp appetite, keenness, 

hunger, stomach, twist; thirst, thirstiness; drouth, mouthwatering; 

itch, itching; prurience, cacoethes [Lat.], cupidity, lust, 

concupiscence. edge of appetite, edge of hunger; torment of 

Tantalus; sweet tooth, lickerish tooth † ; itching palm; longing eye, 

wistful eye, sheep's eye. [excessive desire for money] greed &c. 

817.1. voracity &c. (gluttony) 957. passion, rage, furore † , mania, 

manie † ; inextinguishable desire; dipsomania, kleptomania. 

[Person who desires] lover, amateur, votary, devotee, aspirant, 

solicitant, candidate, applicant, supplicant; cormorant &c. 957. 

[Object of desire] desideratum; want &c. (requirement) 630; a 

consummation devoutly to be wished;" attraction, magnet, 

allurement, fancy, temptation, seduction, fascination, prestige, 

height of one's ambition, idol; whim, whimsy, whimsey † ; maggot; 

hobby, hobby-horse. Fortunatus's cap; wishing cap, wishing stone, 

wishing well. 

V. desire; wish, wish for; be desirous &c. adj.. have a longing &c. 

n.; hope &c. 858. care for, affect, like, list; take to, cling to, take a 

fancy to; fancy; prefer &c. (choose) 609. have an eye, have a mind 

to; find it in one's heart &c. (be willing) 602; have a fancy for, set 

one's eyes upon; cast a sheep's eye upon, look sweet upon; take 

into one's head, have at heart, be bent upon; set one's cap at, set 

one's heart upon, set one's mind upon; covet. want, miss, need, 

feel the want of, would fain have, would fain do; would be glad of. 

be hungry &c. adj.; have a good appetite, play a good knife and 

fork; hunger after, thirst after, crave after, lust after, itch after, 

prudence, cautel , heed, circumspection, calculation, deliberation. 

foresight &c. 510; vigilance &c. 459; warning &c. 668. coolness 

&c. adj.; self-possession, self-command; presence of mind, sang 

froid [Fr.]; well-regulated mind; worldly wisdom, Fabian policy. 

V. be cautious &c. adj.; take care, take heed, take good care; 

have a care mind, what one is about; be on one's guard &c. (keep 

watch) 459; make assurance doubly sure" [Macbeth]. bespeak 

&c. (be early) 132. think twice, look before one leaps, count the 

cost, look to the main chance, cut one's coat according to one's 

cloth; feel one's ground, feel one's way; see how the land lies &c. 

(foresight) 510; wait to see how the cat jumps; bridle one's 

tongue; reculer pour mieux sauter &c. (prepare) 673 [Fr.]; let well 

alone, let well enough alone; let sleeping dogs lie, ne pas reveiller 

le chat qui dort [Fr.], don't wake a sleeping cat. keep out of harm's 

way, keep out of troubled waters; keep at a respectful distance, 

stand aloof; keep on the safe side, be on the safe side. husband 

one's resources &c. 636. caution &c. (warn) 668. 

Adj. cautious, wary, guarded; on one's guard &c. (watchful) 459; 

cavendo tutus [Lat.]; in medio tutissimus [Lat.]; vigilant. careful, 

heedful; cautelous † , stealthy, chary, shy of, circumspect, prudent, 

discreet, politic; sure-footed &c. (skillful) 698. unenterprising, 

unadventurous, cool, steady, self-possessed; overcautious. 

Adv. cautiously &c. adj.. 

Int. have a care!, 

Phr. timeo Danaos [Lat.] [Vergil]; festina lente [Lat.]. ante 

victoriam ne canas triumphum [Lat.], don't sing out victory before 

the triumph; give, every man thine ear but few thy voice" [Hamlet]; 

he who laughs last laughs best, il rit bien qui rit le dernier [Fr.]; ni 

firmes carta que no leas ni bebas agua que no ni firmes carta que 

no leas ni bebas agua que no veas [Sp.]; nescit vox missa reverti 

[Lat.] [Horace]; love all, trust a few" [All's Well]; noli irritare leones 

[Lat.]; safe bind safe find; if it ain't broke, don't fix it" [Bert Lance]. 

#866. Indifference -- N. indifference, neutrality; coldness &c. adj.; 

anaphrodisia † ; unconcern, insouciance, nonchalance; want of 

interest, want of earnestness; anorexy † , anorexia, inappetency † ; 

apathy &c. (insensibility) 823; supineness &c. (inactivity) 683; 

disdain &c. 930; recklessness &c. 863; inattention &c. 458. 

anaphrodisiac † , antaphrodisiac † ; lust-quencher, passion-queller † . 

V. be indifferent &c. adj.; stand neuter; take no interest in &c. 

(insensibility) 823; have no desire for &c. 865, have no taste for, 

have no relish for; not care for; care nothing for, care nothing 

about; not care a straw about, not care a fig for, not care a whit 

about &c. (unimportance) 643; not mind. set at naught &c. (make 

light of) 483; spurn &c. (disdain) 930. 

Adj. indifferent, cold, frigid, lukewarm; cool, cool as a cucumber; 

unconcerned, insouciant, phlegmatic, pococurante † , easygoing, 

devil-may-care, careless, listless, lackadaisical; half-hearted; 

unambitious, unaspiring, undesirous † , unsolicitous † , unattracted. 

[indifferent toward people] aloof, unapproachable, remote; 

uncaring. unattractive, unalluring, undesired, undesirable, uncared 

for, unwished † , unvalued, all one to. insipid &c. 391; vain. 

Adv. for aught one cares. 

Int. never mind; Who cares,? whatever you like, whatever. 

Phr. I couldn't care less, I could care less; anything will do; es 

macht nichts [G.]. 

#867. Dislike -- N. dislike, distaste, disrelish, disinclination, 

displacency † . reluctance; backwardness &c. (unwillingness) 603. 

repugnance, disgust, queasiness, turn, nausea, loathing; 

averseness † , aversation † , aversion; abomination, antipathy, 

abhorrence, horror; mortal antipathy, rooted antipathy, mortal 

horror, rooted horror; hatred, detestation; hate &c. 898; animosity 

&c. 900; hydrophobia; canine madness; byssa † , xenophobia. 

sickener † ; gall and wormwood &c. (unsavory) 395; shuddering, 

cold sweat.

hanker after, run mad after; raven for, die for; burn to. desiderate † ; 

sigh for, cry for, gape for, gasp for, pine for, pant for, languish for, 

yearn for, long, be on thorns for, hope for; aspire after; catch at, 

grasp at, jump at. woo, court, solicit; fish for, spell for, whistle for, 

put up for; ogle. cause desire, create desire, raise desire, excite 

desire, provoke desire; whet the appetite; appetize † , titillate, 

allure, attract, take one's fancy, tempt; hold out temptation, hold 

out allurement; tantalize, make one's mouth water, faire venir l'eau 

a la bouche [Fr.]. gratify desire &c. (give pleasure) 829. 

Adj. desirous; desiring &c. v.; inclined &c. (willing) 602; partial to; 

fain, wishful, optative † ; anxious, wistful, curious; at a loss for, 

sedulous, solicitous. craving, hungry, sharp-set, peckish † , 

ravening, with an empty stomach, esurient † , lickerish † , thirsty, 

athirst, parched with thirst, pinched with hunger, famished, dry, 

drouthy † ; hungry as a hunter, hungry as a hawk, hungry as a horse, 

hungry as a church mouse, hungry as a bear. [excessively 

desirous] greedy &c. 817.1. unsatisfied, unsated, unslaked; 

unsaturated. eager, avid, keen; burning, fervent, ardent; agog; all 

agog; breathless; impatient &c. (impetuous) 825; bent on, intent 

on, set on, bent upon, intent upon, set upon; mad after, enrage, 

rabid, dying for, devoured by desire. aspiring, ambitious, vaulting, 

skyaspiring, high-reaching. desirable; desired &c. v.; in demand; 

pleasing &c. (giving pleasure) 829; appetizing, appetible † ; 

tantalizing. 

Adv. wistfully &c. adj.; fain. 

Int. would that, would that it were!, O for!, esto perpetual [Lat.] 

Phr. the wish being father to the thought; sua cuique voluptas 

[Lat.]; hoc erat in votis [Lat.], the mouth watering, the fingers 

itching; aut Caesar aut nullus [Lat.]. Cassius has a lean and hungry 

look" [Julius Caesar]; hungry as the grave" [Thomson]; I was born 

to other things" [Tennyson]; not what we wish but what we want" 

[Merrick]; such joy ambition finds" [Paradise Lost]; the sea hath 

bounds but deep desire hath none" [Venus and Adonis]; ubi mel 

ibi apes [Lat.]. 

cold sweat. 

V. mislike misrelish † , dislike, disrelish; mind, object to; have rather 

not, would rather not, prefer not to, not care for; have a dislike for, 

conceive a dislike to, entertain a dislike for, take a dislike to, have 

an aversion to, have an aversion for; have no taste for, have no 

stomach for. shun, avoid &c. 623; eschew; withdraw from, shrink 

from, recoil from; not be able to bear, not be able to abide, not be 

able to endure; shrug the shoulders at, shudder at, turn up the 

nose at, look askance at; make a mouth, make a wry face, make 

a grimace; make faces. loathe, nauseate, abominate, detest, 

abhor; hate &c. 898; take amiss &c. 900; have enough of &c. (be 

satiated) 869. wish away, unwish cause dislike, excite dislike; 

disincline, repel, sicken; make sick, render sick; turn one's 

stomach, nauseate, wamble † , disgust, shock, stink in the nostrils; 

go against the grain, go against the stomach; stick in the throat; 

make one's blood run cold &c. (give pain) 830; pall. 

Adj. disliking &c. v.; averse from, loathe, loathe to, loth, adverse; 

shy of, sick of, out of conceit with; disinclined; heartsick, dogsick † ; 

queasy. disliked &c. v.; uncared for, unpopular; out of favor; 

repulsive, repugnant, repellant; abhorrent, insufferable, fulsome, 

nauseous; loathsome, loathful † ; offensive; disgusting &c. v.; 

disagreeable c. (painful) 830. 

Adv. usque ad nauseam [Lat.]. 

Int. faugh!, foh! † , ugh!, 

Phr. non libet [Lat.]. 

#868. Fastidiousness -- N. fastidiousness &c. adj.; nicety, 

hypercriticism, difficulty in being pleased, friandise [Fr.], 

epicurism, omnia suspendens naso [Lat.]. epicure, gourmet. 

[Excess of delicacy] prudery. 

V. be fastidious &c. adj.; have a sweet tooth. mince the matter; 

turn up one's nose at &c. (disdain) 930; look a gift horse in the 

mouth, see spots on the sun. 

Adj. fastidious, nice, delicate, delicat † , finical, finicky, demanding, 

meticulous, exacting, strict, anal [Vulg.], difficult, dainty, lickerish † , 

squeamish, thin-skinned; squeasy † , queasy; hard to please, 

difficult to please; querulous, particular, straitlaced, scrupulous; 

censorious &c. 932; hypercritical; overcritical. 

Phr. noli me tangere [Lat.]. 

#869. Satiety -- N. satiety, satisfaction, saturation, repletion, glut, 

surfeit; cloyment † , satiation; weariness &c. 841. spoiled child; 

enfant gete [Fr.], enfant terrible [Fr.]; too much of a good thing, 

toujours perdrix [Fr.]; crambe repetita [Lat.]. 

V. sate, satiate, satisfy, saturate; cloy, quench, slake, pall, glut., 

gorge, surfeit; bore &c. (weary) 841; tire &c. (fatigue) 688; spoil. 

have enough of, have quite enough of, have one's fill, have too 

much of; be satiated &c. adj.. 

Adj. satiated &c. v.; overgorged † ; blase, used up, sick of, 

heartsick. 

Int. enough!, hold!, eheu jam satis! [Lat.], basta! † , 

4. CONTEMPLATIVE AFFECTIONS 

#870. Wonder -- N. wonder, marvel; astonishment, amazement, 

wonderment, bewilderment; amazedness &c. adj. † ; admiration, 

awe; stupor, stupefaction; stound † , fascination; sensation; 

surprise &c. (inexpectation) 508 † . note of admiration; 

thaumaturgy &c. (sorcery) 992 † . 

V. wonder, marvel, admire; be surprised &c. adj.; start; stare; 

open one's eyes, rub one's eyes, turn up one's eyes; gloar † #871. [Absence of wonder.] Expectance -- N. expectance &c. 

(expectation) 507. example, instance (conformity) 82. normality 

(habit) 613. nine days' wonder. 

V. expect &c. 507; not be surprised, not wonder &c. 870; nil 

admirari [Lat.], make nothing of. 

Adj. expecting &c. v.; unamazed, astonished at nothing; blase &c. 

; gape, 

(weary) 841; expected &c. v.; foreseen; unsurprising. common, 

open one's mouth, hold one's breath; look aghast, stand aghast, ordinary, normal, typical, usual &c. (habitual) 613. 

stand agog; look blank &c. (disappointment) 509; tombe des 

Adv. naturally, as a matter of course. 

nues [Fr.]; not believe one's eyes, not believe one's ears, not 

Int. no wonder; of course. 

believe one's senses. not be able to account for &c. 

(unintelligible) 519; not know whether one stands on one's head 

or one's not know whether one stands on one's head or one's

heels. surprise, astonish, amaze, astound; dumfound, 

dumfounder; startle, dazzle; daze; strike, strike with wonder, strike 

with awe; electrify; stun, stupefy, petrify, confound, bewilder, 

flabbergast, stagger, throw on one's beam ends, fascinate, turn 

the head, take away one's breath, strike dumb; make one's hair 

stand on end, make one's tongue cleave to the roof of one's make 

one's tongue cleave to the roof of one's mouth; make one stare. 

take by surprise &c. (be unexpected) 508. be wonderful &c. adj.; 

beggar description, beggar the imagination, baffle description; 

stagger belief. 

Adj. surprised &c. v.; aghast, all agog, breathless, agape; openmouthed; 

awestruck, thunderstruck, moonstruck, planet-struck; 

spellbound; lost in amazement, lost in wonder, lost in 

astonishment; struck all of a heap, unable to believe one's senses, 

like a duck ion thunder. wonderful, wondrous; surprising &c. v.; 

unexpected &c. 508; unheard of; mysterious &c. (inexplicable) 

519; miraculous. indescribable, inexpressible, inaffable † ; 

unutterable, unspeakable. monstrous, prodigious, stupendous, 

marvelous; inconceivable, incredible; inimaginable † , 

unimaginable; strange &c. (uncommon) 83; passing strange. 

striking &c. v.; overwhelming; wonder-working. 

Adv. wonderfully, &c. adj.; fearfully; for a wonder, in the name of 

wonder; strange to say; mirabile dictu [Lat.], mirabile visu [Lat.]; to 

one's great surprise. with wonder &c. n., with gaping mouth; with 

open eyes, with upturned eyes. 

Int. lo, lo and behold!, O!, heyday!, halloo!, what!, indeed!, really!, 

surely!, humph!, hem!, good lack, good heavens, good gracious!, 

Ye gods!, good Lord!, good grief!, Holy cow!, My word!, Holy shit! 

[Vulg.], gad so!, welladay! † , dear me!, only think!, lackadaisy! † , 

my stars, my goodness!, gracious goodness!, goodness 

gracious!, mercy on us!, heavens and earth!, God bless me!, 

bless us, bless my heart!, odzookens! † , O gemini!, adzooks! † , 

hoity-toity!, strong!, Heaven save the mark, bless the mark!, can 

such things be!, zounds!, 'sdeath! [Contr.], what on earth, what in 

the world!, who would have thought it!, &c. (inexpectation) 508 † ; 

you don't say so!, You're kidding!, No kidding,? what do you say to 

that!. nous verrons! [Fr.], how now!, where am I.? 

Phr. vox faucibus haesit [Lat.]; one's hair standing on end. 

#872. Prodigy -- N. prodigy, phenomenon; wonder, wonderment; marvel, miracle; monster &c. (unconformity) 83; curiosity, lion, 

sight, spectacle; jeu de theatre [Fr.], coup de theatre; gazingstock † ; sign; St. Elmo's fire, St. Elmo's light; portent &c. 512. bursting of 

a shell, bursting of a bomb; volcanic eruption, peal of thunder; thunder-clap, thunder-bolt. what no words can paint; wonders of the 

world; annus mirabilis [Lat.]; dignus vindice nodus [Lat.]. 

Phr. natura il fece e poi roppe la stampa [It]. 

#873. Repute -- N. distinction, mark, name, figure; repute, 

reputation; good repute, high repute; note, notability, notoriety, 

eclat, the bubble reputation" [As You Like It], vogue, celebrity; 

fame, famousness; renown; popularity, aura popularis [Lat.]; 

5. EXTRINSIC AFFECTIONS 

approbation &c. 931; credit, succes d'estime [Fr.], prestige, talk of 

the town; name to conjure with. glory, honor; luster &c. (light) 420; 

illustriousness &c. adj.. account, regard, respect; reputableness 

&c. adj. † ; respectability &c. (probity) 939; good name, good 

report; fair name. dignity; stateliness &c. adj.; solemnity, grandeur, 

splendor, nobility, majesty, sublimity. rank, standing, brevet rank, 

precedence, pas, station, place, status; position, position in 

society; order, degree, baccalaureate, locus standi [Lat.], caste, 

condition. greatness &c. adj.; eminence; height &c. 206; 

importance &c. 642; preeminence, supereminence; high 

mightiness, primacy; top of the ladder, top of the tree. elevation; 

ascent &c. 305; superaltation † , exaltation; dignification † , 

aggrandizement. dedication, consecration, enthronement, 

canonization, celebration, enshrinement, glorification. hero, man 

of mark, great card, celebrity, worthy, lion, rara avis [Lat.], 

notability, somebody; classman † ; man of rank &c. (nobleman) 

875; pillar of the state, pillar of the church, pillar of the community. 

#874. Disrepute -- N. disrepute, discredit; ill repute, bad repute, 

bad name, bad odor, bad favor, ill name, ill odor, ill favor; 

disapprobation &c. 932; ingloriousness, derogation; abasement, 

debasement; abjectness &c. adj.; degradation, dedecoration † ; a 

long farewell to all my greatness [Henry VIII]; odium, obloquy, 

opprobrium, ignominy. dishonor, disgrace; shame, humiliation; 

scandal, baseness, vileness † ; turpitude &c. (improbity) 940 † ; 

infamy. tarnish, taint, defilement, pollution. stain, blot, spot, blur, 

stigma, brand, reproach, imputation, slur. crying shame, burning 

shame; scandalum magnatum [Lat.], badge of infamy, blot in one's 

escutcheon; bend sinister, bar sinister; champain † , point 

champain † ; byword of reproach; Ichabod. argumentum ad 

verecundiam [Lat.]; sense of shame &c. 879. 

V. be inglorious &c. adj.; incur disgrace &c. n.; have a bad name, 

earn a bad name; put a halter round one's neck, wear a halter 

round one's neck; disgrace oneself, expose oneself. play second 

fiddle; lose caste; pale one's ineffectual fire; recede into the 

shade; fall from one's high estate; keep in the background &c. 

(modesty) 881; be conscious of disgrace &c. (humility) 879; look 

blue, look foolish, look like a fool; cut a poor figure, cut a sorry 

figure; laugh on the wrong side of the mouth; make a sorry face,

chief &c. (master) 745; first fiddle &c. (proficient) 700; cynosure, 

mirror; flower, pink, pearl; paragon &c. (perfection) 650; choice 

and master spirits of the age; elite; star, sun, constellation, galaxy. 

ornament, honor, feather in one's cap, halo, aureole, nimbus; halo 

of glory, blaze of glory, blushing honors; laurels &c. (trophy) 733. 

memory, posthumous fame, niche in the temple of fame; 

immortality, immortal name; magni nominis umbra [Lat.] [Lucan]. 

V. be conscious of glory; be proud of &c. (pride) 878; exult &c. 

(boast) 884; be vain of &c. (vanity) 880. be distinguished &c. adj.; 

shine &c. (light) 420; shine forth, figure; cut a figure, make a dash, 

make a splash. rival, surpass; outshine, outrival, outvie † go away with a flea in. one's ear, slink away. cause shame &c. n.; 

shame, disgrace, put to shame, dishonor; throw dishonor upon, 

cast dishonor upon, fling dishonor upon, reflect dishonor upon &c. 

n.; be a reproach &c. n.. to; derogate from. tarnish, stain, blot sully, 

taint; discredit; degrade, debase, defile; beggar; expel &c. 

(punish) 972. impute shame to, brand, post, stigmatize, vilify, 

defame, slur, cast a slur upon, hold up to shame, send to 

Coventry; tread under foot, trample under foot; show up, drag 

through the mire, heap dirt upon; reprehend &c. 932. bring low, put 

down, snub; take down a peg, take down a peg lower, take down 

, outjump; a peg or two. obscure. eclipse, outshine, take the shine out of; 

emulate, eclipse; throw into the shade, cast into the shade; throw into the shade, cast into the shade; overshadow; leave in the 

overshadow. live, flourish, glitter, flaunt, gain honor, acquire honor background, put in the background; push into a corner, put one's 

&c. n.; play first fiddle &c. (be of importance) 642, bear the palm, nose out of joint; put out, put out of countenance. upset, throw off 

bear the bell; lead the way; take precedence, take the wall of; gain one's center; discompose, disconcert; put to the blush &c. 

laurels, win laurels, gain spurs, gain golden opinions &c. (humble) 879. 

(approbation) 931; take one's degree, pass one's examination. Adj. disgraced &c. v.; blown upon; shorn of its beams" [Milton], 

make a noise, make some noise, make a noise in the world; shorn of one's glory; overcome, downtrodden; loaded with shame 

leave one's mark, exalt one's horn, blow one's horn, star it, have a &c. n.; in bad repute &c. n.; out of repute, out of favor, out of 

run, be run after; come into vogue, come to the front; raise one's fashion, out of countenance; at a discount; under a cloud, under an 

head. enthrone, signalize, immortalize, deify, exalt to the skies; eclipse; unable to show one's face; in the shade, in the 

hand one's name down to posterity. consecrate; dedicate to, background; out at elbows, down at the elbows, down in the world. 

devote to; enshrine, inscribe, blazon, lionize, blow the trumpet, inglorious; nameless, renownless 

crown with laurel. confer honor on, reflect honor on &c. v.; shed a 

luster on; redound.to one's honor, ennoble. give honor to, do honor 

to, pay honor to, render honor to; honor, accredit, pay regard to, 

dignify, glorify; sing praises to &c. (approve) 931; lock up to; exalt, 

aggrandize, elevate, nobilitate [Lat.]. 

Adj. distinguished, distingue [Fr.], noted; of note &c. n.; honored 

&c. v.; popular; fashionable &c. 852. in good odor in; favor, in high 

favor; reputable, respectable, creditable. remarkable &c. 

(important) 642; notable, notorious; celebrated, renowned, ion 

every one's mouth, talked of; famous, famed; far-famed; 

conspicuous, to the front; foremost; in the front rank, in the 

ascendant. imperishable, deathless, immortal, never fading, aere 

perennius [Lat.]; time honored. illustrious, glorious, splendid, 

brilliant, radiant; bright &c. 420; full-blown; honorific. eminent, 

prominent; high &c. 206; in the zenith; at the head of, at the top of 

the tree; peerless, of the first water.; superior &c. 33; 

supereminent, preeminent. great, dignified, proud, noble, 

honorable, worshipful, lordly, grand, stately, august, princely. 

imposing, solemn, transcendent, majestic, sacred, sublime, 

heaven-born, heroic, sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.]; sacrosanct. 

Int. hail!, all hail!, ave!, viva!, vive! [Fr.], long life to!, banzai! [Jap.]; 

glory be to, honor be to? 

Phr. one's name being in every mouth, one's name living for ever; 

sic itur ad astra [Lat.], fama volat [Lat.], aut Caesar aut nullus 

[Lat.]; not to know him argues oneself unknown; none but himself 

could be his parallel, palmam qui meruit ferat [Lat.] [Nelson's 

motto]. above all Greek above all Roman fame" [Pope]; cineri 

gloria sera est [Lat.] [Martial]; great is the glory for the strife is 

hard" [Wordsworth]; honor virtutis praemium [Lat.] [Cicero]; 

immensum gloria calcar habet [Ovid]; the glory dies not and the 

grief is past" [Brydges]; vivit post funera virtus [Lat.]. 

† ; obscure; unknown to fame; 

unnoticed, unnoted † , unhonored, unglorified † . shameful; 

disgraceful, discreditable, disreputable; despicable; questionable; 

unbecoming, unworthy; derogatory; degrading, humiliating, infra 

dignitatem [Lat.], dedecorous † ; scandalous, infamous, too bad, 

unmentionable; ribald, opprobrious; errant, shocking, outrageous, 

notorious. ignominious, scrubby, dirty, abject, vile, beggarly, pitiful, 

low, mean, shabby base &c. (dishonorable) 940. 

Adv. to one's shame be it spoken. 

Int. fie!, shame!, for shame!, proh pudor! [Lat.], O tempora! † , O 

mores!, ough!, sic transit gloria mundi! [Lat.], 

#875. Nobility -- N. nobility, rank, condition, distinction, 

optimacy † , blood, pur sang [Fr.], birth, high descent, order; quality, 

gentility; blue blood of Castile; ancien regime [Fr.]. high life, haute 

monde [Fr.]; upper classes, upper ten thousand; the four hundred 

[U.S.]; elite, aristocracy, great folks; fashionable world &c. 

(fashion) 852. peer, peerage; house of lords, house of peers; 

lords, lords temporal and spiritual; noblesse; noble, nobleman; 

lord, lordling † ; grandee, magnifico [Lat.], hidalgo; daimio [Jap.], 

daimyo [Jap.], samurai [Jap.], shizoku [Jap.]; don, donship † ; 

aristocrat, swell, three-tailed bashaw † ; gentleman, squire, 

squireen † , patrician, laureate. gentry, gentlefolk; squirarchy 

[Slang], better sort magnates, primates, optimates † ; 

pantisocracy † . king &c. (master) 745; atheling † #876. Commonalty -- N. commonalty, democracy; obscurity; low 

condition, low life, low society, low company; bourgeoisie; mass of 

the people, mass of society; Brown Jones and Robinson; lower 

classes, humbler classes, humbler orders; vulgar herd, common 

herd; rank and file, hoc genus omne [Lat.]; the many, the general, 

the crowd, the people, the populace, the multitude, the million, the 

masses, the mobility, the peasantry; king Mob; proletariat; fruges 

consumere nati [Lat.], demos, hoi polloi [Gr.], great unwashed; 

man in the street. mob; rabble, rabble rout; chaff, rout, horde, 

canaille; scum of the people, residuum of the people, dregs of the 

people, dregs of society; swinish multitude, foex populi 

; prince, duke; 

† ; trash; 

profanum vulgus [Lat.], ignobile vulgus [Lat.]; vermin, riffraff, ragtag 

and bobtail; small fry. commoner, one of the people, democrat, 

plebeian, republican, proletary † , proletaire † , roturier † , Mr. Snooks,

marquis, marquisate † ; earl, viscount, baron, thane, banneret † ; 

baronet, baronetcy † ; knight, knighthood; count, armiger † , laird; 

signior † , seignior; esquire, boyar, margrave, vavasour † ; emir, 

ameer † , scherif † , sharif, effendi, wali; sahib; chevalier, maharaja, 

nawab, palsgrave † , pasha, rajah, waldgrave † . princess, begum † , 

duchess, marchioness; countess &c.; lady, dame; memsahib; 

Do$a, maharani, rani. personage of distinction, man of distinction, 

personage of rank, man of rank, personage of mark, man of mark; 

notables, notabilities; celebrity, bigwig, magnate, great man, star, 

superstar; big bug; big gun, great gun; gilded rooster [U.S.]; 

magni nominis umbra [Lat.] [Lucan]; every inch a king" [Lear]. 

V. be noble &c. adj.. 

Adj. noble, exalted; of rank &c. n.; princely, titled, patrician, 

aristocratic; high-, well-born; of gentle blood; genteel, comme il 

faut [Fr.], gentlemanlike † plebeian, republican, proletary , proletaire , roturier , Mr. Snooks, 

bourgeois, epicier [Fr.], Philistine, cockney; grisette 

, courtly &c. (fashionable) 852; highly 

respectable. 

Adv. in high quarters. 

Phr. Adel sitzt im Gemuthe nicht im Gebluete [G.]; adelig und edel 

sind zweierlei [G.]; noblesse oblige [Fr.]. 

