The Geology of Burma - Zomi Online Library

The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An Annotated Bibliography of 

Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science. 

By R. Lee Hadden 

Topographic Engineering Center September 2008 

US Army Corps of Engineers 

7701 Telegraph Road 

Alexandria, Virginia 22315 

UNCLASSIFIED / UNLIMITED

Bibliography of Burman Earth Science 

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1. REPORT 2. REPORT TYPE: Bibliography 

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An Annotated 

Bibliography of Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science. 

6. AUTHOR(S) HADDEN, Robert Lee 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

US Army Corps of Engineers 

Topographic Engineering Center 

ATTN: CEERD-TO-I 


Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 

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Geospatial 7701 Telegraph Road 

Library Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: 

14. ABSTRACT 

A bibliography on Burma prepared by the Topographic Engineering Center 

(TEC) to assist with humanitarian efforts offered by the US Government 

after the devastating Cyclone Nargis hit Burma on May 2, 2008. As such, 

this bibliography covers items of interest to disaster engineers and 

emergency planners, including citations on topography, transportation, 

water, medical concerns, and security. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS: Burma. Climate. Earth Sciences. Forests. Geology. Geography. 

Groundwater. Hydrology. Maps. Meteorology. Mining. Myanmar. Soils. 

Surface-water. Transportation. Water. 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 312 

Unclassified/Unlimited OF ABSTRACT 

a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT 

c. THIS PAGE 

Unclassified/Unlimited Unlimited 

September 2008 2

Burma 

The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): 

An Annotated Bibliography of Burma’s 

Geology, Geography and Earth Science 

By 

R. Lee Hadden 

Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) 

Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) 


Alexandria, VA 22315 

September 2008 

Robert.L.Hadden@us.army.mil 

Preface 

This bibliography was produced quickly by the Topographic Engineering Center 

(See: http://tec.army.mil/Burma/index.html) in response to the humanitarian crisis caused 

by the Cyclone Nargis which hit Burma in May 2, 2008. The cyclone packed winds of 

215 km/hr (135mph) and with very heavy rains. The cyclone made landfall in Burma as a 

Category 4 cyclone, with catastrophic results, with estimates of 146,000 fatalities, and 

thousands more people missing, injured and homeless. 

These two images below are provided from NASA, and show the overwhelming 

amount of damage caused by Cyclone Nargis to Burma. Flood water can be difficult to 

see in photo-like satellite images, particularly when the water is muddy. This pair of 

images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s 

Terra satellite uses a combination of visible and infrared light to make the floodwaters 

obvious to the viewer. Water is blue or nearly black, vegetation is bright green, bare 

ground is tan, and the clouds are white or light blue. 

On April 15, 2008 (the top image), rivers and lakes are sharply defined against a 

backdrop of vegetation and fallow agricultural land. The Irrawaddy River flows south 

through the left-hand side of the image, splitting into numerous distributaries known as 

the Mouths of the Irrawaddy. The wetlands near the shore are a deep blue green. Cyclone 

Nargis came ashore across the Mouths of the Irrawaddy and followed the coastline 

northeast. 

The entire coastal plain of Burma is flooded in the May 5 image (the bottom 

image). The fallow agricultural areas appear to have been especially hard hit. For 

example, Yangôn (population over 4 million) is almost completely surrounded by floods. 

Several large cities (population 100,000–500,000) are in the affected area. Muddy runoff 

colors the Gulf of Martaban turquoise. 

The high-resolution image provided above is at MODIS’ maximum spatial 

resolution (level of detail) of 250 meters per pixel. The MODIS Rapid Response Team 

provides twice-daily images of the region in additional resolutions and formats, including 

photo-like natural color.


Relief efforts were slowed or non-existent as the Burmese military rulers initially 

refused aid from outside the country. By May 12-20, 2008, the US Department of 

Defense coordinated $1.2 million dollars of relief supplies on 36 USAF C-130 flights. 

The relief supplies would provide needed help to some 113,000 storm victims. Much 

more aid was needed. 

President George Bush also ordered the Essex group, composed of the USS 

Essex, the USS Juneau, the USS Harpers Ferry, and elements of the Third Marine 

September 2008 4


Expeditionary Force (III MEF), to stand by offshore with relief supplies, disaster 

engineering expertise and medical assistance. 

The Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) has scanned a number of geological 

and hydrological maps of Burma to assist the disaster planners on these ships and 

elsewhere. This data is used to select locations for supply dumps, emergency hospital 

locations, sanitation and clean water supplies. Other data on transportation and terrain 

helped with the airlifting of supplies, evacuating of the injured, and the prevention of 

bottlenecks in air, land and water traffic. 

The government of Burma refused permission for the US Navy and Marines to 

aid the survivors. The Essex group stood off the coast of Burma, waiting for permission 

to lend its support of supplies, helicopters and manpower, but it was never given. 

Although the humanitarian aid was refused, the TEC webpage has also helped 

civilian relief agencies in their efforts. The data is available around the world, and the US 

government, the United Nations and a number of non-governmental organizations have 

made use of this data in their humanitarian relief efforts. 

Copyrighted and sensitive materials have been placed behind the PKI site, and are 

available only to US government civilian and military personnel with CAC access. 

However, most of the information is from open sources, and thus is available to anyone. 

Special thanks are given to all those people outside of the Topographic 

Engineering Center who helped in this emergency project. They include the Reference 

Staff of the US Geological Survey Library who replied promptly to our requests and 

made their services so accessible (http://library.usgs.gov/); the public services staff of the 

Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) who responded so quickly to our requests, 

and bent over backwards to make their information available online to the public 

(http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/index.html); the Reference Staff of the Geography and Map 

Division, The Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/) and to Mr. Willie 

Sayeed of RefWorks for the use of their services in putting together and updating the 

bibliography of citations from so many different electronic and manual resources so 

quickly (www.RefWorks.com). 

Introduction 

The Land: 

The country is known by several names: the conventional long form: “Union of 

Burma”; conventional short form: “Burma”; local long form: “Pyidaungzu Myanma 

Naingngandaw” (translated by the US Government as “Union of Myanma” and by the 

Burmese as “Union of Myanmar”); local short form: “Myanma Naingngandaw”; former: 

“Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma”. Note: since 1989 the military authorities in 

Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this 

decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US Government 

did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma 

Naingngandaw. 

The capital city is Rangoon (Yangon), with geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 

09 E. Strategically, Burma holds a strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping 

lanes. 

September 2008 5


The time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during 

Standard Time). Note: Nay Pyi Taw is actually the administrative capital. There are 

seven administrative division (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, 

singular - pyi ne). The divisions are: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, 

Tanintharyi, Yangon. The seven states are: Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine 

and Shan. 

Burma lies in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of 

Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand. It is slightly smaller in land area than Texas, 

and has a total area of 678,500 sq km. Of this, land covers 657,740 sq km, and water 

covers 20,760 sq km. The national boundaries total: 5,876 km, with border countries 

boundaries of: Bangladesh at 193 km; China at 2,185 km; India at 1,463 km; Laos at 235 

km and Thailand with a shared boundary of 1,800 km. There is also 1,930 km of 

coastline. 

The Physical Features of Burma 1 

Geology, Topology and Terrain 

As a country, Burma slopes downward in elevation from the north to the south, 

and is naturally divided into “Upper Burma” and “Lower Burma”. The terrain is made up 

of central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands. In the north, the Hengduan Shan 

mountains form the border with China. Mount Hkakabo Razi, located in the Kachin State, 

is at an elevation of 5,881 m (19,295 ft), and is the highest point in Burma. The mountain 

ranges in Burma generally run from north to south as well. Three of these mountain 

ranges, namely the Rakhine Yoma, the Bago Yoma, and the Shan Plateau, all exist within 

Burma, and all of these ranges run from north-to-south from the Himalayas. 

These mountain chains also divide Burma's three main river systems, which are 

the Irrawaddy (aka Ayeyarwady), the Salween (aka Thanlwin), and the Sittang rivers. 

Burma's longest river, the Irrawaddy River, is nearly 2,170 kilometers (1,348 mi) long, 

and it flows through the country and into the Gulf of Martaban. Fertile plains exist in the 

valleys between the mountain chains. The majority of Burma's population lives in the 

Irrawaddy valley, which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau. 

As a whole, Burma can be divided into five physiographic regions: the northern 

mountains; the western ranges; the eastern plateau; the central basin and lowlands, and 

finally the coastal plains. 

The northern mountain region consists of a series of ranges that form a geological 

complex at Mount Hkakabo. In terms of plate tectonics, this geological complex or 

“geologic knot” marks the northeastern limit of the encroaching Indian-Australian Plate. 

The Indian-Australian Plate has been colliding with the southern edge of the Eurasian 

Plate for roughly the past 50 million years, and has been thrusting up the mountain ranges 

1 The data in this introductory section are collected from a number of open literature and common 

knowledge publications and resources, such as various almanacs, AGI’s “Glossary of Geology”, 

geographical dictionaries and gazetteers; encyclopedias such as the World Survey of Climatology, the 

Encyclopedia Britannica, Encarta, Water Encyclopedia, etc.; open source government publications and 

websites from the US Department of State, the Library of Congress, the Defense Technical Information 

Center, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and others; the CIA Factbook, and several 

different reports, articles and books on Burma from federal government geological and geographical 

resources. 

September 2008 6


of Burma and the regions beyond. This northern mountain physiographic region contains 

the sources of several of Asia’s great rivers, including the Irrawaddy, which rises and 

flows wholly within Burma, and the Salween, which rises to the north in China. The 

upper courses of these rivers all flow through deep gorges within a short distance of each 

other, separated by steep, sheer peaks. Jade and other minerals are mined in these 

northern mountains. 

The western range region traverses the entire western side of Burma, from the 

northern mountains to the southern tip of the Rakhine (Arakan) Peninsula, where they run 

under the sea and then reappear above the ocean as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 

territories of India. The mountains’ average elevation is about 1,800 meters (6,000 feet), 

although some peaks rise in height to 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) or higher. These 

mountains consist of old crystalline rocks surrounded by hard, tightly folded sedimentary 

rocks on either side. From north to south, the Patkai Range, the Naga Hills, and the Chin 

Hills form the borders between India and Burma. To the south of these are the Rakhine 

Mountains (Arakan Mountains), which lie entirely within Burma and separate the coastal 

strip from the central basin. 

Occupying the eastern half of the country, the Shan Plateau is deeply dissected, 

with an average elevation of about 900 meters (3,000 feet). The Shan Plateau to the east 

rises abruptly from the central basin, often in a single step of some 600 meters (2,000 

feet). Because of the geology of this region, rubies and sapphires have been mined in the 

northern Shan Plateau since pre-colonial times. Burma’s rulers depend on sales of these 

precious stones such as sapphires, pearls and jade to fund their regime. Rubies are the 

biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are 

prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of the country's gems. Burma's 

“Valley of Rubies”, in the mountainous Mogok area, about 200 km (125 miles) north of 

Mandalay, and is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires 

The Shan Plateau was formed during the Mesozoic Era, some 248 to 65 million 

years ago, and thus is a much older geologic feature than the western mountains. But the 

Shan Plateau also shows more-recent and intensive folding than the western mountains, 

with north-south longitudinal ranges rising steeply to elevations of 1,800 to 2,600 meters 

(6,000 to 8,600 feet) above the plateau surface. Northward, the plateau merges into the 

northern mountains, and southward it continues into the Dawna Range and to the 

peninsular Tenasserim Mountains (aka Tanintharyi Mountains), each a series of parallel 

ranges with narrow valleys. 

The central basin and lowlands, lying between the Rakhine Mountains and the 

Shan Plateau, are structurally connected with the folding of the western ranges. The basin 

was deeply excavated by the predecessors of the Irrawaddy, Chindwin, and Sittang rivers; 

the valleys are now occupied by these rivers, which cover the ancient soft sandstones, 

shales, and clays with their alluvial deposits. 

The Basin of the Irrawaddy, with its tributaries the Chindwin, Shweli, and 

Myitnge rivers, occupies most of Burma. In the delta regions formed by the Irrawaddy 

and Sittang rivers, the landscape is absolutely flat, and the monotony is relieved only by a 

few blocks of erosion-resistant rocks that are never more than 18 meters (60 feet) high. 

The basin is divided into two unequal parts, the larger Irrawaddy valley and the smaller 

Sittang valley. Between these two valleys are the Bago Mountains. In the centre of the 

basin and also structurally connected with the Bago Mountains and their northern 

September 2008 7


extension, is a line of extinct volcanoes with small crater lakes and eroded cones. The 

largest of these eroded volcanic cones is Popa Hill, at 1,518 meters (4,981 feet). 

The coastal areas consist of the narrow Rakhine and Tenasserim plains, which are 

backed by the higher ranges of the Rakhine and Tenasserim mountains. These coastal 

regions are fringed with numerous islands of varying sizes. 

As to economic geology, Burma is rich in certain minerals, including metal ores, 

petroleum, and natural gas. Deposits of silver, lead, zinc, and gold are concentrated in the 

northern Shan Plateau; tin and tungsten in the Tenasserim region, and barite around the 

town of Maymyo in the central basin. Copper mining at the town of Monywa began in 

the early 1980s and has been growing, despite intermittent setbacks caused by shortages 

of fuel and supplies as well as by economic sanctions imposed by foreign governments. 

Large-scale exploitation of Burma’s mineral deposits began in the mid-1970s. 

Although production generally has been increasing since the late 20th century, mining 

accounts for only a tiny fraction of the country’s GDP and a comparable portion of the 

workforce. 

The country also has significant deposits of precious and semi-precious stones. 

Burmese rubies are internationally known for their deep color and quality. The country 

also produces smaller quantities of spinels 2 , diamonds, and other gemstones. 

Weather and Climate 

Although Burma is located in the monsoon region of Asia, its climate is greatly 

modified by its geographic position and its topographical relief. The cold air masses of 

Central Asia bring snow to the northern mountains for two months of the year, but this 

mountain wall prevents the cold air masses from moving farther south, so that Burma lies 

primarily under the influence of the monsoon winds. The north-south alignment of ranges 

and valleys also creates a pattern of alternate zones of heavy and scanty precipitation 

during both the northeast and southwest monsoons. Most of the precipitation, however, 

comes from the southwest monsoon. The west coast is subject to occasional tropical 

cyclones. 

Most of Burma lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. The Tropic of 

Cancer divides the country into two regions: the tropical south that covers two-thirds of 

the country, and the sub-tropical and temperate north, which is the remaining one-third of 

Burma. This causes two distinct seasons: the dry season from mid-October to Mid-May, 

and the wet season. There is a cooler spell during the wet season from December to 

February. 

The coastal regions and the western and southeastern ranges receive more than 

200 inches (5,000 mm) of precipitation annually, while the delta regions receive about 

100 inches (2,500 mm). The central region is not only positioned away from the sea but 

also on the drier, lee side- in the rain shadow- of the Rakhine Mountains. Precipitation 

gradually decreases northward until in the region’s dry zone it amounts to only 20 to 40 

2 Probably named from the Latin word "spina", (meaning "thorn"), for its pointed (octahedral) crystals. 

Spinel is a hard mineral with octahedral crystals found in igneous and carbonate rocks. Spinel occurs 

typically as a contact metamorphism of impure dolomitic limestone, and less commonly as an accessory 

mineral of basic igneous rocks. Spinal also occurs in alluvial deposits. It consists essentially of alumina and 

magnesia (MgAl2O4), but commonly contains ferrous iron and sometimes also chromium. It is found in a 

variety of colors including blue, green, brown, black, and the valuable red variety which resembles a ruby, 

and is frequently used as a gemstone. 

September 2008 8


inches (500 to 1,000 mm) per year. The Shan Plateau, because of its elevation, usually 

receives between 75 and 80 inches (1,900 and 2,000 mm) annually. 

Monsoons 

As said above, Burma also lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal 

regions receiving over 5,000 mm (200 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the 

southern delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (100 in), while average annual rainfall 

in the Dry Zone, which is located in central Burma, is less than 1,000 mm (40 in). 

Burma has a monsoon climate with three main seasons: the hot period, the rainy 

season and the cooler period. 

The hottest period is between February and May, with little or no rain. At the end 

of this season, generally from March to April, the average monthly temperature reaches 

the upper 30°s C (lower 100°s F) in many parts of Burma. The average daily 

temperatures in Yangon (Rangoon) range from 24° to 36°C (75 to 97°F) in April, during 

the hot season. 

The climate of Burma and other countries in South and Southeast Asia follows a 

typical monsoon pattern. During the half of the year that the sun’s rays strike directly 

above the equator, the land mass of Asia is heated more than is the Indian Ocean. This 

draws moist hot air from over the ocean onto the land, bringing the rains of the southwest 

monsoon season. The Monsoon or Rainy season, also called “the hot and wet season”, 

exists usually from May to October. 

In Burma during this hot and wet season, rain usually falls nearly every day and 

sometimes all day long, and almost all of Burma’s annual rainfall occurs during this time. 

Rainfall during the monsoon season totals more than 500 cm (200 in) in upper Burma and 

over 250 cm (100 in) in lower Burma and Yangon (Rangoon). Central Burma, called the 

dry zone, and Mandalay, the chief city in this area, each receive about 76 cm (30 in). By 

July rains have brought the average temperature down to 29°C (84°F) in Mandalay and 

27°C (81°F) in Yangon. 

Average annual rainfall during this season varies from about 5,000 mm (about 

200 in) on the Tenasserim Coast to about 760 mm (about 30 in) at Mandalay. The 

country receives practically all its rainfall between mid-May and October, the period of 

the Southwest Monsoon. Annual precipitation in most of Upper Burma averages about 

890 mm (about 35 in) and in Lower Burma about 5080 mm (about 200 in). The climate is 

tropical monsoon, with cloudy, rainy, hot and humid summers during the height of the 

southwest monsoon season, from June to September. 

When the tilt of the earth brings the direct sun rays south of the equator, the 

heating of the Indian Ocean draws the cooler dry air of the northeast monsoon from the 

highlands of Asia across the countries of South and Southeast Asia. The dry, cooler 

weather is from October/November to February. The hot, dry inter-monsoonal season is 

from mid-February to mid-May. The country is less cloudy, with scant rainfall and mild 

temperatures and lower humidity during the winter. This is the time of the cool, relatively 

dry northeast monsoon. 

In this cooler season, which runs from late October to mid-February, the 

temperature for January averages 25°C (77°F) in Yangon in Lower Burma and 20°C 

(68°F) in Mandalay in Upper Burma. The average daily temperatures in Yangon 

(Rangoon) range from 18° to 32°C (64-90°F) in January, during this cooler season. 

September 2008 9


In Burma, the mean annual temperature is 27°C (81°F). Although Burma is a 

tropical country, temperatures are not uniformly high throughout the year and throughout 

the country. The daily temperature range in Burma is greater than that temperature range 

in nearly all other parts of Southeast Asia. But no region in Burma has a continental type 

of climate (i.e., one characterized by large seasonal differences in average temperature). 