† , 

demimonde. peasant, countryman, boor, carle † , churl; villain, 

villein; terrae filius [Lat.], son of the land; serf, kern † , tyke, tike, 

chuff † , ryot † , fellah; longshoreman; swain, clown, hind; clod, 

clodhopper; hobnail, yokel, bog-trotter, bumpkin; plowman, 

plowboy † ; rustic, hayseed [Slang], lunkhead [U.S.], chaw-bacon 

[Slang], tiller of the soil; hewers of wood and drawers of water, 

groundling † ; gaffer, loon, put, cub, Tony Lumpkin † , looby † , rube 

[U.S.], lout, underling; gamin; rough; pot-wallopper † , 

slubberdegullion † ; vulgar fellow, low fellow; cad, curmudgeon. 

upstart, parvenu, skipjack † ; nobody, nobody one knows; hesterni 

quirites [Lat.], pessoribus orti [Lat.]; bourgeois gentilhomme [Fr.], 

novus homo [Lat.], snob, gent, mushroom, no one knows who, 

adventurer; man of straw. beggar, gaberlunzie † , muckworm † , 

mudlark † , sans culotte, raff † , tatterdemalion, caitiff, ragamuffin, 

Pariah, outcast of society, tramp, vagabond, bezonian † , 

panhandler [Slang], sundowner † , chiffonnier, Cinderella, 

cinderwench † , scrub, jade; gossoon † . Goth, Vandal, Hottentot, 

Zulu, savage, barbarian, Yahoo; unlicked cub † , rough diamond † . 

barbarousness, barbarism; boeotia. 

V. be ignoble &c. adj., be nobody &c. n.. 

Adj. ignoble, common, mean, low, base, vile, sorry, scrubby, 

beggarly; below par; no great shakes &c. (unimportant) 643; 

homely, homespun; vulgar, low-minded; snobbish. plebeian, 

proletarian; of low parentage, of low origin, of low extraction, of 

mean parentage, of mean origin, of mean extraction; lowborn, 

baseborn, earthborn † ; mushroom, dunghill, risen from the ranks; 

unknown to fame, obscure, untitled. rustic, uncivilized; loutish, 

boorish, clownish, churlish, brutish, raffish; rude, unlicked † . 

barbarous, barbarian, barbaric, barbaresque † ; cockney, born 

within sound of Bow bells. underling, menial, subaltern. 

Adv. below the salt. 

Phr. dummodo sit dives barbarus ipse placet [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

#877. Title -- N. title, honor; knighthood &c. (nobility) 875. highness, excellency, grace; lordship, worship; reverence, reverend; 

esquire, sir, master, Mr., signor, senor, Mein Herr [G.], mynheer † ; your honor, his honor; serene highness; handle to one's name. 

decoration, laurel, palm, wreath, garland, bays, medal, ribbon, riband, blue ribbon, cordon, cross, crown, coronet, star, garter; feather, 

feather in one's cap; epaulet, epaulette, colors, cockade; livery; order, arms, shield, scutcheon; reward &c. 973. 

#878. Pride -- N. dignity, self-respect, mens sibi conscia recti 

[Lat.] [Vergil]. pride; haughtiness &c. adj.; high notions, hauteur; 

vainglory, crest; arrogance &c. (assumption) 885. proud man, 

highflier † ; fine gentleman, fine lady. 

V. be proud &c. adj.; put a good face on; look one in the face; 

stalk abroad, perk oneself up; think no small beer of oneself; 

presume, swagger, strut; rear one's head, lift up one's head, hold 

up one's head; hold one's head high, look big, take the wall, bear 

like the Turk no rival near the throne" [Pope], carry with a high 

hand; ride the high horse, mount on one's high horse; set one's 

back up, bridle, toss the head; give oneself airs &c. (assume) 

885; boast &c. 884. pride oneself on; glory in, take a pride in; 

pique oneself, plume oneself, hug oneself; stand upon, be proud 

of; put a good face on; not hide one's light under a bushel, not put 

one's talent in a napkin; not think small beer of oneself &c. (vanity) 

880. 

Adj. dignified; stately; proud, proud-crested; lordly, baronial; loftyminded; 

highsouled, high-minded, high-mettled † #879. Humility -- N. humility, humbleness; meekness, lowness; 

lowliness, lowlihood 

, high-handed, 

high-plumed, high-flown, high-toned. haughty lofty, high, mighty, 

swollen, puffed up, flushed, blown; vainglorious; purse-proud, fine; 

proud as a peacock, proud as Lucifer; bloated with pride. 

supercilious, disdainful, bumptious, magisterial, imperious, high 

and mighty, overweening, consequential; arrogant &c. 885; 

unblushing &c. 880. stiff, stiff-necked; starch; perked stuck-up; in 

buckram, strait-laced; prim &c. (affected) 855. on one's dignity, on 

one's high horses, on one's tight ropes, on one's high ropes; on 

stilts; en grand seigneur [Fr.]. 

† ; abasement, self-abasement; submission 

&c. 725; resignation. condescension; affability &c. (courtesy) 894. 

modesty &c. 881; verecundity † , blush, suffusion, confusion; sense 

of shame, sense of disgrace; humiliation, mortification; let down, 

set down. 

V. be humble &c. adj.; deign, vouchsafe, condescend; humble 

oneself, demean oneself; stoop, stoop to conquer; carry coals; 

submit &c. 725; submit with a good grace &c. (brook) 826; yield 

the palm. lower one's tone, lower one's note; sing small, draw in 

one's horns, sober down; hide one's face, hide one's diminished 

head; not dare to show one's face, take shame to oneself, not 

have a word to say for oneself; feel shame, be conscious of 

shame, feel disgrace, be conscious of disgrace; drink the cup of 

humiliation to the dregs. blush for, blush up to the eves; redden, 

change color; color up; hang one's head, look foolish, feel small. 

render humble; humble, humiliate; let down, set down, take down, 

tread down, frown down; snub, abash, abase, make one sing 

small, strike dumb; teach one his distance; put down, take down a 

peg, take down a peg lower; throw into the shade, cast into the 

shade &c. 874; stare out of countenance, put out of countenance; 

put to the blush; confuse, ashame † , mortify, disgrace, crush; send 

away with a flea in one's ear. get a setdown † . 

Adj. humble, lowly, meek; modest &c. 881; humble minded, 

sober-minded; unoffended † ; submissive &c. 725; servile, &c. 886. 

condescending; affable &c. (courteous) 891. humbled &c. v.; 

bowed down, resigned; abashed, ashamed, dashed; out of

Adv. with head erect. 

Phr. odi profanum vulgus et arceo [Lat.] [Horace]. a duke's 

revenues on her back" [Henry VI]; disdains the shadow which he 

treads on at disdains the shadow which he treads on at noon" 

[Coriolanis]; pride in their port, defiance in their eye" [Goldsmith]. 

bowed down, resigned; abashed, ashamed, dashed; out of 

countenance; down in the mouth; down on one's knees, down on 

one's marrowbones, down on one's uppers; humbled in the dust, 

browbeaten; chapfallen † , crestfallen; dumfoundered † . 

flabbergasted. shorn of one's glory &c. (disrepute) 874. 

Adv. with downcast eyes, with bated breath, with bended knee; on 

all fours, on one's feet. under correction, with due deference. 

Phr. I am your obedient servant, I am your very humble servant; my 

service to you; da locum melioribus [Lat.] [Terence]; parvum parva 

decent [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#880. Vanity -- N. vanity; conceit, conceitedness; self-conceit, 

self-complacency, self-confidence, self-sufficiency, self-esteem, 

self-love, self-approbation, self-praise, self-glorification, selflaudation, 

self-gratulation † , self-applause, self-admiration; amour 

propre [Fr.]; selfishness &c. 943. airs, affected manner, 

pretensions, mannerism; egotism; priggism † , priggishness; 

coxcombry, gaudery † , vainglory, elation; pride &c. 878; 

ostentation &c. 882; assurance &c. 885. vox et praeterea nihil 

[Lat.]; cheval de bataille [Fr.]. coxcomb &c. 854; Sir Oracle &c. 

887. 

V. be vain &c. adj., be vain of; pique oneself &c. (pride) 878; lay 

the flattering unction to one's soul. have too high an opinion of 

oneself, have an overweening opinion of oneself, have too high an 

opinion of one's talents; blind oneself as to one's own merit; not 

think small beer of oneself, not think vin ordinaire of oneself [Fr.]; 

put oneself forward; fish for compliments; give oneself airs &c. 

(assume) 885; boast &c. 884. render vain &c. adj.; inspire with 

vanity &c. n.; inflate, puff up, turn up, turn one's head. 

Adj. vain, vain as a peacock, proud as a peacock; conceited, 

overweening, pert, forward; vainglorious, high-flown; ostentatious 

&c. 882; puffed up, inflated, flushed. self-satisfied, self-confident, 

self-sufficient, self-flattering, self-admiring, self-applauding, selfglorious, 

self-opinionated; entente &c. (wrongheaded) 481; wise 

in one's own conceit, pragmatical † , overwise † #881. Modesty -- N. modesty; humility &c. 879; diffidence, 

timidity; retiring disposition; unobtrusiveness; bashfulness &c. 

adj.; mauvaise honte [Fr.]; blush, blushing; verecundity 

, pretentious, 

priggish; egotistic, egotistical; soi-disant &c. (boastful) 884 [Fr.]; 

arrogant &c. 885. unabashed, unblushing; unconstrained, 

unceremonious; free and easy. 

Adv. vainly &c. adj.. 

Phr. how we apples swim! " [Swift]; prouder than rustling in 

unpaid-for silk" [Cymbeline]. 

† ; selfknowledge. 

reserve, constraint; demureness &c. adj.; blushing 

honors" [Henry VIII]. 

V. be modest &c. adj.; retire, reserve oneself; give way to; draw in 

one's horns &c. 879; hide one's face. keep private, keep in the 

background, keep one's distance; pursue the noiseless tenor of 

one's way, do good by stealth and blush to find it fame" [Pope], 

hide one's light under a bushel, cast a sheep's eye. 

Adj. modest, diffident; humble &c. 879; timid, timorous, bashful; 

shy, nervous, skittish, coy, sheepish, shamefaced, blushing, 

overmodest. unpretending † , unpretentious; unobtrusive, 

unassuming, unostentatious, unboastful † , unaspiring; poor in spirit. 

out of countenance &c. (humbled) 879. reserved, constrained, 

demure. 

Adv. humbly &c. adj.; quietly, privately; without ceremony, without 

beat of drum; sans fa 

Phr. not stepping o'er the bounds of modesty" [Romeo and 

Juliet]; thy modesty's a candle to thy merit" [Fielding]. 

#882. Ostentation -- N. ostentation, display, show, flourish, parade, etalage [Fr.], pomp, array, state, solemnity; dash, splash, 

splurge, glitter, strut, pomposity; pretense, pretensions; showing off; fuss. magnificence, splendor; coup d'oeil [Fr.]; grand doings. 

coup de theatre; stage effect, stage trick; claptrap; mise en scene [Fr.]; tour de force; chic. demonstration, flying colors; tomfoolery; 

flourish of trumpets &c. (celebration) 883; pageant, pageantry; spectacle, exhibition, exposition, procession; turn out, set out; grand 

function; f=ete, gala, field day, review, march past, promenade, insubstantial pageant. dress; court dress, full dress, evening dress, 

ball dress, fancy dress; tailoring, millinery, man millinery, frippery, foppery, equipage. ceremony, ceremonial; ritual; form, formality; 

etiquette; puncto [Lat.], punctilio, punctiliousness; starched stateliness, stateliness. mummery, solemn mockery, mouth honor. 

attitudinarian † ; fop &c. 854. 

V. be ostentatious &c. adj.; come forward, put oneself forward; attract attention, star it. cut a figure, make a dash, make a splash, 

make a splurge, cut a dash, cut a splash, cut a splurge; figure, figure away; make a show, make a display; glitter. show off, show off 

one's paces; parade, march past; display, exhibit, put forward, hold up; trot out, hand out; sport, brandish, blazon forth; dangle, dangle 

before the eyes. cry up &c. (praise) 931; proner [Fr.], flaunt, emblazon, prink † , set off, mount, have framed and glazed. put a good 

face upon, put a smiling face upon; clean the outside of the platter &c. (disguise) 544. 

Adj. ostentatious, showy, dashing, pretentious; janty † , jaunty; grand, pompous, palatial; high-sounding; turgid &c. (big-sounding) 577; 

gairish † , garish; gaudy, gaudy as a peacock, gaudy as a butterfly, gaudy as a tulip; flaunting, flashing, flaming, glittering; gay &c. 

(ornate) 847. splendid, magnificent, sumptuous. theatrical, dramatic, spectacular; ceremonial, ritual. solemn, stately, majestic, formal, 

stiff, ceremonious, punctilious, starched. dressed to kill, dressed to the nines, decjed out, all decked out, en granite tenue [Fr.], in best 

bib and tucker, in Sunday best, endimanch_e, chic. 

Adv. with flourish of trumpet, with beat of drum, with flying colors. ad captandum vulgus [Lat.]. 

Phr. honores mutant mores [Lat.]. 

#883. Celebration -- N. celebration, solemnization, jubilee, commemoration, ovation, paean, triumph, jubilation, ceremony (rite) 998; 

holiday, fiesta, zarabanda † , revelry, feast (amusement) 840; china anniversary, diamond anniversary, golden anniversary, silver 

anniversary, tin anniversary, china jubilee, diamond jubilee, golden jubilee, silver jubilee, tin jubilee, china wedding, diamond wedding, 

golden wedding, silver wedding, tin wedding. triumphal arch, bonfire, salute; salvo, salvo of artillery; feu de joie [Fr.], flourish of 

trumpets, fanfare, colors flying, illuminations. inauguration, installation, presentation; coronation; Lord Mayor's show; harvest-home,

ed-letter day; trophy &c. 733; Te Deum &c. (thanksgiving) 990 [Lat.]; fete &c. 882; holiday &c. 840; Forefathers' Day [U.S.]. 

V. celebrate keep, signalize, do honor to, commemorate, solemnize, hallow, mark with a red letter. pledge, drink to, toast, hob and 

nob † . inaugurate, install, chair. rejoice &c. 838; kill the fatted calf, hold jubilee, roast an ox. 

Adj. celebrating &c. v.; commemorative, celebrated, immortal. 

Adv. in honor of, in commemoration of. 

Int. hail!, all hail!, io paean, io triumphe! † , see the conquering hero comes!." 

#884. Boasting -- N. boasting &c. v.; boast, vaunt, crake † ; pretense, pretensions; puff, puffery; flourish, fanfaronade † ; gasconade; 

blague † , bluff, gas [Slang]; highfalutin, highfaluting † ; hot air, spread-eagleism [U.S.]; brag, braggardism † ; bravado, bunkum, 

buncombe; jactitation † , jactancy † ; bounce; venditation † , vaporing, rodomontade, bombast, fine talking, tall talk, magniloquence, 

teratology † , heroics; Chauvinism; exaggeration &c. 549. vanity &c. 880; vox et praeterea nihil [Lat.]; much cry and little wool, brutum 

fulmen [Lat.]. exultation; gloriation † , glorification; flourish of trumpets; triumph &c. 883. boaster; braggart, braggadocio; Gascon [Fr.], 

fanfaron † , pretender, soi-disant [Fr.]; blower [U.S.], bluffer, Foxy Quiller † ; blusterer &c. 887; charlatan, jack-pudding, trumpeter; puppy 

&c. (fop) 854. 

V. boast, make a boast of, brag, vaunt, Puff, show off, flourish, crake † , crack, trumpet, strut, swagger, vapor; blague † , blow, four-flush 

[Slang], bluff. exult, crow, crow over, neigh, chuckle, triumph; throw up one's cap; talk big, se faire valoir [Fr.], faire claquer son fouet 

[Fr.], take merit to oneself, make a merit of, sing Io triumphe † , holloa before one is out of the wood † . 

Adj. boasting &c. v.; magniloquent, flaming, Thrasonic, stilted, gasconading, braggart, boastful, pretentious, soi-disant [Fr.]; 

vainglorious &c. (conceited) 880; highfalutin, highfaluting † ; spread-eagle [U.S.]. elate, elated; jubilant, triumphant, exultant; in high 

feather; flushed, flushed with victory; cock-a-hoop; on stilts. vaunted &c. v.. 

Adv. vauntingly &c. adj.. 

Phr. let the galled jade wince" [Hamlet]; facta non verba [Lat.]. 

#885. [Undue assumption of superiority.] Insolence -- N. 

insolence; haughtiness &c. adj.; arrogance, airs; overbearance † ; 

domineering &c. v.; tyranny &c. 739. impertinence; sauciness &c. 

adj.; flippancy, dicacity † , petulance, procacity † , bluster; swagger, 

swaggering &c. v.; bounce; terrorism. assumption, presumption; 

beggar on horseback; usurpation. impudence, assurance, 

audacity, hardihood, front, face, brass; shamelessness &c. adj.; 

effrontery, hardened front, face of brass. assumption of infallibility. 

saucebox &c. (blusterer) 887 † . 

V. be insolent &c. adj.; bluster, vapor, swagger, swell, give oneself 

airs, snap one's fingers, kick up a dust; swear &c. (affirm) 535; 

rap out oaths; roister. arrogate; assume, presume; make bold, 

make free; take a liberty, give an inch and take an ell. domineer, 

bully, dictate, hector; lord it over; traiter de haut en bas [Fr.], 

regarder de haut en bas [Fr.]; exact; snub, huff., beard, fly in the 

face of; put to the blush; bear down, beat down; browbeat, 

intimidate; trample down, tread down, trample under foot; 

dragoon, ride roughshod over. out face, outlook, outstare, 

outbrazen † , outbrave † ; stare out of countenance; brazen out; lay 

down the law; teach one's grandmother to suck eggs; assume a 

lofty bearing; talk big, look big; put on big looks, act the grand 

seigneur [Fr.]; mount the high horse, ride the high horse; toss the 

head, carry, with a high hand. tempt Providence, want snuffing. 

Adj. insolent, haughty, arrogant, imperious, magisterial, 

dictatorial, arbitrary; high-handed, high and mighty; contumelious, 

supercilious, overbearing, intolerant, domineering, overweening, 

high-flown. flippant, pert, fresh [U.S.], cavalier, saucy, forward, 

impertinent, malapert. precocious, assuming, would-be, 

bumptious. bluff; brazen, shameless, aweless, unblushlng † , 

unabashed; brazen, boldfaced-, barefaced-, brazen-faced; dead 

to shame, lost to shame. impudent, audacious, presumptuous, 

free and easy, devil-may-care, rollicking; jaunty, janty † #886. Servility -- N. servility; slavery &c. (subjection) 749; 

obsequiousness &c. adj.; subserviency; abasement; prostration, 

prosternation 

; roistering, 

blustering, hectoring, swaggering, vaporing; thrasonic, fire eating, 

full of sound and fury" [Macbeth]. 

Adv. with a high hand; ex cathedra [Lat.]. 

Phr. one's bark being worse than his bite; beggars mounted run 

their horse to death" [Henry VI]; quid times? Caesarem vehis 

[Lat.]? [Plutarch]; wagahai wa [Jap.] (expressing superiority) 

[Jap.Tr.]. 

† ; genuflection &c. (worship) 990; fawning &c. v.; tufthunting, 

timeserving † , flunkeyism † ; sycophancy &c. (flattery) 933; 

humility &c. 879. sycophant, parasite; toad, toady, toad-eater; 

tufthunter † ; snob, flunky, flunkey, yes-man, lapdog, spaniel, 

lickspittle, smell-feast, Graeculus esuriens [Lat.], hanger on, 

cavaliere servente [It], led captain, carpet knight; timeserver, 

fortune hunter, Vicar of Bray, Sir-Pertinax, Max Sycophant, 

pickthank † ; flatterer &c. 935; doer of dirty work; ame damnee [Fr.], 

tool; reptile; slave &c. (servant) 746; courtier; beat [Slang], dead 

beat [Slang], doughface [U.S.], heeler [U.S.], homme de cour [Fr.], 

sponger, sucker [Slang], tagtail † , truckler. 

V. cringe, bow, stoop, kneel, bend the knee; fall on one's knees, 

prostrate oneself; worship &c. 990. sneak, crawl, crouch, cower, 

sponge, truckle to, grovel, fawn, lick the feet of, kiss the hem of 

one's garment, kiss one's ass [Vulg.], suck up. pay court to; feed 

on, fatten on, dance attendance on, pin oneself upon, hang on the 

sleeve of, avaler les couleuvres [Fr.], keep time to, fetch and carry, 

do the dirty work of. go with the stream, worship the rising sun, 

hold with the hare and run with the hounds. 

Adj. servile, obsequious; supple, supple as a glove; soapy, oily, 

pliant, cringing, abased, dough-faced, fawning, slavish, groveling, 

sniveling, mealy-mouthed; beggarly, sycophantic, parasitical; 

abject, prostrate, down on ones marrowbones; base, mean, 

sneaking; crouching &c. v.. 

Adv. hat in hand, cap in hand. 

#887. Blusterer -- N. blusterer, swaggerer, vaporer, roisterer † , brawler; fanfaron † ; braggart &c. (boaster) 884; bully, terrorist, rough; 

bulldozer [U.S.], hoodlum, hooligan [Slang], larrikin † , roarer [Slang]; Mohock, Mohawk; drawcansir † , swashbuckler, Captain Bobadil, 

Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Thraso, Pistol, Parolles, Bombastes Furioso † , Hector, Chrononhotonthologos † ; jingo; desperado, dare-devil,

fire eater; fury, &c. (violent person) 173; rowdy; slang-whanger [Slang], tough [U.S.]. puppy &c. (fop) 854; prig; Sir Oracle, dogmatist, 

doctrinaire, jack-in-office; saucebox † , malapert, jackanapes, minx; bantam-cock. 

SECTION III. 

SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS 

1. SOCIAL AFFECTIONS 

#888. Friendship -- N. friendship, amity; friendliness &c. adj.; 

brotherhood, fraternity, sodality, confraternity; harmony &c. 

(concord) 714; peace &c. 721. firm friendship, staunch friendship, 

intimate friendship, familiar friendship, bosom friendship, cordial 

friendship, tried friendship, devoted friendship, lasting friendship, 

fast friendship, sincere friendship, warm friendship, ardent 

friendship. cordiality, fraternization, entente cordiale [Fr.], good 

understanding, rapprochement, sympathy, fellow-feeling, 

response, welcomeness. affection &c. (love) 897; favoritism; 

good will &c. (benevolence) 906. acquaintance, familiarity, 

intimacy, intercourse, fellowship, knowledge of; introduction. 

V. be friendly &c. adj., be friends &c. 890, be acquainted with &c. 

adj.; know; have the ear of; keep company with &c. (sociality) 

892; hold communication with, have dealings with, sympathize 

with; have a leaning to; bear good will &c. (benevolent) 906; love 

&c. 897; make much of; befriend &c. (aid) 707; introduce to. set 

one's horses together; have the latchstring out [U.S.]; hold out the 

right hand of friendship, extend the right hand of friendship, hold 

out the right hand of fellowship; become friendly &c. adj.; make 

friends with &c. 890; break the lee, be introduced to; make 

acquaintance with, pick acquaintance with, scrape acquaintance 

with; get into favor, gain the friendship of. shake hands with, 

fraternize, embrace; receive with open arms, throw oneself into 

the arms of; meet halfway, take in good part. 

Adj. friendly; amicable, amical † ; well-affected, unhostile † #889. Enmity -- N. enmity, hostility; unfriendliness &c. adj.; 

discord &c. 713; bitterness, rancor. alienation, estrangement; 

dislike &c. 867; hate &c. 898. heartburning 

, 

neighborly, brotherly, fraternal, sympathetic, harmonious, hearty, 

cordial, warm-hearted. friends with, well with, at home with, hand 

in hand with; on good terms, on friendly terms, on amicable terms, 

on cordial terms, on familiar terms, on intimate terms, on good 

footing; on speaking terms, on visiting terms; in one's good 

graces, in one's good books. acquainted, familiar, intimate, thick, 

hand and glove, hail fellow well met, free and easy; welcome. 

Adv. amicably &c. adj.; with open arms; sans ceremonie [Fr.]; 

arm in arm. 

Phr. amicitia semper prodest [Lat.] [Seneca]; a mystic bond of 

brotherhood makes all men one" [Carlyle]; friendship is love 

without either flowers or friendship is love without either flowers or 

veil" [Hare]; trulgus amicitias utilitate probat [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

† ; animosity &c. 900; 

malevolence &c. 907. 

V. be inimical &c. adj.; keep at arm's length, hold at arm's length; 

be at loggerheads; bear malice &c. 907; fall out; take umbrage 

&c. 900; harden the heart, alienate, estrange. [not friendly, but not 

hostile]. (indifference). 866. 

Adj. inimical, unfriendly, hostile; at enmity, at variance, at daggers 

drawn, at open war with; up in arms against; in bad odor with. on 

bad terms, not on speaking terms; cool; cold, cold hearted; 

estranged, alienated, disaffected, irreconcilable. 

#890. Friend -- N. friend, friend of one's bosom; alter ego; best 

friend, bosom friend, soulmate, fast friend; amicus [Lat.]; usque ad 

aras [Lat.]; fidus Achates [Lat.]; persona grata. acquaintance, 

neighbor, next-door neighbor, casual acquaintance, nodding 

acquaintance; wellwisher. favorer, fautor † , patron, Mecaenas; 

tutelary saint, good genius, advocate, partisan, sympathizer; ally; 

friend in need &c. (auxiliary) 711. comrade, mate, companion, 

familiar, confrere, comrade, camarade † , confidante, intimate; old 

crony, crony; chum; pal; buddy, bosom buddy; playfellow, 

playmate, childhood friend; bedfellow, bedmate; chamber fellow. 

associate, colleague, compeer. schoolmate, schoolfellow † ; 

classfellow † , classman † , classmate; roommate; fellow-man, stable 

companion. best man, maid of honor, matron of honor. compatriot; 

fellow countryman, countryman. shopmate, fellow-worker, 

shipmate, messmate † ; fellow companion, boon companion, pot 

companion; copartner, partner, senior partner, junior partner. 

Arcades ambo Pylades and Orestes Castor and Arcades ambo 

Pylades and Orestes Castor and Pollux † , Nisus and Euryalus 

[Lat.], Damon and Pythias, par nobile fratrum [Lat.]. host, 

Amphitryon † #891. Enemy -- N. enemy; antagonist; foe, foeman 

, Boniface; guest, visitor, prot_eg_e. 

Phr. amici probantur rebus adversis [Lat.]; ohne bruder kann man 

† ; open 

enemy, bitter enemy, opponent &c. 710; back friend. public 

enemy, enemy to society. 

Phr. every hand being against one; he makes no friend who never 

made a foe" [Tennyson]. with friends like that, who needs 

enemies;? Lord protect me from my friends; I can protect myself 

from my enemies.

leben nicht ohne Freund [G.]; best friend, my well-spring in the 

wilderness" [G. Eliot]; conocidos muchos amigos pocos [Sp.]; 

friend more divine than all divinities" [G. Eliot]; vida sin amigo 

muerte sin testigo [Sp.]. 

#892. Sociality -- N. sociality, sociability, sociableness &c. adj.; 

social intercourse; consociation † ; intercourse, intercommunity † ; 

consortship † , companionship, comradeship; clubbism † ; esprit de 

corps. conviviality; good fellowship, good company; joviality, jollity, 

savoir vivre [Fr.], festivity, festive board, merrymaking; loving cup † ; 

hospitality, heartiness; cheer. welcome, welcomeness; greeting; 

hearty welcome, hearty reception, warm reception; urbanity &c. 

(courtesy) 894; familiarity. good fellow, jolly fellow; bon enfant [Fr.], 

bawcock † . social circle, family circle; circle of acquaintance, 

coterie, society, company. social gathering, social reunion; 

assembly &c. (assemblage) 72; barbecue [U.S.], bee; cornhusking 

[U.S.], corn-shucking [U.S.]; house raising, barn raising; 

husking, husking-bee [U.S.]; infare † . party, entertainment, 

reception, levee, at, home, conversazione [It], soiree, matin_ee; 

evening party, morning party, afternoon party, bridge party, garden 

party, surprise party; kettle, kettle drum; partie carr_ee [Fr.], dish 

of tea, ridotto † , rout † ; housewarming; ball, festival &c.; smoker, 

smoker-party; sociable [U.S.], stag party, hen party, tamasha † ; 

tea-party, tea-fight [Slang]. (amusement) 840; the feast of reason 

and the flow of soul" [Pope]. birthday party [parties for specific 

occasions], Christmas party, New Year's Eve party, Thanksgiving 

Day Dinner; bonenkai [Jap.]; wedding reception. visiting; round of 

visits; call, morning call; interview &c. (conversation) 588; 

assignation; tryst, trysting place; appointment. club &c. 

(association) 712. 

V. be sociable &c. adj.; know; be acquainted &c. adj.; associate 

with, sort with, keep company with, walk hand in hand with; eat off 

the same trencher, club together, consort, bear one company, join; 

make acquaintance with &c. (friendship) 888; make advances, 

fraternize, embrace. be at home with, feel at home with, make 

oneself at home with; make free with; crack a bottle with; receive 

hospitality, live at free quarters; find the latchstring out [U.S.]. visit, 

pay a visit; interchange visits, interchange cards; call at, call upon; 

leave a card; drop in, look in; look one up, beat up one's quarters. 

entertain; give a party &c. n.; be at home, see one's friends, hang 

out, keep open house, do the honors; receive, receive with open 

arms; welcome; give a warm reception &c. n.. to kill the fatted calf. 