However, the average daily temperatures in Burma show little variation across the 

country, ranging from 26 °C to 28 °C (79 °F to 82 °F) between Sittwe in the Rakhine 

region, Yangon near the coast, and Mandalay in the northern part of the central basin. At 

Lashio, on the Shan Plateau, the average daily temperature is somewhat cooler, around 22 

°C (71 °F). 

Elevation and distance from the sea affect temperature as well, and temperatures 

are generally lower in Burma’s mountainous regions. The northern regions of Burma are 

the coolest in the country, with average temperatures of 21°C (70°F). Thus the climate in 

upper Burma, especially at altitudes ranging from about 300 to 1,220 meters (1,000– 

4,000 ft) of elevation, remains the most temperate throughout the year. 

Mandalay, in the centre of the dry zone, has some of the greatest daily 

temperature ranges, which span about 12°C (22°F) annually. 

Lower Burma, especially in the river delta and along the coastal regions, is the 

most humid part of the country. The coastal and delta regions have a mean annual 

temperature of 32°C (90°F). 

Surface and Ground Water Resources 

The water resources in Burma from 1999 include 1,045.6 cubic kilometers of total 

renewable water resources. Freshwater withdrawal for domestic, industrial and 

agricultural use, totals about 33.23 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%); per capita water withdrawal 

in 2000 is about 658 cu m/yr. Environmentally, Burma suffers from deforestation and the 

industrial pollution of air, soil, and water. Also the inadequate sanitation and water 

treatment contribute to disease. 

Like the mountains, Burma’s main rivers run mainly from north to south. About 

three-fifths of the country’s surface is drained by the Irrawaddy River and its tributaries. 

The Rakhine coastal plains are drained by short, rapid streams, which, after forming 

broad river deltas, flow into the Bay of Bengal. The Tenasserim plains also are drained 

by short and rapid rivers, which enter the Gulf of Martaban. 

The Bassein River, also known as the Pathein River, drains the southern Rakhine 

Mountains. The Bassein River is about 257 kilometers (160 miles) long, and is chiefly a 

navigable outlet of the Irrawaddy River in the western part of the delta. 

Chindwin River: The great tributary of the Irrawaddy, the Chindwin, is about 

1,158 km (750 miles) long, and drains the western region. The Chindwin River 

(Burmese: Chindwin Myit) is the largest tributary of the Irrawaddy River. It flows 

entirely within Burma and is known as “Ning-thi” to the Manipuris. The Chindwin rises 

in the Kumon Range in northern Burma, and flows northwest through the Hukawang 

Valley, then south along the Indian border and then southeast to the Irrawaddy River at 

Myingyan. 

The Chindwin is navigable for some 500 miles (800 km) from its confluence with 

the Irrawaddy below Mandalay to the confluence with the Uyu River, its chief tributary. 

September 2008 10


The Chindwin is served by regular river-going vessels up to the town of Homalin. Much 

of Chindwin's course lies in the within mountain ranges and forests. 

Due to the difficulty of access, much of the un-navigable river area remains 

unspoiled. The government of Burma recently created a very large (2,500 square mile) 

sanctuary for the endangered tiger within the Hukawng Valley. Teak forests within the 

drainage area have been a valuable resource since ancient times. The Hukawng Valley is 

known for its abundance of Burmese amber. Along the river, there are also deposits of 

jade, but the best jade is found in the region around the headwaters of the Uyu river. 

The Irrawaddy River: The country’s trade in rice is dependent on water transport, 

and the Irrawaddy River is the backbone of Burma’s transportation system. The 

Irrawaddy River starts in the North of Kachin State, at the confluence of the Mali Hka 

and N'Mai Hka rivers north of Myitkyina. The western Mali Hka branch arises from the 

end of the southern Himalayas, north of Putao, and, like the main river, is called “Nam 

Kiu” in the Shan language. The river then flows south through Burma to the Bay of 

Bengal through several mouths near Rangoon. Flowing entirely through Burma, the 

Irrawaddy is about 2,092 km long (1,300 miles), and it is navigable year round for nearly 

1,000 miles (1,600 km) up to the junction with the Bhamo, the main tributary of the 

Chindwin River. 

The Irrawaddy River bisects the country from north to south and empties into the 

Indian Ocean through a nine-armed Irrawaddy Delta. In colonial times, before railways 

and automobiles, the river was known as the “Road to Mandalay”. Although navigable by 

large vessels to Myitkyina for a distance over 1,600 km from the ocean, the river is also 

full of sandbanks and islands, making such navigation difficult. For many years, the only 

bridge built to cross the Irrawaddy River was the Inwa Bridge. 

At the apex of its delta, the Irrawaddy breaks up into a vast network of streams 

and empties into the Andaman Sea through multiple mouths. The many streams of the 

Irrawaddy delta are navigable, and there is a regional system of inter-connecting canals. 

The Kaladan River is a river located in the west of the country around the Sittwe 

area. The Burmese government was working on a $500 million project in cooperation 

with India to attempt to facilitate river trade between the two nations. The Kaladan River 

trade will open up not only Mizoram but India's entire North East as a hinterland for the 

Burma port of Sittwe. Development of the river is also being negotiated with the Shwe 

Gas Project for economic enhancement. 

The Kok River originates in Shan State, Burma. It flows down and across the 

Burma-Thailand border to Mae Ai district, Chiang Mai Province. Most of its length is in 

Chiang Rai Province passing the districts Mueang Chiang Rai, Mae Chan, Chiang Saen 

and Wiang Chai. It becomes a tributary to the Mekong River in Chiang Saen district. 

The Mali River (Mali Hka) is a river that originates in northern Burma. It flows 

approximately 320 km, when it meets with the Nmai River and their confluence forms 

the Irrawaddy River. 

The Mekong is one of the world’s major rivers. It is the 11th-longest river in the 

world, and 7th longest in Asia, discharging 475 km 3 /114 cu mi of water annually. Its 

estimated length is 4,350 km (2,703 mi), and it drains an area of 795,000 km 2 

(307,000 square miles). From high in the Tibetan Plateau, the Mekong runs through 

China's Yunnan province, then through Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. 

All the other countries except China and Burma belong to the Mekong River 

September 2008 11


Commission. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and 

waterfalls have made navigation extremely difficult along the river. 

The Moei River is a tributary of the Salween River. It originates in Phop Phra 

district, Tak Province. Unlike most rivers in Thailand, the Moei flows north. The river 

forms the natural border line between Thailand and Burma. The districts along the Moei 

River bank of Thailand, from South to North are Mae Sot, Mae Ramat, Tha Song Yang 

and finally it enters the Salween River in Sop Moei district of Mae Hong Son Province. 

The river is about 327 km long. 

The Rangoon River, also known as the Yangon River, is about 40 km long (25 

miles), and flows from southern Burma as an outlet of the Irrawaddy River into the 

Irrawaddy delta. The Rangoon River drains the Bago Mountains; both the Rangoon and 

the Bassein Rivers enter the Irrawaddy at the delta. 

The Ruak River is a river along the Thai-Burma border. It originates within the 

hills of the Shan State of Burma, and becomes the boundary river between Thailand and 

Burma at the confluence with the Mae Sai River at the northernmost point of Thailand. It 

then meanders to the east until it empties into the Mekong River at Ban Sop Ruak, 

Tambon Wiang, Chiang Saen district, Chiang Rai Province. The boundary section of the 

river is 26.75 km long. 

The Shan Plateau is drained by the Salween River, which enters Burma from 

southern China and empties into the Gulf of Martaban southeast of the Sittang. The 

Salween rises in the Plateau of Tibet, and then flows east through Sichuan, then south 

through the western Yunnan province of southwestern China. The Salween is about 2,415 

km long (1500 miles). Many of its tributaries are more than 480 km (300 miles) long and 

join the Salween in cascades. The river continues south through Burma, and its lower 

course becomes part of the boundary between Thailand and Burma. The river empties 

into the Gulf of Martaban at Moulmein. The Salween River, because of its rapids, is 

navigable for less than 160 km (100 miles) from the sea. 

The Salween River is deeply entrenched and crosses the Shan Plateau in a series 

of deep gorges. It is home to over 7,000 species of plants and 80 rare or endangered 

animals and fish. UNESCO said this region “may be the most biologically diverse 

temperate ecosystem in the world” and designated it a World Heritage Site in 2003. 

The Salween is the longest undammed river in mainland Southeast Asia. 

Proposals to build several dams along the river, mainly in Burma, are controversial. 

Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the 

Salween River near the border with Burma; citing environmental, cultural, and social 

concerns, China is reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but 

energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on building five hydroelectric 

dams downstream, despite identical regional and international protests. 

The Sittang River flows into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea. The 

Sittang flows in east central Burma, and then flows south to the head of the Gulf of 

Martaban. The river is about 418 km long (260 miles) and, for a comparatively short 

river, it has a large valley and delta. 

Although the Sittang River flows through fairly flat country, the Sittang has a 

notorious tidal bore at its mouth which has precluded any but very small craft navigating 

the river. Strong currents make the river even less valuable as a means of transport in 

eastern Burma. The Sittang, in spite of its silt, is usable by smaller boats, but its basin 

September 2008 12


does not have the same richness for agriculture as the Irrawaddy because there is no soil 

flowing from the Himalayas. 

The Zawgyi River is a river of eastern Burma. It flows through the foothills of the 

Shan Mountain range in Shan State. 

Burma has two major lakes. The Indawgyi Lake, in the northern hills, runs some 

24 km (15 miles) from north to south and 13 km (8 miles) from east to west. The 

Indawgyi is one of the largest natural inland lakes of Southeast Asia. 

Somewhat smaller is Inle Lake, stretching about 22 km (14 miles) from north to 

south and 11 km (7 miles) from east to west, is located on the Shan Plateau. The Inle 

Lake is fed by dozens of streams. 

September 2008 13


Geography 

The life expectancy in Burma is: Male 58 years; Female 63. Hospitals 1:1,586. 

The literacy rate is 78%. 

The major ethnic groups in Burma are: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, 

Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%. Complicating national unity, 

over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial 

numbers of kin living in neighboring countries. Thailand must deal with Karen and other 

ethnic refugees, asylum seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from 

Burma. India also seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, 

such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in the remote Burmese 

Uplands. 

Image taken from: “Burma: A Country Study.” 1984. 

Foreign Area Studies, the American University. 3 rd edition. US GPO. 

September 2008 14


The Burmans, who form the largest ethnic group, account for more than half of 

the population. They are concentrated in the Irrawaddy River valley and in the coastal 

strips, with an original homeland in the central dry zone. 

The Shans (shahns) are about 9% of the population. “Once the masters of the 

Burmans when they ruled after the collapse of the Pagan-based monarchy, the Shans have 

no historical inferiority complex. In the centuries after the Pagan period, the Shans 

developed their own monarchies where Shan mandalas of power oscillated constantly as 

more powerful Burmese and Thai kings contested each other. Deference to outside 

royalty was a small price to pay for considerable Shan independence internally. The 

Shans in 1983 were basically rice farmers, skillful traders, and a valley people. In matters 

of governance, historically they have allowed an aristocratic elite to rule them.” 

The Shan of the Shan Plateau have little ethno-linguistic affinity with the 

Burmans, and, although historically led by hereditary rulers, their society was less 

elaborately structured than that of the plains peoples. The Shan represent a small but 

significant portion of the country’s population. The ethnographic complexity of the 

highlands occasionally leads to mis-groupings of some of the smaller communities with 

their more prominent neighbors. For example, the Wa and the Palaung of the Shan 

Plateau are often grouped with the larger, but ethnically and linguistically distinct, Shan 

community. 

The Karen ethnic group is about 7% of the Brumese population. “It has been 

fashionable to call the traditional religion of people like the Karens a form of animism, or 

‘spirit worship.’ The word never does justice to such beliefs, which may be as complex 

and lofty as those of the major religions of the world. Traditional Karens, like so many 

other peoples, believe that both matter and spirit are realities, each possibly inhabiting the 

same entity at a given time or perhaps later separated but still linked. There are Karen 

gods, rituals, and oral religious traditions so impressive that early missionaries toyed with 

the belief that the Karens were a lost tribe of Israel. No matter where Karens live, they 

characteristically have a strong sense of ethnic pride.” 

The Karen are the only hill people who have settled in significant numbers in the 

plains. Constituting about one-tenth of the population, they are the second largest ethnic 

group in Burma. They are found in the deltas among the Burmans, in the Bago 

Mountains, and along both sides of the lower Salween River. The Kayah, who live on the 

southern edge of the Shan Plateau, were once known as the Red Karen, or Karenni, 

apparently for their red robes. Although ethnically and linguistically Karen, they tend to 

maintain their own identity and hereditary leadership. 

The Chin (pronounced “JIN”): In the western hills and the Chindwin River valley 

are various groups called by the comprehensive name of Chin. “Turbulent, competitive, 

legalistic, and yet very social, the Chins did not take to Christianity as well as did the 

Karens. Like the Karens, those who are Christians (possibly one-quarter of the 

population) have hoped to use their new faith to link with outside powers to protect their 

people from being engulfed by Burmans. The Chin religion, in which the door to paradise 

is opened by hinting done in the proper way to honor and contend with the spirits of what 

is killed, can be seen in contrast to the Buddhism of their neighbors, where taking life is 

normatively scorned. Animal sacrifice, so common among hill peoples, is likewise 

condemned by valley Buddhists.” The Naga on the Burma side of the frontier with India 

sometimes are mistakenly placed with the Chin 

September 2008 15


Numerous small ethnic groups, most of which inhabit the upland regions, together 

account for roughly one-fifth of Burma’s population. The upper Irrawaddy valley and the 

northern hills are occupied by groups under the comprehensive name of Kachin. These 

peoples long have had an association with the Burmans. The Muhso (a Lahu people) in 

northeastern Burma are sometimes grouped with the Kachin. 

Chinese, Indians, and other minorities in Burma: “Since only people who can 

prove long familial links to Burma are accorded full citizenship, ethnic populations such 

as Muslims, Indians, and Chinese, continued to be denied full citizenship and to be 

excluded from government positions. People without full citizenship are not free to travel 

domestically and are barred from certain advanced university programs in medicine and 

technological fields. Anti-Chinese and anti-Muslim sentiment remained pervasive.” 

Religions 

The major religions of the country are: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, 

Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%. 

Theravada Buddhism: “In strict orthodox Theravada Buddhism, Gotama 

(Siddhārtha Gautama) was merely a human being; he does not exist anywhere to hear 

people’s prayers. His words are left in the sacred books and can be learned from his 

‘sons,’the living Theravada monks, who exist today as the Buddha once instructed the 

first monks to live. All Burmans share in this heritage and follow some semblance of the 

strict orthodox teachings. The Buddhism of the Pali scriptures, however, often differs 

from actual religious beliefs and practices in modern Burma.” (all quotations are from the 

Library of Congress Country Studies/Area Handbook--Burma [Myanmar]) 

Hinduism: Burma has a substantial number of Hindu adherents in Rakhine. 

However, many Burmans remember the use of Indian soldiers to colonize and conquer 

Burma, and thus are looked upon unfavorably by the majority. Also, many of the 

Buddhist beliefs claim superiority over Hinduism, and the traditional Hindu gods are 

relegated to godlings who must be reborn as Buddhist humans. 

Islam: “The historically porous border between Burma and Bangladesh and India 

has been the source of perpetual movement of Muslims back and forth in response to 

their various political fortunes. Although the potential was always there for Buddhist- 

Muslim confrontation, in general the two groups have managed to live peaceably side by 

side but without much interaction.” Mosques are found in Arakan, Rangoon, and in all 

areas where the Muslim community is strong, some of these groups having established 

themselves in Burma centuries ago. Mosques are primarily found within the Rakhine 

State. Like the Hindu and Chinese populations, Muslims have to keep a low profile in 

terms of asserting their ethnic identity in order to avoid the racial antagonism that has 

often flared up in the past.” (Human Rights Report...) 

Christian: Many Chins, Kachins, Karens and others are Christian. “Minorities in 

Burma face a Buddhist majority, and Christianity remains an option for asserting one’s 

distinctness, not only for the Karens or Chins, for example, but also for those who have 

had a genuine Christian conversion and for others who retain a fierce loyalty to all things 

British. On a visit to Mandalay, a visitor attempting, however ineptly, to speak Burmese 

should not be surprised to have an impeccably dressed older man watch for a while with a 

smile and then speak in exquisite English with a perfect Oxford accent. The same elderly 

September 2008 16


gentleman will finish his days as an ardent Christian. No revolution will convert him into 

either a Buddhist or a socialist.” 

Languages 

The majority language is Burmese, though minority ethnic groups have their own 

languages. 

Many indigenous languages—as distinct from mere dialects—are spoken in 

Burma. The official language of the country is Burmese, spoken by the people of the 

plains and, as a second language, by most people of the hills. During the colonial period, 

English became the official language, but Burmese continued as the primary language in 

all other settings. Both English and Burmese were compulsory subjects in schools and 

colleges. Burmese, Chinese, and Hindi were the languages of commerce. After 

independence English ceased to be the official language, and after the military coup of 

1962 it lost its importance in schools and colleges; an elementary knowledge of English, 

however, is still required, and its instruction is again being encouraged. 

The local languages of Burma belong to three language families. Burmese and 

most of the other languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman subfamily of Sino-Tibetan 

languages. The Shan language belongs to the Tai family. Languages spoken by the Mon 

of southern Burma and by the Wa and Palaung of the Shan Plateau are members of the 

Mon-Khmer subfamily of Austro-Asiatic languages. 

Speakers of Burmese and Mon historically have lived in the plains, while 

speakers of a unique dialect of Burmese (that perhaps retains some archaic features of 

pronunciation) have occupied the Rakhine and Tenasserim coastal plains. The hills were 

inhabited by those speaking Shan, Kachin, Chin, and numerous other languages. In the 

plains the ancient division between northern and southern Burma (Upper Burma and 

Lower Burma, respectively) was based not only on geographic differences but also on a 

linguistic one. The Mon (now a small minority) lived in southern Burma, while the 

majority Burman population lived in the northern dry zone. 

Until colonial times only Burmese, Mon, Shan, and the languages of the ancient 

Pyu kingdom of northern Burma were written. Writing systems for the languages of the 

Karen, Kachin, and Chin peoples were developed later. 

September 2008 17


Land Use 

The area of arable land in Burma during 2005 was 14.92% of the country, with 

permanent crops: 1.31% and other uses: 83.77%. In 2003, there were 18,700 sq km of 

irrigated land. The major agricultural products of Burma are rice, pulses, beans, sesame, 

groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products. 

According to official estimates, about half of Burma remains covered with forests 

or jungles of various types (depending on elevation and the amount of precipitation). 

Even after centuries of rice cultivation involving the clearing of forested areas, large 

tracts of forest remain, but actual coverage may be less than estimated, however. 

Subtropical and temperate forests of oak and pine are found at elevations above 

3,000 feet (900 meters). In the northern mountains, above 6,000 feet (1,800 meters), are 

forests of rhododendrons. Elephants are numerous in Burma, and many are trained for 

work, especially in the timber industries. Tigers, leopards, and wildcats are still common 

in the wild. Some bears are found in the hilly regions, and gibbons and monkeys of 

various kinds inhabit the thicker parts of the forests. 

Tropical evergreen rainforests of hardwood trees occur in areas receiving more 

than 2,000 mm (80 inches) of rain annually. In regions where the rainfall is between 

1,000 and 2,000 mm (40 and 80 inches) are found broad-leaved tropical-deciduous 

monsoon forests, the trees of which shed their leaves during the hot season. They produce 

valuable woods, notably teak. The jungles of Burma are home to a profusion of birdlife, 

including grouse, pheasants, parrots, peafowl and other wild fowl. The Asian two-horned 

rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), the wild water buffalo, the gaur (a species of wild 

cattle), and various kinds of deer were once plentiful but they are now reduced in number 

and are protected. 

Where rainfall is less than 40 inches, the forests gradually open into scrubland. 

There are no true grasslands in Burma, but bamboo, bracken (ferns), and coarse grass 

grow in areas where the forest has been cleared and then abandoned. 

Snakes include pythons, cobras, and vipers, and crocodiles are found in the deltas. 

Turtles live in coastal regions, and edible fish abound in every stream. 

The country of Burma can be divided into three distinct agricultural regions: the 

Irrawaddy river delta, where cultivation of rice in flooded paddies predominates; the 

largely irrigated dry zone, an area primarily of rice production but where a wide variety 

of other crops also are raised; and the hill and plateau regions, where forestry and 

cultivation of rice and other crops through shifting agriculture are most important. 

Delta 

The delta’s traditional agriculture consisted primarily of rice in normal years, with 

the substitution of millet in drier years or when there was insufficient moisture for rice. 

Both millet and rice yielded good returns on the alluvial soils. 

Although the dry zone was Burma’s most important agricultural region in the 

past, the rice production of the Irrawaddy River delta now provides much of the country’s 

export earnings and the staple diet of the country’s people. In the Irrawaddy and Sittang 

river deltas are also found tidal forests of mangrove trees that grow as high as 30 meters 

(100 feet) and these trees supply firewood and bark for tanning. 

September 2008 18


The lowland regions are covered with alluvial soils- mainly silt and clay. Low in 

nutrients and organic matter, the planted soils are improved by fertilizers. Burma’s richest 

soils are found in a narrow alluvial strip along the Bay of Bengal, where mountain 

streams irrigate the land in the wide Irrawaddy and Sittang river valleys. These deep soil 

deposits form a vast, fertile belt especially suitable for rice cultivation because of the 

abundant moisture. 

Dry Zone 

The Dry Zone covers approximately 8,718,898 hectares or about 13% of the 

country's total land area, and is situated in the lower Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway 

Divisions. Based on mean annual precipitation rates the Dry Zone covers 13 

administrative districts and 57 townships. The topography is generally undulating. Most 

of the local streams are dry for much of the year with water flow is usually limited to the 

rainy periods. 

Crops grown in the dry zone, in addition to rice and millet, include sugarcane, 

fruits (such as plantains), legumes, peanuts or groundnuts, maize, onions, sesame, rubber, 

and allspice. To cultivate much of this land successfully, however, irrigation is required. 

The earliest known irrigation works were constructed in the 1st century and 

greatly improved during the 11th century. Although the irrigation system maintenance 

lapsed somewhat after the fall of the monarchy in the late 19th century, many of the 

ditches and streams are still in active service. As in the delta, the arrival of the British in 

the dry zone led to increased commercial and public-works activities. British authorities 

repaired and extended parts of these ancient systems during the early 20th century. Most 

of Burma’s irrigated land is in the dry zone, and almost all of it is planted in rice. The 

portions of the dry zone that are not irrigated are utilized for the production of crops that 

are less sensitive to the seasonality or irregularity of rainfall than rice. In addition to the 

crops mentioned above, cotton and millet are cultivated, although neither is of 

considerable significance. Cattle also are raised there. 

The Dry Zone townships are characterized by clay, sandy loam and sandy soils 

that include gravel. The soils clearly vary with topography. According to soil survey data, 

all soil series in the Dry Zone have low fertility and have declining organic matter levels. 

Potassium levels are also low for agriculture. Nitrogen is required for all non-legume 

crops on all soil types. This also suggests the consistent low organic matter level in the 

soil. 

The soil moisture holding capacity of the soils of the Dry Zone are low and with 

the high level of evapotranspiration, impacts agriculture. This lack of moisture in the 

ground constitutes a major constraint to crop growth during periods of inadequate 

rainfall, such as in June and July. Farm management practices that conserve soil moisture 

or increase the water holding capacity of the soils are being practiced to help take 

advantage of the full growing season. Hard pan formation is common to all the upland 

areas. 

In the dry belt of the central region are found red-brown soils rich in calcium and 

magnesium. In the same region, however, when the soil has a low clay content, and it 

becomes saline under high evaporation that is recognizable by its yellow or brown color. 

Soil erosion is a serious problem and in some places in the Dry Zone the soil has 

been almost completely removed by water and wind erosion. Soil erosion is particularly 

September 2008 19


severe in the upland areas of Kyaukpadaung and Chaung U, largely as a result of the high 

intensity of rainfall and rapid surface runoff. Moreover, since most of the soil in these 

areas is moderately textured with a slope ranging from 5-15%, the erodibility of the soil 

is also high. In Chaung U, the most severe erosion occurs in the upland areas. In contrast, 

the incidence of soil erosion in the foot plain is lower. Sheet and rill erosion and vertical 

dissection are widespread, resulting in an uneven topography. 

In Magway, because of the sandy topsoil there is also a high level of erosion. The 

susceptibility of the soil to erosion is compounded by the high level of rainfall occurring 

over short periods. Wind erosion is a particularly severe problem while sheet and gully 

erosion are largely confined to wasteland areas. Soil erosion and land degradation are the 

two components responsible for declining production potential. 

Hill and Plateau Country 

The third agricultural zone, the hill and plateau country, occupies perhaps twothirds 

of the area of Burma. This land has less economic significance than the other two 

zones; it is the home of many of the country’s non-Burman ethnic groups, most of whom 

are engaged in shifting cultivation. More-sedentary modes of agriculture also exist, 

however, and have been imposed with the advance of agricultural technology, increased 

population, and central planning. 

The highland regions of Burma are covered with highly leached, iron-rich, dark 

red and reddish brown soils. When protected by forest cover, these soils absorb the 

region’s heavy rain, but they erode quickly once the forest cover has been cleared. 

Outside the forest areas of these highlands, the principal crops raised are rice, yams, and 

millet, and large numbers of pigs and poultry are kept. Bullocks and buffalo are used as 

draft animals, and goats, pigs, and poultry are raised for food in all parts of the country. 

September 2008 20


Myanmar Dominant Soils. Geographical distribution of 10 dominant 

soil types in Myanmar. Map created by FAO/NRL from Harmonized 

World Soil Database (HWSD) – FAO 

September 2008 21


Economy 

Burma is one of the poorest nations in southeastern Asia, suffering from decades 

of stagnation, mismanagement and isolation. Burma's GDP grows at an average rate of 

2.9% annually – the lowest rate of economic growth in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. 

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing together constitute the largest contributor to 

Burma’s economy. About half of all agricultural land in Burma is devoted to rice, and to 

increase production the government has promoted multiple cropping (sequential 

cultivation of two or more crops on a single piece of land in a single year), a system that 

is easily supported by the country’s climate. As a whole, the sector accounts for nearly 

one-half of the country’s gross domestic product and employs about two-thirds of the 

labor force. 

The second most important element in the diet, after rice, is fish, either fresh fish 

or in the form of ngapi, a sort of nutritional paste that is prepared in a variety of ways and 

eaten as a condiment. Marine fisheries are not well developed, although the industry’s 

reported commercial catch is much greater than that reported from inland waters. Much 

private, noncommercial fishing is provided, however, in virtually every type of 

permanent, seasonal, or artificial body of inland water of any size. Non-indigenous fish, 

including the European carp and the tilapia, originally brought from Thailand, have 

become the focus of a growing aquaculture industry. 

Under British administration and until the early 1960s, Burma was the wealthiest 

country in Southeast Asia. It was once the world's largest exporter of rice. After Burma 

was officially annexed to British India in 1886, however, colonial policy called for a 

more commercially oriented and more extensive cultivation of rice. Since the indigenous 

labor force was thought to be insufficient to support the colonial export economy, the 

immigration of Indian and Chinese laborers into Burma was officially encouraged during 

the early decades of the 20th century. Despite the departure of much of the immigrant 

labor force and the relatively low growth in rice production after World War II, rice 

remained both the basic food and, until the 1990s (when it was overtaken by dry beans), 

the principal agricultural export of Burma. 

Also during the British administration, Burma supplied oil through the Burmah 

Oil Company. Burma also had a wealth of natural and labor resources. It produced 75% 

of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The country was believed to be 

on the fast track to development. 

After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister U Nu 

attempted to make Burma a welfare state. His administration adopted the Two-Year 

Economic Development Plan, which was a failure. The 1962 coup d’état was followed by 

an economic scheme called the “Burmese Way to Socialism”, a plan to nationalize all 

industries, with the exception of agriculture. In 1989, the Burmese government began 

decentralizing economic control. It has since liberalized certain sectors of the economy, 

although lucrative industries of gems, oil and forestry remain heavily regulated. These 

industries have recently been exploited by foreign corporations and governments which 

have partnered with the local government to gain access to Burma's natural resources. 

The major occupations in Burma are in agricultural processing; wood and wood 

products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; 

fertilizer; natural gas; garments, jade and gems. The labor force in 2001 was 70% in 

agriculture; 7% in industry and 23% in services. 

September 2008 22


Transportation 

Airports. There are 86 airports in Burma in 2007. There are 25 airports with paved 

runways over 3,047 meters long; 8 airports with paved runways from 2,438 to 3,047 

meters long; 10 airports with paved runways from 1,524 to 2,437 meters long; 5 airports 

with paved runways from 914 to 1,523 meters long and one airport that has a runway that 

is under 914 meters long. 

Airports with unpaved runways total 61. Airports with unpaved runways over 

3,047 m: 1; airports 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14; airports 914 to 1,523 m: 14; and those airports 

with unpaved runways under 914 m: 32. 

In 2007, there were four heliports listed in Burma. The state-run Burma Airways 

International runs frequent domestic flights between Yangon and other cities; it also has 

international service from Yangon to several major Southeast Asian cities. There are also 

small privately owned airlines that offer domestic and very limited international service. 

International airports are located only in Yangon and Mandalay. 

Railroads in Burma are old and rudimentary, with inadequate and few repairs 

since their construction in the late nineteenth century. Railways total 3,955 km of narrow 

gauge track and 3,955 km of 1.000-m gauge in 2006. 

The first railway line, running from Yangon to Pyay (Prome) and built in 1877, 

followed the route of the Irrawaddy River valley. The line was not extended to Mandalay; 

instead, after 1886 a new railway from Yangon up the Sittang valley was constructed, 

meeting the Irrawaddy at Mandalay. From Mandalay it crossed the river and, avoiding 

the Irrawaddy valley, went up the Mu River valley to connect with the Irrawaddy again at 

Myitkyina. A short branch line railroad now connects Naba to Katha on the Irrawaddy 

below Bhamo. 

The Yangon-Mandalay-Myitkyina railway is the main artery, and from it there are 

branch lines connecting the northern and central Shan Plateau with the Irrawaddy. Other 

branches run from Pyinmana across the Bago Mountains to Kyaukpadaung and from 

Bago to Mawlamyine to Ye. The Pyay-Yangon railway has a branch crossing the apex of 

the delta to Hinthada and Pathein (Bassein). 

Roads and highways are normally unpaved, except in the major cities. About 78 

percent of the main roads are paved, with about two-thirds of the roads constructed of 

gravel, and the rest passable most easily only by jeep or ox cart. In 2005, there were a 

total of 27,000 km of roadways in Burma, of which 3,200 km are paved and 23,800 km 

are unpaved. 

The road system, until independence, was confined to the Irrawaddy and Sittang 

valleys, and effectively duplicated the railway route. There are extensive road links and 

several bridge links with Thailand and China. A road goes from Pyay along the 

Irrawaddy to the oil fields, and many other roads extend into the rural areas. 

These rural roads, however, are often impassable during the wet season. In the 

1990s the government focused considerable energy on reconstructing roads, often with 

volunteer or forced labor. There were originally three international roads in use during 

World War II: the Burma Road from Lashio to Kunming in China; the Stilwell, or Ledo, 

Road between Myitkyina and Ledo in India; and the road between Kengtung, in the 

southeastern Shan Plateau, and northern Thailand. The Burma Road, which extended 

September 2008 23


from northeast of Mandalay into China, played an important role in World War II. These 

roads subsequently became neglected but more recently have been rebuilt and extended. 

There are about 12,800 km (2007) of waterways in Burma. In 2008, the merchant 

marine in Burma has a total of 27 registered ships (1000 GRT 3 or over) 170,403 GRT and 

211,739 DWT 4 ; by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 19, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, 

specialized tanker 1; foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 2, Japan 1). 

The long coastline and numerous islands in Burma provide several good harbors. 

Small steamers and country boats also serve the coasts of the Rakhine and Tenasserim 

regions. The major ports and terminals are: Moulmein, Yangon and Sittwe. Yangon, as 

the terminus of road, rail, and river-transport systems, is the country’s major port, with 

up-to-date equipment and facilities. Pathein, Mawlamyine, and Sittwe are also important 

ports. 

Bibliography and Sources of Citations 

This bibliography on the geology, geography and earth sciences of Burma was 

gathered from a variety of different abstracting, bibliographical and cartographical 

resources. They include 592 citations from agriculture, botany, engineering, geology, 

geography, medical, military science, soils, transportation and other subject resources. 

These citation resources are provided by a number of scientific societies, such as the 

American Geographical Society; from government resources, such as the Defense 

Technical Information Center; non-governmental organizations such as the United 

Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); and from commercial databanks 

such as GeoRef, WorldCat and GeoBase. Many unique citations were collected from the 

catalogs and resources of major research libraries, such as the Library of Congress and 

the US Geological Survey Library. 

Within this bibliography, the article retrieval information is given as much as 

possible. These include specific ISSN, ISBN, OCLC and Library of Congress numbers 

that allow the electronic borrowing or copying of these items through library networks. 

Alternately, the citations also include information on acquiring these items through 

document delivery companies and commercial services. Very often, scientific 

publications in less developed countries are not published in large numbers, and it is very 

difficult to retrieve reports or maps more than even a few years old. This bibliography is 

intended to be a resource for those scientific citations on Burma that can still be retrieved. 

Also included, when possible, are the addresses and contact information of the 

journal authors. Many of these experts could be reached as needed during the crisis for 

additional information and support. 

Within these citations are many variations in spelling and place names. Many 

scientific and cartographic investigations were done in various local languages, and the 

languages of neighboring countries. Thus, the same name may be spelled differently 

3 Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal volume of a vessel, with some exemptions for 

non-productive spaces such as crew quarters; 1 gross register ton is equal to a volume of 100 cubic feet 

(2.83 m³), which volume, if filled with water, would weigh around 2,800 kg or 2.8 tons. 

4 Deadweight (often abbreviated as DWT for deadweight tons) is the displacement at any loaded condition 

minus the lightship weight. It includes the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, water, and stores. Like 

Displacement, it is often expressed either in long tons or in metric tons. 

September 2008 24


according to the language(s) used. Variations on single and doubled consonants 

(geminated consonants) and single and doubled vowels (diphthongs) are common. 

Rangoon and Yangon are variations on the name of the same city. The river 

Irrawaddy can be spelled Irrawaddi, Arrawadi, Ayeyarwady etc., according to the 

language used. So any search for authors, place names and locations in this bibliography 

should take into account spelling variations. 

Abbreviations and links to resources used: 

(All links and URLs in this bibliography are current as of August 2008) 

AGI: American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA. See: www.agiweb.org. The 

AGI also has a document delivery service. They say, “When you see a document or map 

cited in the GeoRef database you can simply order a copy from the GeoRef Document 

Delivery Service. We provide copies of earth-science documents available in the U.S. 

Geological Survey Library in Reston, VA, the Library of Congress, the AGI Library, and 

through an international network of exchange partners including organizations in 

Germany, China, and the Russian Federation.” The document delivery service is found 

at: http://www.agiweb.org/georef/dds/index.html. 

AGS: American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin, 

Milwaukee Campus. See: http://www.amergeog.org 

AS&T: Applied Science & Technology from H.W. Wilson is a bibliographic 

database that indexes articles of at least one column in length. English-language 

periodicals published in the United States and elsewhere are covered; non-English 

language articles are included if English abstracts are provided. Periodical coverage 

includes trade and industrial publications, journals issued by professional and technical 

societies, and specialized subject periodicals, as well as special issues such as buyers' 

guides, directories, and conference proceedings. See: 

http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/applieds.htm#Abstracts 

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts Input to ASFA is provided by a 

growing international network of information centers monitoring more than 5,000 serial 

publications, books, reports, conference proceedings, translations, and limited 

distribution literature. ASFA is a component of the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries 

Information System (ASFIS), formed by four United Nations agency sponsors of ASFA 

and a network of international and national partners. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries 

Abstracts are produced by CSA under contract to FAO. See: http://www.csa.com/ 

British Library: The British Library Document Supply Service can supply many 

of the article citations and reports given in this bibliography, especially those maps and 

other materials owned by the British Library. See: 

http://www.bl.uk/services/document/dsc.html 

CISTI: Canada Institute of Scientific and Technical Information. This is a 

Canadian document supply service for scientific and technical literature. “Through 

Global Service, CISTI can obtain any document for you, from anywhere in the world. 

Most documents are supplied within four weeks. You can specify the level of service you 

prefer at the time of ordering by choosing the appropriate line from the drop down menu 

on any of the CISTI order forms.” See: http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ 

CSA Technology Research Database: This comprehensive database provides a 

single mega-file of all the unique records available through its 3 components: the CSA 

September 2008 25


Materials Research Database with METADEX, CSA High Technology Research 

Database with Aerospace, and the CSA Engineering Research Database. The database 

content represents the most comprehensive and current coverage of the relevant serial and 

non-serial literature available. Sources covered include over 4,000 periodicals, 

conference proceedings, technical reports, trade journal/newsletter items, patents, books, 

and press releases. See: http://www.csa.com/ 

DTIC: Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA. See: 

www.dtic.mil 

ESPM: The CSA Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management database 

offers access to the international literature in the environmental sciences. Abstracts and 

citations are drawn from over 6000 serials including scientific journals, conference 

proceedings, reports, monographs, books and government publications. See: 

http://www.csa.com/ 

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization Library, United Nations, Rome, Italy. 