Adj. sociable, companionable, clubbable, conversable † , cosy, 

cosey † , chatty, conversational; homiletical. convivial; festive, 

festal; jovial, jolly, hospitable. welcome, welcome as the roses in 

May; f=eted, entertained. free and easy, hall fellow well met, 

familiar, on visiting terms, acquainted. social, neighborly; 

international; gregarious. 

Adv. en famille [Fr.], in the family circle; sans fa [Fr.]; arm in arm. 

Phr. a crowd is not company" [Bacon]; be bright and jovial among 

your guests tonight" [Macbeth]; his worth is warrant for his 

welcome" [Two Gentlemen]; let's be red with mirth" [Winter's 

Tale]; welcome the coming speed the parting guest" [Pope]. 

#894. Courtesy -- N. courtesy; respect &c. 928; good manners, 

good behavior, good breeding; manners; politeness &c. adj.; 

bienseance, urbanity, comity, gentility, breeding, polish, presence; 

civility, civilization; amenity, suavity; good temper, good humor; 

amiability, easy temper, complacency, soft tongue, mansuetude; 

condescension &c. (humility) 879; affability, complaisance, 

pr_evenance, amability † , gallantry; pink of politeness, pink of 

courtesy. compliment; fair words, soft words, sweet words; 

honeyed phrases, ceremonial salutation, reception, presentation, 

introduction, accueil † , greeting, recognition; welcome, abord † , 

respects, devoir, regards, remembrances; kind regards, kind 

remembrances; love, best love, duty; empty encomium, flattering 

remark, hollow commendation; salaams. obeisance &c. 

#893. Seclusion. Exclusion -- N. seclusion, privacy; retirement; 

reclusion, recess; snugness &c. adj.; delitescence † ; rustication, 

rus in urbe [Lat.]; solitude; solitariness &c. (singleness) 87; 

isolation; loneliness &c. adj.; estrangement from the world, 

voluntary exile; aloofness. cell, hermitage; convent &c. 1000; 

sanctum sanctorum [Lat.]. depopulation, desertion, desolation; 

wilderness &c. (unproductive) 169; howling wilderness; rotten 

borough, Old Sarum. exclusion, excommunication, banishment, 

exile, ostracism, proscription; cut, cut direct; dead cut. 

inhospitality † , inhospitableness &c. adj.; dissociability † ; 

domesticity, Darby and Joan. recluse, hermit, eremite, cenobite; 

anchoret † , anchorite; Simon Stylites † ; troglodyte, Timon of 

Athens † , Santon † , solitaire, ruralist † , disciple of Zimmermann, 

closet cynic, Diogenes; outcast, Pariah, castaway, pilgarlic † ; 

wastrel, foundling, wilding † . 

V. be secluded, live secluded &c. adj.; keep aloof, stand, hold 

oneself aloof, keep in the background, stand in the background; 

keep snug; shut oneself up; deny oneself, seclude oneself creep 

into a corner, rusticate, aller planter ses choux [Fr.]; retire, retire 

from the world; take the veil; abandon &c. 624; sport one's oak 

[Slang]. cut, cut dead; refuse to associate with, refuse to 

acknowledge; look cool upon, turn one's back upon, shut the door 

upon; repel, blackball, excommunicate, exclude, exile, expatriate; 

banish, outlaw, maroon, ostracize, proscribe, cut off from, send to 

Coventry, keep at arm's length, draw a cordon round. depopulate; 

dispeople † , unpeople † . 

Adj. secluded, sequestered, retired, delitescent † , private, bye; out 

of the world, out of the way; the world forgetting by the world 

forgot" [Pope]. snug, domestic, stay-at-home. unsociable; 

unsocial, dissocial † ; inhospitable, cynical, inconversable † , 

unclubbable, sauvage [Fr.], troglodytic. solitary; lonely, lonesome; 

isolated, single. estranged; unfrequented; uninhabitable, 

uninhabited; tenantless; abandoned; deserted, deserted in one's 

utmost need; unfriended † ; kithless † , friendless, homeless; lorn † , 

forlorn, desolate. unvisited, unintroduced † , uninvited, unwelcome; 

under a cloud, left to shift for oneself, derelict, outcast. banished 

&c. v.. 

Phr. noli me tangere [Lat.]. among them but not of them" [Byron]; 

and homeless near a thousand homes I stood" [Wordsworth]; far 

from the madding crowd's ignoble strife [Gray]; makes a solitude 

and calls it peace" [Byron]; magna civitas magna solitudo [Lat.]; 

never less alone than when alone" [Rogers]; O sacred solitude! 

divine retreat! " [Young]. 

#895. Discourtesy -- N. discourtesy; ill breeding; ill manners, bad 

manners, ungainly manners; insuavity † ; uncourteousness † , &c. 

adj.; rusticity, inurbanity † ; illiberality, incivility displacency † . 

disrespect &c. 929; procacity † , impudence: barbarism, barbarity; 

misbehavior, brutality, blackguardism † , conduct unbecoming a 

gentleman, grossieret_e, brusquerie † ; vulgarity, &c. 851. 

churlishness &c. adj.; spinosity † , perversity; moroseness &c. 

(sullenness) 901.1. sternness &c. adj.; austerity; moodishness † , 

captiousness &c. 901; cynicism; tartness &c. adj.; acrimony, 

acerbity, virulence, asperity. scowl, black looks, frown; short 

answer, rebuff; hard words, contumely; unparliamentary language, 

personality. bear, bruin, brute, blackguard, beast; unlicked cub † ; 

frump, crosspatch † ; saucebox &c. † ; crooked stick; grizzly.

(reverence) 928; bow, courtesy, curtsy, scrape, salaam, kotow † , 

kowtow, bowing and scraping; kneeling; genuflection &c. 

(worship) 990; obsequiousness &c. 886; capping, shaking hands, 

&c. v.; grip of the hand, embrace, hug, squeeze, accolade, loving 

cup, vin d'honneur [Fr.], pledge; love token &c. (endearment) 902; 

kiss, buss, salute. mark of recognition, nod; nods and becks and 

wreathed smiles" [Milton]; valediction &c. 293; condolence &c. 

915. 

V. be courteous &c. adj.; show courtesy &c. n.. mind one's P's 

and Q's, behave oneself, be all things to all men, conciliate, speak 

one fair, take in good part; make the amiable, do the amiable; 

look as if butter would not melt in one's look as if butter would not 

melt in one's mouth; mend one's manners. receive, do the honors, 

usher, greet, hail, bid welcome; welcome, welcome with open 

arms; shake hands; hold out the hand, press the hand, squeeze 

the hand, press the flesh; bid Godspeed; speed the parting guest; 

cheer, serenade. salute; embrace &c. (endearment) 902; kiss, 

kiss hands; drink to, pledge, hob and nob † ; move to, nod to; smile 

upon. uncover, cap; touch the hat, take off the hat; doff the cap; 

present arms; make way for; bow; make one's bow, make a leg; 

scrape, curtsy, courtesy; bob a curtsy, bob a courtesy; kneel; bow 

the knee, bend the knee. visit, wait upon, present oneself, pay 

one's respects, pay a visit &c. (sociability) 892; dance attendance 

on &c. (servility) 886; pay attentions to; do homage to &c. 

(respect) 928. prostrate oneself &c. (worship) 990. give one's duty 

to, send one's duty to, &c. n.. render polite &c. adj.; polish, civilize, 

humanize. 

Adj. courteous, polite, civil, mannerly, urbane; well-behaved, wellmannered, 

well-bred, well-brought up; good-mannered, polished, 

civilized, cultivated; refined &c. (taste) 850; gentlemanlike &c. 

(fashion) 852 † frump, crosspatch 

; gallant; on one's good behavior. fine spoken, fair 

spoken, soft-spoken; honey-mouthed, honey-tongued; oily, bland; 

obliging, conciliatory, complaisant, complacent; obsequious &c. 

886. ingratiating, winning; gentle, mild; good-humored, cordial, 

gracious, affable, familiar; neighborly. diplomatic, tactful, politic; 

artful &c. 702. 

Adv. courteously &c. adj.; with a good grace; with open arms, with 

outstretched arms; a bras ouverts [Fr.]; suaviter in modo [Fr.], in 

good humor. 

Int. hail!, welcome!, well met!, ave!, all hail!, good day, good 

morrow!, Godspeed!, pax vobiscum! [Lat.], may your shadow 

never be less!, 

Phr. Tien de plus estimable que la ceremonie [Fr.]; the very pink 

of courtesy" [Romeo and Juliet]. 

† ; saucebox &c. 887 † ; crooked stick; grizzly. 

V. be rude &c. adj.; insult &c. 929; treat with discourtesy; take a 

name in vain; make bold with, make free with; take a liberty; stare 

out of countenance, ogle, point at, put to the blush. cut; turn one's 

back upon, turn on one's heel; give the cold shoulder; keep at a 

distance, keep at arm's length; look cool upon, look coldly upon, 

look black upon; show the door to, send away with a flea in the 

ear. lose one's temper &c. (resentment) 900; sulk &c. 901.1; 

frown, scowl, glower, pout; snap, snarl, growl. render rude &c. adj.; 

brutalize, brutify † . 

Adj. discourteous, uncourteous † ; uncourtly † ; ill-bred, ill-mannered, 

ill-behaved, ill-conditioned; unbred; unmannerly, unmannered; 

impolite, unpolite † ; unpolished, uncivilized, ungenteel; 

ungentleman-like, ungentlemanly; unladylike; blackguard; vulgar 

&c. 851; dedecorous † ; foul-mouthed foul-spoken; abusive. uncivil, 

ungracious, unceremonious; cool; pert, forward, obtrusive, 

impudent, rude, saucy, precocious. repulsive; uncomplaisant † , 

unaccommodating, unneighborly, ungallant; inaffable † ; ungentle, 

ungainly; rough, rugged, bluff, blunt, gruff; churlish, boorish, 

bearish; brutal, brusque; stern, harsh, austere; cavalier. taint, sour, 

crabbed, sharp, short, trenchant, sarcastic, biting, doggish, 

caustic, virulent, bitter, acrimonious, venomous, contumelious; 

snarling &c. v.; surly, surly as a bear; perverse; grim, sullen &c. 

901.1; peevish &c. (irascible) 901. untactful, impolitic, 

undiplomatic; artless &c. 703; 

Adv. discourteously &c. adj.; with discourtesy &c. n., with a bad 

grace. 

#896. Congratulation -- N. congratulation, gratulation † ; felicitation; salute &c. 894; condolence &c. 915; compliments of the season. 

V. congratulate, gratulate † ; felicitate; give one joy, wish one joy; compliment; tender one's congratulations, offer one's congratulations; 

wish many happy returns of the day, wish a merry Christmas and a happy new year. praise, laud (commendation) 931. congratulate 

oneself &c. (rejoice) 838. 

Adj. congratulatory, gratulatory † . 

Phr. I wish you all the joy that you can wish" [Merchant of Venice]; best wishes. 

#897. Love -- N. love; fondness &c. adj.; liking; inclination &c. 

(desire) 865; regard, dilection † , admiration, fancy. affection, 

sympathy, fellow-feeling; tenderness &c. adj.; heart, brotherly love; 

benevolence &c. 906; attachment. yearning, eros, tender passion, 

amour; gyneolatry † ; gallantry, passion, flame, devotion, fervor, 

enthusiasm, transport of love, rapture, enchantment, infatuation, 

adoration, idolatry. Cupid, Venus; myrtle; true lover's knot; love 

token, love suit, love affair, love tale, love story; the, old story, 

plighted love; courtship &c. 902; amourette † ; free love. maternal 

love, storge [Gr.], parental love; young love, puppy love. 

attractiveness; popularity; favorite &c. 899. lover, suitor, follower, 

admirer, adorer, wooer, amoret † , beau, sweetheart, inamorato [It], 

swain, young man, flame, love, truelove; leman † , Lothario, gallant, 

paramour, amoroso † , cavaliere servente [It], captive, cicisbeo † #898. Hate -- N. hate, hatred, vials of hate. disaffection, disfavor; 

alienation, estrangement, coolness; enmity &c. 889; animosity &c. 

900. umbrage, pique, grudge; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, 

bitterness of feeling; ill blood, bad blood; acrimony; malice &c. 

907; implacability &c. (revenge) 919. repugnance &c. (dislike) 

867; misanthropy, demonophobia 

; 

caro sposo [It]. inamorata, ladylove, idol, darling, duck, Dulcinea, 

† , gynephobia † , negrophobia † ; 

odium, unpopularity; detestation, antipathy; object of hatred, object 

of execration; abomination, aversion, b=ete noire; enemy &c. 891; 

bitter pill; source of annoyance &c. 830. 

V. hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe; recoil at, shudder at; 

shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against, 

execrate; scowl &c. 895; disrelish &c. (dislike) 867. owe a 

grudge; bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice &c. 

(malevolence) 907; conceive an aversion to, take a dislike to. 

excite hatred, provoke hatred &c. n.; be hateful &c. adj.; stink in 

the nostrils; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension,

angel, goddess, cara sposa [It]. betrothed, affianced, fiancee. flirt, 

coquette; amorette † ; pair of turtledoves; abode of love, 

agapemone † . 

V. love, like, affect, fancy, care for, take an interest in, be partial to, 

sympathize with; affection; be in love with &c. adj.; have a love &c. 

n.. for, entertain a love &c. n.. for, harbor cherish a love &c. n.. for; 

regard, revere; take to, bear love to, be wedded to; set one's 

affections on; make much of, feast one's eyes on; hold dear, prize; 

hug, cling to, cherish, pet. burn; adore, idolize, love to distraction, 

aimer eperdument [Fr.]; dote on, dote upon; take a fancy to, look 

sweet upon; become enamored &c. adj.; fall in love with, lose 

one's heart; desire &c. 865. excite love; win the heart, gain the 

heart, win the affections, gain the affections, secure the love, 

engage the affections; take the fancy of have a place in the heart, 

wind round the heart; attract, attach, endear, charm, fascinate, 

captivate, bewitch, seduce, enamor, enrapture, turn the head. get 

into favor; ingratiate oneself, insinuate oneself, worm oneself; 

propitiate, curry favor with, pay one's court to, faire l'aimable [Fr.], 

set one's cap at, flirt. 

Adj. loving &c. v.; fond of; taken with, struck with; smitten, bitten; 

attached to, wedded to; enamored; charmed &c. v.; in love; lovesick; 

over head and ears in love, head over heels in love. 

affectionate, tender, sweet upon, sympathetic, loving; amorous, 

amatory; fond, erotic, uxorious, ardent, passionate, rapturous, 

devoted, motherly. loved &c. v.. beloved well beloved, dearly 

beloved; dear, precious, darling, pet, little; favorite, popular. 

congenial; after one's mind, after one's taste, after one's fancy, 

after one's own heart, to one's mind, to one's taste, to one's fancy, 

to one's own heart. in one's good graces &c. (friendly) 888; dear 

as the apple of one's eye, nearest to one's heart. lovable, 

adorable; lovely, sweet; attractive, seductive, winning; charming, 

engaging, interesting, enchanting, captivating, fascinating, 

bewitching; amiable, like an angel. 

Phr. amantes amentes [Lat.] [Terence]; credula res amor est 

[Lat.] [Ovid]; militat omnis amasius [Lat.] [Ovid]; love conquers all, 

omnia vincit amor [Lat.] [Vergil]; si vis amari ama [Seneca]; the 

sweetest joy, the wildest woe" [Bailey]. 

the nostrils; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension, 

set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile; horrify &c. 830; 

roil. 

Adj. hating &c. v.; abhorrent; averse from &c. (disliking) 867; set 

against. bitter &c. (acrimonious) 895; implacable &c. (revengeful) 

919. unloved, unbeloved, unlamented, undeplored, unmourned † , 

uncared for, unendeared † , un-valued; disliked &c. 867. crossed in 

love, forsaken, rejected, lovelorn, jilted. obnoxious, hateful, odious, 

abominable, repulsive, offensive, shocking; disgusting &c. 

(disagreeable) 830; reprehensible. invidious, spiteful; malicious 

&c. 907. insulting, irritating, provoking. [Mutual hate] at daggers 

drawn; not on speaking terms &c. (enmity) 889; at loggerheads. 

Phr. no love lost between. 

#899. Favorite -- N. favorite, pet, cosset, minion, idol, jewel, spoiled child, enfant gat_e [Fr.]; led captain; crony; fondling; apple of 

one's eye, man after one's own heart; persona grata. love, [person who is a favorite (terms of address)], dear, darling, duck, duckey, 

honey, sugar, jewel; mopsey † , moppet, princess; sweetheart, sweetie &c. (love) 897. teacher's pet. general favorite, universal 

favorite; idol of the people. 

#900. Resentment -- N. resentment, displeasure, animosity, anger, wrath, indignation; exasperation, bitter resentment, wrathful 

indignation. pique, umbrage, huff, miff, soreness, dudgeon, acerbity, virulence, bitterness, acrimony, asperity, spleen, gall; heartburning, 

heart-swelling; rankling. ill humor, bad humor, ill temper, bad temper; irascibility &c. 901; ill blood &c. (hate) 898; revenge &c. 

919. excitement, irritation; warmth, bile, choler, ire, fume, pucker, dander, ferment, ebullition; towering passion, acharnement [Fr.], 

angry mood, taking, pet, tiff, passion, fit, tantrums. burst, explosion, paroxysm, storm, rage, fury, desperation; violence &c. 173; fire 

and fury; vials of wrath; gnashing of teeth, hot blood, high words. scowl &c. 895; sulks &c. 901.1. [Cause of umbrage] affront, 

provocation, offense; indignity &c. (insult) 929; grudge, crow to pluck, bone to pick, sore subject, casus belli [Lat.]; ill turn, outrage. 

Furies, Eumenides. buffet, slap in the face, box on the ear, rap on the knuckles. 

V. resent, take amiss, take ill, take to heart, take offense, take umbrage, take huff, take exception; take in ill part, take in bad part, 

take in dudgeon; ne pas entendre raillerie [Fr.]; breathe revenge, cut up rough. fly into a rage, fall into a rage, get into a rage, fly into a 

passion; bridle up, bristle up, froth up, fire up, flare up; open the vials of one's wrath, pour out the vials of one's wrath. pout, knit the 

brow, frown, scowl, lower, snarl, growl, gnarl, gnash, snap; redden, color; look black, look black as thunder, look daggers; bite one's 

thumb; show one's teeth, grind one's teeth; champ the bit, champ at the bit. chafe, mantle, fume, kindle, fly out, take fire; boil, boil over; 

boil with indignation, boil with rage; rage, storm, foam, vent one's rage, vent one's spleen; lose one's temper, stand on one's hind 

legs, stamp the foot, stamp with rage, quiver with rage, swell with rage, foam with rage; burst with anger; raise Cain. have a fling at; 

bear malice &c. (revenge) 919. cause anger, raise anger; affront, offend; give offense, give umbrage; anger; hurt the feelings; insult, 

discompose, fret, ruffle, nettle, huff, pique; excite &c. 824; irritate, stir the blood, stir up bile; sting, sting to the quick; rile, provoke, 

chafe, wound, incense, inflame, enrage, aggravate, add fuel to the flame, fan into a flame, widen the breach, envenom, embitter, 

exasperate, infuriate, kindle wrath; stick in one's gizzard; rankle &c. 919; hit on the raw, rub on the raw, sting on the raw, strike on the 

raw. put out of countenance, put out of humor; put one's monkey up, put one's back up; raise one's gorge, raise one's dander, raise 

one's choler; work up into a passion; make one's blood boil, make the ears tingle; throw, into a ferment, madden, drive one mad; lash 

into fury, lash into madness; fool to the top of one's bent; set by the ears. bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. 

Adj. angry, wrath, irate; ireful, wrathful; cross &c. (irascible) 901; Achillean † ; sulky, &c. 901.1; bitter, virulent; acrimonious &c. 

(discourteous) &c. 895; violent &c. 173. warm, burning; boiling, boiling over; fuming, raging; foaming, foaming at the mouth; 

convulsed with rage. offended &c. v.; waxy, acharne; wrought, worked up; indignant, hurt, sore; set against. fierce, wild, rageful † , 

furious, mad with rage, fiery, infuriate, rabid, savage; relentless &c. 919. flushed with anger, flushed with rage; in a huff, in a stew, in a

fume, in a pucker, in a passion, in a rage, in a fury, in a taking, in a way; on one's high ropes, up in arms; in high dudgeon. 

Adv. angrily &c. adj.; in the height of passion; in the heat of passion, in the heat of the moment. 

Int. tantaene animis coelestibus irae! [Lat.], [Vergil], marry come up!, zounds!, 'sdeath! [Contr.]. 

Phr. one's blood being up, one's back being up, one's monkey being up; fervens difficili bile jecur [Lat.]; the gorge rising, eyes 

flashing fire; the blood rising, the blood boiling; haeret lateri lethalis arundo [Lat.] [Vergil]; beware the fury of a patient man" [Dryden]; 

furor arma ministrat [Lat.] [Vergil]; ira furor brevis est [Lat.] [Horace]; quem Jupiter vult perdere dementat prius [Lat.]; What, drunk with 

choler? [Henry IV]. 

#901. Irascibility -- N. irascibility, irascibleness, temper; crossness &c. adj.; susceptibility, procacity, petulance, irritability, tartness, 

acerbity, protervity; pugnacity &c. (contentiousness) 720. excitability &c. 825; bad temper, fiery temper, crooked temper, irritable &c. 

adj.. temper; genus irritabile [Lat.], hot blood. ill humor &c. (sullenness) 901.1; asperity &c.; churlishness &c. (discourtesy) 895. huff 

&c. (resentment) 900; a word and a blow. Sir Fretful Plagiary; brabbler † , Tartar; shrew, vixen, virago, termagant, dragon, scold, 

Xantippe; porcupine; spitfire; fire eater &c. (blusterer) 887; fury &c. (violent person) 173. 

V. be irascible &c. adj.; have a temper &c. n., have a devil in one; fire up &c. (be angry) 900. 

Adj. irascible; bad-tempered, ill-tempered; irritable, susceptible; excitable &c. 825; thin-skinned &c. (sensitive) 822; fretful, fidgety; 

on the fret. hasty, overhasty, quick, warm, hot, testy, touchy, techy † , tetchy; like touchwood, like tinder; huffy, pettish, petulant; waspish, 

snappish, peppery, fiery, passionate, choleric, shrewish, sudden and quick in quarrel" [As You Like It]. querulous, captious, 

moodish † ; quarrelsome, contentious, disputatious; pugnacious &c. (bellicose) 720; cantankerous, exceptious † ; restiff &c. (perverse) 

901.1 † ; churlish &c. (discourteous) 895. cross, cross as crabs, cross as two sticks, cross as a cat, cross as a dog, cross as the 

tongs; fractious, peevish, acari=atre † . in a bad temper; sulky &c. 901.1; angry &c. 900. resentful, resentive † ; vindictive &c. 919. 

Int. pish!, 

Phr. a vieux comptes nouvelles disputes [Fr.]; quamvis tegatur proditur vultu furor [Lat.] [Seneca]; vino tortus et ira [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#901a. Sullenness -- N. sullenness &c. adj.; morosity † , spleen; churlishness &c. (discourtesy) 895; irascibility &c. 901. moodiness 

&c. adj.; perversity; obstinacy &c. 606; torvity † , spinosity † ; crabbedness &c. adj.. ill temper, bad temper, ill humor, bad humor; sulks, 

dudgeon, mumps † , dumps, doldrums, fit of the sulks, bouderie [Fr.], black looks, scowl; grouch; huff &c. (resentment) 900. 

V. be sullen &c. adj.; sulk; frown, scowl, lower, glower, gloam † , pout, have a hangdog look, glout † . 

Adj. sullen, sulky; ill-tempered, ill-humored, ill-affected, ill-disposed; grouty [U.S.]; in an ill temper, in a bad temper, in a shocking 

temper, in an ill humor, in a bad humor, in a shocking humor; out of temper, out of humor; knaggy † , torvous † , crusty, crabbed; sour, 

sour as a crab; surly &c. (discourteous) 895. moody; spleenish † , spleenly † ; splenetic, cankered. cross, crossgrained † ; perverse, 

wayward, humorsome † ; restiff † , restive; cantankerous, intractable, exceptious † , sinistrous † , deaf to reason, unaccommodating, rusty, 

froward; cussed [U.S.]. dogged &c. (stubborn) 606. grumpy, glum, grim, grum † , morose, frumpish; in the sulks &c. n.; out of sorts; 

scowling, glowering, growling; grouchy. peevish &c. (irascible) 901. 

#902. [Expression of affection or love.] Endearment -- N. endearment, caress; blandishment, blandiment † ; panchement, fondling, 

billing and cooing, dalliance, necking, petting, sporting, sparking, hanky-panky; caressing. embrace, salute, kiss, buss, smack, 

osculation, deosculation † ; amorous glances. courtship, wooing, suit, addresses, the soft impeachment; lovemaking; serenading; 

caterwauling. flirting &c. v.; flirtation, gallantry; coquetry. true lover's knot, plighted love; love tale, love token, love letter; billet-doux, 

valentine. honeymoon; Strephon and Chloe † . 

V. caress, fondle, pet, dandle; pat, pat on the head, pat on the cheek; chuck under the chin, smile upon, coax, wheedle, cosset, 

coddle, cocker, cockle; make of, make much of; cherish, foster, kill with kindness. clasp, hug, cuddle; fold in one's arms, strain in 

one's arms; nestle, nuzzle; embrace, kiss, buss, smack, blow a kiss; salute &c. (courtesy) 894; fold to the heart, press to the bosom. 

bill and coo, spoon, toy, dally, flirt, coquet; gallivant, galavant; philander; make love; pay one's court to, pay one's addresses to, pay 

one's attentions to; serenade; court, woo; set one's cap at; be sweet upon, look sweet upon; ogle, cast sheep's eyes upon; faire les 

yeux doux [Fr.]. fall in love with, win the affections &c. (love) 897; die for. propose; make an offer, have an offer; pop the question; 

plight one's troth, plight one's faith. 

Adj. caressing &c. v.; sighing like furnace" [Shakespeare]; love-sick, spoony. caressed &c. v.. 

Phr. faint heart neer won fair lady;" kisses honeyed by oblivion" [G. Eliot]. 

#903. Marriage -- N. marriage, matrimony, wedlock, union, 

intermarriage, miscegenation, the bonds of marriage, vinculum 

matrimonii [Lat.], nuptial tie. married state, coverture, bed, 

cohabitation. match; betrothment &c. (promise) 768; wedding, 

nuptials, Hymen, bridal; espousals, spousals; leading to the altar 

&c. v.; nuptial benediction, epithalamium † ; sealing. torch of 

Hymen, temple of Hymen; hymeneal altar; honeymoon. 

bridesmaid, bridesman † , best man; bride, bridegroom. married 

man, married woman, married couple; neogamist † , Benedict, 

partner, spouse, mate, yokemate † ; husband, man, consort, baron; 

old man, good man; wife of one's bosom; helpmate, rib, better 

half, gray mare, old woman, old lady, good wife, goodwife. feme 

[Fr.], feme coverte [Fr.]; squaw, lady; matron, matronage, 

matronhood † ; man and wife; wedded pair, Darby and Joan; 

spiritual wife. monogamy, bigamy, digamy † , deuterogamy † , 

trigamy † , polygamy; mormonism; levirate † ; spiritual wifery † , 

#904. Celibacy -- N. celibacy, singleness, single blessedness; 

bachelorhood, bachelorship † ; misogamy † , misogyny. virginity, 

pucelage † ; maidenhood, maidenhead. unmarried man, bachelor, 

Coelebs, agamist † , old bachelor; misogamist † , misogynist; 

monogamist; monk. unmarried woman, spinster; maid, maiden, 

virgin, feme sole [Fr.], old maid; bachelor girl, girl-bachelor; nun. 

V. live single, live alone. 

Adj. unmarried, unwed, unwedded † ; wifeless, spouseless † ; single. 

#905. Divorce -- N. divorce, divorcement; separation; judicial 

separation, separate maintenance; separatio a mensa et thoro 

[Lat.], separatio a vinculo matrimonii [Lat.]. trial separation, 

breakup; annulment. widowhood, viduity † , weeds. widow, 

widower; relict; dowager; divorcee; cuckold; grass widow, grass 

widower; merry widow. 

V. live separate; separate, divorce, disespouse † , put away; wear 

the horns.

spiritual wifeism † ; polyandrism † ; Turk, bluebeard † . unlawful 

marriage, left-handed marriage, morganatic marriage, ill-assorted 

marriage; mesalliance; mariage de convenance [Fr.]. marriage 

broker; matrimonial agency, matrimonial agent, matrimonial 

bureau, matchmaker; schatchen [G.]. 

V. marry, wive, take to oneself a wife; be married, be spliced; go 

off, pair off; wed, espouse, get hitched [U.S.], lead to the 

hymeneal altar, take 'for better for worse'," give one's hand to, 

bestow one's hand upon. marry, join, handfast † the horns. 