See: www.fao.org 

GeoBase: GEOBASE is a unique multidisciplinary database supplying 

bibliographic information and abstracts for development studies, the Earth sciences, 

ecology, geomechanics, human geography, and oceanography. The database provides 

current coverage of almost 2,000 international journals, including both peer-reviewed 

titles and trade publications, and provides archival coverage of several thousand 

additional journal titles and books. GEOBASE is unequalled in its coverage of 

international literature of the core scientific and technical periodicals. Papers are selected, 

read, and classified using a unique classification scheme that is versatile and updated 

annually to adapt coverage to current research trends. The material covered includes 

refereed scientific papers; trade journal and magazine articles, product reviews, 

directories and any other relevant material. GEOBASE has a unique coverage of non- 

English language and less readily available publications including books, conference 

proceedings and reports, making this the best resource available for multidisciplinary 

searches of international literature. The content crosses over subject, language, and 

cultural boundaries, providing a unique research tool to users. All material in GEOBASE 

is also available as print in the following Elsevier/Geo Abstracts journals: Geographical 

Abstracts, Physical Geography, Human Geography, Geological Abstracts, Ecological 

Abstracts, International Development Abstracts and Oceanographic Literature Review, 

Geomechanics Abstracts. See: www.elsevier.com 

GeoRef: see: American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, listed above. The 

American Geological Institute not only identified materials for the abstracting database, 

GeoRef, but also locates and supplies materials as a document delivery service. See: 

www.agiweb.org 

ISBN: International Standard Book Number. This unique number can be used to 

identify and locate library holdings of a particular book or report title. See: 

http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/index.asp 

ISSN: International Standard Serial Number. This unique number can be used to 

locate libraries which have subscriptions to this journal, magazine or serial. See: 

http://www.issn.org/ 

Library of Congress Control Number – LCCN: This is a unique number applied 

by the Library of Congress to identify individual publications. This number can be used 

September 2008 26


to identify copies of this item in libraries held in the US and abroad. See: 

http://www.loc.gov/marc/lccn_structure.html 

LC or LOC: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, 

DC. The Geography and Map Division has the largest collection in the world, with 5.4 

million maps, 75,000 atlases, 500 globes, 3,000 three-dimensional objects and thousands 

of digital files. Recently, the Library of Congress has digitally scanned and mounted its 

10,000 th map online. See: http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/ 

Linda Hall Library: “Our Document Delivery Services Department allows 

students, researchers, and businesses to request copies of journal articles, conference 

proceedings, historical documents, or many other documents housed at the Linda Hall 

Library. We are committed to filling every in-scope, properly cited request within 24-48 

hours. Requests are processed during the local working hours of 8 am – 5 pm, U. S. 

Central Time, Monday through Friday. Our fee is a cost recovery fee intended to support 

a strong collection and dedicated services.“ See: 

http://www.lhl.lib.mo.us/services/document_delivery/index.shtml 

Northwestern University Transportation Library: The Transportation Library was 

founded in 1958 to support the curricula and research programs of the Transportation 

Center and the Center for Public Safety of Northwestern University, including the School 

of Police Staff and Command. Containing over 400,000 items, the Transportation Library 

of Northwestern University is one of the largest transportation information centers in the 

world, encompassing information on all transportation modalities, including: air, rail, 

highway, pipeline, water, urban transport and logistics. Its collection of environmental 

impact statements is one of the most complete in the world. See: 

http://www.library.northwestern.edu/transportation/ 

NTIS: National Technical Information Service, Alexandria, VA. See: 

www.ntis.gov 

OA: Oceanic Abstracts. For over 32 years, Oceanic Abstracts from Cambridge 

Scientific Abstracts has been focused exclusively on worldwide technical literature 

pertaining to the marine and brackish-water environment. The journal has long been 

recognized as a leading source of information on topics relating to oceans. It focuses on 

and is totally comprehensive in its coverage of marine biology and physical 

oceanography, fisheries, aquaculture, non-living resources, meteorology and geology, 

plus environmental, technological, and legislative topics. See: 

http://www.csa.com/factsheets/oceanic-set-c.php 

OCLC: Founded in 1967, OCLC Online Computer Library Center is a nonprofit, 

membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public 

purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. 

More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC 

services to locate, acquire, catalog, lend and preserve library materials. Researchers, 

students, faculty, scholars, professional librarians and other information seekers use 

OCLC services to obtain bibliographic, abstract and full-text information when and 

where they need it. See: http://www.oclc.org/ or their free service at: www.worldcat.org 

SWRA: Selected Water Resources Abstracts (1967-94). SWRA provides more 

than 271,138 abstracts compiled by the Water Resources Scientific Information Center 

(WRSIC) of the USGS. SWRA provides thorough coverage of worldwide technical 

literature across the life, physical, and social-science aspects of water resources as well as 

September 2008 27


U.S. Government documents produced by the USGS's many research facilities. Records 

are drawn from journals, monographs, conference proceedings, reports, court cases, and 

other federal and state publications. SWRA, and now Water Resources Abstracts, are your 

best sources for issues pertaining to groundwater, water quality, water planning, and 

water law and rights. 

TRIS: TRIS is a bibliographic database funded by sponsors of the Transportation 

Research Board (TRB), primarily the state departments of transportation and selected 

federal transportation agencies. TRIS Online is hosted by the National Transportation 

Library under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

and TRB. See: http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do 

UN: United Nations Library, New York, NY. See: www.un.org 

USGS: US Geological Survey Library, Reston, VA. See: www.usgs.gov/library 

University of Texas at Austin. Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection: “Many 

of these maps have been scanned and are available for downloading and other uses.” See: 

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ 

WorldCat: Among other things, this a free database from OCLC showing local 

library holdings of desired publications. See: http://www.worldcat.org/ 

September 2008 28


Bibliography 

Adamson, P. 2001. “Hydrological Perspectives of the Lower Mekong.” 

Int. Water Power Dam Constr. Mar. Volume 53, Issue 3, Pages 16-21. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Catchment area; Catchment areas; 

Dry season; Hydroelectric Power; Hydrology; International waters; 

Policies; Potential resources; Resource development; River Flow; 

Rivers; Seasonal Variations; Seasons; Stream flow; Streams (in 

natural channels); Water reservoirs; Water resources; Watersheds; 

Article Geographic Terms: Cambodia; China, People's Rep. China, 

People's Rep., Lancang Jiang R. Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China, 

People's Rep., Mekong R. Notes: TR: CS0635532. Abstract: Regulation 

of the downstream flow regime, defined as some degree of denaturalisation 

of the seasonal flow pattern by reallocating water from 

the wet to the dry season, is often perceived to be one of the adverse 

impacts of reservoir development. If the resource development does 

not involve the consumptive use of water or its diversion out of the 

catchment, and if the focus is directed at the broad seasonal 

characteristics of the regulated flow regime and not at the detailed 

consequences of operational policy, then it is reasonably 

straightforward to describe a simple quantitative measure of the 

potential degree of flow modification. It is anticipated, from the 

information that is available, that the development of reservoir storage 

for hydro power generation on the Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) in 

Yunnan, China, fits into this simpler non-consumptive category of 

water resource development and that the major hydrological impact 

will be a decrease in the characteristic amplitude of the seasonal cycle 

of flow in the lower basin. The Lower Mekong system is defined as that 

portion of the total catchment which drains parts of Lao PDR, 

Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam. Database: ASFA: Aquatic 

Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 0306-400X. 

Agrawal, P. N. 1972. “Structural Response Results during July 29, 

1970 Earthquake in Burma-India Border Region.” Bulletin of the 

Seismological Society of America. Seismological Society of America: El 

Cerrito, CA, USA. Feb. Volume 62, Issue 1, Pages 101-114. 

Descriptors: Response spectra; Fault planes; Burma-India border 

September 2008 29


earthquake; July 29; 1970; Earthquake Damage. Abstract: The data 

from the structural response recorder installation during the July 29, 

1970, earthquake in the Burma-India border region have been 

interpreted in terms of structural response results. These results 

suggest the possibility of dependence of the nature of the response 

spectrum curves on the azimuth of recording. The strike of the fault 

plane, determined on the basis of the direction of the maximum 

recorded amplitudes, coincides with the local structural trend and is in 

conformity with the fault-plane solutions for some previous 

earthquakes in the region. Database: Earthquake Engineering 

Abstracts. ISSN: 0037-1106. 

Ahmad, Nafis. 1971. Economic Resources of the Union of Burma. US 

Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachusetts. Earth Sciences 

Laboratory. Technical Report 71-61-ES. Description: xii, 307 p. maps. 

27 cm. May 1971. Descriptors: Burma- Economic conditions- 1948. 

Burma- Social conditions. Report Date: May 1971. Report 

Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) The report presents an indepth 

study of the economic geography of Burma. It discusses the 

historical background of the country, its economy to 1967, a 

consideration of the population distribution and of the various tribal 

and racial groups, and its physical base of geology and 

geomorphology, climate, vegetation, forests and soils. One section 

examines the agriculture and mineral resources and another the 

industries, transportation, trade and commerce. A final chapter 

analyzes and evaluates economic development in Burma, and 

especially the economic programs and policies which were formulated 

in the early years of independence from colonial status. Distribution 

Statement: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

OCLC: 1675994. DTIC Accession Number: AD0748834. Url: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD748834 

Aiken, S. Robert, Frost, David B. and Leigh, Colin H. 1980. “Dengue 

Hemorrhagic Fever and Rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia: Some 

Suggested Relationships.” Social Science & Medicine. Part D: Medical 

Geography,. 9. Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 307-316. Abstract: Dengue 

hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral disease which has spread 

throughout Southeast Asia over the past 25 years. Ae. aegypti is the 

main vector of the disease. The location of DHF outbreaks, the number 

of infected individuals, and the diffusion of the disease are related to 

September 2008 30


several socio-economic, environmental and host factors. A number of 

writers have discussed the relationships between DHF outbreaks and 

rainfall in different parts of Southeast Asia. A review of the literature 

suggests that there are positive correlations between the two variables 

in Burma, Thailand and the Philippines, all of which have one wet 

season and prolonged “dry periods”, but that the relationships in 

countries closer to the equator, such as Peninsular Malaysia and 

Singapore, where there are two wet seasons, are unclear. In two case 

studies of Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 

1973–1977, the relationships between DHF cases and moisture 

surpluses and deficits, the latter derived from Thornthwaite's method 

for calculating the water balance, are investigated on a monthly basis. 

It is shown that there is an increase in DHF cases following the March 

to May wet season and that the size of the increase is positively 

related to the size of the moisture surplus. The importance of moisture 

deficits is also underscored. There is, however, an apparent lack of 

association between DHF cases and rainfall during the second wet 

season, September–November, of each year. It is suggested that 

relationships between DHF and rainfall should be sought for a 

sequence of years, and that investigations must be based on a more 

sophisticated measure of moisture availability than raw monthly 

rainfall data. Topics for further research are outlined. 

Air Force Combat Climatology Center Scott AFB IL; Taxler, Kathleen M. 

Donahue, Christopher A. Edwards, Michelle E. Cloys, Kenneth P. and 

Walters, Kenneth R.,Sr. 1997. “Southeast Asia-A Climatological 

Study.” MAY. Descriptors: Climatology; Southeast Asia; Control; 

Clouds; Weather; Hazards; Wind; Precipitation; Visibility; Climate; 

Meteorology; Geography; Vietnam; Thailand; Commonality; Seasons; 

Cambodia; Laos; Malaysia; Trafficability. Abstract: A climatological 

study of southeast Asia, a region that comprises Cambodia, Laos, 

Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. After describing the 

geography and major meteorological features of the entire region, the 

study discusses in detail the climatic controls of each of southeast Asia 

5 six zones of climatic commonality.” Each “season” is defined and 

discussed in considerable detail, to include general weather, clouds, 

visibility, winds, precipitation, temperature, hazards, and trafficability. 

September 2008 31


Notes: Distribution Statement: Approved for public release. DTIC 

Accession Number: ADA383372. ADA286960. ADA286962. URL: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA286960 and 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA286962. 

Akaishi, F., Satake, M., Otaki, M. and Tominaga, N. 2006. “Surface 

Water Quality and Information about the Environment Surrounding 

Inle Lake in Myanmar.” Limnology. Apr. Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 57- 

62. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Alkalinity; Anions; Bacteria; 

Calcium; Cations; Coliforms; Laboratories; Lakes; Limestone; 

Limnology; Surface Water; Water Quality; agriculture; culture; 

plateaus; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: Inle Lake is 

the second largest lake in Myanmar and one of the nine key sites for 

sightseeing there. An analysis of its water quality has not been 

published before. The objective of this study is to reveal the current 

situation and find any major problems with the lake. For this purpose, 

the natural and cultural environments were examined. Some physical 

and chemical aspects of the surface water were assayed in situ for 2 

days in November 2004. The principal ions were analyzed in our 

laboratory. The main cation and anion species in the lake surface 

water are Ca super(2+) and HCO super(-) sub(3). Its high calcium 

content can be attributed to the limestone of Shan Plateau around the 

lake. The alkalinity of the lake water was 3829-4114 acid-neutralizing 

capacity (ANC) (pH 7.8-8.0); it can be attenuated by Ca super(2+). 

The concentrations of PO sub(4)-P, NO sub(2)-N, and NO sub(3)-N 

were relatively high; these could originate from domestic and 

agriculture uses. The trophic state is eutrophic. The concentrations of 

coliform bacteria indicated that the lake water was unfit to drink, but 

some people use it for drinking anyway. The bacteria could enter the 

lake through the direct latrine system used there. The thermal type of 

the lake is presumed to be warm polymictic. More extensive studies 

are needed because the lake is thought to be the most changing site in 

Myanmar as a result of both the tourism boom and increasing 

agricultural activity. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution 

Mgmt. ISSN: 1439-8621. 

September 2008 32


Aki, Koichi and Berthelot, R. 1974. “Hydrology of Humid Tropical Asia.” 

UNESCO, Nat. Resour. Res. Ser. Volume 12, Pages 145-158. 

Descriptors: abundance; Asia; Bangladesh; Brahmaputra River; 

Burma; conservation; data processing; discharge; Far East; floods; 

Ganges River; hydrogeology; hydrology; India; Indian Peninsula; 

Indochina; mathematical models; Mekong River; models; Mu River; 

Nam Pung; precipitation; programs; regional; rivers and streams; 

southeast; surface waters; Thailand; Tibet; utilization; Vietnam; 

volume; water resources. Notes: NRSRAV; Short separate note on 

application of computer model to specific reclamation problem; FE: 

illus. incl. tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Alam, M., Chowdhury, M. L. R., Gani, M. R., Alam, M. M. and Curray 

J.R. Affiliation: M.M. Alam, Department of Geology, University of 

Dhaka, Dhaka 1000 Country: Bangladesh Email:,mmalam@bdcom.com. 

2003. “An Overview of the Sedimentary 

Geology of the Bengal Basin in Relation to the Regional Tectonic 

Framework and Basin-Fill History.” Sediment. Geol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. 

All rights reserved.: 01 FEB. Volume 155, Issue 3-4, Pages 179-208 

Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Regional structure and 

tectonics; paleogeography; continental collision; basin fill; 

sedimentation; depositional environment; stratigraphy; basin 

evolution; tectonic evolution. Notes: References: Number: 117; 

Geographic: India- Bengal Basin Bay of Bengal. Abstract: The Bengal 

Basin in the northeastern part of Indian subcontinent, between the 

Indian Shield and Indo-Burman Ranges, comprises three geo-tectonic 

provinces: (1) The Stable Shelf; (2) The Central Deep Basin 

(extending from the Sylhet Trough in the northeast towards the Hatia 

Trough in the south); and (3) The Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. Due to 

location of the basin at the juncture of three interacting plates, viz., 

the Indian, Burma and Tibetan (Eurasian) Plates, the basin-fill history 

of these geotectonic provinces varied considerably. Precambrian 

metasediments and Permian-Carboniferous rocks have been 

encountered only in drill holes in the stable shelf province. After 

Precambrian peneplanation of the Indian Shield, sedimentation in the 

Bengal Basin started in isolated graben-controlled basins on the 

September 2008 33


basement. With the breakup of Gondwanaland in the Jurassic and 

Cretaceous, and northward movement of the Indian Plate, the basin 

started down warping in the Early Cretaceous and sedimentation 

started on the stable shelf and deep basin; and since then 

sedimentation has been continuous for most of the basin. Subsidence 

of the basin can be attributed to differential adjustments of the crust, 

collision with the various elements of south Asia, and uplift of the 

eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burman Ranges. Movements along 

several well-established faults were initiated following the breakup of 

Gondwanaland and during down warping in the Cretaceous. By 

Eocene, because of a major marine transgression, the stable shelf 

came under a carbonate regime, whereas the deep basinal area was 

dominated by deep-water sedimentation. A major switch in 

sedimentation pattern over the Bengal Basin occurred during the 

Middle Eocene to Early Miocene as a result of collision of India with the 

Burma and Tibetan Blocks. The influx of clastic sediment into the basin 

from the Himalayas to the north and the Indo-Burman Ranges to the 

east rapidly increased at this time; and this was followed by an 

increase in the rate of subsidence of the basin. At this stage, deep 

marine sedimentation dominated in the deep basinal part, while deep 

to shallow marine conditions prevailed in the eastern part of the basin. 

By Middle Miocene, with continuing collision events between the plates 

and uplift in the Himalayas and Indo-Burman Ranges, a huge influx of 

clastic sediments came into the basin from the northeast and east. 

Throughout the Miocene, the depositional settings continued to vary 

from deep marine in the basin to shallow and coastal marine in the 

marginal parts of the basin. From Pliocene onwards, large amounts of 

sediment were filling the Bengal Basin from the west and northwest; 

and major delta building processes continued to develop the presentday 

delta morphology. Since the Cretaceous, architecture of the 

Bengal Basin has been changing due to the collision pattern and 

movements of the major plates in the region. However, three notable 

changes in basin configuration can be recognized that occurred during 

Early Eocene, Middle Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene times, when both 

the paleogeographic settings and source areas changed. The present 

basin configuration with the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system on the 

north and the Bengal Deep Sea Fan on the south was established 

September 2008 34


during the later part of Pliocene and Pleistocene; and delta 

progradation since then has been strongly affected by orogeny in the 

eastern Himalayas. Pleistocene glacial activities in the north 

accompanied sea level changes in the Bay of Bengal. ISSN: 0037- 

0738. 

Albritton, Robert B. 2001. “The Mekong River and the Struggle for 

Indochina: Water, War, and Peace.” PJAS. Volume 36, Issue 3, Pages 

310-311. Descriptors: Nonfiction; Rivers; War; Water supply; History; 

Politics; Geography; Economics. Notes: Geographic: China Burma Laos 

Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Mekong River. Abstract: “The Mekong 

River and the Struggle for Indochina: Water, War, and Peace” by 

Nguyen Thi Dieu is reviewed. ISSN/ISBN: 0021-9096. 