; couple &c. (unit) 

43; tie the nuptial knot; give away, give away in marriage; seal; 

ally, affiance; betroth &c. (promise) 768; publish the banns, bid the 

banns; be asked in church. 

Adj. married &c. v.; one, one bone and one flesh. marriageable, 

nubile. engaged, betrothed, affianced. matrimonial, marital, 

conjugal, connubial, wedded; nuptial, hymeneal, spousal, bridal. 

Phr. the gray mare the better horse; a world-without-end bargain" 

[Love's Labor's Lost]; marriages are made in Heaven" 

[Tennyson]; render me worthy of this noble wife" [Julius Caesar]; 

si qua voles apte nubere nube pari [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

#906. Benevolence -- N. benevolence, Christian charity; God's 

love, God's grace; good will; philanthropy &c. 910; unselfishness 

&c. 942. good nature, good feeling, good wishes; kindness, 

kindliness &c. adj.; loving-kindness, benignity, brotherly love, 

charity, humanity, fellow-feeling, sympathy; goodness of heart, 

warmth of heart; bonhomie; kind-heartedness; amiability, milk of 

human kindness, tenderness; love &c. 897; friendship &c. 888. 

toleration, consideration, generosity; mercy &c. (pity) 914. 

charitableness &c. adj.; bounty, almsgiving; good works, 

beneficence, the luxury of doing good" [Goldsmith]. acts of 

kindness, a good turn; good offices, kind offices good treatment, 

kind treatment. good Samaritan, sympathizer, bon enfant [Fr.]; 

altruist. 

V. be benevolent &c. adj.; have one's heart in the right place, bear 

good will; wish well, wish Godspeed; view with an eye of favor, 

regard with an eye of favor; take in good part; take an interest in, 

feel an interest in; be interested in, feel interested in; sympathize 

2. DIFFUSIVE SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS 

with, empathize with, feel for; fraternize &c. (be friendly) 888. enter 

into the feelings of others, do as you would be done by, meet 

halfway. treat well; give comfort, smooth the bed of death; do 

good, do a good turn; benefit &c. (goodness) 648; render a 

service, be of use; aid &c. 707. 

Adj. benevolent; kind, kindly; well-meaning; amiable; obliging, 

accommodating, indulgent, gracious, complacent, good-humored. 

warm-hearted, kind-hearted, tender-hearted, large-hearted, 

broad-hearted; merciful &c. 914; charitable, beneficent, humane, 

benignant; bounteous, bountiful. good-natured, well-natured; 

spleenless † ; sympathizing, sympathetic; complaisant &c. 

(courteous) 894; well-meant, well-intentioned. fatherly, motherly, 

brotherly, sisterly; paternal, maternal, fraternal; sororal † ; friendly 

&c. 888. 

Adv. with a good intention, with the best intentions. 

Int. Godspeed!, much good may it do!, 

Phr. act a charity sometimes" [Lamb]; a tender heart, a will 

inflexible" [Longfellow]; de mortuis nil nisi bonum [Lat.], say only 

good things about the dead, don't speak ill of the dead; kind 

words are more than coronets" [Tennyson]; quando amigo pide 

no hay manana [Lat.]; the social smile, the sympathetic tear" 

[Gray]. 

#907. Malevolence -- N. malevolence; bad intent, bad intention; 

unkindness, diskindness † ; ill nature, ill will, ill blood; bad blood; 

enmity &c. 889; hate &c. 898; malignity; malice, malice 

prepense † ; maliciousness &c. adj.; spite, despite; resentment &c. 

900. uncharitableness &c. adj.; incompassionateness &c. 914.1 † ; 

gall, venom, rancor, rankling, virulence, mordacity † , acerbity 

churlishness &c. (discourtesy) 895. hardness of heart, heart of 

stone, obduracy; cruelty; cruelness &c. adj.; brutality, savagery; 

ferity † , ferocity; barbarity, inhumanity, immanity † , truculence, 

ruffianism; evil eye, cloven foot; torture, vivisection. ill turn, bad 

turn; affront &c. (disrespect) 929; outrage, atrocity; ill usage; 

intolerance, persecution; tender mercies [Iron.]; unkindest cut of 

all" [Julius Caesar]. 

V. be malevolent &c. adj.; bear spleen, harbor spleen, bear a 

grudge, harbor a grudge, bear malice; betray the cloven foot, 

show the cloven foot. hurt &c. (physical pain) 378; annoy &c. 830; 

injure., harm, wrong; do harm to, do an ill office to; outrage; 

disoblige, malign, plant a thorn in the breast. molest, worry, 

harass, haunt, harry, bait, tease; throw stones at; play the devil 

with; hunt down, dragoon, hound; persecute, oppress, grind; 

maltreat; illtreat, ill-use. wreak one's malice on, do one's worst, 

break a butterfly on the wheel; dip one's hands in blood, imbrue 

one's hands in blood; have no mercy &c. 914.1. 

Adj. malevolent, unbenevolent; unbenign; ill-disposed, illintentioned, 

ill-natured, ill-conditioned, ill-contrived; evil-minded, 

evil-disposed; black-browed † . malicious; malign, malignant; 

rancorous; despiteful, spiteful; mordacious, caustic, bitter, 

envenomed, acrimonious, virulent; unamiable, uncharitable; 

maleficent, venomous, grinding, galling. harsh, disobliging; unkind, 

unfriendly, ungracious; inofficious † ; invidious; uncandid; churlish 

&c. (discourteous) 895; surly, sullen &c. 901.1. cold, coldblooded, 

cold-hearted; black-hearted, hard-hearted, flint-hearted, 

marble-hearted, stony-hearted; hard of heart, unnatural; ruthless 

&c. (unmerciful) 914.1; relentless &c. (revengeful) 919. cruel; 

brutal, brutish; savage, savage as a bear, savage as a tiger; 

ferine † , ferocious; inhuman; barbarous, barbaric, semibarbaric, 

fell, untamed, tameless, truculent, incendiary; bloodthirsty &c. 

(murderous) 361; atrocious; bloodyminded † . fiendish, fiendlike † ; 

demoniacal; diabolic, diabolical; devilish, infernal, hellish, Satanic; 

Tartaran. 

Adv. malevolently &c. adj.; with bad intent &c. n.. 

Phr. cruel as death; hard unkindness' alter'd eye" [Gray]; homo 

homini lupus [Lat.] [Plautus]; mala mens [Lat.], malus animus [Lat.] 

[Terence]; rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind" [Hamlet]; 

sharp-tooth'd unkindness" [Lear].

#908. Malediction -- N. malediction, malison † , curse, imprecation, denunciation, execration, anathema, ban, proscription, 

excommunication, commination † , thunders of the Vatican, fulmination, maranatha † ; aspersion, disparagement, vilification, 

vituperation. abuse; foul language, bad language, strong language, unparliamentary language; billingsgate, sauce, evil speaking; 

cursing &c. v.; profane swearing, oath; foul invective, ribaldry, rude reproach, scurrility. threat &c. 909; more bark than bite; invective 

&c. (disapprobation) 932. 

V. curse, accurse † , imprecate, damn, swear at; curse with bell book and candle; invoke curses on the head of, call down curses on 

the head of; devote to destruction. execrate, beshrew † , scold; anathematize &c. (censure) 932; bold up to execration, denounce, 

proscribe, excommunicate, fulminate, thunder against; threaten &c. 909. curse and swear; swear, swear like a trooper; fall a cursing, 

rap out an oath, damn. 

Adj. cursing, cursed &c. v.. 

Int. woe to!, beshrew! † , ruat coelum! [Lat.], ill betide, woe betide; confusion seize!, damn!, damn it!, damn you!, damn you to hell!, go 

to hell!, go to blazes!, confound!, blast!, curse!, devil take!, hang!, out with!, a plague upon!, out upon!, aroynt! † , honi soit! [Fr.], 

parbleu! [Fr.], 

Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat.]. 

#909. Threat -- N. threat, menace; defiance &c. 715; abuse, minacity † , intimidation; denunciation; fulmination; commination &c. 

(curse) 908 † ; gathering clouds &c. (warning) 668. 

V. threat, threaten; menace; snarl, growl, gnarl, mutter, bark, bully. defy &c. 715; intimidate &c. 860; keep in terrorem [Lat.], hold up in 

terrorem [Lat.], hold out in terrorem [Lat.]; shake the fist at, double the fist at, clinch the fist at; thunder, talk big, fulminate, use big 

words, bluster, look daggers, stare daggers. 

Adj. threatening, menacing; minatory, minacious † ; comminatory † , abusive; in terrorem [Lat.]; ominous &c. (predicting) 511; defiant 

&c. 715; under the ban. 

Int. vae victis! [Lat.], at your peril!, do your worst!, 

#910. Philanthropy -- N. philanthropy, humanity, humanitarianism 

universal humanitarianism universal benevolence; endaemonism † , 

deliciae humani generis [Lat.]; cosmopolitanism utilitarianism, the 

greatest happiness of the greatest number, social science, 

sociology common weal; socialism, communism, Fourierism † , 

phalansterianism † , Saint Simonianism † . patriotism, civism † , 

nationality, love of country, amor patriae [Lat.], public spirit. 

chivalry, knight errantry † ; generosity &c. 942. philanthropist, 

endaemonist † #911. Misanthropy -- N. misanthropy, incivism; egotism &c. 

(selfishness) 943; moroseness &c. 901.1; cynicism. misanthrope, 

misanthropist, egotist, cynic, man hater, Timon, Diogenes. woman 

hater, misogynist. 

Adj. misanthropic, antisocial, unpatriotic; egotistical &c. (selfish) 

943; morose &c. 901.1. 

, utilitarian, Benthamite, socialist, communist, 

cosmopolite, citizen of the world, amicus humani generis [Lat.]; 

knight errant; patriot. 

Adj. philanthropic, humanitarian, utilitarian, cosmopolitan; publicspirited, 

patriotic; humane, large-hearted &c. (benevolent) 906; 

chivalric; generous &c. 942. 

Adv. pro bono publico [Lat.], pro aris et focis [Cicero]. 

Phr. humani nihil a me alienum puto [Lat.] [Terence]; omne solum 

forti patria [Lat.] [Ovid]; un bien fait n'est jamais perdu [Fr.]. 

#912. Benefactor -- N. benefactor, savior, good genius, tutelary 

saint, guardian angel, good Samaritan; pater patriae [Lat.]; salt of 

the earth &c. (good man);; 948; auxiliary &c. 711. 

#913. [Maleficent being] Evil doer -- N. evil doer, evil worker; 

wrongdoer &c. 949; mischief-maker, marplot; oppressor, tyrant; 

destroyer, Vandal; iconoclast † . firebrand, incendiary, fire bug 

[U.S.], pyromaniac; anarchist, communist † , terrorist. savage, 

brute, ruffian, barbarian, semibarbarian † , caitiff, desperado; 

Apache † , hoodlum, hood, plug-ugly [U.S.], Red Skin, tough [U.S.]; 

Mohawk, Mo-hock, Mo-hawk; bludgeon man, bully, rough, 

hooligan, larrikin † , dangerous classes, ugly customer; thief &c. 

792. cockatrice, scorpion, hornet. snake, viper, adder, snake in 

the grass; serpent, cobra, asp, rattlesnake, anaconda † . cankerworm, 

wire-worm; locust, Colorado beetle; alacran † , alligator, 

caymon † , crocodile, mosquito, mugger, octopus; torpedo; bane 

&c. 663. cutthroat &c. (killer) 461. cannibal; anthropophagus † , 

anthropophagist † ; bloodsucker, vampire, ogre, ghoul, gorilla, 

vulture; gyrfalcon † , gerfalcon † . wild beast, tiger, hyena, butcher, 

hangman; blood-hound, hell-hound, sleuth-hound; catamount 

[U.S.], cougar, jaguar, puma. hag, hellhag † , beldam, Jezebel. 

monster; fiend &c. (demon) 980; devil incarnate, demon in human 

shape; Frankenstein's monster. harpy, siren; Furies, Eumenides. 

Hun, Attila † , scourge of the human race. 

Phr. faenum habet in cornu [Lat.]. 

3. SPECIAL SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS

#914. Pity -- N. pity, compassion, commiseration; bowels, of 

compassion; sympathy, fellow-feeling, tenderness, yearning, 

forbearance, humanity, mercy, clemency; leniency &c. (lenity) 740; 

charity, ruth, long-suffering. melting mood; argumentum ad 

misericordiam [Lat.], quarter, grace, locus paenitentiae [Lat.]. 

sympathizer; advocate, friend, partisan, patron, wellwisher. 

V. pity; have pity, show pity, take pity &c. n.; commiserate, 

compassionate; condole &c. 915; sympathize; feel for, be sorry 

for, yearn for; weep, melt, thaw, enter into the feelings of. forbear, 

relent, relax, give quarter, wipe the tears, parcere subjectis [Lat.], 

give a coup de gr=ace, put out of one's misery. raise pity, excite 

pity &c. n.; touch, soften; melt, melt the heart; propitiate, disarm. 

ask for mercy &c. v.; supplicate &c. (request) 765; cry for quarter, 

beg one's life, kneel; deprecate. 

Adj. pitying &c. v.; pitiful, compassionate, sympathetic, touched. 

merciful, clement, ruthful; humane; humanitarian &c. 

(philanthropic) 910; tender, tender hearted, tender as a chicken; 

soft, soft hearted; unhardened † ; lenient &c. 740; exorable † , 

forbearing; melting &c. v.; weak. 

Int. for pity's sake!, mercy!, have mercy!, cry you mercy!, God help 

you!, poor thing!, poor dear!, poor fellow!, woe betide!, quis talia 

fando temperet a lachrymiss! [Lat.]" [Vergil]. 

Phr. one's heart bleeding for; haud ignara mali miseris succurrere 

disco [Lat.] [Vergil]; a fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind;" 

onor di bocca assai giova e poco costa [It] [Garrick]. 

#914a. Pitilessness -- N. pitilessness &c. adj.; inclemency; 

severity &c. 739; malevolence &c. 907. 

V. have no mercy, shut the gates of mercy &c. 914; give no 

quarter. 

Adj. pitiless, merciless, ruthless, bowelless; unpitying, unmerciful, 

inclement; grim-faced, grim-visaged; incompassionate † , 

uncompassionate; inexorable; harsh &c. 739; unrelenting &c. 919. 

#915. Condolence -- N. condolence; lamentation &c. 839; sympathy, consolation. 

V. condole with, console, sympathize express pity, testify pity; afford consolation, supply consolation; lament with &c. 839; express 

sympathy for; feel grief in common with, feel sorrow in common with; share one's sorrow. 

4. RETROSPECTIVE SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS 

#916. Gratitude -- N. gratitude, thankfulness, feeling of obligation, 

sense of obligation. acknowledgment, recognition, thanksgiving, 

thanksgiving, giving thanks; thankful good will. thanks, praise, 

benediction; paean; Te Deum [Lat.] &c. (worship) 990; grace, 

grace before meat, grace after meat, grace before meals, grace 

after meals; thank offering. requital. 

V. be grateful &c. adj.; thank; give thanks, render thanks, return 

thanks, offer thanks, tender thanks &c. n.; acknowledge, requite. 

feel under an obligation, be under an obligation, lie under an 

obligation; savoir gr_e [Fr.]; not look a gift horse in the mouth; 

never forget, overflow with gratitude; thank one's stars, thank one's 

lucky stars, bless one's stars; fall on one's knees. 

Adj. grateful, thankful, obliged, beholden, indebted to, under 

obligation. 

Int. thanks!, many thanks!, gramercy! † #917. Ingratitude -- N. ingratitude, thanklessness, oblivion of 

benefits, unthankfulness 

, much obliged!, thank you!, 

thank you very much!, thanks a lot!, thanks a heap, thanks loads 

[Coll.]; thank Heaven!, Heaven be praised!, Gott sei Dank! [G.]. 

† . benefits forgot;" thankless task, 

thankless office. 

V. be ungrateful &c. adj.; forget benefits; look a gift horse in the 

mouth. 

Adj. ungrateful, unmindful, unthankful; thankless, ingrate, wanting 

in gratitude, insensible of benefits. forgotten; unacknowledged, 

unthanked † , unrequited, unrewarded; ill-requited. 

Int. thank you for nothing!, thanks for nothing!, et tu Brute! " [Julius 

Caesar]. 

Phr. ingratitude! thou marble-hearted fiend" [Lear]. 

#918. Forgiveness -- N. forgiveness, pardon, condonation, 

grace, remission, absolution, amnesty, oblivion; indulgence; 

reprieve. conciliation; reconcilement; reconciliation &c. 

(pacification) 723; propitiation. excuse, exoneration, quittance, 

release, indemnity; bill of indemnity, act of indemnity, covenant of 

indemnity, deed of indemnity; exculpation &c. (acquittal) 970. 

longanimity † , placability; amantium irae [Lat.]; locus paenitentiae 

[Lat.]; forbearance. 

V. forgive, forgive and forget; pardon, condone, think no more of, 

let bygones be bygones, shake hands; forget an injury. excuse, 

pass over, overlook; wink at &c. (neglect) 460; bear with; allow 

for, make allowances for; let one down easily, not be too hard 

upon, pocket the affront. let off, remit, absolve, give absolution, 

reprieve; acquit &c. 970. beg pardon, ask pardon, implore pardon 

&c. n.; conciliate, propitiate, placate; make up a quarrel &c. 

(pacify) 723; let the wound heal. 

Adj. forgiving, placable, conciliatory, forgiven &c. v.; unresented † #919. Revenge -- N. revenge, revengement 

, 

† ; vengeance; 

avengement † , avengeance † , sweet revenge, vendetta, death feud, 

blood for blood retaliation &c. 718; day of reckoning. rancor, 

vindictiveness, implacability; malevolence &c. 907; ruthlessness 

&c. 914.1. avenger, vindicator, Nemesis, Eumenides. 

V. revenge, avenge; vindicate; take one's revenge, have one's 

revenge; breathe revenge, breathe vengeance; wreak one's 

vengeance, wreak one's anger. have accounts to settle, have a 

crow to pluck, have a bone to pick, have a rod in pickle. keep the 

wound green; harbor revenge, harbor vindictive feeling; bear 

malice; rankle, rankle in the breast. 

Adj. revengeful, vengeful; vindictive, rancorous; pitiless &c. 914.1; 

ruthless, rigorous, avenging. unforgiving, unrelenting; inexorable, 

stony-hearted, implacable; relentless, remorseless. aeternum 

servans sub pectore vulnus [Lat.]; rankling; immitigable. 

Phr. manet ciratrix [Lat.], manet alid mente repostum [Lat.]; dies 

irae dies illa [Lat.]; in high vengeance there is noble scorn" [G.

unavenged, unrevenged † . 

Eliot]; inhumanum verbum est ultio [Lat.] [Seneca]; malevolus 

Adv. cry you mercy. 

animus abditos dentes habet [Syrus]; now infidel I have thee on 

Phr. veniam petimusque damusque vicissim [Lat.] [Horace]; more the hip" [Merchant of Venice]. 

in sorrow than in anger; comprendre tout c'est tout pardonner [Fr.]; 

the offender never pardons" [Herbert]. 

#920. Jealousy -- N. jealousy, jealousness; jaundiced eye; envious suspicion, suspicion; green-eyed monster" [Othello]; yellows; 

Juno. 

V. be jealous &c. adj.; view with jealousy, view with a jealous eye. 

Adj. jealous, jealous as a barbary pigeon † ; jaundiced, yellow-eyed, envious, hornmad. 

#921. Envy -- N. envy; enviousness &c. adj.; rivalry; jalousie de milier [Fr.]; illwill, spite. 

V. envy, covet, burst with envy. 

Adj. envious, invidious, covetous; alieni appetens [Lat.]. 

Phr. base envy withers at another's joy" [Thomson]; caeca invidia est [Lat.] [Livy]; multa petentibus desunt multa [Lat.] [Horace]; 

summa petit livor [Lat.] [Ovid]. 

SECTION IV. 

MORAL AFFECTIONS 

1. MORAL OBLIGATIONS 

#922. Right -- N. right; what ought to be, what should be; fitness 

&c. adj.; summum jus [Lat.]. justice, equity; equitableness &c. adj.; 

propriety; fair play, impartiality, measure for measure, give and 

take, lex talionis [Lat.]. Astraea † , Nemesis, Themis. scales of 

justice, evenhanded justice, karma; suum cuique [Lat.]; clear 

stage, fair field and no favor, level playing field. morals &c. (duty) 

926; law &c. 963; honor &c. (probity) 939; virtue &c. 944. 

V. be right &c. adj.; stand to reason. see justice done, see one 

righted, see fair play; do justice to; recompense &c. (reward) 973; 

bold the scales even, give and take; serve one right, put the 

saddle on the right horse; give every one his due, give the devil his 

due; audire alteram partem [Lat.]. deserve &c. (be entitled to) 

924. 

Adj. right, good; just, reasonable; fit &c. 924; equal, equable, 

equatable † ; evenhanded, fair. legitimate, justifiable, rightful; as it 

should be, as it ought to be; lawful &c. (permitted) 760, (legal) 

963. deserved &c. 924. 

Adv. rightly &c. adj.; +a bon droit [Fr.], au bon droit [Fr.], in justice, 

in equity, in reason. without distinction of persons, without regard 

to persons, without respect to persons; upon even terms. 

Int. all right!, fair's fair. 

Phr. Dieu et mon droit [Fr.]; in equal scale weighing delight and 

dole" [Hamlet]; justitia cuum cuique distribuit [Lat.] [Cicero]; 

justitiae soror incorrupta fides [Lat.]; justitia virtutem regina [Lat.]; 

thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel thrice is he armed that hath 

his quarrel just" [Henry VI]. 

#924. Dueness -- N. due, dueness; right, privilege, prerogative, 

prescription, title, claim, pretension, demand, birthright. immunity, 

license, liberty, franchise; vested interest, vested right. sanction, 

authority, warranty, charter; warrant &c. (permission) 760; 

constitution &c. (law) 963; tenure; bond &c. (security) 771. 

claimant, appellant; plaintiff &c. 938. 

V. be due &c. adj.. to, be the due &c. n.. of; have right to, have title 

to, have claim to; be entitled to; have a claim upon; belong to &c. 

(property) 780. deserve, merit, be worthy of, richly deserve. 

demand, claim; call upon for, come upon for, appeal to for; 

revendicate † , reclaim; exact; insist on, insist upon; challenge; take 

one's stand, make a point of, require, lay claim to, assert, assume, 

arrogate, make good; substantiate; vindicate a claim, vindicate a 

right; fit for, qualify for; make out a case. give a right, confer a 

right; entitle; authorize &c. 760; sanctify, legalize, ordain, 

prescribe, allot. give every one his due &c. 922; pay one's dues; 

have one's due, have one's rights. use a right, assert, enforce, put 

in force, lay under contribution. 

Adj. having a right to &c. v.; entitled to; claiming; deserving, 

#923. Wrong -- N. wrong; what ought not to be, what should not 

be; malum in se [Lat.]; unreasonableness, grievance; shame. 

injustice; tort [Law]; unfairness &c. adj.; iniquity, foul play. partiality, 

leaning, bias; favor, favoritism; nepotism, party spirit, partisanship; 

bigotry. undueness &c. 925; wrongdoing (vice) 945; unlawfulness 

&c. 964. robbing Peter to pay Paul &c. v.; the wolf and the lamb; 

vice &c. 945. a custom more honored in the breach than the a 

custom more honored in the breach than the observance" 

[Hamlet]. 

V. be wrong &c. adj.; cry to heaven for vengeance. do wrong &c. 

n.; be inequitable &c. adj.; favor, lean towards; encroach upon, 

impose upon; reap where one has not sown; give an inch and take 

an ell, give an inch and take an mile; rob Peter to pay Paul. 

Adj. wrong, wrongful; bad, too bad; unjust, unfair; inequitable, 

unequitable † ; unequal, partial, one-sided; injurious, tortious [Law]. 

objectionable; unreasonable, unallowable, unwarrantable, 

unjustifiable; improper, unfit; unjustified &c. 925; illegal &c. 964; 

iniquitous; immoral &c. 945. in the wrong, in the wrong box. 

Adv. wrongly &c. adj.. 

Phr. it will not do. 

#925. [Absence of right.] Undueness -- N. undueness &c. adj.; 

malum prohibitum [Lat.]; impropriety; illegality &c. 964. falseness 

&c. adj.; emptiness of title, invalidity of title; illegitimacy. loss of 

right, disfranchisement, forfeiture. usurpation, tort, violation, 

breach, encroachment, presumption, assumption, seizure; stretch, 

exaction, imposition, lion's share. usurper, pretender. 

V. be undue &c. adj.; not be due &c. 924. infringe, encroach, 

trench on, exact; arrogate, arrogate to oneself; give an inch and 

take an ell; stretch a point, strain a point; usurp, violate, do 

violence to. disfranchise, disentitle, disqualify; invalidate. relax &c. 

(be lax) 738; misbehave &c. (vice) 945; misbecome † . 

Adj. undue; unlawful &c. (illegal) 964; unconstitutional; illicit; 

unauthorized, unwarranted, disallowed, unallowed † , unsanctioned, 

unjustified; unentitled † , disentitled, unqualified, disqualified; 

unprivileged, unchartered. illegitimate, bastard, spurious, 

supposititious, false; usurped. tortious [Law]. undeserved, 

unmerited, unearned; unfulfilled. forfeited, disfranchised. improper; 

unmeet, unfit, unbefitting, unseemly; unbecoming, misbecoming † ;

Adj. having a right to &c. v.; entitled to; claiming; deserving, 

meriting, worthy of. privileged, allowed, sanctioned, warranted, 

authorized; ordained, prescribed, constitutional, chartered, 

enfranchised. prescriptive, presumptive; absolute, indefeasible; 

unalienable, inalienable; imprescriptible † , inviolable, 

unimpeachable, unchallenged; sacrosanct. due to, merited, 

deserved, condign, richly deserved. allowable &c. (permitted) 

760; lawful, licit, legitimate, legal; legalized &c. (law) 963. square, 

unexceptionable, right; equitable &c. 922; due, en r gle; fit, fitting; 

correct, proper, meet, befitting, becoming, seemly; decorous; 

creditable, up to the mark, right as a trivet; just the thing, quite the 

thing; selon les r gles [Fr.]. 

Adv. duly, ex officio, de jure [Lat.]; by right, by divine right; jure 

divino [Lat.], Dei gratia [Lat.], in the name of. 

Phr. civis Romanus sum [Lat.] [Cicero]; +a chaque saint sa 

chandelle [Fr.]. 

#926. Duty -- N. duty, what ought to be done, moral obligation, 

accountableness † , liability, onus, responsibility; bounden duty, 

imperative duty; call, call of duty; accountability. allegiance, fealty, 

tie engagement &c. (promise) 768; part; function, calling &c. 

(business) 625. morality, morals, decalogue; case of conscience; 

conscientiousness &c. (probity) 939; conscience, inward monitor, 

still small voice within, sense of duty, tender conscience, 

superego; the hell within [Paradise Lost]. dueness &c. 924; 

propriety, fitness, seemliness, amenability, decorum, to prepon; 

the thing, the proper thing; the right thing to do, the proper thing to 

do. [Science of morals] ethics, ethology.; deontology † , aretology † ; 

moral philosophy, ethical philosophy; casuistry, polity. observance, 

fulfillment, discharge, performance, acquittal, satisfaction, 

redemption; good behavior. 

V. be the duty of; be incumbent &c. adj.. on, be responsible &c. 

adj.; behoove, become, befit, beseem; belong to, pertain to; fall to 

one's lot; devolve on; lie upon, lie on one's head, lie at one's door; 

rest with, rest on the shoulders of. take upon oneself &c. (promise) 

768; be bound to, become bound to, be sponsor for, become 

sponsor for; incur a responsibility &c. n.; be under an obligation, 

stand under an obligation, lie under an obligation; have to answer 

for, owe to it oneself. impose a duty, &c. n.; enjoin, require, exact; 

bind, bind over; saddle with, prescribe, assign, call upon, look to, 

oblige. enter upon a duty, perform a duty, observe a duty, fulfill a 

duty, discharge a duty, adhere to a duty, acquit oneself of a duty, 

satisfy a duty, enter upon an obligation, perform an obligation, 

observe an obligation, fulfill an obligation, discharge an obligation, 

adhere to an obligation, acquit oneself of an obligation, satisfy an 

obligation; act one's part, redeem one's pledge, do justice to, be 

at one's post; do duty; do one's duty &c. (be virtuous) 944. be on 

one's good behavior, mind one's P's and Q's. 

Adj. obligatory, binding; imperative, peremptory; stringent &c. 

(severe) 739; behooving &c. v.; incumbent on, chargeable on; 

under obligation; obliged by, bound by, tied by; saddled with. due 

to, beholden to, bound to, indebted to; tied down; compromised 

&c. (promised) 768; in duty bound. amenable, liable, accountable, 

responsible, answerable. right, meet &c. (due) 924; moral, ethical, 

casuistical, conscientious, ethological. 

Adv. with a safe conscience, as in duty, bound, on one's own 

responsibility, at one's own risk, suo periculo [Lat.]; in foro 

conscientiae [Lat.]; quamdiu se bene gesserit [Lat.]. 

Phr. dura lex sed lex [Lat.]; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori 

[Lat.]; honos habet onus [Lat.]; leve fit quod bene fertur onus [Lat.] 

[Ovid]; loyaute m'oblige [Fr.]; simple duty bath no place for fear" 

[Whittier]; stern daughter of the voice of God" [Wordsworth]; there 

is a higher law than the Constitution" [Wm. Seward]. 

#928. Respect -- N. respect, regard, consideration; courtesy &c. 

894; attention, deference, reverence, honor, esteem, estimation, 

veneration, admiration; approbation &c. 931. homage, fealty, 

seemless † ; contra bonos mores [Lat.]; not the thing, out of the 

question, not to be thought of; preposterous, pretentious, wouldbe. 

Phr. filius nullius. 

#927. Dereliction of Duty -- N. dereliction of duty; fault &c. (guilt) 

947; sin &c. (vice) 945; non-observance, non-performance; 

neglect, relaxation, infraction, violation, transgression, failure, 

evasion; dead letter. 

V. violate; break, break through; infringe; set aside, set at naught; 

encroach upon, trench upon; trample on, trample under foot; slight, 

neglect, evade, renounce, forswear, repudiate; wash one's hands 

of; escape, transgress, fail. call to account &c. (disapprobation) 

932. 

#927a. Exemption -- N. exemption, freedom, irresponsibility, 

immunity, liberty, license, release, exoneration, excuse, 

dispensation, absolution, franchise, renunciation, discharge; 

exculpation &c. 970. 

V. be exempt &c. adj.. exempt, release, acquit, discharge, 

quitclaim, remise, remit; free, set at liberty, let off, pass over, 

spare, excuse, dispense with, give dispensation, license; stretch a 

point; absolve &c. (forgive) 918; exonerate &c. (exculpate) 970; 

save the necessity. 

Adj. exempt, free, immune, at liberty, scot-free; released &c. v.; 

unbound, unencumbered; irresponsible, unaccountable, not 

answerable; excusable. 

Phr. bonis nocet quisquis pepercerit malis [Lat.] [Syrus]. 

2. MORAL SENTIMENTS 

#929. Disrespect -- N. disrespect, disesteem, disestimation † ; 

disparagement &c. (dispraise) 932, (detraction) 934. irreverence; 

slight, neglect, spretae injuria formae [Lat.] [Vergil],

slight, neglect, spretae injuria formae [Lat.] [Vergil], 

obeisance, genuflection, kneeling prostration; obsequiousness superciliousness &c. (contempt) 930. vilipendency 

&c. 886; salaam, kowtow, bow, presenting arms, salute. respects, 

regards, duty, devoirs, egards. devotion &c. (piety) 987. 

V. respect, regard; revere, reverence; hold in reverence, honor, 

venerate, hallow; esteem &c. (approve of) 931; think much of; 

entertain respect for, bear respect for; look up to, defer to; have a 

high opinion of, hold a high opinion of; pay attention, pay respect 

&c. n.. to; do honor to, render honor to; do the honors, hail; show 

courtesy &c. 894; salute, present arms; do homage to, pay 

homage to; pay tribute to, kneel to, bow to, bend the knee to; fall 

down before, prostrate oneself, kiss the hem of one's garment; 

worship &c. 990. keep one's distance, make room, observe due 

decorum, stand upon ceremony. command respect, inspire 

respect; awe, inspire awe, impose, overawe, dazzle. 

Adj. respecting &c. v.; respectful, deferential, decorous, 

reverential, obsequious, ceremonious, bareheaded, cap in hand, 

on one's knees; prostrate &c. (servile) 886. respected &c. v.; in 

high esteem, in high estimation; time-honored, venerable, 

emeritus. 

Adv. in deference to; with all respect, with all due respect, with 

due respect, with the highest respect; with submission. saving 

your grace, saving your presence; salva sit reverentia [Lat.]; pace 

tanti nominis [Lat.]. 

Int. hail!, all hail!, esto perpetua! [Lat.], may your shadow never be 

less!, 

Phr. and pluck up drowned honor by the locks" [Henry IV]; his 

honor rooted in dishonor stood" [Tennyson]; honor pricks me on" 

[Henry IV]. 

† , vilification, 

contumely, affront, dishonor, insult, indignity, outrage, discourtesy 

&c. 895; practical joking; scurrility, scoffing, sibilance, hissing, 

sibilation; irrision † ; derision; mockery; irony &c. (ridicule) 856; 

sarcasm. hiss, hoot, boo, gibe, flout, jeer, scoff, gleek † , taunt, 

sneer, quip, fling, wipe, slap in the face. 

V. hold in disrespect &c. (despise) 930; misprize, disregard, 

slight, trifle with, set at naught, pass by, push aside, overlook, turn 

one's back upon, laugh in one's sleeve; be disrespectful &c. adj., 

be discourteous &c. 895; treat with disrespect &c. n.; set down, 

put down, browbeat. dishonor, desecrate; insult, affront, outrage. 

speak slightingly of; disparage &c. (dispraise) 932; vilipend † , 

vilify, call names; throw dirt, fling dirt; drag through the mud, point 

at, indulge in personalities; make mouths, make faces; bite the 

thumb; take by the beard; pluck by the beard; toss in a blanket, tar 

and feather. have in derision; hold in derision; deride, scoff, 

barrack, sneer, laugh at, snigger, ridicule, gibe, mock, jeer, hiss, 

hoot, taunt, twit, niggle † , gleek † , gird, flout, fleer † ; roast, turn into 

ridicule; burlesque &c. 856; laugh to scorn &c. (contempt) 930; 

smoke; fool; make game of, make a fool of, make an April fool 

of † ; play a practical joke; lead one a dance, run the rig upon, have 

a fling at, scout; mob. 

Adj. disrespectful; aweless, irreverent; disparaging &c. 934; 

insulting &c. v.; supercilious, contemptuous, patronizing &c. 

(scornful) 930; rude, derisive, sarcastic; scurrile, scurrilous; 

contumelious. unrespected † , unworshiped † , unenvied † , 

unsaluted † ; unregarded † , disregarded. 

Adv. disrespectfully &c. adj.. 

#930. Contempt -- N. contempt, disdain, scorn, sovereign contempt; despisal † , despiciency † ; despisement † ; vilipendency † , 

contumely; slight, sneer, spurn, by-word; despect † . contemptuousness &c. adj.; scornful eye; smile of contempt; derision &c. 

(disrespect) 929. despisedness [State of being despised]. 

V. despise, contemn, scorn, disdain, feel contempt for, view with a scornful eye; disregard, slight, not mind; pass by &c. (neglect) 

460. look down upon; hold cheap, hold in contempt, hold in disrespect; think nothing of, think small beer of; make light of; 

underestimate &c. 483; esteem slightly, esteem of small or no account; take no account of, care nothing for; set no store by; not care 

a straw, sneeze at &c. (unimportance) 643; set at naught, laugh in one's sleeve, laugh up one's sleeve, snap one's fingers at, shrug 

one's shoulders, turn up one's nose at, pooh-pooh, damn with faint praise" [Pope]; whistle at, sneer at; curl up one's lip, toss the head, 

traiter de haut enbas [Fr.]; laugh at &c. (be disrespectful) 929. point the finger of scorn, hold up to scorn, laugh to scorn; scout, hoot, 

flout, hiss, scoff at. turn one's back upon, turn a cold shoulder upon; tread upon, trample upon, trample under foot; spurn, kick; fling to 

the winds &c. (repudiate) 610; send away with a flea in the ear. 

Adj. contemptuous; disdainful, scornful; withering, contumelious, supercilious, cynical, haughty, bumptious, cavalier; derisive. 

contemptible, despicable; pitiable; pitiful &c. (unimportant) 643; despised &c. v.; downtrodden; unenvied † . unrespectable (unworthy) 

874. 

Adv. contemptuously &c. adj.. 

Int. a fig for &c. (unimportant) 643; bah!, never mind!, away with!, hang it!, fiddlededee!, 

Phr. a dismal universal hiss, the sound of public a dismal universal hiss, the sound of public scorn" [Paradise Lost]; I had rather be a 

dog and bay the moon than such a I had rather be a dog and bay the moon than such a Roman" [Julius Caesar]. 

#931. Approbation -- N. approbation; approval, approvement † ; 

sanction, advocacy; nod of approbation; esteem, estimation, 

good opinion, golden opinions, admiration; love &c. 897; 

appreciation, regard, account, popularity, kudos, credit; repute &c. 

873; best seller. commendation, praise; laud, laudation; good 

word; meed of praise, tribute of praise; encomium; eulogy, 

eulogium † ; eloge [Fr.], panegyric; homage, hero worship; 

benediction, blessing, benison. applause, plaudit, clap; clapping, 

clapping of hands; acclaim, acclamation; cheer; paean, hosannah; 

shout of applause, peal of applause, chorus of applause, chorus 

of praise &c.; Prytaneum. 

V. approve; approbate, think good, think much of, think well of, 

think highly of; esteem, value, prize; set great store by, set great 

store on. do justice to, appreciate; honor, hold in esteem, look up 

to, admire; like &c. 897; be in favor of, wish Godspeed; hail, hail 

with satisfaction. stand up for, stick up for; uphold, hold up, 

countenance, sanction; clap on the back, pat on the back; keep in 

countenance, indorse; give credit, recommend; mark with a white 

mark, mark with a stone. commend, belaud † , praise, laud, 

#932. Disapprobation -- N. disapprobation, disapproval; 

improbation † ; disesteem, disvaluation † , displacency † ; odium; 

dislike &c. 867. dispraise, discommendation † ; blame, censure, 

obloquy; detraction &c. 934; disparagement, depreciation; 

denunciation; condemnation &c. 971; ostracism; black list. 

animadversion, reflection, stricture, objection, exception, criticism; 

sardonic grin, sardonic laugh; sarcasm, insinuation, innuendo; 

bad compliment, poor compliment, left-handed compliment. 

satire; sneer &c. (contempt) 930; taunt &c. (disrespect) 929; cavil, 

carping, censoriousness; hypercriticism &c. (fastidiousness) 868. 

reprehension, remonstrance, expostulation, reproof, reprobation, 

admonition, increpation † , reproach; rebuke, reprimand, 

castigation, jobation † , lecture, curtain lecture, blow up, wigging, 

dressing, rating, scolding, trimming; correction, set down, rap on 

the knuckles, coup de bec [Fr.], rebuff; slap, slap on the face; 

home thrust, hit; frown, scowl, black look. diatribe; jeremiad, 

jeremiade; tirade, philippic. clamor, outcry, hue and cry; hiss, 

hissing; sibilance, sibilation, catcall; execration &c. 908. chiding, 

upbraiding &c. v.; exprobation † , abuse, vituperation, invective,

compliment; pay a tribute, bepraise † ; clap the hands; applaud, 

cheer, acclamate † , encore; panegyrize † , eulogize, cry up, proner 

[Fr.], puff; extol, extol to the skies; magnify, glorify, exalt, swell, 

make much of; flatter &c. 933; bless, give a blessing to; have a 

good word for, say a good word for; speak well of, speak highly of, 

speak in high terms of; sing the praises of, sound the praises of, 

chaunt the praises of; resound the praises of; sing praises to; 

cheer to the echo, applaud to the echo, applaud to the very echo, 

cheer to the very echo. redound to the honor, redound to the 

praise, redound to the credit of; do credit to; deserve praise &c. 

n.; recommend itself; pass muster. be praised &c.; receive 

honorable mention; be in favor with, be in high favor with; ring with 

the praises of, win golden opinions, gain credit, find favor with, 

stand well in the opinion of; laudari a laudato viro [Lat.]. 

Adj. approving &c. v.; in favor of; lost in admiration. 

commendatory, complimentary, benedictory † , laudatory, 

panegyrical, eulogistic, encomiastic, lavish of praise, uncritical. 

approved, praised &c. v.; uncensured, unimpeached; popular, in 

good odor; in high esteem &c. (respected) 928; in favor, in high 

favor. deserving of praise, worthy of praise &c. n.; praiseworthy, 

commendable, of estimation; good &c. 648; meritorious, 

estimable, creditable, plausible, unimpeachable; beyond all 

praise. 

Adv. with credit, to admiration; well &c. 618; with three times 

three. 

Int. hear hear!, bully for you! [Slang], well done!, bravo!, 

bravissimo!, euge! [G.], macte virtute! [Lat.], so far so good, that's 

right, quite right; optime! † , one cheer more; may your shadow 

never be less!, esto perpetua! [Lat.], long life to!, viva!, enviva! † , 

Godspeed!, valete et plaudite! [Lat.], encore!, bis! † , 

Phr. probatum est [Lat.]; tacent satis laudant [Lat.]; servant of 

God, well done! " [Paradise Lost]. 

upbraiding &c. v.; exprobation , abuse, vituperation, invective, 

objurgation, contumely; hard words, cutting words, bitter words. 

evil-speaking; bad language &c. 908; personality. 

V. disapprove; dislike &c. 867; lament &c. 839; object to, take 

exception to; be scandalized at, think ill of; view with disfavor, view 

with dark eyes, view with jaundiced eyes; nil admirari [Lat.], 

disvalue † ; improbate † . frown upon, look grave; bend the brows, 

knit the brows; shake the head at, shrug the shoulders; turn up the 

nose &c. (contempt) 930; look askance, look black upon; look 

with an evil eye; make a wry face, make a wry mouth at; set one's 

face against. dispraise, discommend † , disparage; deprecate, 

speak ill of, not speak well of; condemn &c. (find guilty) 971. 

blame; lay blame upon, cast blame upon; censure, fronder [Fr.], 

reproach, pass censure on, reprobate, impugn. remonstrate, 

expostulate, recriminate. reprehend, chide, admonish; berate, 

betongue † ; bring to account, call to account, call over the coals, 

rake over the coals, call to order; take to task, reprove, lecture, 

bring to book; read a lesson, read a lecture to; rebuke, correct. 

reprimand, chastise, castigate, lash, blow up, trounce, trim, laver 

la tete [Fr.], overhaul; give it one, give it one finely; gibbet. accuse 

&c. 938; impeach, denounce; hold up to reprobation, hold up to 

execration; expose, brand, gibbet, stigmatize; show up, pull up, 

take up; cry 'shame' upon;" be outspoken; raise a hue and cry 

against. execrate &c. 908; exprobate † , speak daggers, 

vituperate; abuse, abuse like a pickpocket; scold, rate, objurgate, 

upbraid, fall foul of; jaw; rail, rail at, rail in good set terms; bark at; 

anathematize, call names; call by hard names, call by ugly names; 

avile † , revile; vilify, vilipend † ; bespatter; backbite; clapperclaw † ; 

rave against, thunder against, fulminate against; load with 

reproaches. exclaim against, protest against, inveigh against, 

declaim against, cry out against, raise one's voice against. decry; 

cry down, run down, frown down; clamor, hiss, hoot, mob, 

ostracize, blacklist; draw up a round robin, sign a round robin. 

animadvert upon, reflect upon; glance at; cast reflection, cast 

reproach, cast a slur upon; insinuate, damn with faint praise; hint a 

fault and hesitate dislike;" not to be able to say much for. scoff at, 

point at; twit, taunt &c. (disrespect) 929; sneer at &c. (despise) 

230; satirize, lampoon; defame &c. (detract) 934; depreciate, find 

fault with, criticize, cut up; pull to pieces, pick to pieces; take 

exception; cavil; peck at, nibble at, carp at; be censorious &c. 

adj.; pick holes, pick a hole, pick a hole in one's coat; make a fuss 

about. take down, take down a peg, set down; snub, snap one up, 

give a rap on the knuckles; throw a stone at, throw a stone in one's 

garden; have a fling, have a snap at; have words with, pluck a 

crow with; give one a wipe, give one a lick with the rough side of 

the give one a lick with the rough side of the tongue. incur blame, 

excite disapprobation, scandalize, shock, revolt; get a bad name, 

forfeit one's good opinion, be under a cloud, come under the 

ferule, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. take blame, stand 

corrected; have to answer for. 

Adj. disapproving &c. v.; scandalized. disparaging, 

condemnatory, damnatory † , denunciatory, reproachful, abusive, 

objurgatory † , clamorous, vituperative; defamatory &c. 934. 

satirical, sarcastic, sardonic, cynical, dry, sharp, cutting, biting, 

severe, withering, trenchant, hard upon; censorious, critical, 

captious, carping, hypercritical; fastidious &c. 868; sparing of 

praise, grudging praise. disapproved, chid &c. v.; in bad odor, 

blown upon, unapproved; unblest † ; at a discount, exploded; 

weighed in the balance and found wanting. blameworthy, 

reprehensible &c. (guilt) 947; to blame, worthy of blame; 

answerable, uncommendable, exceptionable, not to be thought of; 

bad &c. 649; vicious &c. 945. unlamented, unbewailed † , 

unpitied † . 

Adv. with a wry face; reproachfully &c. adj.. 

Int. it is too bad!, it won't do, it will never do!, marry come up!, Oh!, 

come!, 'sdeath! [Contr.], forbid it Heaven!, God forbid, Heaven 

forbid!, out upon, fie upon it!, away with!, tut!, O tempora! † , O 

mores!, shame!, fie, fie for shame!, out on you!, tell it not in Gath!,

#933. Flattery -- N. flattery, adulation, gloze; blandishment, 

blandiloquence † ; cajolery; fawning, wheedling &c. v.; captation † , 

coquetry, obsequiousness, sycophancy, flunkeyism † , toadeating † , 

tuft-hunting; snobbishness. incense, honeyed words, flummery; 

bunkum, buncombe; blarney, placebo, butter; soft soap, soft 

sawder † ; rose water. voice of the charmer, mouth honor; lip 

homage; euphemism; unctuousness &c. adj.. 

V. flatter, praise to the skies, puff; wheedle, cajole, glaver † , coax; 

fawn upon, faun upon; humor, gloze, soothe, pet, coquet, slaver, 

butter; jolly [U.S.]; bespatter, beslubber † , beplaster † , beslaver † ; lay 

it on thick, overpraise; earwig, cog, collogue † ; truckle to, pander 

to, pandar to † , suck up to, kiss the ass of [Vulg.], pay court to; 

court; creep into the good graces of, curry favor with, hang on the 

sleeve of; fool to the top of one's bent; lick the dust. lay the 

flattering unction to one's soul, gild the pill, make things pleasant. 

overestimate &c. 482; exaggerate &c. 549. 

Adj. flattering &c. v.; adulatory; mealy-mouthed, honey-mouthed; 

honeyed; smooth, smooth-tongued; soapy, oily, unctuous, 

blandiloquent † , specious; fine-spoken, fair spoken; plausible, 

servile, sycophantic, fulsome; courtierly † , courtier-like. 

Adv. ad captandum [Lat.]. 

#934. Detraction -- N. detraction, disparagement, depreciation, 

vilification, obloquy, scurrility, scandal, defamation, aspersion, 

traducement, slander, calumny, obtrectation † , evil-speaking, 

backbiting, scandalum magnatum [Lat.]. personality, libel, 

lampoon, skit, pasquinade; chronique scandaleuse [Fr.]; roorback 

[U.S.]. sarcasm, cynicism; criticism (disapprobation) 932; 

invective &c. 932; envenomed tongue; spretae injuria formae 

[Lat.]. personality, libel, lampoon, skit, pasquinade; chronique 

scandaleuse [Fr.]; roorback [U.S.]. detractor &c. 936. 

V. detract, derogate, decry, deprecate, depreciate, disparage; run 

down, cry down; backcap [U.S.]; belittle; sneer at &c. (contempt) 

930; criticize, pull to pieces, pick a hole in one's coat, asperse, 

cast aspersions, blow upon, bespatter, blacken, vilify, vilipend † ; 

avile † ; give a dog a bad name, brand, malign; muckrake; 

backbite, libel, lampoon, traduce, slander, defame, calumniate, 

bear false witness against; speak ill of behind one's back. fling dirt 

&c. (disrespect) 929; anathematize &c. 932; dip the pen in gall, 

view in a bad light. impugn (disparage the motives of); assail, 

attack &c. 716; oppose &c. 708; denounce, accuse &c. 938. 

Adj. detracting &c. v.; defamatory, detractory † , derogatory, 

deprecatory; catty; disparaging, libelous; scurrile, scurrilous; 

abusive; foul-spoken, foul-tongued, foul-mouthed; slanderous; 

calumnious, calumniatory † ; sarcastic, sardonic; sarcastic, 

satirical, cynical. critical &c. 932. 

Phr. damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer; and damn with 

faint praise, assent with civil leer; and without sneering, teach the 

rest to sneer" [Pope]; another lie nailed to the counter; cut men's 

throats with whisperings" [B. Jonson]; foul whisperings are 

abroad" [Macbeth]; soft-buzzing slander" [Thomson]; virtue itself 

'scapes not calumnious virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious 

strokes" [Hamlet]. 

#935. Flatterer -- N. flatterer, adulator; eulogist, euphemist; 

optimist, encomiast, laudator [Lat.], whitewasher. toady, 

toadeater † ; sycophant, courtier, Sir Pertinax MacSycophant; 

flaneur [Fr.], proneur [Fr.]; puffer, touter † , claqueur [Fr.]; clawback † #936. Detractor -- N. detractor, reprover; censor, censurer; cynic, 

critic, caviler, carper, word-catcher, frondeur; barracker 

, 

earwig, doer of dirty work; parasite, hanger-on &c. (servility) 886. 

yes-man, suckup, ass-kisser [Vulg.], brown-noser [Vulg.], 

teacher's pet. 

Phr. pessimum genus inimicorum laudantes [Lat.] [Tacitus]. 

† . defamer, 

backbiter, slanderer, Sir Benjamin Backbite, lampooner, satirist, 

traducer, libeler, calumniator, dawplucker † , Thersites † ; Zoilus; 

good-natured friend [Iron.]; reviler, vituperator, castigator; shrew 

&c. 901; muckraker. disapprover, laudator temporis acti [Lat.] 

[Horace]. 

Adj. black-mouthed, abusive &c. 934. 

#937. Vindication -- N. vindication, justification, warrant; 

exoneration, exculpation; acquittal &c. 970; whitewashing. 

extenuation; palliation, palliative; softening, mitigation. reply, 

defense; recrimination &c. 938. apology, gloss, varnish; plea &c. 

617; salvo; excuse, extenuating circumstances; allowance, 

allowance to be made; locus paenitentiae [Lat.]. apologist, 

vindicator, justifier; defendant &c. 938. justifiable charge, true bill. 

v.. justify, warrant; be an excuse for &c. n.; lend a color, furnish a 

handle; vindicate; exculpate, disculpate † ; acquit &c. 970; clear, 

set right, exonerate, whitewash; clear the skirts of. extenuate, 

palliate, excuse, soften, apologize, varnish, slur, gloze; put a gloss, 

put a good face upon; mince; gloss over, bolster up, help a lame 

dog over a stile. advocate, defend, plead one's cause; stand up 

for, stick up for, speak up for; contend for, speak for; bear out, 

keep in countenance, support; plead &c., 617; say in defense; 

plead ignorance; confess and avoid, propugn † , put in a good word 

for. take the will for the deed, make allowance for, give credit for, 

do justice to; give one his due, give the Devil his due. make good; 

prove the truth of, prove one's case; be justified by the event. 

Adj. vindicated, vindicating &c. v.; exculpatory; apologetic. 

excusable, defensible, pardonable; venial, veniable † ; specious, 

plausible, justifiable. 

Phr. honi sot qui mal y pense;" good wine needs no bush" 

#938. Accusation -- N. accusation, charge, imputation, slur, 

inculpation, exprobration † , delation; crimination; incrimination, 

accrimination † , recrimination; tu quoque argument [Lat.]; invective 

&c. 932. denunciation, denouncement; libel, challenge, citation, 

arraignment; impeachment, appeachment † ; indictment, bill of 

indictment, true bill; lawsuit &c. 969; condemnation &c. 971. 

gravamen of a charge, head and front of one's offending, 

argumentum ad hominem [Lat.]; scandal &c. (detraction) 934; 

scandalum magnatum [Lat.]. accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff; relator, 

informer; appellant. accused, defendant, prisoner, perpetrator, 

panel, respondent; litigant. 

V. accuse, charge, tax, impute, twit, taunt with, reproach. brand 

with reproach; stigmatize, slur; cast a stone at, cast a slur on; 

incriminate, criminate; inculpate, implicate; call to account &c. 

(censure) 932; take to blame, take to task; put in the black book. 

inform against, indict, denounce, arraign; impeach, appeach † ; 

have up, show up, pull up; challenge, cite, lodge a complaint; 

prosecute, bring an action against &c. 969; blow upon. charge 

with, saddle with; lay to one's door, lay charge; lay the blame on, 

bring home to; cast in one's teeth, throw in one's teeth; cast the 

first stone at. have a rod in pickle for, keep a rod in pickle for; 

have a crow to pluck with. trump up a charge. 

Adj. accusing &c. v.; accusatory, accusative; imputative, 

denunciatory; recriminatory, criminatory † . accused &c. v.; 

suspected; under suspicion, under a cloud, under surveillance; in 

custody, in detention; in the lockup, in the watch house, in the

house of detention. accusable, imputable; indefensible, 

inexcusable; unpardonable, unjustifiable; vicious &c. 845. 

Int. look at home; tu quoque [Lat.] &c. (retaliation) 718. 

Phr. the breath of accusation kills an innocent the breath of 

accusation kills an innocent name" [Shelley]; thou can'st not say I 

did it" [Macbeth]. 

3. MORAL CONDITIONS 

#939. Probity -- N. probity, integrity, rectitude; uprightness &c. 

adj.; honesty, faith; honor; bonne foi [Fr.], good faith, bona fides 

[Lat.]; purity, clean hands. fairness &c. adj.; fair play, justice, 

equity, impartiality, principle, even-handedness; grace. constancy; 

faithfulness &c. adj.; fidelity, loyalty; incorruption, incorruptibility. 

trustworthiness &c. adj.; truth, candor, singleness of heart; veracity 

&c. 543; tender conscience &c. (sense of duty) 926. punctilio, 

delicacy, nicety; scrupulosity, scrupulousness &c. adj.; scruple; 

point, point of honor; punctuality. dignity &c., (repute) 873; 

respectability, respectableness &c. adj.; gentilhomme [Fr.], 

gentleman; man of honor, man of his word; fidus Achates [Lat.], 

preux chevalier [Fr.], galantuomo [It]; truepenny † , trump, brick; true 

Briton; white man [U.S.]. court of honor, a fair field and no favor; 

argumentum ad verecundiam [Lat.]. 

V. be honorable &c. adj.; deal honorably, deal squarely, deal 

impartially, deal fairly; speak the truth &c. (veracity) 543; draw a 

straight furrow; tell the truth and shame the Devil, vitam impendere 

vero [Lat.]; show a proper spirit, make a point of; do one's duty &c. 

(virtue) 944. redeem one's pledge &c. 926; keep one's promise, 

be as good as one's promise, be as good as one's word; keep 

faith with, not fail. give and take, audire alteram partem [Lat.], give 

the Devil his due, put the saddle on the right horse. redound to 

one's honor. 

Adj. upright; honest, honest as daylight; veracious &c. 543; 

virtuous &c. 944; honorable; fair, right, just, equitable, impartial, 

evenhanded, square; fair and aboveboard, open and aboveboard; 

white [U.S.]. constant, constant as the northern star; faithful, loyal, 

staunch; true, true blue, true to one's colors, true to the core, true 

as the needle to the pole; marble-constant" [Antony and 

Cleopatra]; true-hearted, trusty, trustworthy; as good as one's 

word, to be depended on, incorruptible. straightforward &c. 

(ingenuous) 703; frank, candid, open-hearted. conscientious, 

tender-conscienced, right-minded; high-principled, high-minded; 

scrupulous, religious, strict; nice, punctilious, correct, punctual; 

respectable, reputable; gentlemanlike † . inviolable, inviolate; 

unviolated † , unbroken, unbetrayed; unbought, unbribed † . innocent 

&c. 946; pure, stainless; unstained, untarnished, unsullied, 

untainted, unperjured † ; uncorrupt, uncorrupted; undefiled, 

undepraved † , undebauched † ; integer vitae scelerisque purus 

[Lat.] [Horace]; justus et tenax propositi [Lat.] [Horace]. chivalrous, 

jealous of honor, sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.]; high-spirited. 

supramundane † , unworldly, other-worldly, overscrupulous † . 

Adv. honorable &c. adj.; bona fide; on the square, in good faith, 

honor bright, foro conscientiae [Lat.], with clean hands. 

Phr. a face untaught to feign" [Pope]; bene qui latuit bene vixit 

[Lat.] [Ovid]; mens sibi conscia recti [Lat.]; probitas laudatur et 

alget [Juvenal]; fidelis ad urnam [Lat.]; his heart as far from fraud 

as heaven from his heart as far from fraud as heaven from earth" 

[Two Gentlemen]; loyaute m'oblige [Fr.]; loyaute n'a honte [Fr.]; 

what stronger breastplate than a heart what stronger breastplate 

than a heart untainted? [Henry VI]. 