Alexander, John B. and Henry R Norman. 1958. “Irrawaddy River 

System of Burma.” Reprinted from the Journal of the Waterways and 

Harbors Divsion, Proceedings of the ASCE, vol. 84, no. WW4. 19 

pages, photos, maps, tables. OCLC: 82439465. 

Alfaro, M. E., Sellins, S. L., Karns, D. R., Voris, H. K. and Abernathy E. 

Affiliation: H.K. Voris, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural 

History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 Country: United 

States E-mail:,hvoris@fieldmuseum.org. 2004. “Phylogeny of Cerberus 

(Serpentes: Homalopsinae) and Phylogeography of Cerberus 

Rynchops: Diversification of a Coastal Marine Snake in Southeast 

Asia.” J. Biogeogr. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 31, 

Issue 8, Pages 1277-1292 Additional Info: United Kingdom. 

Descriptors: Evolution and Speciation; plate tectonics; evolution; 

snake; phylogeography; phylogeny Species Term: Cerberus rynchops; 

Cerberus australis; Cerberus microlepis; Homalopsis buccata; Bitia 

hydroides; Enhydris enhydris; Enhydris plumbea. Notes: References: 

Number: 87; Geographic: Viet Nam Singapore [Southeast Asia] 

Australia Sulawesi Sumatra Thailand India Andamans Philippines 

Borneo Myanmar Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Australasia South Asia 

Indian Ocean islands Asia Indian Ocean. Abstract: Aim: The 

biogeography of Southeast Asia has been greatly affected by plate 

tectonic events over the last 10 Myr and changing sea levels during 

the Quaternary. We investigated how these events may have 

September 2008 35


influenced the evolution of Cerberus Cuvier, a marine coastal snake 

belonging to the Homalopsinae (Oriental-Australian Rear-fanged Water 

Snakes). This study is an expansion of a previous study on the 

biogeography and systematics of Cerberus. Location: We obtained 

species from localities across the range of the widely distributed 

Cerberus: India, Sri Lanka, the Andaman islands, Myanmar, the 

Philippines, Borneo, Suluwesi, Sumatra, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore 

and Australia. Methods: We analysed mtDNA sequences (12S, ND3, 

ATPase, 2338 nucleotide characters) from 21 localities. The sample 

consisted of 65 Cerberus rynchops (Schneider), three Cerberus 

australis (Gray) and four Cerberus microlepis Boulenger. One 

Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus), one Bitia hydroides Gray, one 

Enhydris enhydris (Schneider), and two Enhydris plumbea (Boie) were 

used as outgroups. Results: We produced phylogenetic trees based on 

parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. We did not find 

unambiguous support for the monophly of Cerberus. Cerberus austalis, 

H. buccata and all other Cerberus populations formed a three-way 

basal polytomy under parsimony and C. australis formed the sister 

group to a clade consisting of H. buccata and all other Cerberus in 

likelihood and Bayesian analysis. The non-Australian Cerberus were 

monophyletic and consisted of four primary biogeographical clades: 

Indian and Mayanmar, Philippines, Greater Sunda Islands and 

Suluwesi, and the Thai-Malay peninsula and Gulf of Thailand. The 

range of genetic divergence between these clades and Australian 

Cerberus was 0.06-0.12. Genetic divergence among clades to the west 

of Australia was less pronounced (Thai-Malay peninsula and Gulf of 

Thailand = 0.02-0.05; Sunda Islands and Suluwesi = 0.02-0.05; 

Philippines = 0.02-0.06; India and Myanmar = 0.04-0.06, Philippines 

= 0.02-0.5). Main conclusions: Gyi [University of Kansas Publications, 

Museum of Natural History 20 (1970), 47] recognized three species of 

Cerberus: C. australis (from Australia), C. microlepis (known only from 

Lake Buhi in the Philippines), and the widely distributed C. rynchops 

(India to Wallacea). We did not find strong support for the monophyly 

of the genus. Cerberus australis is highly divergent from all other 

Cerberus lineages sampled from this region. The geographically 

widespread C. rynchops is resolved into four biogeographical clades 

(Indian and Myanmar, Philippines, Greater Sunda Islands and 

September 2008 36


Suluwesi, and the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Thailand). We 

discuss how the dispersal biology of a salt-water tolerant, coastal 

marine taxon and the complex geological history of the region 

(Tertiary plate tectonic movements and Quaternary sea-level changes) 

could produce the observed patterns of diversification. ISSN: 0305- 

0270. 

Ambraseys, N. N. Mainstone, R. J. Pichard, Pierre and Penzien, Joseph. 

1977. [Selected Papers] 19-21 Dec. 1977. Paris. [Selected Papers] 19- 

21 Dec. 1977. Descriptors: Historic buildings; Congresses; Risk 

assessment; Seismology; Burma; International Council of Monuments 

and Sites. International Seismological Committee. Unesco. Abstract: 

Meeting of Experts on the Protection of Monuments in Seismic Areas 

(1977: Paris) Final report (CC-77/Conf.616/1).--Working paper: for 

discussion on the documentation of monuments in seismic regions, by 

N.N. Ambraseys.--Historic buildings as structures... Draft [by] Rowland 

J. Mainstone.--Burma: seismic risk for the monuments of Pagan [by] 

Pierre Pichard [also in French].--Notes for discussion on structural 

aspects of protection.--A working plan for the ICOMOS Seismological 

Committee for the protection of monuments and sites against 

earthquakes, by Joseph Penzien. Database: Earthquake Engineering 

Abstracts. OCLC Accession Number: O25169509. 

Andersen, N. M. and Grimaldi, D. 2001. “A Fossil Water Measurer from 

the Mid-Cretaceous Burmese Amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: 

Hydrometridae).” Insect Syst. Evol. Volume 32, Issue 4, Pages 381- 

392. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Amber; Animal fossils; 

Cretaceous; Fossils; Geographical distribution; New genera; New 

species; Article Taxonomic Terms: Carinametra burmensis; 

Gerromorpha; Hydrometridae; Article Geographic Terms: Burma; 

Myanmar; Hemiptera; Marsh treaders; Semiaquatic bugs; amber. 

Notes: TR: CS0221290. Abstract: Semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: 

Gerromorpha) comprise about 1,800 extant species classified in eight 

families. So far, 38 fossil species belonging to six families have been 

described or recorded, most of Cenozoic age. Knowledge about the 

evolutionary history of the major groups of Gerromorpha is seriously 

hampered by the scarcity of well-preserved Mesozoic fossils, especially 

September 2008 37


from the Cretaceous. The present paper reports on a well-preserved 

semiaquatic bug from amber collected in the northern part of Myanmar 

(Burma). The source of this fossiliferous amber was previously 

considered to be Eocene in age, but recent evidence indicates that it 

originated in the Middle Cretaceous (Turonian-Cenomanian), or 100-90 

Ma. The fossil species is described as Carinametra burmensis gen. et 

sp. n. The presence of three pairs of cephalic trichobothria, a 

prolonged head, long slender antennae and legs, reduced wing 

venation, etc., places the fossil in the gerromorphan family 

Hydrometridae or water measurers. Other characters suggest a close 

relationship with the two extant genera of the most basal of the 

hydrometrid subfamilies, Heterocleptinae. We present and discuss the 

available evidence used in the dating of Burmese amber. Finally, we 

discuss the phylogenetic, paleobiological, and biogeographic 

significance of the new fossil. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and 

Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN: 0013-8711. 

Anji Reddy, M. and Jhansi Lakshmi, K. V. “Disinfestation of Eleusine 

Coracana (L.) Gaertn. and Pennsietum Typhoides (Burma. F.) Stapf. 

and Hubb. Seeds by Hot Water Treatment Cochiliobolus Nodulosus.” 

Notes: Source: Geobios. Sept/Nov 1982. v. 9 (5/6): p. 277-278. 

Additional Info: Jodphur: Dr. David N. Sen. Publishing Agencies: Non- 

US Imprint, not FAO. 

Army Construction Engineering Research Lab Champaign Ill; 

Schomaker, Norbert B. and Aufmuth, Raymond E. 1971. “Burma Soils. 

A Study of the Effects of Lime and Cement on Paddy and Laterite 

Material.” Mar. Descriptors: Soils; Burma; Roads; Construction; 

Stabilization; Cements; Compressive Properties; Soil Mechanics Civil 

Engineering. Abstract: Laboratory tests were performed on samples of 

paddy and laterite soils obtained from the proposed right-of-way of the 

Rangoon-Mandalay Highway, Burma. These tests were conducted to 

determine the basic engineering properties of the soils and to evaluate 

the feasibility of stabilizing these soils with lime and cement. The 

addition of lime to these soils had little beneficial effect on either soil. 

This was due to the non-reactive nature of the soils and the poor 

stabilizing quality of the lime available in Burma. Special tests using 

September 2008 38


American lime indicated a strength increase of about 300% over the 

natural soil strength, compared to an increase of less than 100% with 

Burma lime. Addition of cement, on the order of 6% by dry weight of 

soil, effectively stabilizes both soils. Unconfined compressive strengths 

of both are increased on the order of 300%. (Author). Notes: 

Distribution Statement: Approved for public release. OCLC: 

AD0720993. 

Army Engineer Inst For Water Resources Fort Belvoir Va; Priscoli, J. D. 

Moon, J. Groen, P. van; Bradley, J. and Fujii, C. 1985. “Report of the 

Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) Mission, 5 February-20 April 1985. 

Main Report.” JUN. Descriptors: Transportation; Inland Waterways; 

Pakistan; Water; Navigation; Transport; Rivers; Dredging; Harbors; 

Asia; China; Philippines; Thailand; Indonesia; Burma; Sri Lanka; 

Malaysia; Geography Hydrology, Limnology And Potamology. Abstract: 

Report identifies major problems and needs of inland waterways 

transport across nine Asian countries: Bangladesh, Burma, China, 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. It also 

recommended and prioritized 70 projects to meet these needs and 

problems. Originator-supplied keywords: Inland waterway transport, 

Water resources, Navigation, Asia, Escap, U.N., Ports and harbors, 

Dredging, Planning, Operation, Rivers. Notes: Distribution Statement: 

Approved for public release. DTIC Accession Number: ADA159724. 

Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA159724 and 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA159725 

Army Engineer Inst For Water Resources Fort Belvoir Va; Priscoli, J. D. 

Moon, J. Groen, P. van; Bradley, J. and Fujii, C. 1985. “Report of the 

Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) Mission, 5 February-20 April 1985. 

Appendices.” Jun. Descriptors: Transportation; Inland Waterways; 

Pakistan; Computations; Reports; Documents; Transport; Background; 

Resources; Asia; China; Philippines; Thailand; Indonesia; Burma; Sri 

Lanka; Malaysia; Geography Hydrology, Limnology And Potamology. 

Abstract: Report identifies major problems and needs of inland 

waterways transport across nine Asian countries. It also recommended 

and prioritized 70 projects to meet these needs and problems. 

Contents of this volume: Terms of Reference and Nature of Services; 

September 2008 39


People Interviewed; Non-ESCAP Team Members; Background Reports 

of Countries Visited; Project Documentations; Basis of Personnel and 

Resources Calculations for IWT Study Centre Alternatives. Notes: 

Distribution Statement: Approved for public release. OCLC: 

ADA159725. 

Army Natick Labs Ma Earth Sciences Lab; Dalrymple, Paul C. Everett, 

Kaye R. Wollaston, Sarah; Hastings, Jr, Andrew D. and Robison, 

William C. 1970. “Environment of the Central Asian Highlands.” DEC. 

Descriptors: Climatology; Geography; Plants(Botany); Wind; 

Atmospheric Temperature; Mountains; Trees; Asia; Glaciers; Water 

Supplies; Forestry; Army Operations; Maps; Solar Radiation; 

Barometric Pressure. Abstract: The report presents a survey of 

environmental conditions - physiography, vegetation, and climate - 

which might affect military personnel and equipment above the 2,000meter 

elevation in Central Asia. These highlands include some of the 

world's highest and most inacessible mountain ranges, such as the 

Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Kun Lun Shan, Anme 

Machin, Tien Shan, Nan Shan, and Great Snowy Range, as well as the 

high plateaus of Tibet and the generally lower mountains of Mongolia. 

The study treats portions of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, China 

(including all of occupied Tibet), India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, 

Sikkim, and the Soviet Union. It is organized in two parts: a general 

synopsis of environmental characteristics of the area as a whole, and a 

series of more detailed treatments by sections. For the latter, Central 

Asia is subdivided into five sections comprising the Sino-Burmese 

Ranges, Tibetan Plateau and associated ranges, Pamir Knot and 

associated ranges, Tiem Shan and associated ranges, and the 

Mongolian Highlands. All of these except the Mongolian Highlands are 

shown in topographic and cultural maps at a scale of approximately 

1:3,800,000. The distribution of terrain, vegetation, and climatic 

elements over the area as a whole is shown in a series of smaller-scale 

maps at 1:10,000,000. Notes: Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release. Database: DTIC. DTIC Accession Number: AD0728460. 

URL: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD728460. 

September 2008 40


Arntz, W. and Zetzmann, D. 1986. Multipurpose Cargo Ships Sagaing 

And Magwe. Abstract: These are single-screw motor vessels with two 

continuous decks built by the Seebeckwerft for the Burma Five Star 

Shipping Corporation. There are four cargo holds, all arranged forward 

of the superstructure. The hatchways have been selected to suit the 

dimensions of standard containers; base pads for securing containers 

are welded to the tank tops. Most bulkheads are flat with the stiffeners 

located outside the cargo holds. Five 25-t electrohydraulic cranes are 

provided for cargo handling, arranged as a single crane between holds 

1 and 2 and as twin cranes between holds 2 and 3 and holds 3 and 4; 

the latter two pairs can be coupled by spreaders to provide a total 

lifting capacity of 100 t. Propulsion is by a M.A.N.-B&W 5L60MCE diesel 

engine developing 6650 kW at 110 rpm driving a 5.4 m diameter 

propeller; a stern bulb improves the inflow to the propeller. Principal 

particulars are: Length oa/bp 149.00/140.00 m; Breadth 22.40 m; 

Depth 10.75 m; Draught, freeboard 8.05 m; Deadweight 13,055 t; 

Container capacity 215 TEU under deck, 168 TEU on deck; Speed 16.9 

knots. A general arrangement drawing is given. Notes: Hansa, 123 

(1986), p.553 (No.7, Apr.) [6 pp., 5 fig., 2 tab.]. OCLC: 00689947. 

URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Audy, J. R. and Harrison, J. L. 1951. “A Review of Investigations of 

Mite Typhus in Burma and Malaya, 1945–1950.” Transactions of the 

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,. 2. Volume 44, Issue 

4, Pages 371-404. Abstract: Summary This paper reviews in general 

terms the epidemiological work of an Army research unit on the Indo- 

Burma border in 1945–46 (Scrub Typhus Research Laboratory, 

Imphal, South-East Asia Command), and a Colonial Office unit, 

supported by Colonial Development and Welfare funds and attached to 

the Institute for Medical Research, from 1947 onwards. Only one 

vector of importance to man is recognized. This exists in two forms, 

Trombicula deliensis (= walchi), being the most widespread, and T. 

akamushi (= fletcheri), occurring particularly in the east and north. In 

a wide area of overlap, the parasitic larvae of both forms may transmit 

infection in neighbouring foci or even in the same focus. The vector is 

a member of a distinct species-group of which many members have 

now been found. Larval mites of the family Trombiculidae were the 

September 2008 41


dominant external parasites of small mammals in all the areas 

investigated. The life cycle of the vector has been studied by Mr. 

Cockings by breeding it through several generations in the laboratory, 

in which conditions the cycle is being completed in 5 ½ to 8 weeks. 

The cycle of T. deliensis in nature appeared to be completed in 8 to 12 

weeks during the monsoon in the Imphal area. The vector is 

distributed on the smallest scale as restricted colonies or “miteislands” 

which form an irregular pattern on the ground. The basic 

infestation pattern is decided largely by the behaviour and numbers of 

the primary hosts of the parasitic larvae. Though not always the 

principal hosts in individual foci, the most important and universal 

hosts of the larvae of the vector are field forms of Rattus rattus—in 

Imphal, R. r. bullocki; in Malaya, R. r. argentiventer—but others may 

take their place, e.g., the bandicoot, Bandicota bengalensis, in villages 

and towns in Burma, and forms of R. exulans (e.g., concolor, browni) 

in Pacific Islands. Some small birds such as quail contribute to the 

basic pattern. An important group of other hosts with longer ranges 

are responsible for distributing mites but not appreciably for the basic 

pattern of infestation. The common giant rats (R. sabanus, R. mülleri) 

in the Malayan forest are the proper hosts of members of the vectorspecies 

group of mites, and R. mülleri is the most prominent host of T. 

deliensis itself in the forest. Heavy infestations by the vector are, 

however, found outside the forest on forms of R. rattus. The number 

of questing larvae of the vector (and, therefore, the risk of infection) is 

related to soil moisture and surface humidity, and hence to rainfall 

(seasonal incidence) and to the lowered humidity which obtains during 

sunny days and after clearing undergrowth. Even in very dry seasons 

larvae persist in foci which are kept moist by ground water. Rainfall 

affects the distribution of the vector in both space and time, and also 

influences the activity of the rodent hosts to a marked extent. Studies 

on infection in and infectivity of the vector mite, and of the congenital 

transmission of infection, are progressing in collaboration with Dr. S. 

R. Savoor. Some evidence has been gained that the congenital 

transmission of infection may be inefficient. 

Auldridge, Larry, Bartlett, Dan C., Houbert, S., Guyonnet, P., Collins, 

Bart and Hatley, Allen G. 1978. “Southeast Asia Report.” Oil Gas J. 

September 2008 42


Volume 76, Issue 9, Pages 2475118. Descriptors: Petroleum 

Prospecting; Natural Gas Deposits - Asia; Natural Gas, Liquefied - 

Asia; Oil Well Drilling - Equipment. Abstract: This special report covers 

oil and gas activities and prospects in Southeast Asia, throughout the 

vast swath of islands and waters from Burma and Thailand east and 

southeast of Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia to Australia and 

New Zealand. It includes special articles on equipment and techniques 

used to cut costs and solve problems peculiar to this region, on the 

Philippines' first oil field, on crude-oil handling in Indonesia's second 

largest oil field, and on eliminating teething troubles at Southeast 

Asia's first big LNG plant in Brunei. 

Aung Kyaw Myat. 1994. Preliminary Study on Earthquake Resistant 

Capacity of some Famous Pagan Pagodas (Theoretical Approach). 