#940. Improbity -- N. improbity † ; dishonesty, dishonor; deviation 

from rectitude; disgrace &c. (disrepute) 874; fraud &c. 

(deception) 545; lying &c. 544; bad faith, Punic faith; mala fides 

[Lat.], Punica fides [Lat.]; infidelity; faithlessness &c. adj.; Judas 

kiss, betrayal. breach of promise, breach of trust, breach of faith; 

prodition † , disloyalty, treason, high treason; apostasy &c. 

(tergiversation) 607; nonobservance &c. 773. shabbiness &c. 

adj.; villainy, villany † ; baseness &c. adj.; abjection, debasement, 

turpitude, moral turpitude, laxity, trimming, shuffling. perfidy; 

perfidiousness &c. adj.; treachery, double dealing; unfairness &c. 

adj.; knavery, roguery, rascality, foul play; jobbing, jobbery; graft, 

bribery; venality, nepotism; corruption, job, shuffle, fishy 

transaction; barratry, sharp practice, heads I win tails you lose; 

mouth honor &c. (flattery) 933. 

V. be dishonest &c. adj.; play false; break one's word, break one's 

faith, break one's promise; jilt, betray, forswear; shuffle &c. (lie) 

544; live by one's wits, sail near the wind. disgrace oneself, 

dishonor oneself, demean oneself; derogate, stoop, grovel, 

sneak, lose caste; sell oneself, go over to the enemy; seal one's 

infamy. 

Adj. dishonest, dishonorable; unconscientious, unscrupulous; 

fraudulent &c. 545; knavish; disgraceful &c. (disreputable) 974; 

wicked &c. 945. false-hearted, disingenuous; unfair, one-sided; 

double, double-hearted, double-tongued, double-faced; 

timeserving † , crooked, tortuous, insidious, Machiavelian, dark, 

slippery; fishy; perfidious, treacherous, perjured. infamous, arrant, 

foul, base, vile, ignominious, blackguard. contemptible, 

unrespectable, abject, mean, shabby, little, paltry, dirty, scurvy, 

scabby, sneaking, groveling, scrubby, rascally, pettifogging; 

beneath one. low-minded, low-thoughted † ; base-minded. 

undignified, indign † ; unbecoming, unbeseeming † , unbefitting; 

derogatory, degrading; infra dignitatem [Lat.], beneath one's 

dignity; ungentlemanly, ungentlemanlike; unknightly † , unchivalric † , 

unmanly, unhandsome; recreant, inglorious. corrupt, venal; 

debased, mongrel. faithless, of bad faith, false, unfaithful, disloyal; 

untrustworthy; trustless, trothless † ; lost to shame, dead to honor; 

barratrous. 

Adv. dishonestly &c. adj.; mala fide [Lat.], like a thief in the night, 

by crooked paths. 

Int. O tempora! † , O mores!, [Cicero]. 

Phr. corruptissima respublica plurimae corruptissima respublica 

plurimae leges [Lat.] [Tacitus]. 

#941. Knave -- N. knave, rogue; Scapin † , rascal; Lazarillo de Tormes; bad man &c. 949; blackguard &c. 949; barrater † , barrator † ; 

shyster [U.S.]. traitor, betrayer, archtraitor † , conspirator, Judas, Catiline; reptile, serpent, snake in the grass, wolf in sheep's clothing, 

sneak, Jerry Sneak, squealer [Slang], tell-tale, mischief-maker; trimmer, fence-sitter, renegade &c. (tergiversation) 607; truant, 

recreant; sycophant &c. (servility) 886. 

#942. Disinterestedness -- N. disinterestedness &c. adj.; #943. Selfishness -- N. selfishness &c. adj.; self-love, self-

generosity; liberality, liberalism; altruism; benevolence &c. 906; 

elevation, loftiness of purpose, exaltation, magnanimity; chivalry, 

chivalrous spirit; heroism, sublimity. self-denial, self-abnegation, 

self-sacrifice, self-immolation, self-control &c. (resolution) 604; 

stoicism, devotion, martyrdom, suttee. labor of love. 

V. be disinterested &c. adj.; make a sacrifice, lay one's head on 

the block; put oneself in the place of others, do as one would be 

done by, do unto others as we would men should do unto us. 

Adj. disinterested; unselfish; self-denying, self-sacrificing, selfdevoted; 

generous. handsome, liberal, noble, broad-minded; 

noble-minded, high-minded; princely, great, high, elevated, lofty, 

exalted, spirited, stoical, magnanimous; great-hearted, largehearted; 

chivalrous, heroic, sublime. unbought, unbribed † ; 

uncorrupted &c. (upright) 939. 

Phr. non vobis solum [Lat.]. 

indulgence, self-worship, self-interest; egotism, egoism; amour 

propre [Fr.], &c. (vanity) 880; nepotism. worldliness &c. adj.; world 

wisdom. illiberality; meanness &c. adj.. time-pleaser, time-server; 

tuft-hunter, fortune-hunter; jobber, worldling; egotist, egoist, 

monopolist, nepotist; dog in the manger, charity that begins at 

home; canis in praesepi [Lat.], foes to nobleness," temporizer, 

trimmer. 

V. be selfish &c. adj.; please oneself, indulge oneself, coddle 

oneself; consult one's own wishes, consult one's own pleasure; 

look after one's own interest; feather one's nest; take care of 

number one, have an eye to the main chance, know on which side 

one's bread is buttered; give an inch and take an ell. 

Adj. selfish; self-seeking, self-indulgent, self-interested, selfcentered; 

wrapped up in self, wrapt up in self † , centered in self; 

egotistic, egotistical; egoistical † . illiberal, mean, ungenerous, 

narrow-minded; mercenary, venal; covetous &c. 819. unspiritual, 

earthly, earthly-minded; mundane; worldly, worldly-minded; worldlywise; 

timeserving † . interested; alieni appetens sui profusus [Lat.]. 

Adv. ungenerously &c. adj.; to gain some private ends, from 

interested motives. 

Phr. apres nous le deluge [Fr.]. 

#944. Virtue -- N. virtue; virtuousness &c. adj.; morality; moral 

rectitude; integrity &c. (probity) 939; nobleness &c. 873. morals; 

ethics &c. (duty) 926; cardinal virtues. merit, worth, desert, 

excellence, credit; self-control &c. (resolution) 604; self-denial &c. 

(temperance) 953. well-doing; good actions, good behavior; 

discharge of duty, fulfillment of duty, performance of duty; wellspent 

life; innocence &c. 946. 

V. be virtuous &c. adj.; practice virtue &c. n.; do one's duty, fulfill 

one's duty, perform one's duty, discharge one's duty; redeem 

one's pledge, keep one's promise &c. 926; act well, act one's 

part; fight the good fight; acquit oneself well; command one's 

passions, master one's passions; keep in the right path. set an 

example, set a good example; be on one's good behavior, be on 

one's best behavior. 

Adj. virtuous, good; innocent &c. 946; meritorious, deserving, 

worthy, desertful † , correct; dutiful, duteous; moral; right, righteous, 

right-minded; well-intentioned, creditable, laudable, 

commendable, praiseworthy; above all praise, beyond all praise; 

excellent, admirable; sterling, pure, noble; whole-souled † #945. Vice -- N. vice; evil-doing, evil courses; wrongdoing; 

wickedness, viciousness &c. adj.; iniquity, peccability 

. 

exemplary; matchless, peerless; saintly, saint-like; heaven-born, 

angelic, seraphic, godlike. 

Adv. virtuously &c., adj.; e merito [Lat.]. 

Phr. esse quam videri bonus malebat [Lat.] [Sallust]; Schonheit 

vergeht Tugend besteht [G.]; virtue the greatest of all monarchies" 

[Swift]; virtus laudatur et alget [Juvenal]; virtus vincit invidiam [Lat.]. 

† , demerit; 

sin, Adam † ; old Adam † , offending Adam † . immorality, impropriety, 

indecorum, scandal, laxity, looseness of morals; enphagy † , 

dophagy † , exophagy † ; want of principle, want of ballast; obliquity, 

backsliding, infamy, demoralization, pravity † , depravity, pollution; 

hardness of heart; brutality &c. (malevolence) 907; corruption &c. 

(debasement) 659; knavery &c. (improbity) 940 † ; profligacy; 

flagrancy, atrocity; cannibalism; lesbianism, Sadism. infirmity; 

weakness &c. adj.; weakness of the flesh, frailty, imperfection; 

error; weak side; foible; failing, failure; crying sin, besetting sin; 

defect, deficiency; cloven foot. lowest dregs of vice, sink of 

iniquity, Alsatian den † ; gusto picaresco [It]. fault, crime; criminality 

&c. (guilt) 947. sinner &c. 949. [Resorts] brothel &c. 961; 

gambling house &c. 621; joint [Slang], opium den, shooting 

gallery, crack house. 

V. be vicious &c. adj.; sin, commit sin, do amiss, err, transgress; 

misdemean oneself † , forget oneself, misconduct oneself; misdo † , 

misbehave; fall, lapse, slip, trip, offend, trespass; deviate from the 

line of duty, deviate from the path of virtue &c. 944; take a wrong 

course, go astray; hug a sin, hug a fault; sow one's wild oats. 

render vicious &c. adj.; demoralize, brutalize; corrupt &c. 

(degrade) 659. 

Adj. vicious; sinful; sinning &c. v.; wicked, iniquitous, immoral, 

unrighteous, wrong, criminal; naughty, incorrect; unduteous † , 

undutiful. unprincipled, lawless, disorderly, contra bonos mores 

[Lat.], indecorous, unseemly, improper; dissolute, profligate, 

scampish; unworthy; worthless; desertless † ; disgraceful, recreant; 

reprehensible, blameworthy, uncommendable; discreditable, 

disreputable; Sadistic. base, sinister, scurvy, foul, gross, vile, 

black, grave, facinorous † , felonious, nefarious, shameful, 

scandalous, infamous, villainous, of a deep dye, heinous; flagrant, 

flagitious; atrocious, incarnate, accursed. Mephistophelian, 

satanic, diabolic, hellish, infernal, stygian, fiendlike † , hell-born, 

demoniacal, devilish, fiendish. miscreated † , misbegotten; 

demoralized, corrupt, depraved. evil-minded, evil-disposed; illconditioned; 

malevolent &c. 907; heartless, graceless, 

shameless, virtueless; abandoned, lost to virtue; unconscionable; 

sunk in iniquity, lost in iniquity, steeped in iniquity. incorrigible, 

irreclaimable, obdurate, reprobate, past praying for; culpable, 

reprehensible &c. (guilty) 947. unjustifiable; indefensible, 

inexcusable; inexpiable, unpardonable, irremissible † . weak, frail, 

lax, infirm, imperfect; indiscrete; demoralizing, degrading. 

Adv. wrong; sinfully &c. adj.; without excuse. 

Int. O tempora! † , O mores!,

Phr. alitur vitium vivitque tegendo [Vergil]; genus est mortis male 

vivere [Lat.] [Ovid]; mala mens malus animus [Lat.] [Terence]; 

nemo repente fuit turpissimus [Lat.]; the trail of the serpent is over 

them all" [Moore]; to sanction vice and hunt decorum down" 

[Bryon]. 

#946. Innocence -- N. innocence; guiltlessness &c. adj.; 

incorruption, impeccability. clean hands, clear conscience, mens 

sibi conscia recti [Lat.] [Vergil]. innocent, lamb, dove. 

V. be innocent &c. adj.; nil conscire sibi nulla pallescere culpa 

[Lat.] [Horace]. acquit &c. 970; exculpate &c. (vindicate) 937. 

Adj. innocent, not guilty; unguilty † ; guiltless, faultless, sinless, 

stainless, bloodless, spotless; clear, immaculate; rectus in curia 

[Lat.]; unspotted, unblemished, unerring; undefiled &c. 939; 

unhardened † , Saturnian; Arcadian &c. (artless) 703 † . inculpable, 

unculpable † ; unblamed, unblamable † ; blameless, unfallen † , 

inerrable † , above suspicion; irreproachable, irreprovable † , 

irreprehensible † ; unexceptionable, unobjectionable, 

unimpeachable; salvable † ; venial &c. 937. harmless; inoffensive, 

innoxious † , innocuous; dove-like, lamb-like; pure, harmless as 

doves; innocent as a lamb, innocent as the babe unborn; more 

sinned against than sinning" [Lear]. virtuous &c. 944; unreproved † , 

unimpeached, unreproached † #947. Guilt -- N. guilt, guiltiness; culpability; criminality, 

criminousness 

. 

Adv. innocently &c. adj.; with clean hands; with a clear 

conscience, with a safe conscience. 

Phr. murus aeneus conscientia sana [Horace]. 

† ; deviation from rectitude &c. (improbity) 940 † ; 

sinfulness &c. (vice) 945. misconduct, misbehavior, misdoing, 

misdeed; malpractice, fault, sin, error, transgression; dereliction, 

delinquency; indiscretion, lapse, slip, trip, faux pas [Fr.], 

peccadillo; flaw, blot, omission; failing, failure; break, bad break! 

[U.S.], capital crime, delictum [Lat.]. offense, trespass; 

misdemeanor, misfeasance, misprision; malefaction, 

malfeasance, malversation; crime, felony. enormity, atrocity, 

outrage; deadly sin, mortal sin; deed without a name" [Macbeth]. 

corpus delicti. 

Adj. guilty, to blame, culpable, peccable † , in fault, at fault, 

censurable, reprehensible, blameworthy, uncommendable, 

illaudable † ; weighed in the balance and found wanting; 

exceptionable. 

Adv. in flagrante delicto [Lat.]; red-handed, in the very act, with 

one's hand in the cookie jar. 

Phr. cui prodest scelus in fecit [Lat.] [Seneca]; culpam paena 

premit comes [Lat.] [Horace]; O would the deed were good! " 

[Richard II]; responsibility prevents crimes" [Burke]; se judice 

nemo nocens absolvitur [Lat.] [Juvenal]; so many laws argues so 

many sins" [Paradise Lost]. 

#948. Good Man -- N. good man, honest man, worthy. good 

woman, perfect lady, Madonna. model, paragon &c. (perfection) 

650; good example; hero, heroine, demigod, seraph, angel; 

innocent &c. 946; saint &c. (piety) 987; benefactor &c. 912; 

philanthropist &c. 910; Aristides † ; noble liver † , pattern. brick 

[Slang], trump [Slang], gem, jewel, good fellow, prince, diamond 

in the rough, rough diamond, ugly duckling † . salt of the earth; one 

in ten thousand; one in a million; a gentleman and a scholar; pillar 

of society, pillar of the community, a man among men. 

Phr. si sic omnes! [Lat.] 

#950. Penitence -- N. penitence, contrition, compunction, 

repentance, remorse; regret &c. 833. self-reproach, self-reproof, 

self-accusation, self-condemnation, self-humiliation; stings of 

conscience, pangs of conscience, qualms of conscience, 

prickings of conscience † , twinge of conscience, twitch of 

conscience, touch of conscience, voice of conscience; 

compunctious visitings of nature † . acknowledgment, confession 

&c. (disclosure) 529; apology &c. 952; recantation &c. 607; 

penance &c. 952; resipiscence † . awakened conscience, 

deathbed repentance, locus paenitentiae [Lat.], stool of 

#949. Bad Man -- N. bad man, wrongdoer, worker of iniquity; 

evildoer &c. 913; sinner; the wicked &c. 945; bad example. villain, 

rascal, scoundrel, miscreant, budmash † , caitiff † ; wretch, reptile, 

viper, serpent, cockatrice, basilisk, urchin; tiger † , monster; devil 

&c. (demon) 980; devil incarnate; demon in human shape, Nana 

Sahib; hellhound, hellcat; rakehell † . bad woman, jade, Jezebel. 

scamp, scapegrace, rip, runagate, ne'er-do-well, reprobate, 

scalawag, scallawag. rou_e [Fr.], rake; Sadist; skeesicks [Slang], 

skeezix [U.S.]; limb; one who has sold himself to the devil, fallen 

angel, ame damnee [Fr.], vaurien † , mauvais sujet [Fr.], loose fish, 

sad dog; rounder [Slang]; lost sheep, black sheep; castaway, 

recreant, defaulter; prodigal &c. 818. rough, rowdy, hooligan, 

tough, ugly customer, mean mother [Coll.], ruffian, bully, meanie 

[Joc.]; Jonathan Wild; hangman. incendiary, arsonist, fire bug 

[U.S.]. thief &c. 792; murderer, terrorist &c. 361. [person who 

violates the criminal law] culprit, delinquent, crook, hoodlum, 

hood, criminal, thug, malefactor, offender, perpetrator, perp [Coll.]; 

disorderly person, misdemeanant [Law]; outlaw; scofflaw; vandal; 

felon, (convicted criminal); criminal; convict, prisoner, inmate, jail 

bird, ticket of leave man; multiple offender. blackguard, polisson † , 

loafer, sneak; rapscallion, rascallion † ; cullion † , mean wretch, 

varlet, kern † , ame-de-boue [Fr.], drole † ; cur, dog, hound † , whelp † , 

mongrel † ; lown † , loon, runnion † , outcast, vagabond; rogue &c. 

(knave) 941; ronian † ; scum of the earth, riffraff; Arcades ambo † . 

Int. sirrah! † , 

Phr. Acherontis pabulum † ; gibier de potence [Fr.]. 

#951. Impenitence -- N. impenitence, irrepentance † , recusance † ; 

lack of contrition. hardness of heart, seared conscience, 

induration, obduracy. 

V. be impenitent &c. adj.; steel the heart, harden the heart; die 

game, die and make no sign, die unshriven, die without benefit of 

clergy. 

Adj. impenitent, uncontrite, obdurate; hard, hardened; seared, 

recusant; unrepentant; relentless, remorseless, graceless, 

shriftless † . lost, incorrigible, irreclaimable. unreconstructed, 

unregenerate, unreformed; unrepented † , unreclaimed † , unatoned.

epentance, cuttystool † . penitent, repentant, Magdalen, prodigal 

son, a sadder and a wiser man" [Coleridge]. 

V. repent, be sorry for; be penitent &c. adj.; rue; regret &c. 833; 

think better of; recant &c. 607; knock under &c. (submit) 725; 

plead guilty; sing miserere [Lat.], sing de profundis [Lat.]; cry 

peccavi; own oneself in the wrong; acknowledge, confess &c., 

(disclose) 529; humble oneself; beg pardon &c. (apologize) 952; 

turn over a new leaf, put on the new man, turn from sin; reclaim; 

repent in sackcloth and ashes &c., (do penance) 952; learn by 

experience. 

Adj. penitent; repenting &c. v.; repentant, contrite; consciencesmitten, 

conscience-stricken; self-accusing, self-convicted. 

penitential, penitentiary; reclaimed, reborn; not hardened; 

unhardened † . 

Adv. mea culpa. 

Phr. peccavi; erubuit [Lat.]; salva res est [Lat.] [Terence]; Tu l'as 

voulu [Fr.], Georges Dandin; and wet his grave with my repentant 

tears" [Richard III]. 

#952. Atonement -- N. atonement, reparation; compromise, composition; compensation &c. 30; quittance, quits; expiation, 

redemption, reclamation, conciliation, propitiation; indemnification, redress. amends, apology, amende honorable † , satisfaction; 

peace offering, sin offering, burnt offering; scapegoat, sacrifice. penance, fasting, maceration, sackcloth and ashes, white sheet, 

shrift, flagellation, lustration † ; purgation, purgatory. 

V. atone, atone for; expiate; propitiate; make amends, make good; reclaim, redeem, repair, ransom, absolve, purge, shrive, do 

penance, stand in a white sheet, repent in sackcloth and ashes, wear a hairshirt. set one's house in order, wipe off old scores, make 

matters up; pay the forfeit, pay the penalty. apologize, beg pardon, fair l'amende honorable [Fr.], give satisfaction; come down on 

one's knees, fall down on one's knees, down on one's marrow bones. 

#953. Temperance -- N. temperance, moderation, sobriety, 

soberness. forbearance, abnegation; self-denial, self-restraint, 

self-control &c. (resolution) 604. frugality; vegetarianism, 

teetotalism, total abstinence; abstinence, abstemiousness; 

4. MORAL PRACTICE 

Encratism † , prohibition; system of Pythagoras, system of Cornaro; 

Pythagorism, Stoicism. vegetarian; Pythagorean, gymnosophist † . 

teetotaler &c. 958; abstainer; designated driver; Encratite † , 

fruitarian † , hydropot † . 

V. be temperate &c. adj.; abstain, forbear, refrain, deny oneself, 

spare, swear off. know when one has had enough, know one's 

limit. take the pledge, go on the wagon. 

Adj. temperate, moderate, sober, frugal, sparing; abstemious, 

abstinent; within compass; measured &c. (sufficient) 639. on the 

wagon, on the water wagon. [Locations where alcoholic 

beverages are prohibited] dry. Pythagorean; vegetarian; teetotal. 

Phr. appetitus rationi obediant [Lat.] [Cicero]; l'abstenir pour jouir 

c'est l'epicurisme de la l'abstenir pour jouir c'est l'epicurisme de la 

raison [Rousseau]; trahit sua quemque voluptas [Lat.] [Vergil]. 

#954. Intemperance -- N. intemperance; sensuality, animalism, 

carnality; tragalism † ; pleasure; effeminacy, silkiness; luxury, 

luxuriousness; lap of pleasure, lap of luxury; free living. indulgence; 

high living, wild living, inabstinence † , self-indulgence; 

voluptuousness &c. adj.; epicurism, epicureanism; sybaritism; 

drug habit. dissipation; licentiousness &c. adj.; debauchery; 

crapulence † . revels, revelry; debauch, carousal, jollification, 

drinking bout, wassail, saturnalia, orgies; excess, too much. 

Circean cup. [drugs of abuse: list] bhang, hashish, marijuana, pot 

[Coll.], hemp [Coll.], grass [Coll.]; opium, cocaine, morphine, 

heroin; LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide [Chem]; phencyclidine, 

angel dust, PCP; barbiturates; amphetamines, speed [Coll.]. 

V. be intemperate &c. adj.; indulge, exceed; live well, live high, live 

high on the fat of the land, live it up, live high on the hog; give a 

loose to indulgence &c. n.; wallow in voluptuousness &c. n.; 

plunge into dissipation. revel; rake, live hard, run riot, sow one's 

wild oats; slake one's appetite, slake one's thirst; swill; pamper. 

Adj. intemperate, inabstinent † ; sensual, self-indulgent; voluptuous, 

luxurious, licentious, wild, dissolute, rakish, fast, debauched. 

brutish, crapulous † , swinish, piggish. Paphian, Epicurean, 

Sybaritical; bred in the lap of luxury, nursed in the lap of luxury; 

indulged, pampered; full-fed, high-fed. 

Phr. being full of supper and distempering being full of supper and 

distempering draughts" [Othello]. 

#954a. Sensualist -- N. Sybarite, voluptuary, Sardanaphalus, man of pleasure, carpet knight; epicure, epicurean, gourmet, 

gourmand; pig, hog; votary of Epicurus, swine of Epicurus; sensualist; Heliogabalus; free liver, hard liver; libertine &c. 962; hedonist; 

tragalist † . 

#955. Asceticism -- N. asceticism, puritanism, sabbatarianism † ; cynicism † , austerity; total abstinence; nephalism † . mortification, 

maceration, sackcloth and ashes, flagellation; penance &c. 952; fasting &c. 956; martyrdom. ascetic; anchoret † , anchorite; martyr; 

Heautontimorumenos † ; hermit &c. (recluse) 893; puritan, sabbatarian † , cynic, sanyasi † , yogi. 

Adj. ascetic, austere, puritanical; cynical; over-religious; acerbic. 

#956. Fasting -- N. fasting; xerophagy † ; famishment, starvation. 

fast, jour maigre [Fr.]; fast day, banyan day; Lent, quadragesima † ; 

Ramadan, Ramazan; spare diet, meager diet; lenten diet, lenten 

#957. Gluttony -- N. gluttony; greed, avarice; greediness &c. adj.; 

voracity. epicurism; good living, high living; edacity † , gulosity † , 

crapulence † ; guttling † , guzzling; pantophagy † . good cheer, blow

entertainment; soupe maigre [Fr.], short commons, Barmecide 

feast † ; short rations. 

V. fast, starve, clem † , famish, perish with hunger; dine with Duke 

Humphrey † ; make two bites of a cherry. 

Adj. lenten, quadragesimal † ; unfed † ; starved &c. v.; half-starved; 

fasting &c. v.; hungry &c. 865. 

#958. Sobriety -- N. sobriety; teetotalism. temperance &c. 953. 

water-drinker; hydropot † ; prohibitionist; teetotaler, teetotalist; 

abstainer, Good Templar, band of hope. 

V. take the pledge. 

Adj. sober, sober as a judge. 

out; feast &c. (food) 298; gastronomy, batterie de cuisine [Fr.]. 

epicure, bon vivant, gourmand; glutton, cormorant, hog, belly god, 

Apicius † , gastronome; gourmet &c. 954.1, 868. v.. gormandize, 

gorge; overgorge † , overeat oneself; engorge, eat one's fill, cram, 

stuff; guttle † , guzzle; bolt, devour, gobble up; gulp &c. (swallow 

food) 298; raven, eat out of house and home. have the stomach of 

an ostrich; play a good knife and fork &c. (appetite) 865. pamper. 

Adj. gluttonous, greedy; gormandizing &c. v.; edacious † , 

omnivorous, crapulent † , swinish. avaricious &c. 819; selfish &c. 

918. pampered; overfed, overgorged † . 

Phr. jejunus raro stomachus vulgaria temnit [Lat.] [Horace]. 

#959. Drunkenness -- N. drunkenness &c. adj.; intemperance; 

drinking &c. v.; inebriety † , inebriation; ebriety † , ebriosity † ; 

insobriety; intoxication; temulency † , bibacity † , wine bibbing; 

comtation † , potation; deep potations, bacchanals, bacchanalia, 

libations; bender [U.S.]. oinomania † , dipsomania; delirium 

tremens; alcohol, alcoholism; mania a potu [Fr.]. drink; alcoholic 

drinks; blue ruin [Slang], grog, port wine; punch, punch bowl; cup, 

rosy wine, flowing bowl; drop, drop too much; dram; beer &c. 

(beverage) 298; aguardiente † ; apple brandy, applejack; brandy, 

brandy smash [U.S.]; chain lightning [Slang], champagne, 

cocktail; gin, ginsling † ; highball [U.S.], peg, rum, rye, schnapps 

[U.S.], sherry, sling [U.S.], uisquebaugh [Ire.], usquebaugh [Scot.], 

whisky, xeres † . drunkard, sot, toper, tippler, bibber † , wine-bibber, 

lush; hard drinker, gin drinker, dram drinker; soaker [Slang], 

sponge, tun; love pot, toss pot; thirsty soul, reveler, carouser, 

Bacchanal, Bacchanalian; Bacchal † , Bacchante † ; devotee to 

Bacchus † ; bum [U.S.], guzzler, tavern haunter. 

V. get drunk, be drunk &c. adj.; see double; take a drop too much, 

take a glass too much; drink; tipple, tope, booze, bouse [Fr.], 

guzzle, swill [Slang], soak [Slang], sot, bum [U.S.], besot, have a 

jag on, have a buzz on, lush [Slang], bib, swig, carouse; sacrifice 

at the shrine of Bacchus † ; take to drinking; drink hard, drink deep, 

drink like a fish; have one's swill [Slang], drain the cup, splice the 

main brace, take a hair of the dog that bit you. liquor, liquor up; 

wet one's whistle, take a whet; crack a bottle, pass the bottle; toss 

off &c. (drink up) 298; go to the alehouse, go to the public house. 

make one drunk &c. adj.; inebriate, fuddle, befuddle, fuzzle † , get 

into one's head. 

Adj. drunk, tipsy; intoxicated; inebrious † , inebriate, inebriated; in 

one's cups; in a state of intoxication &c. n.; temulent † , 

temulentive † ; bombed, smashed; fuddled, mellow, cut, boozy, 

fou † , fresh, merry, elevated; flustered, disguised, groggy, beery; 

top-heavy; potvaliant † , glorious; potulent † ; squiffy [Slang]; 

overcome, overtaken; whittled, screwed [Slang], tight, primed, 

corned, raddled † , sewed up [Slang], lushy [Slang], nappy † , 

muddled, muzzy † , obfuscated, maudlin; crapulous † , dead drunk. 

woozy [slightly drunk], buzzed, flush, flushed. inter pocula † ; in 

liquor, the worse for liquor; having had a drop too much, half seas 

over, three sheets in the wind, three sheets to the wind; under the 

table. drunk as a lord, drunk as a skunk, drunk as a piper, drunk 

as a fiddler, drunk as Chloe, drunk as an owl, drunk as David's 

sow, drunk as a wheelbarrow. drunken, bibacious † , sottish; given 

to drink, addicted to drink, addicted to the bottle; toping &c. v.. 

Phr. nunc est bibendum [Lat.]; Bacchus ever fair and young" 

[Dryden]; drink down all unkindness" [Merry Wives]; O that men 

should put an enemy in their mouths to O that men should put an 

enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains" [Othello]. 