[Yangon, Burma]: [Yangon Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil 

Engineering]. Pages: 35 leaves. Descriptors: Pagodas; Burma; Pagan; 

Earthquake effects; Stupas; Temples; Buddhist; Pagan (Burma); 

Buildings; Structures; etc. Yangon Institute of Technology. Dept. of 

Civil Engineering. OCLC: O35574075. Database: Earthquake 

Engineering Abstracts. 

Aung Kywe and Australian International Development Assistance 

Bureau. 1988. Water for the Villagers: The Burma Village Water 

Supply Project. Canberra: Australian Government Pub. Service. Pages: 

33. Descriptors: Water-supply- Burma- International co-operation; 

Water resources development- Burma; Wells- Burma; Government 

publication; National government publication. Notes: iv; ill., maps; 25 

cm. Responsibility: Aung Kywe ... [et al.]. ISBN: 0644081007; OCLC: 

29259696. 

Aung Myo, Han, Khin Nwe, D., Tin, Aye and Thein, Hlaing. 1986. 

“Personal Toilet After Defaecation and the Degree of Hand 

Contamination According to Different Methods used.” J. Trop. Med. 

Hyg. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Oct. Volume 89, Issue 5, Pages 237-41 

Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Defecation; Hygiene; 

Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Care; Child, Preschool; Diarrheaepidemiology; 

Diarrhea- microbiology; Diarrhea- transmission; 

September 2008 43


Dysentery- epidemiology; Dysentery- microbiology; Dysenterytransmission; 

Educational Status; Female; Hand- microbiology; 

Humans; Infant; Myanmar. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: 

NLM; Date of Entry: 19870206; Date Completed: 19870206; Date of 

Update: 20041117. Abstract: Transmission due to contaminated hands 

is one of the important routes by which diarrhoea pathogens spread. 

The hands commonly become contaminated while cleaning the anus 

after defaecation. This study deals with the commonly used methods 

of anal cleansing in a low socioeconomic community in Rangoon, 

Burma and with the degree of hand contamination that results 

according to the method used. A cross-sectional survey was employed 

for collection of behavioural and hand contamination data. The 

incidence of acute diarrhoea and dysentery among under-fives in this 

community was monitored for 1 month and was correlated with the 

cleaning method used by their mothers. Water was the principal 

method used for cleaning the anus in all age groups. No one used 

toilet paper and only 4 to 9% used paper other than toilet paper. The 

level of education seemed to be a factor in determining the use of 

paper or water. The hands of mothers using water were more 

contaminated than those using paper. However, thorough hand 

washing with soap and water was found to be effective in 

decontaminating the hands. Furthermore, there was a relation 

between the incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery and the method of 

cleaning. ISSN: 0022-5304 (Print). 

AUNG, H. T. A. Y. 1970. “Severe Cyclonic Storm Responsible for Flash 

Flood in Pakokku and Monywa Districts during the Month of October 

1967.” In: Forecasting of Heavy Rains and Floods, Proc Joint Seminar 

of Regional Associations 2 and 5 of World Meteorological Organization, 

Nov 11-23, 1968, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia; Published By World 

Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Volume P 213-220, Pages 5 FIG. 

Descriptors: Floods; Rainfall-Runoff Relationships; Flash Floods; 

Antecedent Precipitation; Rainfall Intensity; Storms; Cloudbursts; 

Tropical Regions; Tropical Cyclones; ECAFE; Burma. Abstract: heavy 

rains which occurred on october 23-24, 1967 caused a flash flood in 

the pakokku and monywa districts of central burma. The flash flood 

and the severe cyclonic storm responsible for the heavy rain are 

September 2008 44


described. Heavy rainfall started on the evening of october 23 and 

stopped on the morning of october 24. The flash flood thus started on 

the night of the 23rd and was over on the morning of october 24. The 

occurrence of the flash flood during the night and the strong winds due 

to the land depression was unfavorable for evacuation of the 

inhabitants of pakokku and monywa districts. Most of the flash floods 

in burma are associated with heavy rainfall. Forecasting of flash floods 

depends on forecasting of heavy rainfall, which in turn depends on the 

movement of the storm. (KNAPP-USGS). Database: Water Resources 

Abstracts. 

Aung, M., Htung, S., Than, A., et al. 2001. “Ecology and Social 

Organization of a Tropical Deer (Cervus Eldithamin).” J. Mammal. 

Volume 82, Issue 3, Pages 836-847. Descriptors: Social organization; 

Radio-tagging; Seasonal variations; Homerange; Reproductive status; 

Cervus eldi; Myanmar; Eld's Deer. Notes: RX: 1 (on May 07, 2008). 

Abstract: From 1995 to 1999, we conducted an ecological study of 

thamin(Cervus eldi thamin) at Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary in central 

Myanmar; we maintained records on deer sightings and 

radiotracked11 adult male and 8 adult female deer. Based on 747 

sightings, a0.63:1.0 adult male: female ratio and 0.51:1.0 fawn: adult 

female ratio were observed. Mean group size was variable (1.0-5.9 

deer)and showed seasonal differences, with few groups observed 

inAugust-September and groups of less than or equal to 70individuals 

observed in March-April. Based on the fixed-kernel method, annual 

home range was 9.04 km super(2) plus or minus 5.67SD and 7.25 km 

super(2) plus or minus 3.45 SD for males and females, respectively. 

Thamin increased their seasonal home range during the hot-dry 

season, possibly in response to decreased forage and water availability 

and increased mating activity. The observed synchrony of estrous 

onset (March-April) and fawning(October-November) in female thamin 

is unusual for a tropical cervid species, but reproductive seasonality 

appears timed to balance fawn survival with doe nutrition in a 

monsoon environment. Database: BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. 

ISSN: 1545-1542. 

September 2008 45


Aung, W., Hlaing, K. K., Kyaw, K. P., Win, M. M. and Kyaw, A. 1999. 

“Stability of Russell's Viper Venom Toxoid (Lyophilized Form) on 

Storage.” Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999 Dec. 

52(6):234-7: JAPAN. Volume 52, Issue 6, Pages 234-237. Descriptors: 

Animals; Biological Assay; Desiccation; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; 

Female; Formaldehyde: pharmacology; Freeze Drying; Hydrogen-Ion 

Concentration; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Myanmar; Preservatives, 

Pharmaceutical: pharmacology; Refrigeration; Safety; Temperature; 

Time Factors; Toxoids: chemistry; Viper Venoms: chemistry; Viper 

Venoms: toxicity. Notes: RN: 0 (Preservatives, Pharmaceutical); 0 

(Toxoids); 0 (Viper Venoms); 0 (viper venoid); 50-00-0 

(Formaldehyde); LR: 20061115. Abstract: A previously developed 

Russell's viper venom toxoid in Myanmar is in a liquid form that shows 

reversion in the form of a reduced number of formaldehyde linkages 

and toxicity during storage at 37 degrees C and at room temperature. 

In order to have a safe, potent and stable toxoid, a lyophilized form 

was prepared in the present study from the liquid toxoid through the 

use of a freeze dryer. Both the liquid and lyophilized forms were then 

stored at 4 degrees C and at room temperature, and in addition to 

safety and immunogenicity tests, biochemical parameters such as the 

protein content, the activity of venom enzymes (proteinase, 

phospholipase A, phosphodiesterase, and arginine esterase), and the 

released free formalin amounts were assessed at 3-month intervals 

over a period of 1 year. The results indicate that under both 

conditions, the lyophilized toxoid shows minimum changes in enzyme 

activity, a reduced tendency toward formaldehyde linkage, no toxicity, 

and more immunogenicity in comparison with the respective liquid 

toxoids. It could therefore be hypothesized that Russell's viper venom 

toxoid in a lyophilized form is more promising in terms of efficacy and 

stability for prophylactic use in human immunization than the 

conventional toxoid in a liquid form. Database: TOXLINE. ISSN: 1344- 

6304. 

Avni, Yoav. 1999. “Lithology as the Main Factor Causing Aridization; an 

Example from Burma (Myanmar); Annual Meeting, 1999; Dead Sea.” 

Annual Meeting - Israel Geological Society. Israel Geological Society, 

Jerusalem, Israel (ISR): Israel (ISR). Volume 1999, Pages 9. 

September 2008 46


Descriptors: agriculture; Asia; Burma; clastic rocks; desertification; 

deserts; developing countries; eolian features; Far East; hydrology; 

infiltration; Irowaddi Formation; Irrawaddi River; land use; lithofacies; 

planning; runoff; sandstone; seasonal variations; sedimentary rocks; 

surface water; water management; water resources; water supply. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0334-0694. 

Aye, T. and Finch, J. 2007. “Legal Aspects of Hydropower Projects in 

Myanmar.” Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 62-70. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam Construction; Dams; 

Hydroelectric Plants; International cooperation; Investment; Legal 

Aspects; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Notes: TR: CS0749942. 

Abstract: Myanmar is rich in hydro potential, and has a major 

development programme under way, with a number of large and small 

schemes under construction and planned. As a member of the Greater 

Mekong Subregion and also an ASEAN member, the country offers 

possibilities for international cooperation in the region. This paper 

discusses the legal framework relating to investment in hydro 

schemes. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. 

ISSN: 1352-2523. 

Aye, T. T. and Siriarayapon, P. Affiliation: Department of Health, 

Ministry of Health, Myanmar. 2004. “Typhoid Fever Outbreak in 

Madaya Township, Mandalay Division, Myanmar, September 2000.” J. 

Med. Assoc. Thai. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. Apr. Volume 87, Issue 4, Pages 

395-9 Additional Info: Thailand. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thailandepidemiology; 

Typhoid Fever- epidemiology. Abstract: In September 

2000, an outbreak of typhoid fever was reported in a rural village of 

Central Myanmar. The authors investigated the outbreak in the 

affected village. A suspected case was a person suffering from fever 

with either constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhoea/bloody diarrhoea. 

A probable case was a suspected case who had positive result on the 

diazo urine test or widal test. Based on probable cases, the authors 

conducted a case-control study comparing history of contact with the 

cases, water source, and personal hygiene. Control was a person living 

in the village was not ill and having a negative result for diazo urine 

September 2008 47


test. Among 49 suspected cases, 33 were probable. Attack rate was 

1.2%. Three cases had a positive culture for Salmonella typhi and 

were not drug resistant. The following risk factors were identified: 

drinking unboiled river water (adjusted OR 12.5, 95%CI 2.8-75.3), 

history of contact with other patients before the illness (adjusted OR 

22, 95%CI 3.5-76.2), no hand washing with soap after defecation 

(adjusted OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.81). Environmental investigation 

result showed that most of the households had unsanitary latrine and 

some latrines were constructed near the edge of a river. The outbreak 

subsided quickly after intervention. ISSN: 0125-2208. 

B 

Baird, I. G. and Beasley I.L. Affiliation: I.G. Baird, Department of 

Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Country: 

Canada E-mail:,ianbaird@shaw.ca. 2005. “Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella 

Brevirostris in the Cambodian Mekong River: An Initial Survey.” Oryx. 

Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 301-310 Additional Info: United Kingdom. 

Descriptors: Marine mammals- dolphin; coastal water; river system; 

habitat; river basin; survival Species Term: Orcaella brevirostris; 

Cetacea; Orcaella; Animalia. Notes: References: 18; Geographic: Bay 

of Bengal Mekong River Cambodia Ayeyarwady Mahakam Delta 

Australia Indian Ocean Asia Southeast Asia Myanmar Kalimantan 

Australasia Eurasia Indonesia. Abstract: Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella 

brevirostiris are found in coastal waters from the Bay of Bengal east to 

Palawan, Philippines and south to northern Australia. They also occur 

in three large tropical river systems in South-east Asia: the Mekong, 

Mahakam and Ayeyarwady. In March and May 1997 approximately 350 

km of riverine habitat in parts of north-east Cambodia were surveyed, 

discussions took place with local people, and reported dry season 

dolphin habitat was mapped. Our objectives were to investigate the 

status, habitat and distribution of dolphins in north-east Cambodia and 

identify threats to the continued survival of dolphins in the Mekong 

River Basin. Nine groups of dolphins were observed in the Mekong 

River. A 'best' estimate of 40 animals were seen. Irrawaddy dolphins 

were generally confined to sections of the river with water levels >8- 

10 m during the dry season. It appears that the Mekong River dolphin 

September 2008 48


population is rapidly declining. In 1997 there were probably no more 

than 100-150 dolphins left in north-east Cambodia (including southern 

Laos) and no more than 200 within the entire Mekong River Basin, 

although these numbers remain tentative. Anthropogenic mortality is 

high, albeit largely unintentional, and there is considerable risk that 

the dolphin population will become locally extinct in the Mekong River 

in the near future. The establishment of community-managed deep 

water Fish Conservation Zones with government support may 

represent the best opportunity for reducing dry season dolphin 

mortality from large-meshed gillnet entanglement. Efforts to establish 

protected areas for dolphins are currently underway. ISSN: 0030- 

6053. 

Bajracharya, D. Affiliation: Chief Water and Environmental Sanitation 

Section, UNICEF, Yangon, Myanmar. dbajracharya@nicef.org. 2003. 

“Myanmar Experiences in Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Lessons 

Learned and Future Directions.” Int. J. Environ. Health Res. Int. J. 

Environ. Health Res. Jun. Volume 13 Suppl 1: S141-52 Additional Info, 

Pages England. Descriptors: Communicable Disease Control; Health 

Promotion; Hygiene; Sanitation; Communication; Community- 

Institutional Relations; Diarrhea- etiology; Diarrhea- mortality; 

Diarrhea- prevention & control; Handwashing; Humans; Myanmar; 

Public Health; Rural Population; Toilet Facilities. Notes: Citation: 

Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM. Abstract: Recent activities in 

connection with the National Sanitation Week (NSW) and Social 

Mobilisation for Sanitation and Hygiene have contributed to a 

significant increase in access to sanitary means of excreta disposal, 

from 45% in 1997 to 67% in 2001. Handwashing with soap and water 

after defecation has also increased from 18% in 1996 to 43% in 2001. 

Success is attributable to high level political commitment, state or 

division level action and community mobilisation by village level 

authorities. Multi-level efforts such as mass media, planning 

workshops, training sessions and house-to-house visits by village 

authorities and health officials have raised greater awareness of 

sanitation and hygiene issues and led to construction of latrines on a 

self-help basis. The challenge ahead is to give greater attention to the 

'hard to reach' who live in less accessible areas and are more resistant 

September 2008 49


to change. The 2002 NSW has accordingly given special emphasis to 

activities in 73 of 324 townships where 50% or more of the 

households have no access to a sanitary latrine. The communication 

and social mobilisation package has been improved to upgrading 

unsanitary latrines and integrating handwashing more systematically 

with promotion of sanitary latrines. Programmatic follow-up to the 

NSW is being provided in selected townships through more intensive 

social mobilisation for 'hard to reach' households and activity-based 

school sanitation and hygiene education. This approach will contribute 

further towards improved hygienic practices and reduce diarrhoeal 

morbidity and mortality. ISSN: 0960-3123 (Print); 1369-1619 

(Electronic). 

Banerjee, P. K., Bagchi, A., Vaz, G. G. and Sengupta B.J. Affiliation: 

P.K. Banerjee, 315 B Upen Banerjee Rd, Calcutta 700 060 

Country:,India. 2001. “A Qualitative Assessment of Seismic Risk Along 

the Peninsular Coast of India, South of 19°N.” Journal of Geodynamics. 


Descriptors: Earthquakes; Earthquake mechanisms and effects; 

natural hazard; earthquake; seismicity; seismic hazard; risk 

assessment. Notes: References: Number: 66; Geographic: India. 

Abstract: Many earthquakes have been recorded from the coastal 

margin of the Indian peninsular shield during the last 200 years. 

Largely made up of Precambrian assemblages with variable cover of 

Jurassic to Quaternary sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous-Eocene 

volcanics, the peninsular shield was long held to be aseismic. Recent 

measurements, however, show that this continental fragment is being 

pushed northeastward by the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges; and 

the Indo-Myanmar subduction zone is exerting vigorous slab pull 

towards the east. Repeated cycles of sea level change during the 

Quaternary have also induced continuing hydro-isostatic adjustment 

due to variable melt water loading in the Bay of Bengal and the 

Arabian sea. All these forces produce space-time fluctuations of strain 

around many small to large faults, which occur in the upper crust of 

the shield. Some of the faults have been intermittently active (during 

the past 100 kyr); others were active earlier. Although the Shillong 

plateau and the associated hill ranges of northeastern India and 

September 2008 50


Myanmar are subject to the maximum seismic hazard, the peninsular 

coast is also vulnerable to intermittent seismicity. We present 

illustrative evidence of some active faults, which are recognisable (a) 

on coastal land by displaced Pleistocene weathered cover, hot springs, 

leakages of native mercury and allochthonous geochemical anomalies 

of base metals and (b) offshore below the inner shelf by horst-shaped 

uplifted segments and intra-formational slump folds on and below the 

top shallow seismic (3.5 khz) reflector. On the other hand, there are 

long stretches of the east coast at Vishakhapatnam and Manappad 

Point, which do not show active faults. Step-like marine terraces, 

which occur up to + 6 m above the low tide level (LTL) preserve 

records of relative sea level fluctuations during the Holocene and the 

Last Interglacial. In such sectors, absence of tectonic disturbance 

during the last 100 ka is also corroborated by lateral continuity of 

shallow seismic reflectors below the inner shelf over many kilometers. 

Since authentic historical (200-1000 years B.P.) records of seismicity 

along the Peninsular coast are virtually unavailable, the likely 

recurrence interval between earthquakes in each sector cannot be 

gauged. We, therefore, propose a scale of seismic risk, based on 

geometry of the mappable faults and available seismic records of the 

last two centuries. These could be used in combination to rank the 

densely populated coastal tracts sector-wise. ISSN: 0264-3707. 

Bannert, D. 1993. “Facies Developments in Hydrocarbon Basins from 

Landsat Images.” Environmental Research Istitute of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor. Pages: 159-168. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- 71; hydrocarbon basin; Landsat imagery; 

sedimentation. Abstract: A set of isopach maps was constructed 

showing the depositional features of the shelf area of Tertiary Burma. 

Oligocene sediments, which were believed to be absent in the northern 

part (Chindwin Basin) could be proven in an area defined during the 

course of the work. Indications for the rise of the Arakan Yoma during 

Post-Oligocene times could be deduced. A second example where 

Landsat MSS image interpretation yielded valuable information on the 

sedimentary process lies at the eastern Makran coast in Pakistan. 

There, the fast uplift of the accretionary prism of flysch sediments put 

deep water sediments into near shore position documented by a 

September 2008 51


change from clay to coarse sandstone. -from Author. Notes: 

References: Number: 27; Notes: Special Features: 1 map, 3 photos, 

27 references. OCLC: 1013892. 

Bay, E. C. and Self, L. S. 1972. “Observations of the Guppy, Poecilia 

Reticulata Peters, in Culex Pipiens Fatigans Breeding Sites in Bangkok, 

Rangoon, and Taipei.” P 407-416: VOL 46, NO 3. Descriptors: Asia; 

Human Diseases; Public Health; Mosquitoes; Organic Wastes; Water 

Pollution; Cities; Bangkok; Culex-Pipiens-Fatigans; Guppy; Mosquito 

Control; Poecilia-Reticulata; Rangoon; Taipei; Wuchereria-Bancrofti. 

Abstract: the successful establishment of the guppy in a number of 

shallow, highly polluted ground pools beneath low income housing in 

bangkok, thailand was previously reported. Whether bangkok guppies 

evolved a higher tolerance to organic pollution than p. Reticulata that 

had never been exposed to these conditions was questioned; the 

possibilities of using these fish elsewhere to control c. Pipiens fatigens 

(especially in rangoon, burma, and taipei, taiwan) where this mosquito 

is the vector of wuchereria bancrofti which affects humans are 

discussed. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Beech, Hannah. 2007. “A Bend in the River.” TMAS. Sep 10. Volume 

170, Issue 10, Pages 26. Descriptors: Dams; Hydroelectric plants; 

Environmental protection; Water flow; Shipping industry; Industrial 

parks; Farmers; Environmental economics; Entrepreneurs; Economic 

expansion; Construction. Notes: Geographic: China Mekong River. 

Abstract: In 2001, Chinese crews, brought in by Southeast Asian 

governments eager to increase traffic and trade, began blasting and 

dredging a stretch of the river running from Burma and Laos to 

Thailand, clearing away islands, reefs and rapids that once blocked the 

passage of ships. ISSN: 1064-0304. 

Benammi, Mouloud, Soe, Aung Naing, Tun, Than, et al. 1989. “First 

Magnetostratigraphic Study of the Pondaung Formation: Implications 

for the Age of the Middle Eocene Anthropoids of Myanmar; Diamonds 

from Myanmar and Thailand: Characteristics and Possible Origins; 

Myanmar's Upstream Sector Hobbled by Pipeline Controversy, Poor 

E&D Results; Myanmar's Mann Field Awaits Search, Investment; A 

September 2008 52


New Primate from the Middle Eocene of Myanmar and the Asian Early 

Origin of Anthropoids; Myanmar Faces Energy Crisis Despite Potential; 

Polyphase Deformation in a Fore-arc/back-Arc Basin, Salin Subbasin, 

Myanmar (Burma); Exiting Myanmar; an Integrated Oil Industry Runs 

in Chindwin Basin, Myanmar; Myanmar's Indaw/Chindwin Area has 

Tertiary, Cretaceous Targets; Working Elephants; on the Road to 

Burma; Indochina Becoming Prime Target for Foreign Investment in 

E&D; Burma to Buy 30 Soko Attack Jets, Will Likely Avoid Embargo on 

Engine; Seismicity and Tectonic Stress Field of a Part of the Burma- 

Andaman-Nicobar Arc.” J. Geol. November; January/February; June 

26; March 20; October 15; August 30; October; December 15; 

October 20; October 20; January; October; May 18; August 13; 

August. Volume 110; 96; 98; 98; 286; 97; 82; 95; 95; 95; 274; 196; 

90; 133; 79, Issue 6; 1; 26; 12; 5439; 35; 10, Pages 748; 159; 24; 

80; 528; 42+; 1837; 25; 63+; 76; 82; 13; 19; 29; 989-756; 170; 29; 

81; 530; 1856; 7+; 87; 14; 22+; 1005. Descriptors: Paleontology- 

Myanmar; Paleontology-Eocene; Magnetite-Analysis; Diamond mines 

and mining/Myanmar; Diamond mines and mining-Thailand; 

Geology/Southeast Asia; Oil and gas leases-Myanmar; Natural gas 

pipe lines/Myanmar; Civil rights; Fossil primates; Petroleum 

supply/Myanmar; Electric power/Consumption; Fuel supply/Myanmar; 

Foreign investments/Myanmar; Petroleum geology/Myanmar; Plate 

tectonics-Myanmar; Rocks-Deformation; American corporations- 

Myanmar; Petroleum industry-Political aspects; Atlantic Richfield Co. 

Atlantic Richfield Co./Foreign business; Petroleum industry/Myanmar; 

Natural gas geology/Myanmar; Elephants; Lumber industry/Myanmar; 

Lumbering; Mining law/Myanmar; Oil and gas leases/Indochina; Oil 

and gas leases-Thailand; Military airplanes-Myanmar; Earthquakes- 

Myanmar; Submarine canyons. Notes: Physical Description: 

Bibliography; Graph; Map; Physical Description: Bibliography; 

Illustration; Map; Physical Description: Diagram; Map; Physical 

Description: Bibliography; Illustration; Physical Description: 

Bibliography; Illustration; Map; Physical Description: Illustration; Map; 

Physical Description: Diagram; Illustration; Map; Physical Description: 

Illustration; Physical Description: Illustration; Map; Physical 

Description: Bibliography; Map; Diagram. Abstract: We report the 

results of a magnetostratigraphic investigation to improve the 

September 2008 53


stratigraphical and chronological resolution of the Pondaung Formation 

of central Myanmar. A total of 98 samples were collected from 45 sites 

through a 319-m-thick section at the fossiliferous locality of Yashe 

Kyitchaung or the Primate Resort (yielding primate species Bahinia 

pondaungensis, Amphipithecus mogaungensis, and Myanmarpithecus 

yarshensis) near the Bahin village. Thermal and alternating field 

demagnetization allowed separation of two remanence components. 

The high-temperature component is interpreted as the characteristic 

magnetization. Rock magnetic experiments show that the remanence 

magnetization is mainly carried by magnetite. This investigation 

documents normal polarity remanent magnetization, with a mean 

direction D = 336.7°, I = 45.5° (N = 74, a95 = 7.1, k = 12). A local 

anticlockwise tectonic rotation of about 32° [plus or minus] 0.94° 

about a vertical axis is suggested, therefore. The magnetostratigraphic 

data indicate that the Bahin section can be correlated with chron 

C17n.1n, and an age of between 37 and 37.4 Ma can thus be assigned 

to the anthropoid locality. A study of the characteristics and possible 

origins of diamonds from Myanmar and Thailand is presented. The 

alluvial diamond deposits under investigation do not contain typical 

diamond indicator minerals. Evidence including isotopic data, the 

dominantly peridotitic nature of the syngenetic inclusions, indications 

of long surface transport, and association with glacial-marine 

sediments suggest that these diamonds originated in northwestern 

Australia or within the Sibumasu terrane itself before the Early 

Permian separation of the Sibumasu terrane from the Gondwanaland 

margin. Although a number of large offshore gas discoveries in the 

early 1990s boosted Myanmar's oil and gas industry, the sector is 

faltering once again. Several factors are causing problems for the 

sector, including tensions between state oil company Myanma Oil & 

Gas Enterprise and the ruling military government that are hampering 

development and disappointing results from onshore oil exploration. 

Both of these factors are leading operators to reduce investment in the 

sector. Furthermore, the domestic and international pressures facing 

America's Unocal Corp. and Britain's Premier Oil plc over allegations of 

serious human rights abuses in pipeline projects in which they are 

involved are putting a further strain on the sector. Meanwhile, the 

Clinton administration in May 2000 renewed unilateral sanctions 

September 2008 54


against Myanmar. A big onshore oil field in Myanmar has responded to 

initial production improvement work and is in line for a big waterflood 

scheme later in 2000. Mann field also appears to be ready for 

subthrust, flank, and deeper pool exploration, according to the field's 

new operator. Myanmar Petroleum Resources Ltd. (MPRL), Yangon, 

Myanmar, with 100 percent working interest, has bought a workstation 

and is interpreting reprocessed data from a 31,000-acre 3D seismic 

survey carried out in 1997. MPRL is operating the field under a 

production compensation contract with state Myanma Oil & Gas 

Enterprise. A new genus and species of anthropoid primate, Bahinia 

pondaungensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Yashe 

Kyitchaung locality in the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation 

(Myanmar). It is related to Eosimias, but it is represented by more 

complete remains, including upper dentition with associated lower jaw 

fragment. It is interpreted as a new representative of the family 

Eosimiidae, which corresponds to the sister group of the 

Amphipithecidae and of all other anthropoids. Eosimiidae are now 

recorded from three distinct Middle Eocene localities in Asia, giving 

support to the hypothesis of an Asian origin of anthropoids. Although 

Myanmar possesses huge energy resources in terms of potential 

petroleum reserves and hydroelectric power potential, it is facing an 

increasing shortfall in energy supply. A report presented by Energy 

Minister Lun Thi highlighted the fact that an anticipated significant rise 

in demand and a deficiency in energy infrastructure required to 

support the anticipated demand growth are making the issue of energy 

availability increasingly serious. Significant domestic and foreign 

capital is required to initiate large-scale energy infrastructure projects. 

However, obtaining such funding is extremely difficult due to the fact 

that Myanmar's poverty and serious political problems have prompted 

most overseas investors to look beyond the country for project 

development. The deformation history of the Salin subbasin, Myanmar, 

Burma, was studied. In the study, field-based geological observations 

and interpretations of geophysical data were integrated with regional 

tectonics. Exploration of the mechanisms of creation and deformation 

can be carried out in this region due to the configuration of the basin 

being preserved as a result of intense structural shortening due to 

continental collision. An insight into the structural and tectonic 

September 2008 55


processes at work is provided. In mid-November 1997, ARCO 

announced its intention to reduce its operations in Myanmar by selling 

an interest in gas-prone blocks in Gulf of Martaban--a withdrawal that 

appears to have been forced by protest groups in the U.S. that have 

been targeting companies with interests in Myanmar. The reactions of 

other petroleum companies that have been targeted by these protest 

groups are discussed. Part of a special section on oil and gas 

exploration in Myanmar (Burma) discusses the integrated oil industry 

in the Chindwin basin, covering exploration methods, drilling practices, 

production, transportation, refining, and marketing and distribution. 

Oil occurrence testifies to the potential oil source rocks of the Eocene 

in the Chindwin basin, and it seems likely that the oil potential of the 

Eocene at Indaw makes the structure a good candidate for a giant 

discovery. Part of a special section on oil and gas exploration in 

Myanmar (Burma). On July 21, 1997, Pacrim Energy NL of Brisbane, 

Australia, signed production sharing contracts with Myanmar to 

explore two blocks known as C-1 (Indaw) and RSF-9 (Pyalo). RSF-9 

covers 600,229 acres in the old Central Burma oil belt. It is situated 

east of the Ayeyerwady (Irrawaddy) River north of Prome Oil field, 

approximately 180 miles northwest of Yangon (Rangoon). It has one 

depleted and/or not fully developed gas field, at Pyalo, and the block is 

very lightly explored. Block C-1, modified and enlarged relative to the 

earlier Block C-1 held by Yukong Ltd. of Korea in 1989-94, now 

comprises almost 4.8 million acres. The block is located in Northwest 

Myanmar, with its center about 150 miles northwest of Mandalay in 

the remote Chindwin basin. This block, which was extended to the east 

to include the Mettaung thrust belt and to the north to include the 

Yenan anticline west of the Chindwin River, is discussed in detail. In 

Myanmar, formerly Burma, the use of elephants for logging provides 

benefits for both the country's forests and an endangered species. 

Myanmar has some of the largest tracts of unspoilt forest on the earth, 

thanks to a century-old policy of harvesting selected trees and 

transporting the logs by teams of men and elephants. The traditional 

practice keeps vast sections of forest robust and highly productive. 

The environmental benefits of using elephants over machines for 

logging; the importance of the numbers of logging elephants to the 

overall population of Asian elephants; and attempts to inseminate 

September 2008 56


female elephants as part of a breeding program are discussed. Recent 

alterations to the mining laws in Myanmar, which was previously 

known as Burma, have generated renewed interest in this area of 

Southeast Asia. The law now provides for 3 types of permits. These 

are 3-year-life for prospecting/exploration in virgin areas, 1-year-life 

for exploration/feasibility-study in areas with extensive data extant, 

and 15-year-life for mine development/production. Indochina is 

emerging as a prime candidate for foreign investment in oil and gas 

exploration and development (E&D) and should retain that status for 

the rest of the decade as the trend toward privatization accelerates 

there. With the exception of Thailand and its market-oriented 

economy, the region's countries have been experiencing years of 

international isolation caused by war or civil unrest, and some are 

looking for foreign private investment in oil and gas for the first time in 

more than 10 years. According to A. D. Melzer, managing director at 

Premier Consolidated Oilfields, oil firms generally take a cautious but 

favorable stance toward E&D in Indochina. However, progress could be 

impeded by the confusing array of boundary claims among Southeast 

Asian countries and by the vast number of unexploded bombs and 

ordnance left by decades of war in the region. E&D efforts in Thailand, 

Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam are discussed. ISSN/ISBN: 

0022-1376; 0361-0128; 0030-1388; 0030-1388; 0036-8075; 0030- 

1388; 0149-1423; 0030-1388; 0030-1388; 0030-1388; 0036-8733; 

0095-8948; 0030-1388; 0005-2175; 0037-1106. 

Bender, F. Bannert, D. Brinckmann, J. Gramann, F. and Helmcke, D. 

1983. Geology of Burma. Federal Republic of Germany: Gebrueder 

Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart, Federal Republic 

of Germany. Beitraege Zur Regionalen Geologie Der Erde. Volume: 16, 

Language: English. Descriptors: areal geology; Asia; Burma; Far East; 

hydrogeology; monographs; regional; soils. Notes: CD: BRGEA4; FE: 

References: 940; illus. incl. 92 plates, table, geol. sketch map, sect., 

strat. col. Map Scale: 1:2,000,000. type: Geologic map. ISSN: 0522- 

7038. 

Bernardi, Michele. 2008. “Nargis Rain Rate Animation.” Rain rate 

during the Cyclone Nargis, 30 April - 2 May, 2008. Naval Research 

September 2008 57


Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, Monterey CA, USA. GIF 

animation was created by FAO/NR. See: 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/Nargis_30Apr_02May_08-animate.gif 

Bert, W. 1990. “Chinese Policy Toward Democratization Movements: 

Burma and the Philippines.” Asian Survey. Volume 30, Issue 11, Pages 

1066-1083. Descriptors: WATER; reform movement; democratisation; 

Chinese foreign policy. Notes: Geographic: Burma Philippines China. 

Abstract: This article is an inquiry into China's attitude and policy 

toward situations where a reform movement was trying to replace or 

reform a rigid and inefficient government in a geographical area of 

strategic and economic importance to China. As the crises deepened in 

Burma and the Philippines, was China's policy toward democratization 

aimed at continuing good relations with the friendly but now 

threatened “old regime' and maintaining the status quo or at 

establishing rapport with and supporting the movement or party 

attempting to take power; and were China's reasons for giving or with 

holding support based on its advocacy of reform per se, or protection 

of its security and economic interests through diplomatic and foreign 

policy means? ISSN: 0004-4687. 

Bird, M. I., Robinson, R. A. J., Win Oo, N., et al. “A Preliminary 

Estimate of Organic Carbon Transport by the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) 

and Thanlwin (Salween) Rivers of Myanmar.” Quaternary 

International,. Volume In Press, Corrected Proof, 

Blaber, S. J. M., Brewer, D. T., Milton, D. A., et al. 1999. “The Life 

History of the Protandrous Tropical Shad Tenualosa Macrura (Alosinae: 

Clupeidae): Fishery Implications.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf 

Science. 11. Volume 49, Issue 5, Pages 689-701. Descriptors: tropical; 

coastal waters; Tenualosa; protandry; overfishing; distribution. 

Abstract: Tenualosa macrura is a tropical shad that was previously 

found throughout the estuaries and coastal waters of Sumatra and 

Borneo where it formed the basis of flourishing fisheries. The only 

viable fishery today has contracted to the Riau Province of Sumatra, 

Indonesia. To provide information for conservation and fisheries 

management, a two-year study of the biology, ecology and life history 

characteristics of T. macrura was conducted. The evidence from sizes 

September 2008 58


of sexes, sex ratios and histology is that T. macrura is a protandrous 

hermaphrodite. It changes from male to female mainly between 14 

and 20 cm SL (standard length) (six months to one year in age), after 

the male has spawned. Almost all fish in their second year are 

females; the species does not appear to live beyond two years. There 

is a regular movement of spawning males and females between the 

Strait of Malacca (salinity 28–30) and the spawning grounds in the 

sheltered straits (salinity 20–28) of Riau Province on each new and full 

moon. Their occurrence in the inshore straits leads to heavy fishing 

during these moon phases. The main nursery areas are the shallow 

coastal waters of the Strait of Malacca. The decline in catches of T. 

macrura has probably been as a result of fishers intensively targeting 

aggregations of spawning females. Furthermore, most are caught 

before spawning. It is postulated that the protandrous habit of this 

species, and its likewise endangered congener of Sarawak, T. toli, 

renders them more vulnerable to overfishing than is the gonochoristic 

and more widespread T. ilisha that is heavily fished from Burma 

through the Indian sub-continent to Kuwait. 

Blaber, SJM; Milton, DA; Fry, G. and Chenery, SR. 2003. New Insights 

into the Life History of Tenualosa Ilisha and Fishery Implications. 

American Fisheries Society. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp.Volume: 35, Pages: 

223-240. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Age groups; Anadromous 

species; Bays; Biodiversity; Brackishwater environment; Catch 

statistics; Coastal fisheries; Coastal waters; Commercial species; 

Correlation; Depleted stocks; Distribution records; Estuaries; Estuarine 

fisheries; Fecundity; Fishery management; Geochemistry; Growth 

rate; Migrations; Monsoons; Otolith reading; Population dynamics; 

Population structure; Recruitment; Rivers; Salinity gradients; Sex 

ratio; Sexual maturity; Spawning grounds; Stock assessment; 

Temperature effects; Water temperature; Article Taxonomic Terms: 

Tenualosa ilisha; Article Geographic Terms: Australia; Bangladesh; 

ISW, Indian Ocean, Bengal Bay; Kuwait; Myanmar; PSE, East Indian 

Ocean; Pakistan; Hilsa; Sex ratio bias; Shads; Brackish. Abstract: 

Tenualosa ilisha (known as hilsa) is the most widespread of the five 

species of tropical shads Tenualosa spp. It is found from North 

Sumatra in the east to Kuwait in the west. It is the basis of important 

September 2008 59


fisheries in Bangladesh, India, Burma, Pakistan, and Kuwait and is 

probably the basis of the largest estuarine fishery in the world. In 

Bangladesh, T. ilisha comprises 25% of total fish production (total = 

about 200,000 metric tons per year). To date, there has been no 

attempt to relate the marine, estuarine, and freshwater components of 

the populations and describe the full life history of the species. To 

address this, studies were conducted in Bangladesh by the 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 

Australia, and the Fisheries Research Institute of Bangladesh between 

1996 and 2000. Results show that male and female T. ilisha reach 

sexual maturity at 200 mm when they are 1 year old and that both are 

able to spawn at this size. Unlike other Tenualosa species, there is no 

histological or macroscopic evidence for sex change in T. ilisha, but 

there is a bias in the sex ratio. The majority of individuals over 300 

mm and almost all over 400 mm are females. Males predominate 

between 100 and 250 mm, but the sex ratio below 100 mm is more 

even. The biases in the sex ratio suggest that males may not live as 

long as females. Spawning occurs throughout the year from upstream 

at the Indian border to the coast at Chittagong and even in the sea off 

Cox's Bazar. Contrary to the previous belief that T. ilisha is strictly 

anadromous, the data show clearly that T. ilisha spawn in rivers, in 

estuaries, and on the coast. Otolith core microchemistry indicates that 

some fish (e.g., from Cox's Bazar) are born in middle to high salinities, 

which suggests that salinity per se may not be relevant to the location 

of spawning areas. The previously documented large-scale movements 

of T. ilisha show a marked correlation with water temperature. 