#960. Purity -- N. purity; decency, decorum, delicacy; continence, 

chastity, honesty, virtue, modesty, shame; pudicity † , pucelage † , 

virginity. vestal, virgin, Joseph, Hippolytus; Lucretia, Diana; prude. 

Adj. pure, undefiled, modest, delicate, decent, decorous; 

virginibus puerisque [Lat.]; simon-pure; chaste, continent, virtuous, 

#961. Impurity -- N. impurity; uncleanness &c. (filth) 653; 

immodesty; grossness &c. adj.; indelicacy, indecency; 

impudicity † ; obscenity, ribaldry, Fescennine, smut, bawdry † , 

double entente, equivoque [Fr.]. concupiscence, lust, carnality, 

flesh, salacity; pruriency, lechery, lasciviency † , lubricity; Sadism,

honest, Platonic. virgin, unsullied; cherry [Coll.]. 

Phr. as chaste as unsunn'd snow" [Cymbeline]; a soul as white as 

heaven" [Beaumont and Fletcher]; 'tis Chastity, my brother, 

Chastity" [Milton]; to the pure all things are pure" [Shelley]. 

flesh, salacity; pruriency, lechery, lasciviency , lubricity; Sadism, 

sapphism † . incontinence, intrigue, faux pas [Fr.]; amour, 

amourette † ; gallantry; debauchery, libertinish † , libertinage † , 

fornication; liaison; wenching, venery, dissipation. seduction; 

defloration, defilement, abuse, violation, rape; incest. prostitution, 

social evil, harlotry, stupration † , whoredom, concubinage, 

cuckoldom † , adultery, advoutry † , crim. con.; free love. seraglio, 

harem; brothel, bagnio † , stew, bawdyhouse † , cat house, lupanar † , 

house of ill fame, bordel † , bordello. 

V. be impure &c. adj.; intrigue; debauch, defile, seduce; prostitute; 

abuse, violate, deflower; commit adultery &c. n.. 

Adj. impure; unclean &c. (dirty) 653; not to be mentioned to ears 

polite; immodest, shameless; indecorous, indelicate, indecent; 

Fescennine; loose, risque [Fr.], coarse, gross, broad, free, 

equivocal, smutty, fulsome, ribald, obscene, bawdy, pornographic. 

concupiscent, prurient, lickerish † , rampant, lustful; carnal, carnalminded; 

lewd, lascivious, lecherous, libidinous, erotic, ruttish, 

salacious; Paphian; voluptuous; goatish, must, musty. unchaste, 

light, wanton, licentious, debauched, dissolute; of loose character, 

of easy virtue; frail, gay, riggish † , incontinent, meretricious, rakish, 

gallant, dissipated; no better than she should be; on the town, on 

the streets, on the pave, on the loose. adulterous, incestuous, 

bestial. 

#962. Libertine -- N. libertine; voluptuary &c. 954.1; rake, debauchee, loose fish, rip, rakehell † , fast man; intrigant † , gallant, seducer, 

fornicator, lecher, satyr, goat, whoremonger, paillard † , adulterer, gay deceiver, Lothario, Don Juan, Bluebeard † ; chartered libertine. 

adulteress, advoutress † , courtesan, prostitute, strumpet, harlot, whore, punk, fille de joie [Fr.]; woman, woman of the town; 

streetwalker, Cyprian, miss, piece [Fr.]; frail sisterhood; demirep, wench, trollop, trull † , baggage, hussy, drab, bitch, jade, skit, rig, 

quean † , mopsy † , slut, minx, harridan; unfortunate, unfortunate female, unfortunate woman; woman of easy virtue &c. (unchaste) 961; 

wanton, fornicatress † ; Jezebel, Messalina, Delilah, Thais, Phryne, Aspasia † , Lais, lorette † , cocotte † , petite dame, grisette † ; 

demimonde; chippy [U.S.]; sapphist † ; spiritual wife; white slave. concubine, mistress, doxy † , chere amie [Fr.], bona roba [It]. pimp, 

procurer; pander, pandar † ; bawd, conciliatrix † , procuress † , mackerel, wittol † . 

5. MORAL INSTITUTIONS 

#963. Legality -- N. legality; legitimacy, legitimateness. 

legislature; law, code, corpus juris [Lat.], constitution, pandect † , 

charter, enactment, statute, rule; canon &c. (precept) 697; 

ordinance, institution, regulation; bylaw, byelaw; decree &c. 

(order) 741; ordonnance † ; standing order; plebiscite &c. (choice) 

609. legal process; form, formula, formality; rite, arm of the law; 

habeas corpus; fieri facias [Lat.]. [Science of law] jurisprudence, 

nomology † ; legislation, codification. equity, common law; lex [Lat.], 

lex nonscripta [Lat.]; law of nations, droit des gens [Fr.], 

international law, jus gentium [Lat.]; jus civile [Lat.]; civil law, canon 

law, crown law, criminal law, statute law, ecclesiastical law, 

administrative law; lex mercatoria [Lat.]. constitutionalism, 

constitutionality; justice &c. 922. [institution for deciding 

questions of law] court, tribunal &c. 966. [person who presides at 

a court or tribunal] judge &c. 967. [specialist in questions of law] 

lawyer, attorney, legal counsel &c. 968. 

V. legalize; enact, ordain; decree &c. (order) 741; pass a law, 

enact a regulation; legislate; codify, formulate; regulate. 

Adj. legal, legitimate; according to law; vested, constitutional, 

chartered, legalized; lawful &c. (permitted) 760; statutable † #964. [Absence or violation of law.] Illegality -- N. lawlessness; 

illicitness; breach of law, violation of law, infraction of the law; 

disobedience &c. 742; unconformity &c. 83. arbitrariness &c. adj.; 

antinomy, violence, brute force, despotism, outlawry. mob law, 

lynch law, club law, Lydford law, martial law, drumhead law; coup 

d'etat [Fr.]; le droit du plus fort [Fr.]; argumentum baculinum [Lat.]. 

illegality, informality, unlawfulness, illegitimacy, bar sinister. trover 

and conversion [Law]; smuggling, poaching; simony. [person who 

violates the law] outlaw, bad man &c. 949. v.. offend against the 

law; violate the law, infringe the law, break the law; set the law at 

defiance, ride roughshod over, drive a coach and six through a 

statute; ignore the law, make the law a dead letter, take the law 

into one's own hands. smuggle, run, poach. 

Adj. illegal [contrary to law], unlawful, illegitimate; not allowed, 

prohibited &c. 761; illicit, contraband; actionable. unwarranted, 

unwarrantable; unauthorized; informal, unofficial; injudicial 

, 

statutory; legislatorial, legislative; regulatory, regulated. 

Adv. legally &c. adj.; in the eye of the law; de jure [Lat.]. 

Phr. ignorantia legis neminem excusat [Lat.], ignorance of the law 

is no excuse; where law ends tyranny begins" [Earl of Chatham]. 

† , 

extrajudicial. lawless, arbitrary; despotic, despotical † ; corrupt, 

summary, irresponsible; unanswerable, unaccountable. [of invalid 

or expired law] expired, invalid; unchartered, unconstitutional; null 

and void; a dead letter. [in absence of law] lawless, unregulated 

Adv. illegally &c. adj.; with a high hand, in violation of law. 

#965. Jurisdiction [Executive.] -- N. jurisdiction, judicature, administration of justice, soc; executive, commission of the peace; 

magistracy &c. (authority) 737. judge &c. 967; tribunal &c. 966; municipality, corporation, bailiwick, shrievalty [Brit.]; lord lieutenant, 

sheriff, shire reeve, shrieve † , constable; selectman; police, police force, the fuzz [Sarc.]; constabulary, bumbledom † , gendarmerie 

[Fr.]. officer, bailiff, tipstaff, bum-bailiff, catchpoll, beadle; policeman, cop [Coll.], police constable, police sergeant; sbirro † , alguazil † , 

gendarme, kavass † , lictor † , mace bearer, huissier [Fr.], bedel † ; tithingman † . press gang; exciseman † , gauger, gager † , customhouse 

officer, douanier [Fr.]. coroner, edile † , aedile † , portreeve † , paritor † ; posse comitatus [Lat.]. bureau, cutcherry † , department, 

secretariat. [extension of jurisdiction] long arm of the law, extradition.

V. judge, sit in judgment; extradite. 

Adj. executive, administrative, municipal; inquisitorial, causidical † ; judicatory † , judiciary, judicial; juridical. 

Adv. coram judice [Lat.]. 

#966. Tribunal -- N. tribunal, court, board, bench, judicatory † ; court of justice, court of law, court of arbitration, administrative court; 

inquisition; guild. justice seat; judgment seat, mercy seat; woolsack † ; bar of justice; dock; forum, hustings, bureau, drumhead; jury 

box, witness box. senate house, town hall, theater; House of Commons, House of Lords; statehouse [U.S.], townhouse. assize, eyre; 

wardmote † , burghmote † ; barmote † ; superior courts of Westminster; court of record, court oyer and terminer [Law], court assize, court 

of appeal, court of error; High court of Judicature, High court of Appeal; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; Star Chamber; Court 

of Chancery, Court of King's or Queen's Bench, Court of Exchequer, Court of Common Pleas, Court of Probate, Court of Arches, 

Court of Admiralty; Lords Justices' court, Rolls court, Vice Chancellor's court, Stannary court † , Divorce court, Family court, Palatine 

court, county court, district court, police court; sessions; quarter sessions, petty sessions; court-leet [Fr.], court-baron, court of pie 

poudre [Fr.], court of common council; board of green cloth. court martial; drumhead court martial; durbar † , divan; Areopagus † ; Irota. 

Adj. judicial &c. 965; appellate. 

Phr. die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht [G.]. 

#967. Judge -- N. judge; justice, justiciar † , justiciary † ; chancellor; justice of assize, judge of assize; recorder, common sergeant; 

puisne judge, assistant judge, county court judge; conservator of the peace, justice of the peace; J.P.; court &c. (tribunal) 966; 

magistrate, police magistrate, beak [Slang]; his worship, his honor, his lordship. jury, twelve men in a box. Lord Chancellor, Lord 

Justice; Master of the Rolls, Vice Chancellor; Lord Chief Justice, Chief Baron; Mr. Justice, Associate Justice, Chief Justice; Baron, 

Baron of the Exchequer. jurat [Lat.], assessor; arbiter, arbitrator; umpire; referee, referendary † ; revising barrister; domesman † ; 

censor &c. (critic) 480; barmaster † , ephor † ; grand juror, grand juryman; juryman, talesman. archon, tribune, praetor, syndic, podesta † , 

mollah † , ulema, mufti, cadi † , kadi † ; Rhadamanthus † . litigant &c. (accusation) 938. 

V. adjudge &c. (determine) 480; try a case, try a prisoner. 

Adj. judicial &c. 965. 

Phr. a Daniel come to judgment" [Merchant of Venice]. 

#968. Lawyer -- N. lawyer, attorney, legal counsel; counsel, counsellor, counsellor at law, attorney at law; jurist, legist † , civilian, pundit, 

publicist, juris consult [Lat.], legal adviser, advocate; barrister, barrister at law; King's or Queen's counsel; K.C.; Q.C.; silk gown, 

leader, sergeant-at-law, bencher; tubman † , judge &c. 967. bar, legal profession, bar association, association of trial lawyers; officer 

of the court; gentleman of the long robe; junior bar, outer bar, inner bar; equity draftsman, conveyancer, pleader, special pleader. 

solicitor, proctor; notary, notary public; scrivener, cursitor † ; writer, writer to the signet; S.S.C.; limb of the law; pettifogger; vakil † . legal 

beagle [Coll.]. [persons accessory to lawyers] legal secretary; legal assistant; law student. 

V. practice law, practice at the bar, practice within the bar; plead; call to the bar, be called to the bar, be called within the bar; take 

silk; take to the law. give legal counsel, provide legal counsel. 

Adj. learned in the law; at the bar; forensic; esquire, esquired. 

Phr. banco regis [Lat.]. 

#969. Lawsuit -- N. lawsuit, suit, action, cause; litigation; suit in law; dispute &c. 713. citation, arraignment, prosecution, 

impeachment; accusation &c. 938; presentment, true bill, indictment. apprehension, arrest; committal; imprisonment &c. (restraint) 

751. writ, summons, subpoena, latitat † , nisi prius [Lat.]; venire, venire facias pleadings [Lat.]; declaration, bill, claim; proces verbal 

[Fr.]; bill of right, information, corpus delicti; affidavit, state of facts; answer, reply, replication, plea, demurrer, rebutter, rejoinder; 

surrebutter † , surrejoinder † . suitor, party to a suit; plaintiff, defendant, litigant &c. 938. hearing, trial; verdict &c. (judgment) 480; 

appeal, appeal motion; writ of error; certiorari [Lat.]. case; decision, precedent; decided case, reports (legal reference works, see 

reference books).. 

V. go to law, appeal to the law; bring to justice, bring to trial, bring to the bar; put on trial, pull up; accuse &c. 938; prefer a claim, file a 

claim &c. n.; take the law of, inform against. serve with a writ, cite, apprehend, arraign, sue, prosecute, bring an action against, indict, 

impeach, attach, distrain, commit; arrest; summon, summons; give in charge &c. (restrain) 751. empanel a jury, implead † , join issue; 

close the pleadings; set down for hearing. try, hear a cause; sit in judgment; adjudicate &c. 480. 

Adj. litigious &c. (quarrelsome) 713; qui tam; coram judice [Lat.], sub judice [Lat.]. 

Adv. pendente lite [Lat.]. 

Phr. adhuc sub judice lis est [Lat.]; accedas ad curiam [Lat.]; transeat in exemplum [Lat.]. 

#970. Acquittal -- N. acquittal, acquitment † ; clearance, 

exculpation; acquittance, clearance, exoneration; discharge &c. 

(release) 750; quietus, absolution, compurgation † , reprieve, 

respite; pardon &c. (forgiveness) 918. [Exemption from 

punishment] impunity; diplomatic immunity; immunity; plea 

bargain, deal with the prosecutor. [in civil suits] no cause for 

action; no damages. 

V. acquit, exculpate, exonerate, clear; absolve, whitewash, 

assoil † #971. Condemnation -- N. condemnation, conviction, judgment, 

; discharge, release; liberate &c. 750. reprieve, respite; 

penalty, sentence; proscription, damnation; death warrant. 

attainder, attainture 

pardon &c. (forgive) 918; let off, let off scot-free. drop the charges. 

plea bargain, strike a deal. no-cause (in civil suits); get nocaused 

† , attaintment † . 

V. condemn, convict, cast, bring home to, find guilty, damn, doom, 

sign the death warrant, sentence, pass sentence on, attaint, 

confiscate, proscribe, sequestrate; nonsuit † . disapprove &c. 932; 

accuse &c. 938. stand condemned. 

Adj. condemnatory, damnatory † ; guilty, condemned &c. v.; 

nonsuited &c. (failure) 732 † ; self-convicted. 

Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat.]; unrespited, 

unpitied, unreprieved" [Paradise Lost]. 

-- punishment, punition † ; chastisement,

Adj. acquitted &c. v.; uncondemned, unpunished, unchastised. not #972. Punishment -- N. punishment, punition 

guilty; not proven. not liable. 

Phr. nemo bis punitur pro codem delicto [Lat.]. 

† ; chastisement, 

chastening; correction, castigation. discipline, infliction, trial; 

judgment; penalty &c. 974; retribution; thunderbolt, Nemesis; 

requital &c. (reward) 973; penology; retributive justice. lash, 

scaffold &c. (instrument of punishment) 975; imprisonment &c. 

(restraint) 751; transportation, banishment, expulsion, exile, 

involuntary exile, ostracism; penal servitude, hard labor; galleys 

&c. 975; beating &c. v.; flagellation, fustigation † , gantlet, 

strappado † , estrapade † , bastinado, argumentum baculinum [Lat.], 

stick law, rap on the knuckles, box on the ear; blow &c. (impulse) 

276; stripe, cuff, kick, buffet, pummel; slap, slap in the face; wipe, 

douse; coup de grace; torture, rack; picket, picketing; 

dragonnade † . capital punishment; execution; lethal injection; the 

gas chamber; hanging &c. v.; electrocution, rail-riding, scarpines † ; 

decapitation, decollation † ; garrotte, garrotto [It]; crucifixion, 

impalement; firing squad; martyrdom; auto-da-fe [Fr.]; noyade † ; 

happy dispatch. [suicide as punishment] hara-kiri, seppuku 

[Jap.]; drinking the hemlock. 

V. punish; chastise, chasten; castigate, correct, inflict punishment, 

administer correction, deal retributive justice; cowhide, lambaste 

[Slang]. visit upon, pay; pay out, serve out; do for; make short 

work of, give a lesson to, serve one right, make an example of; 

have a rod in pickle for; give it one. strike &c. 276; deal a blow to, 

administer the lash, smite; slap, slap the face; smack, cuff, box the 

ears, spank, thwack, thump, beat, lay on, swinge † , buffet; thresh, 

thrash, pummel, drub, leather, trounce, sandbag, baste, belabor; 

lace, lace one's jacket; dress, dress down, give a dressing, trim, 

warm, wipe, tund † , cob, bang, strap, comb, lash, lick, larrup, 

wallop, whop, flog, scourge, whip, birch, cane, give the stick, 

switch, flagellate, horsewhip, bastinado, towel, rub down with an 

oaken towel, rib roast, dust one's jacket, fustigate † , pitch into, lay 

about one, beat black and blue; beat to a mummy, beat to a jelly; 

give a black eye. tar and feather; pelt, stone, lapidate † ; masthead, 

keelhaul. execute; bring to the block, bring to the gallows; behead, 

decapitate, guillotine; decollate; hang, turn off, gibbet, bowstring, 

hang draw and quarter; shoot; decimate; burn; break on the wheel, 

crucify; empale † , impale; flay; lynch; electrocute; gas, send to the 

gas chamber. torture; put on, put to the rack; picket. banish, exile, 

transport, expel, ostracize; rusticate; drum out; dismiss, disbar, 

disbench † ; strike off the roll, unfrock; post. suffer, suffer for, suffer 

punishment; be flogged. be executed, suffer the ultimate penalty; 

be hanged &c.; come to the gallows, mount the gallows, swing 

[Coll.], twist in the wind, dance upon nothing, die in one's shoes; 

be rightly served; be electrocuted, fry [Coll.], ride the lightning 

[Coll.]; face the firing squad. 

Adj. punishing &c. v.; penal; punitory † , punitive; inflictive, 

castigatory; punished &c. v.. 

Int. a la lanterne! [Fr.], 

Phr. culpan paena premit comes [Lat.] [Horace]; eating the bitter 

bread of banishment" [Richard II]; gravis ira regum est semper 

[Lat.] [Seneca]; sera tamen tacitis paena venit pedibus [Lat.] 

[Tibullus]; suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat.] [Terence]. 

#973. Reward -- N. reward, recompense, remuneration, meed, 

guerdon † , reguerdon † ; price. [payment for damage or debt] 

indemnity, indemnification; quittance; compensation; reparation, 

redress, satisfaction; reckoning, acknowledgment, requital, 

amends, sop; atonement, retribution; consideration, return, quid 

pro quo. salvage, perquisite; vail &c. (donation) 784 † . douceur 

[Fr.], bribe; hush money, smart money † ; blackmail, extortion; 

carcelage † ; solatium † . allowance, salary, stipend, wages, 

compensation; pay, payment; emolument; tribute; batta † , shot, 

scot; bonus, premium, tip; fee, honorarium; hire; dasturi † , 

dustoori † ; mileage. crown &c. (decoration of honor) 877. 

V. reward, recompense, repay, requite; remunerate, munerate † ; 

compensate; fee; pay one's footing &c. (pay) 807; make amends, 

#974. Penalty -- N. penalty; retribution &c. (punishment) 972; 

pain, pains and penalties; weregild † , wergild; peine forte et dure 

[Fr.]; penance &c. (atonement) 952; the devil to pay. fine, mulct, 

amercement; forfeit, forfeiture; escheat [Law], damages, 

deodand † , sequestration, confiscation, premunire [Lat.]; doomage 

[U.S.]. 

V. fine, mulct, amerce, sconce, confiscate; sequestrate, 

sequester; escheat [Law]; estreat † , forfeit. 

#975. [Instrument of punishment.] Scourge -- N. scourge, rod, 

cane, stick; ratan † , rattan; birch, birch rod; azote † , blacksnake † , 

bullwhack [U.S.], chicote † , kurbash † , quirt, rawhide, sjambok † ; rod 

in pickle; switch, ferule, cudgel, truncheon. whip, bullwhip, lash, 

strap, thong, cowhide, knout; cat, cat o'nine tails; rope's end.

indemnify, atone; satisfy, acknowledge. get for one's pains, reap 

the fruits of. tip. 

Adj. remunerative, remuneratory; munerary † , compensatory, 

retributive, reparatory † ; rewarding; satisfactory. 

Phr. fideli certa merces [Lat.]; honor virtutis praemium [Lat.] 

[Cicero]; tibi seris tibi metis [Lat.]. 

strap, thong, cowhide, knout; cat, cat o'nine tails; rope's end. 

pillory, stocks, whipping post; cucking stool † , ducking stool; 

brank † ; trebuchet † , trebuket † . [instruments of torture: list], triangle, 

wooden horse, iron maiden, thumbscrew, boot, rack, wheel, iron 

heel; chinese water torture. treadmill, crank, galleys. scaffold; 

block, ax, guillotine; stake; cross; gallows, gibbet, tree, drop, 

noose, rope, halter, bowstring; death chair, electric chair; gas 

chamber; lethal injection; firing squad; mecate † . house of 

correction &c. (prison) 752. goaler, jailer; executioner; 

electrocutioner † ; lyncher; hangman; headsman † ; Jack Ketch. 

SECTION V. 

RELIGIOUS AFFECTIONS 

1. SUPERHUMAN BEINGS AND REGIONS 

#976. Deity -- N. Deity, Divinity; Godhead, Godship † ; Omnipotence, Providence; Heaven (metonymically). [Quality of being divine] 

divineness † , divinity. God, Lord, Jehovah, Jahweh, Allah † ; The Almighty, The Supreme Being, The First Cause, the Prime Mover; Ens 

Entium [Lat.]; Author of all things, Creator of all things; Author of our being; Cosmoplast † ; El; The Infinite, The Eternal; The Allpowerful, 

The All-wise, The All-merciful, The All-holy. [Attributes and perfections] infinite power, infinite wisdom, infinite goodness, 

infinite justice, infinite truth, infinite mercy; omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence; unity, immutability, holiness, glory, majesty, 

sovereignty, infinity, eternity. The Trinity, The Holy Trinity, The Trinity in Unity, The Triune God, God the Father Son and Holy Ghost. 

God the Father; The Maker, The Creator, The Preserver. [Functions] creation, preservation, divine government; Theocracy, 

Thearchy † ; providence; ways of Providence, dealings of Providence, dispensations of Providence, visitations of Providence. 

[Christian God: second person] God the Son, Jesus, Christ; The Messiah, The Anointed, The Saviour, the Redeemer, The Mediator, 

The Intercessor, The Advocate, The Judge; The Son of God, The Son of Man, The Son of David; The Lamb of God, The Word; 

Logos; Emmanuel; Immanuel; The King of Kings and Lord of Lords, The King of Glory, The Prince of Peace, The Good Shepherd, 

The Way, The Truth, The Life, The Bread of Life, The Light of the World; The Lord our, The Sun of Righteousness; The Pilot of the 

Galilean lake" [Milton]. The Incarnation, The Hypostatic Union. [Functions] salvation, redemption, atonement, propitiation, mediation, 

intercession, judgment. [Christian God: third person] God the Holy Ghost, The Holy Spirit, Paraclete [Theo.]; The Comforter, The 

Spirit of Truth, The Dove. [Functions] inspiration, unction, regeneration, sanctification, consolation. eon, aeon, special providence, 

deus ex machina [Lat.]; avatar. 

V. create, move, uphold, preserve, govern &c.; atone, redeem, save, propitiate, mediate, &c.; predestinate, elect, call, ordain, bless, 

justify, sanctify, glorify &c.. 

Adj. almighty, holy, hallowed, sacred, divine, heavenly, celestial; sacrosanct; all-knowing, all-seeing, all-wise; omniscient. 

superhuman, supernatural; ghostly, spiritual, hyperphysical † , unearthly; theistic, theocratic; anointed; soterial † . 

Adj. jure divino [Lat.], by divine right. 

Phr. Domine dirige nos [Lat.]; en Dieu est ma fiance [Fr.]; et sceleratis sol oritur [Lat.] [Seneca]; He mounts the storm and walks upon 

the wind" [Pope]; Thou great First Cause, least understood" [Pope]; sans Dieu rien [Fr.]. 

#977. [Beneficent spirits] Angel -- N. angel, archangel; guardian #978. [Maleficent spirits.] Satan -- N. Satan, the Devil, Lucifer, 

angel; heavenly host, host of heaven, sons of God; seraph, Mephistopheles, Ahriman 

seraphim; cherub, cherubim. ministering spirit, morning star. saint, 

patron saint, Madonna; invisible helpers. 

Adj. angelic, seraphic, cherubic; saintly. 

† , Belial; Samael, Zamiel, Beelzebub, 

the Prince of the Devils. the tempter; the evil one, the evil spirit; the 

Adversary; the archenemy; the author of evil, the wicked one, the 

old Serpent; the Prince of darkness, the Prince of this world, the 

Prince of the power of the air; the foul fiend, the arch fiend; the 

devil incarnate; the common enemy, the angel of the bottomless 

pit; Abaddon † , Apollyon † . fallen angels, unclean spirits, devils; the 

rulers, the powers of darkness; inhabitants of Pandemonium; 

demon &c. 980. diabolism; devilism † , devilship † ; diabolology † ; 

satanism, devil worship; manicheism; the cloven foot. 

Adj. satanic, diabolic, devilish; infernal, hellborn † . 

#979. Jupiter -- N. god, goddess; heathen gods and goddesses; 

deva † ; Jupiter, Jove &c.; pantheon. Allah † , Bathala † , Brahm † , 

Brahma † , Brahma † , cloud-compeller, Devi, Durga, Kali, oread † , 

the Great Spirit, Ushas; water nymph, wood nymph; Yama, 

Varuna, Zeus; Vishnu [Hindu deities], Siva, Shiva, Krishna, 

Juggernath † , Buddha; Isis [Egyptian deities], Osiris, Ra; Belus, 

Bel, Baal † , Asteroth &c.; Thor [Norse deities], Odin; Mumbo 

Jumbo; good genius, tutelary genius; demiurge, familiar; sibyl; 

fairy, fay; sylph, sylphid; Ariel † , peri, nymph, nereid, dryad, 

seamaid, banshee, benshie † , Ormuzd; Oberon, Mab, 

hamadryad † , naiad, mermaid, kelpie † , Ondine, nixie, sprite; 

denizens of the air; pixy &c. (bad spirit) 980. mythology; heathenmythology, 

fairy-mythology; Lempriere, folklore. 

Adj. god-like, fairy-like; sylph-like; sylphic † . 

#980. Demon -- N. demon, daemon, demonry † , demonology; evil 

genius, fiend, familiar, daeva † , devil; bad spirit, unclean spirit; 

cacodemon † , incubus, Eblis, shaitan † , succubus, succuba; 

Frankenstein's monster; Titan, Shedim, Mephistopheles, 

Asmodeus † , Moloch, Belial, Ahriman † ; fury, harpy; Friar Rush. 

vampire, ghoul; afreet † , barghest † , Loki; ogre, ogress; gnome, 

gin, jinn, imp, deev † , lamia † ; bogie, bogeyman, bogle † ; nis † , 

kobold † , flibbertigibbet, fairy, brownie, pixy, elf, dwarf, urchin; 

Puck, Robin Goodfellow; leprechaun, Cluricaune † , troll, dwerger † , 

sprite, ouphe † , bad fairy, nix, nixie, pigwidgeon † , will-o'-the wisp. 

[Supernatural appearance] ghost, revenant, specter, apparition, 

spirit, shade, shadow, vision; hobglobin, goblin, orc; wraith, 

spook, boggart † , banshee, loup-garou [Fr.], lemures † ; evil eye. 

merman, mermaid, merfolk † ; siren; satyr, faun; manito † , manitou,

Phr. you moonshine revelers and shades of night" [Merry Wives]. 

#981. Heaven -- N. heaven; kingdom of heaven, kingdom of God; 

heavenly kingdom; throne of God; presence of God; inheritance of 

the saints in light. Paradise, Eden, Zion, abode of the blessed; 

celestial bliss, glory. [Mythological heaven] Olympus; Elysium 

(paradise), Elysian fields, Arcadia † , bowers of bliss, garden of the 

Hesperides, third heaven; Valhalla, Walhalla (Scandinavian); 

Nirvana (Buddhist); happy hunting grounds; Alfardaws † , Assama † ; 

Falak al aflak [Ar.] the highest heaven" (Mohammedan). future 

state, eternal home, eternal reward. resurrection, translation; 

resuscitation &c. 660. apotheosis, deification. 

Adj. heavenly, celestial, supernal, unearthly, from on high, 

paradisiacal, beatific, elysian. 

Phr. looks through nature up to the nature's god" [Pope]; the great 

world's altarstairs, that slope through the great world's altarstairs, 

that slope through darkness up to God" [Tennyson]; the treasury 

of everlasting joy" [Henry VI]; vigeur de dessus [Fr.]. 

merman, mermaid, merfolk ; siren; satyr, faun; manito , manitou, 

manitu. possession, demonic possession, diabolic possession; 

insanity &c. 503. [in jest, in science] Maxwell's demon. [person 

possessed by a demon] demoniac. 

Adj. demonic, demonical, impish, demoniacal; fiendish, fiend-like; 

supernatural, weird, uncanny, unearthly, spectral; ghostly, ghostlike; 

elfin, elvin † , elfish, elflike † ; haunted; pokerish [U.S.]. 

possessed, possessed by a devil, possessed by a demon. 

Adv. demonically. 

#982. Hell -- N. hell, bottomless pit, place of torment; habitation of 

fallen angels; Pandemonium, Abaddon † , Domdaniel; jahannan † , 

sheol † . hell fire; everlasting fire, everlasting torment, eternal 

damnation; lake of fire and brimstone; fire that is never quenched; 

worm that never dies. purgatory, limbo, gehenna, abyss. 

[Mythological hell] Tartarus, Hades, Avernus [Lat.], Styx, Stygian 

creek, pit of Acheron † , Cocytus; infernal regions, inferno, shades 

below, realms of Pluto. Pluto, Rhadamanthus † , Erebus [Lat.]; 

Tophet. 

Adj. hellish, infernal, stygian. 

Phr. dies irae dies illa [Lat.]; the hue of dungeons and the scowl of 

night" [Love's Labor's Lost]. 

2. RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES 

#983. [Religious Knowledge.] Theology -- N. theology (natural and revealed); theogony † , theosophy; divinity; hagiology, 

hagiography; Caucasian mystery; monotheism; religion; religious persuasion, religious sect, religious denomination; creed &c. 

(belief) 484; article of faith, declaration of faith, profession of faith, confession of faith. theologue, theologian; scholastic, divine, 

schoolman † , canonist, theologist † ; the Fathers. 

Adj. theological, religious; denominational; sectarian &c. 984. 

#983a. Orthodoxy -- N. orthodoxy; strictness, soundness, 

religious truth, true faith; truth &c. 494; soundness of doctrine. 

Christianity, Christianism † ; Catholicism, Catholicity; the faith once 

delivered to the saints;" hyperorthodoxy &c. 984 † ; iconoclasm. 

The Church; Catholic Church, Universal Church, Apostolic Church, 

Established Church; temple of the Holy Ghost; Church of Christ, 

body of Christ, members of Christ, disciples of Christ, followers of 

Christ; Christian, Christian community; true believer; canonist &c. 

(theologian) 983; Christendom, collective body of Christians. 

canons &c. (belief) 484; thirty nine articles; Apostles' Creed, 

Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed † ; Church Catechism; textuary † . 

Adj. orthodox, sound, strick † , faithful, catholic, schismless † #984. Heterodoxy [Sectarianism.] -- N. heterodoxy; error &c. 

495; false doctrine, heresy, schism; schismaticism 

, 

Christian, evangelical, scriptural, divine, monotheistic; true &c. 

494. 

Phr. of the true faith. 

† , 

schismaticalness; recusancy, backsliding, apostasy; atheism &c. 

(irreligion) 989 † . bigotry &c. (obstinacy) 606; fanaticism, 

iconoclasm; hyperorthodoxy † , precisianism † , bibliolatry † , 

sabbatarianism † , puritanism; anthropomorphism; idolatry &c. 991; 

superstition &c. (credulity) 486; dissent &c. 489. sectarism † , 

sectarianism; noncomformity † ; secularism; syncretism † . [religious 

sects.] protestantism, Arianism † , Adventism, Jansenism, 

Stundism † , Erastianism † , Calvinism, quakerism † , methodism, 

anabaptism † , Puseyism, tractarianism † , ritualism, Origenism, 

Sabellianism, Socinianism † , Deism, Theism, materialism, 

positivism, latitudinarianism &c. High Church, Low Church, Broad 

Church, Free Church; ultramontanism † ; papism, papistry; 

monkery † ; papacy; Anglicanism, Catholicism, Romanism; popery, 

Scarlet Lady, Church of Rome, Greek Church. paganism, 

heathenism, ethicism † ; mythology; polytheism, ditheism † , 

tritheism † ; dualism; heathendom † . Judaism, Gentilism † , Islamism, 

Islam, Mohammedanism, Babism † , Sufiism, Neoplatonism, 

Turcism † , Brahminism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sabianism, 

Gnosticism, Hylotheism † , Mormonism; Christian Science. heretic, 

apostate, antichrist † ; pagan, heathen; painim † , paynim † ; giaour † ; 

gentile; pantheist, polytheist; idolator. schismatic; sectary, 

sectarian, sectarist † ; seceder, separatist, recusant, dissenter; 

nonconformist, nonjuror † . bigot &c. (obstinacy) 606; fanatic, 

abdal † , iconoclast. latitudinarian, Deist, Theist, Unitarian; 

positivist, materialist; Homoiousian † , Homoousian † , limitarian † , 

theosophist, ubiquitarian † ; skeptic &c. 989. Protestant; Huguenot; 

orthodox dissenter, Congregationalist, Independent; 

Episcopalian, Presbyterian; Lutheran, Calvinist, Methodist, 

Wesleyan; Ana † , Baptist; Mormon, Latter-day Saint † , Irvingite,

#985. Judeo-Christian Revelation -- N. revelation, inspiration, 

afflatus; theophany † , theopneusty † . Word, Word of God; Scripture; 

the Scriptures, the Bible; Holy Writ, Holy Scriptures; inspired 

writings, Gospel. Old Testament, Septuagint, Vulgate, Pentateuch; 

Octateuch; the Law, the Jewish Law, the Prophets; major 

Prophets, minor Prophets; Hagiographa, Hagiology; 

Hierographa † ; Apocrypha. New Testament; Gospels, Evangelists, 

Acts, Epistles, Apocalypse, Revelations. Talmud; Mishna, 

Masorah. prophet &c. (seer) 513; evangelist, apostle, disciple, 

saint; the Fathers, the Apostolical Fathers † ; Holy Men of old, 

inspired penmen. 

Adj. scriptural, biblical, sacred, prophetic; evangelical, 

evangelistic; apostolic, apostolical † ; inspired, theopneustic † , 

theophneusted † , apocalyptic, ecclesiastical, canonical, textuary † . 

#987. Piety -- N. piety, religion, theism, faith; religiousness, 

holiness &c. adj.; saintship † ; religionism † ; sanctimony &c. 

(assumed piety) 988; reverence &c. (respect) 928; humility, 

veneration, devotion; prostration &c. (worship) 990; grace, 

unction, edification; sanctity, sanctitude † ; consecration. spiritual 

existence, odor of sanctity, beauty of holiness. theopathy † , 

beatification, adoption, regeneration, conversion, justification, 

sanctification, salvation, inspiration, bread of life; Body and Blood 

of Christ. believer, convert, theist, Christian, devotee, pietist † ; the 

good, the righteous, the just, the believing, the elect; Saint, 

Madonna, Notre Dame [Fr.], Our Lady. the children of God, the 

children of the Kingdom, the children of the light. 

V. be pious &c. adj.; have faith &c. n.; believe, receive Christ; 

revere &c. 928; be converted &c.; convert, edify, sanctify, keep 

holy, beatify, regenerate, inspire, consecrate, enshrine. 

Adj. pious, religious, devout, devoted, reverent, godly, heavenlyminded, 

humble, pure, holy, spiritual, pietistic; saintly, saint-like; 

seraphic, sacred, solemn. believing, faithful, Christian, Catholic. 

elected, adopted, justified, sanctified, regenerated, inspired, 

consecrated, converted, unearthly, not of the earth. 

Phr. ne vile fano [It]; pure-eyed Faith . . . thou hovering angel girt 

with pure-eyed Faith . . . thou hovering angel girt with golden 

wings" [Milton]. 

Sandemanian, Glassite, Erastian; Sublapsarian, Supralapsarian † ; 

Gentoo, Antinomian † , Swedenborgian † ; Adventist † , Bible 

Christian, Bryanite, Brownian, Christian Scientist, Dunker, 

Ebionite, Eusebian; Faith Curer † , Curist † ; Familist † , Jovinianist, 

Libadist † , Quaker, Restitutionist † , Shaker, Stundist, Tunker &c.; 

ultramontane; Anglican † , Oxford School; tractarian † , Puseyite, 

ritualist; Puritan. Catholic, Roman, Catholic, Romanist, papist. 

Jew, Hebrew, Rabbinist, Rabbist † , Sadducee; Babist † , Motazilite; 

Mohammedan, Mussulman, Moslem, Shiah, Sunni, Wahabi, 

Osmanli. Brahmin † , Brahman † ; Parsee, Sufi, Buddhist; Magi, 

Gymnosophist † , fire worshiper, Sabian, Gnostic, Rosicrucian &c. 

Adj. heterodox, heretical; unorthodox, unscriptural, uncanonical; 

antiscriptural † , apocryphal; unchristian, antichristian † ; schismatic, 

recusant, iconoclastic; sectarian; dissenting, dissident; secular 

&c., (lay) 997. pagan; heathen, heathenish; ethnic, ethnical; 

gentile, paynim † ; pantheistic, polytheistic. Judaical, 

Mohammedan, Brahminical † , Buddhist &c. n.; Romish, Protestant 

&c. n.. bigoted &c. (prejudiced) 481, (obstinate) 606; 

superstitious &c. (credulous) 486; fanatical; idolatrous &c. 991; 

visionary &c. (imaginative) 515. 

Phr. slave to no sect" [Pope]; superstitione tollenda religio non 

superstitione tollenda religio non tollitur [Lat.] [Cicero]. 

#986. Pseudo-Revelation -- N. the Koran, the Alcoran † ; Lyking † , 

Vedas, Zendavesta, Avesta † , Sastra, Shastra, Tantra † , 

Upanishads, Purana, Edda; Book of Mormon. [Non-Biblical 

prophets and religious founders] Gautama, Buddha; Zoroaster, 

Confucius, Bab-ed-Din † , Mohammed. [Idols] golden calf &c. 991; 

Baal † , Moloch, Dagon. 

3. RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS 

#988. Impiety -- N. impiety; sin &c. 945; irreverence; profaneness 

&c. adj.; profanity, profanation; blasphemy, desecration, 

sacrilege; scoffing &c. v.. [feigned piety] hypocrisy &c. 

(falsehood) 544; pietism, cant, pious fraud; lip devotion, lip 

service, lip reverence; misdevotion † , formalism, austerity; 

sanctimony, sanctimoniousness &c. adj.; pharisaism, 

precisianism † ; sabbatism † , sabbatarianism † ; odium theologicum 

[Lat.], sacerdotalism † ; bigotry &c. (obstinacy) 606, (prejudice) 

481; blue laws. hardening, backsliding, declension, perversion, 

reprobation. sinner &c. 949; scoffer, blasphemer; sacrilegist † ; 

sabbath breaker; worldling; hypocrite &c. (dissembler) 548; 

Tartufe † , Mawworm † . bigot; saint [Iron.]; Pharisee; sabbatarian † , 

formalist, methodist, puritan, pietist † , precisian † , religionist, 

devotee; ranter, fanatic, juramentado † . the wicked, the evil, the 

unjust, the reprobate; sons of men, sons of Belial, the wicked one; 

children of darkness. 

V. be impious &c. adj., profane, desecrate, blaspheme, revile, 

scoff; swear &c. (malediction) 908; commit sacrilege. snuffle; turn 

up the whites of the eyes; idolize. 

Adj. impious; irreligious &c. 989; desecrating &c. v.; profane, 

irreverent, sacrilegious, blasphemous. un-hallowed, un-sanctified, 

un-regenerate; hardened, perverted, reprobate. hypocritical &c. 

(false) 544; canting, pietistical † , sanctimonious, unctuous, 

pharisaical, overrighteous † , righteous over much. bigoted, 

fanatical; priest-ridden. 

Adv. under the mask of religion, under the cloak of religion, under

the pretense of religion, under the form of religion, under the guise 

of religion. 

Phr. giovane santo diavolo vecchio [It]. 

#989. Irreligion -- N. irreligion † , indevotion † ; godlessness, ungodliness &c. adj.; laxity, quietism. skepticism, doubt; unbelief, 

disbelief; incredulity, incredulousness &c. adj. † ; want of faith, want of belief; pyrrhonism; bout &c. 485; agnosticism. atheism; deism; 

hylotheism † ; materialism; positivism; nihilism. infidelity, freethinking, antichristianity † , rationalism; neology. [person who is not 

religious] atheist, skeptic, unbeliever, deist, infidel, pyrrhonist; giaour † , heathen, alien, gentile, Nazarene; espri fort [Fr.], freethinker, 

latitudinarian, rationalist; materialist, positivist, nihilist, agnostic, somatist † , theophobist † . 

V. be irreligious &c. adj.; disbelieve, lack faith; doubt, question &c. 485. dechristianize † . 

Adj. irreligious; indevout † ; undevout † ; devoutless † , godless, graceless; ungodly, unholy, unsanctified † , unhallowed; atheistic, without 

God. skeptical, freethinking; unbelieving, unconverted; incredulous, faithless, lacking faith; deistical; unchristian, antichristian † . 

worldly, mundane, earthly, carnal; worldly minded &c.. 

Adv. irreligiously &c. adj.. 

4. ACTS OF RELIGION 

#990. Worship -- N. worship, adoration, devotion, aspiration, 

homage, service, humiliation; kneeling, genuflection, prostration. 

prayer, invocation, supplication, rogation, intercession, orison, 

holy breathing; petition &c. (request) 765; collect, litany, Lord's 

prayer, paternoster [Lat.]; beadroll † ; latria † , dulia † , hyperdulia † , 

vigils; revival; cult; anxious meeting, camp meeting; ebenezer, 

virginal. thanksgiving; giving thanks, returning thanks; grace, 

praise, glorification, benediction, doxology, hosanna; hallelujah, 

allelujah † ; Te Deum [Lat.], non nobis Domine [Lat.], nunc dimittis 

[Lat.]; paean; benschen [G.]; Ave Maria, O Salutaris, Sanctus 

[Lat.], The Annunciation, Tersanctus, Trisagion. psalm, psalmody; 

hymn, plain song, chant, chaunt, response, anthem, motet; 

antiphon † , antiphony. oblation, sacrifice, incense, libation; burnt 

offering, heave offering, votive offering; offertory. discipline; selfdiscipline, 

self-examination, self-denial; fasting. divine service, 

office, duty; exercises; morning prayer; mass, matins, evensong, 

vespers; undernsong † , tierce † ; holyday &c. (rites) 998. 

worshipper, congregation, communicant, celebrant. 

V. worship, lift up the heart, aspire; revere &c. 928; adore, do 

service, pay homage; humble oneself, kneel; bow the knee, bend 

the knee; fall down, fall on one's knees; prostrate oneself, bow 

down and worship. pray, invoke, supplicate; put up, offer up 

prayers, offer petitions; beseech &c. (ask) 765; say one's prayers, 

tell one's beads. return thanks, give thanks; say grace, bless, 

praise, laud, glorify, magnify, sing praises; give benediction, lead 

the choir, intone; deacon, deacon off propitiate [U.S.], offer 

sacrifice, fast, deny oneself; vow, offer vows, give alms. work out 

one's salvation; go to church; attend service, attend mass; 

communicate &c. (rite) 998. 

Adj. worshipping &c. v.; devout, devotional, reverent, pure, 

solemn; fervid &c. (heartfelt) 821. 

Int. hallelujah, allelujah! † #991. Idolatry -- N. idolatry, idolism 

, hosanna!, glory be to God!, O Lord!, 

pray God that!, God grant, God bless, God save, God forbid!, 

sursum corda [Lat.]. 

Phr. making their lives a prayer" [Whittier]; ora et labora [Lat.]; 

prayers ardent open heaven" [Young]. 

† ; demonism † , demonolatry † ; 

idol-worship, demon-worship, devil-worship, fire-worship; zoolatry, 

fetishism, fetichism; ecclesiolatry † , heliolatry, Mariolatry, 

Bibliolatry † . deification, apotheosis, canonization; hero worship. 

sacrifices, hecatomb, holocaust; human sacrifices, immolation, 

mactation † , infanticide, self-immolation, suttee. idol, golden calf, 

graven image, fetich, avatar, Juggernath † , lares et penates [Lat.]; 

Baal &c. 986 † . 

V. worship idols, worship pictures, worship relics; deify, canonize. 

Adj. idolatrous. 

Phr. adorer le veau d'or [Fr.]. 

#992. Sorcery -- N. sorcery; occult art, occult sciences; magic, the black art, necromancy, theurgy, thaumaturgy † ; demonology, 

demonomy † , demonship † ; diablerie [Fr.], bedevilment; witchcraft, witchery; glamor; fetishism, fetichism, feticism † ; ghost dance, 

hoodoo; obi, obiism † ; voodoo, voodooism; Shamanism (Esquimaux), vampirism; conjuration; bewitchery, exorcism, enchantment, 

mysticism, second sight, mesmerism, animal magnetism; od force, odylic force † ; electrobiology † , clairvoyance; spiritualism, spirit 

rapping, table turning. divination &c. (prediction) 511; sortilege † , ordeal, sortes Virgilianae † ; hocus-pocus &c. (deception) 545. 

V. practice sorcery &c. n.; cast a nativity, conjure, exorcise, charm, enchant; bewitch, bedevil; hoodoo, voodoo; entrance, mesmerize, 

magnetize; fascinate &c. (influence) 615; taboo; wave a wand; rub the ring, rub the lamp; cast a spell; call up spirits, call up spirits 

from the vasty deep; raise spirits from the dead. 

Adj. magic, magical; mystic, weird, cabalistic, talismanic, phylacteric † , incantatory; charmed &c. v.; Circean, odylic † , voodoo. 

#993. Spell -- N. spell, charm, incantation, exorcism, weird, cabala † , exsufflation † , cantrap † , runes, abracadabra, open sesame, 

countercharm † , Ephesian letters, bell book and candle, Mumbo Jumbo, evil eye, fee-faw-fum. talisman, amulet, periapt † , telesm † ,

phylactery, philter; fetich, fetish; agnus Dei [Lat.], lamb of God; furcula † , madstone † ; mascot, mascotte † ; merrythought † ; Om, Aum † ; 

scarab, scarabaeus † ; sudarium † , triskelion, veronica, wishbone; swastika, fylfot † , gammadion † . wand, caduceus, rod, divining rod, 

lamp of Aladdin † ; wishing-cap, Fortunatus's cap. 

#994. Sorcerer -- N. sorcerer, magician; thaumaturgist † , theurgist; conjuror, necromancer, seer, wizard, witch; hoodoo, voodoo; fairy 

&c. 980; lamia † , hag. warlock, charmer, exorcist, mage † ; cunning man, medicine man; Shaman, figure flinger, ecstatica † ; medium, 

clairvoyant, fortune teller; mesmerist; deus ex machina [Lat.]; soothsayer &c. 513. Katerfelto, Cagliostro, Mesmer, Rosicrucian; Circe, 

siren, weird sisters. 

5. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS 

#995. Churchdom -- N. church, churchdom; ministry, apostleship † , priesthood, prelacy, hierarch † , church government, christendom, 

pale of the church. clericalism, sacerdotalism † , episcopalianism, ultramontanism † ; theocracy; ecclesiology † , ecclesiologist † ; 

priestcraft † , odium theologicum [Lat.]. monachism † , monachy † ; monasticism, monkhood † . [Ecclesiastical offices and dignities] 

pontificate, primacy, archbishopric † , archiepiscopacy † ; prelacy; bishopric, bishopdom † ; episcopate, episcopacy; see, diocese; 

deanery, stall; canonry, canonicate † ; prebend, prebendaryship † ; benefice, incumbency, glebe, advowson † , living, cure; rectorship † ; 

vicariate, vicarship; deaconry † , deaconship † ; curacy; chaplain, chaplaincy, chaplainship; cardinalate, cardinalship † ; abbacy, 

presbytery. holy orders, ordination, institution, consecration, induction, reading in, preferment, translation, presentation. popedom † ; 

the Vatican, the apostolic see; religious sects &c. 984. council &c. 696; conclave, convocation, synod, consistory, chapter, vestry; 

sanhedrim, conge d'elire [Fr.]; ecclesiastical courts, consistorial court, court of Arches. 

V. call, ordain, induct, prefer, translate, consecrate, present. take orders, take the tonsure, take the veil, take vows. 

Adj. ecclesiastical, ecclesiological † ; clerical, sacerdotal, priestly, prelatical, pastoral, ministerial, capitular † , theocratic; hierarchical, 

archiepiscopal; episcopal, episcopalian; canonical; monastic, monachal † ; monkish; abbatial † , abbatical † ; Anglican † ; pontifical, 

papal, apostolic, Roman, Popish; ultramontane, priest-ridden. 

#996. Clergy -- N. clergy, clericals, ministry, priesthood, 

presbytery, the cloth, the desk. clergyman, divine, ecclesiastic, 

churchman, priest, presbyter, hierophant † , pastor, shepherd, 

minister; father, father in Christ; padre, abbe, cure; patriarch; 

reverend; black coat; confessor. dignitaries of the church; 

ecclesiarch † , hierarch † ; ebdomarius [Lat.]; eminence, reverence, 

elder, primate, metropolitan, archbishop, bishop, prelate, 

diocesan, suffragan † , dean, subdean † , archdeacon, prebendary, 

canon, rural dean, rector, parson, vicar, perpetual curate, 

residentiary † , beneficiary, incumbent, chaplain, curate; deacon, 

deaconess; preacher, reader, lecturer; capitular † ; missionary, 

propagandist, Jesuit, revivalist, field preacher. churchwarden, 

sidesman † ; clerk, precentor † , choir; almoner, suisse [Fr.], verger, 

beadle, sexton, sacristan; acolyth † , acolothyst † , acolyte, altar boy; 

chorister. [Roman Catholic priesthood] Pope, Papa, pontiff, high 

priest, cardinal; ancient flamen † , flamen † ; confessor, penitentiary; 

spiritual director. cenobite, conventual, abbot, prior, monk, friar, 

lay brother, beadsman † , mendicant, pilgrim, palmer; canon 

regular, canon secular; Franciscan, Friars minor, Minorites; 

Observant, Capuchin, Dominican, Carmelite; Augustinian † ; 

Gilbertine; Austin Friars † , Black Friars, White Friars, Gray Friars, 

Crossed Friars, Crutched Friars; Bonhomme [Fr.], Carthusian, 

Benedictine † , Cistercian, Trappist, Cluniac, Premonstatensian, 

Maturine; Templar, Hospitaler; Bernardine † , Lorettine, pillarist † , 

stylite † . abbess, prioress, canoness † ; religieuse [Fr.], nun, novice, 

postulant. [Under the Jewish dispensation] prophet, priest, high 

priest, Levite; Rabbi, Rabbin, Rebbe; scribe. [Mohammedan etc.] 

mullah, muezzin, ayatollah; ulema, imaum † , imam, sheik; sufi; 

kahin † , kassis † ; mufti, hadji, dervish; fakir, faquir † ; brahmin † , guru, 

kaziaskier † , poonghie † , sanyasi † ; druid, bonze † , santon † , abdal † , 

Lama, talapoin † , caloyer † #997. Laity -- N. laity, flock, fold, congregation, assembly, 

brethren, people; society [U.S.]. temporality, secularization. 

layman, civilian; parishioner, catechumen; secularist. 

V. secularize. 

Adj. secular, lay, laical, civil, temporal, profane. 

. 

V. take orders &c. 995. 

Adj. the Reverend, the very Reverend, the Right Reverend; 

ordained, in orders, called to the ministry. 

#998. Rite -- N. rite; ceremony, ritual, liturgy, ceremonial; ordinance, observance, function, duty; form, formulary; solemnity, 

sacrament; incantation &c. (spell) 993; service, psalmody &c. (worship) 990. ministration; preaching, preachment; predication, 

sermon, homily, lecture, discourse, pastoral. [Christian ritual for induction into the faith] baptism, christening, chrism; circumcision; 

baptismal regeneration; font. confirmation; imposition of hands, laying on of hands; ordination &c. (churchdom) 995; 

excommunication. [Jewish rituals] Bar Mitzvah, Bas Mitzvah [Fr.], Bris. Eucharist, Lord's supper, communion; the sacrament, the holy

sacrament; celebration, high celebration; missa cantata [Lat.]; asperges † ; offertory; introit; consecration; consubstantiation, 

transubstantiation; real presence; elements; mass; high mass, low mass, dry mass. matrimony &c. 903; burial &c. 363; visitation of 

the sick. seven sacraments, impanation † , subpanation † , extreme unction, viaticum, invocation of saints, canonization, transfiguration, 

auricular confession; maceration, flagellation, sackcloth and ashes; penance &c. (atonement) 952; telling of beads, processional; 

thurification † , incense, holy water, aspersion. relics, rosary, beads, reliquary, host, cross, rood, crucifix, pax [Lat.], pyx, agnus Dei 

[Lat.], censer, thurible, patera † ; eileton † , Holy Grail; prayer machine, prayer wheel; Sangraal † , urceus † . ritualism, ceremonialism; 

sabbatism † , sabbatarianism † ; ritualist, sabbatarian † . holyday, feast, fast. [Christian holy days] Sabbath, Pentecost; Advent, 

Christmas, Epiphany; Lent; Passion week, Holy week; Easter, Easter Sunday, Whitsuntide; agape, Ascension Day, Candlemas † , 

Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Holy Thursday; Lammas, Martinmas, Michaelmas; All SAint's DAy, All Souls' Day. [Moslem holy 

days] Ramadan, Ramazan; Bairam &c.. &c. [Jewish holy days] Passover; Shabuoth; Yom Kippur, Day of Atonement; Rosh Hashana, 

New Year; Hanukkah, Chanukkah, Feast of Lights; Purim, Feast of lots. 

V. perform service [ritual actions of clergy], do duty, minister, officiate, baptize, dip, sprinkle; anoint, confirm, lay hands on; give the 

sacrament, administer the sacrament; administer extreme unction; hear confession, administer holy penance, shrive; 

excommunicate, ban with bell book and candle. [ritual actions of believers] attend services, attend mass, go to mass, hear mass; 

take the sacrament, receive the sacrament, receive communion, attend the sacrament, partake of the sacrament, partake of 

communion; communicate; receive extreme unction; confess, go to confession, receive penance; anele † . [teaching functions of 

clergy] preach, sermonize, predicate, lecture. 

Adj. ritual, ritualistic; ceremonial; baptismal, eucharistical; paschal. 

Phr. what art thou, thou idol ceremony? [Henry V]. 

#999. Canonicals -- N. canonicals, vestments; robe, gown, Geneva gown frock, pallium, surplice, cassock, dalmatic † , scapulary † , 

cope, mozetta † , scarf, tunicle † , chasuble, alb † , alba † , stole; fanon † , fannel † ; tonsure, cowl, hood; calote † , calotte † ; bands; capouch † , 

amice † ; vagas † , vakas † , vakass † ; apron, lawn sleeves, pontificals † , pall; miter, tiara, triple crown; shovel hat, cardinal's hat; biretta; 

crosier; pastoral staff, thurifer † ; costume &c. 225. 

#1000. Temple -- N. place of worship; house of God, house of prayer. temple, cathedral, minster † , church, kirk, chapel, 

meetinghouse, bethel † , tabernacle, conventicle, basilica, fane † , holy place, chantry † , oratory. synagogue; mosque; marabout † ; 

pantheon; pagoda; joss house † ; dogobah † , tope; kiosk; kiack † , masjid † . [clergymen's residence] parsonage, rectory, vicarage, 

manse, deanery, glebe; Vatican; bishop's palace; Lambeth. altar, shrine, sanctuary, Holy of Holies, sanctum sanctorum [Lat.], 

sacristy; sacrarium † ; communion table, holy table, Lord's table; table of the Lord; pyx; baptistery, font; piscina † , stoup; aumbry † ; 

sedile † ; reredos; rood loft, rood screen. [parts of a church: list] chancel, quire, choir, nave, aisle, transept, vestry, crypt, golgotha, 

calvary, Easter sepulcher; stall, pew; pulpit, ambo † , lectern, reading desk, confessional, prothesis † , credence, baldachin, 

baldacchino † ; apse, belfry; chapter house; presbytery; anxious-bench, anxious-seat; diaconicum [Lat.], jube † ; mourner's bench, 

mourner's seat. [exterior adjacent to a church] cloisters, churchyard. monastery, priory, abbey, friary, convent, nunnery, cloister. 

Adj. claustral, cloistered; monastic, monasterial; conventual. 

Phr. ne vile fano [It]; there's nothing ill can dwell in such a there's nothing ill can dwell in such a temple" [Tempest]. 

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