Upstream movements during the monsoon (July-September) take 

place when water temperatures are highest inland. Conversely, the 

movement toward the sea corresponds with a marked drop in 

upstream water temperature from about October, when sea 

temperatures are 3-4 degree C higher than riverine temperatures. 

Otolith Sr:Ca ratios and reproductive surveys indicate that the 

movement patterns of T. ilisha are complex and variable. Individuals 

attain 20 cm standard length by the end of their first year and grow at 

similar rates to other tropical clupeids. The population is now 

dominated by 1-year-old fish, whereas in the 1960s it was composed 

mainly of 3-year-old fish. Hence, the probability of recruitment failure 

September 2008 60


has greatly increased because 1-year-old fish now contribute most to 

egg production and have a relatively low fecundity. This, together with 

a decline in female fecundity, has implications for the future of the 

fishery which recorded large declines in catches in 2000 and 2001. 

Notes: SO: Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation of the World's 

Shads. pp. 223-240. American Fisheries Society Symposium [Am. Fish. 

Soc. Symp.]. Vol. 35. TR: CS0509113. ISBN: 1888569514. Database: 

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. OCLC: 5707398. 

Bodden, Ralf. 1987. “Kinda Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant Makes an 

Important Contribution to Burma's Power Supply.” Energy & 

Automation. Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages 52-53. Descriptors: 

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS- Burma; DAMS- Burma; ELECTRIC 

POWER PLANTS- Burma. Abstract: The Kinda Dam hydroelectric power 

plant was commissioned at the end of 1985 after a construction period 

of just under five years. It is part of a multi-purpose project built for 

the Electric Power Corporation and financed by the World Bank and the 

Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau. In January 1986 the plant, which is 

Germany's major development aid project for Burma, was visited by 

Dr. Richard von Weizsaecker, President of the Federal Republic of 

Germany. The Kinda Dam storage reservoir was built to afford 

protection against flooding in the rainy season and for irrigation of 

wide areas of land for more intensive rice cultivation, since the severe 

seasonal water shortage is a problem in the dry zone of central Burma. 

Bodet, F. and Schaerer, U. 2001. “Pb Isotope Systematics and Time- 

Integrated Th/U of SE-Asian Continental Crust Recorded by Single K- 

Feldspar Grains in Large Rivers.” Chem. Geol. 30 Jul. Volume 177, 

Issue 3-4, Pages 265-285. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: 

Erosion; Feldspars; Fluvial Sediments; Fluvial deposits; Geochemistry; 

Geologic History; Geomorphology; Isotope Studies; Lead; Lead 

Radioisotopes; Radioactive Dating; Radiometric dating; Sediment 

chemistry; Sediment sources; Thorium; Uranium; Uranium 

Radioisotopes; Article Geographic Terms: Asia, Mekong R. Asia, Red R. 

Asia, Salween R. Burma, Irrawaddy R. Asia, Mekong R. Notes: TR: 

CS0208582. Abstract: To elucidate time-integrated Th/U and Pb 

isotope characteristics of the SE-Asian continent, 159 individual K- 

September 2008 61


feldspar grains from the rivers Mekong, Salween, Irrawaddy and Red 

River were analyzed. Earlier U-Pb dating and Hf isotope results of 

zircon and baddeleyite from the same river sands have established its 

crustal growth and recycling history, also showing that these heavy 

minerals are sufficiently representative for the evolution of large 

continental regions. We therefore consider K-feldspar populations in 

these sands to be the best possible way to investigate Pb isotope 

systematics on the continental scale, and analyzing individual grains 

overcomes the averaging effect of multi-grain measurements. To test 

the basic condition that U/Pb-ratios are very low in K-feldspar, Pb 

concentration were measured in all grains, and U in about 10% of 

them, corroborating Pb concentrations between 4 and 292 ppm with a 

mean value of 80 plus or minus 40 ppm, and U and Th well below 0.1 

and 0.4 ppm, respectively. In situ decay of U can therefore be 

neglected in all grains and measured Pb isotope ratios are those 

acquired by the magmatic or metamorphic host material at the time of 

K-feldspar crystallization. Relative to the model evolution of 

super(206)Pb super(204)Pb in upper continental crust, model ages 

range between 0.5 and 0.2 Ga, whereas many super(207)Pb 

super(204)Pb are significantly more radiogenic than any type of 

Phanerozoic crust. This confirms important recycling of Precambrian 

crust into the K-feldspar source material such as already observed by 

Hf signatures for the heavy mineral source lithologies. An important 

observation is that none of the K-feldspars has preserved Precambrian 

Pb isotope signature and in consequence, detrital sediments covering 

the SE-Asian continent must essentially originate from Phanerozoic 

orogenic belts, where K-feldspars have been re-equilibrated by 

metamorphic reactions or crystallization in newly formed melts. To 

dominate delivery of detrital material to such a large extent on the 

continental scale, these Phanerozoic orogenies must have generated 

important high mountains ranges, to be subsequently flattened by 

erosion; today topographic highs are exclusively due to uplift in 

relation to the India-Asia collision. Database: Water Resources 

Abstracts. ISSN: 0009-2541. 

Bolin, T. D., Genge, J. R., Duncombe, V. M., Soe-Aung and Myo-Khin 

Affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, 

September 2008 62


New South Wales,,Australia. 1996. “Patterns of Methane Production in 

a Burmese (Myanmar) Population.” J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. J. 

Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Jan. Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 71-6 

Additional Info: AUSTRALIA. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Age 

Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breath Tests; Child; Child, 

Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Humans; Infant; 

Infant, Newborn; Male; Methane- metabolism; Middle Aged; Myanmar; 

Sex Factors; Smoking- epidemiology; Socioeconomic Factors. Notes: 

Chemical Subst: Methane [74-82-8]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM. Abstract: While up to 50% of Western populations 

produce methane, this is less than that of rural black Africans and 

there is no information on methane production in populations from 

Asian developing countries. Females consistently produce methane 

more commonly than males, and methane production in children under 

the age of five years, except in Nigeria, is unusual. Breath methane 

was sampled in 1426 subjects from Myanmar ranging in age from 1 

month to 88 years, with a mean age of 26.2 years. Half (49.8%) of 

the Myanmar population produced methane, this figure comprising 

53% of females and 46% of males sampled. Methane production 

increases with age and reaches adult levels after 10 years of age. A 

high prevalence of methane production was found in children under 3 

years of age (15.8%). Methane production was absent in 13 solely 

breast-fed children and increased as other food was introduced into 

the diet. There was an association of methane production within 

families and with smoking. The prevalence of methane production 

increased in male and female smokers, with 75% of smokers 

producing methane. Methane production was not associated with 

occupation, education, income, water source, latrine type, previous 

diarrhoea, antibiotic usage or socio-economic status. ISSN: 0815-9319 

(Print); 1440-1746 (Electronic). 

Bondre, N. 2007. “Earthquakes: Burma's Fault.” Nature; Nature. Sep 

6. Volume 449, Issue 7158, Pages 33 Additional Info: England. 

Descriptors: Models, Theoretical; Natural Disasters; Myanmar; Oceans 

and Seas; Water Movements; Earthquakes; Tidal waves; Geology. 

Notes: Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2007 Sep 6; 449 (7158): 75-8 

PMID: 17805292; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM. Abstract: 

September 2008 63


The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 

came as a surprise to most of the Earth science community. While it is 

now widely recognized that the risk of another giant earthquake is 

high off central Sumatra, just east of the 2004 earthquake, there 

seems to be relatively little concern about the subduction zone to the 

north, in the northern Bay of Bengal along the coast of Myanmar 

(formerly Burma). Phil Cummins suggests, however, that giant 

earthquake activity is possible in this region, and that a large and 

vulnerable population may be facing a significant earthquake and 

tsunami hazard. ISSN/ISBN: 0028-0836 (Print); 1476-4687 

(Electronic). 

Boonpiraks, S. 1992. “Thai-Myanmar Joint Hydro Schemes.” 

International Water Power and Dam Construction IWPCDM, Vol.44, 

no.10, p 40-41. October 1992. 1 fig. Descriptors: Hydroelectric 

projects; Myanmar; Thailand; Water resources development; Water 

resources management; Cost analysis; Dams; Developing countries; 

International agreements; Regional planning. Abstract: Both Thailand 

and the Union of Myanmar have, for a long time, been interested in 

the development of the water resources of their bordering rivers. The 

two countries agreed in 1989 to cooperate on eight hydro projects 

along their common border: Nam Mae Sai, Klong Kra, Upper Salawin, 

Lower Salawin, Nam Moei 1, Nam Moei 2, Nam Moei 3, and Mak Kok. 

Preliminary studies of the projects have since been carried out and 

choices for dam type and electric power generation equipment have 

been made. The total capacity of the eight stations will be 6397.5 MW, 

requiring a total investment of some US $5.12 billion. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN: 0306-400X. 

Boucher, Francois. 2007. Southeast Asia. A Rail Network from China to 

Singapore. LA VIE DU RAIL. no. 3, Pages: pp 28-35. Descriptors: 

Burma; China; Network analysis (Planning); Networks; Railroad 

transportation; Railroads; Regional development; Regional planning; 

Regional transportation; Singapore; Southeast Asia; Vietnam. 

Abstract: By 2015, a 5,500-km unified Pan-Asian railway network 

should be completed, replacing the existing metric gauge mosaic of 

railway lines in Southeast Asia. Since 1995, this project has mobilized 

September 2008 64


the key railway players and stakeholders in this part of the globe. 

Between China and Singapore, and between Vietnam and Burma, 8 

countries are involved. However, not all these countries have the same 

level of development nor the same priorities as do the aforementioned 

nations. This article discusses the logistics, barriers, and possible 

solutions involved in constructing the proposed Pan-Asian railway 

network throughout Southeast Asia. OCLC Accession Number: 

01082418. 

Boucot, A. J., Cocks, L. R. M. and Racheboeuf P.R. Affiliation: A.J. 

Boucot, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 

OR,97331. 1999. “Early Devonian Brachiopods from Satun Province, 

Southern Thailand.” J. Paleontol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 73, Issue 5, Pages 850-859 Additional Info: United 

States. Descriptors: Invertebrates; Devonian; paleobiogeography 

Species Term: Quasiprosserella samedensis; Plectodonta forteyi; 

Caplinoplia thailandensis; Clorinda wongwanichi; Brachiopoda; 

Entovalva; Plectodonta; Quasiprosserella. Notes: References: Number: 

52; Geographic: Thailand- Satun Province. Abstract: Twelve 

brachiopod taxa are described from the Early Devonian (probable early 

Emsian) Pa Samed Formation of southern Thailand, including the new 

genus and species Quasiprosserella samedensis (Ambocoeliidae?) and 

the new species Plectodonta forteyi, Caplinoplia thailandensis, and 

Clorinda wongwanichi. They are the first undoubted Devonian 

brachiopods from Thailand. They represent the deeper-water Benthic 

Assemblages BA4-5, and, although clearly indicative of the Old World 

Realm, cannot be assigned to a particular biogeographical region. A 

new undescribed fauna from the contemporary Zebingyi Formation of 

Burma (Myanmar) is also noted. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-3360. 

Bray, J. 1993. “Burma Politics and Petroleum.” Geopolitics of Energy. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 15, Issue 5, Pages 6-8. 

Descriptors: WATER; gas; petroleum; political factors; offshore 

exploration. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: Interest in Burma is 

provoked mainly by offshore prospects and the possibility that such 

gas dicoveries may be related to others in the Gulf of Thailand, thus 

making the region a gas province of importance to continental 

September 2008 65


Southeast Asia and possibly a source of additional LNG trade. The 

geological opportunities for offshore exploration are considered 

attractive, but the bleak political outlook sours the prospects for 

economic expansion. ISSN: 0273-1371. 

Brichieri-Columbi, J. S. A. 1983. “Hydrological Studies of the 

Irrawaddy Delta.” Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions IAHS 

Publication no.140, 1983. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the 

18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and 

Geophysics. Hamburg, West Germany. Volume August 15-27, Pages 3 

ref. Descriptors: Hydrology; Irrawaddy Delta; Mathematical models; 

Surveys; Drainage basins; Deltas; Hydrologic regime; Short-term 

planning; Available water; Mali River; N'Mai River; Burma; China. 

Abstract: The Irrawaddy is formed by the confluence of the Mali and 

N'Mai rivers which rise among 6,000 m peaks on the Burma-China 

border, and drains a 415,000 sq km drainage basin. As it is navigable 

for much of its 2,000 km length, and provides a constant supply of 

fresh water to the dry central zone, it has played a dominant role in 

the history and economic life of Burma. The delta starts at Kyangin, 

380 km from the Gulf of Martaban, at an altitude of 15 m, and extends 

over an area of 31,000 sq km between the confining hills of the 1,300 

m Arakan Yomas in the west and the 900 Pegu Yomas in the east. The 

river fans out from its braided channel above Kyangin in a complex of 

tidal creeks which drain into the gulf by 12 major mouths extending 

over 260 km of coast. In the period November 1977-March 1981, a 

hydrological survey was carried out by various British government and 

private organizations under a project funded by the IDA and ODA 

(UK). The study objectives were (a) to establish hydrological design 

parameters for paddy projects; (b) to determine the availability of 

fresh water in the lower delta channels; (c) to assess the effect of 

short-term projects for development of 400,000 ha of paddyland, and 

long-term development with widespread embanking, on the hydraulic 

regime of the delta. To satisfy the second and third objectives, a onedimensional 

mathematical model of the delta was set up to study the 

fluvio-tidal interaction under low flow and flood conditions. The 

modelling work was carried out in parallel with a major survey effort in 

order to concentrate the survey efficiently, and to identify errors in the 

September 2008 66


survey or modelling while the teams were still available. (See also 

W87-00086). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Brinckmann, J. and Hinze, C. 1981. “On the Geology of the Bawdwin 

Lead-Zinc Mine, Northern Shan State, Burma.” Geologisches Jahrbuch, 

Reihe D. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 43, Pages 7- 

45. Descriptors: MINERALOGY. Notes: Special Feature: 2 figs, 11 

coloured photos, 2 coloured geological maps (1:10 000 & 1:4800), 5 

coloured plans. Abstract: Detailed geological re-mapping shows a close 

association between the Pb(Ag)-Zn ore of the Bawdwin mine and the 

rhyolitic country rocks. These 2000 m-thick volcaniclastic sediments 

and shalow rhyolite intrusive are intercalated in Lower Palaeozoic 

shallow-water deposits. The late phase of this volcanism was 

characterized by pneumatolytic and/or hydrothermal solutions which 

gave three sulphide orebodies (the Shan, Chinaman and Meingtha 

lodes) and surrounding low-grade ore in volcaniclastics sediments. The 

position of the high-grade orebodies was controlled by the Bawdwin 

fault zone. Several features of the Bawdin ore and its felsitic host 

rocks are similar to the Japanese Kuroko ore deposit. The Bawdwin 

lodes are of the 'fissure-filling vein type' and/or 'stockwork ore' of the 

Kuroko-type deposits. 

Browder, Greg John. 1998. Negotiating an International Regime for 

Water Allocation in the Mekong River Basin (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, 

Vietnam). Stanford University. DAI. Volume: 59, 06A, Pages: 359- 

2178. Descriptors: Political Science, International Law And Relations; 

Political Science, General; Environmental Sciences; Urban And 

Regional Planning. Abstract: This study analyzes negotiations for the 

1995 Mekong Agreement and examines the early implementation of 

the Agreement. The Mekong regime is defined as a governance system 

for water management in the Mekong Basin. The regime-member 

states are Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; the two upper 

basin states, China and Myanmar, are not members. Although the 

regime has existed since 1957, the Agreement signaled the start of a 

new era in which water allocation is a key issue. The research question 

is: How, and to what extent, has the Mekong regime made progress 

on water allocation issues? The dissertation reviews the history of the 

September 2008 67


Mekong regime, surveys current water resource development in the 

Mekong Basin, and describes the geopolitical context for the 

Agreement. Negotiations for the Agreement and its early 

implementation are then examined. The study constructs an analytic 

framework based on the work of three negotiation researchers: 

Howard Raiffa, James Sebenius, and Lawrence Susskind. Information 

for the analysis comes from interviews with the negotiators, 

negotiation documents, press reports, and the author's personal 

experiences. Three levels of hierarchical rules exist in the Mekong 

regime: constitutional, legislative, and administrative. The Agreement 

represents a new constitution because it specifies principles, 

procedures and organizational arrangements. The Agreement was 

possible because: (i) the Mekong states wanted to maintain amicable 

relations in the post-Cold War era, (ii) governments from Europe and 

Japan subsidize the Mekong regime, and (iii) planned Chinese 

reservoirs will augment the dry season water supply. Mediation by the 

United Nations Development Programme was necessary in formulating 

the Agreement. The Agreement created the Mekong River Commission 

(MRC), and requires the MRC to formulate legislative rules on: (i) 

minimum flows in the Mekong River, (ii) procedures for reviewing 

proposed water uses, and (iii) a non-binding basin development plan. 

The MRC has encountered difficulties drafting these legislative rules 

because of the absence of mediation, the MRC's low status on the 

region's foreign policy agenda, and the contentious nature of water 

allocation issues. The restructuring of the Mekong regime will not be 

complete until the MRC has a set of administrative rules on specific 

water uses. Notes: Degree: PH.D. OCLC: AAG9837180. 

Brown, L. R. Renner, M. and Halweil, B. 1999. Vital Signs 1999. The 

Environmental Trends that are Shaping Our Future. Norton (W.W.) and 

Company, Incorporated. Pages: 197 p. Descriptors: Burma; Cellular 

phones; Economic conditions; Environmental quality; Laos; 

Newspapers; Scientists; Weather and climate. Abstract: This eighth 

volume in the series from the Worldwatch Institute shows the key 

trends that often escape the attention of the news media and world 

leaders- and that are often ignored by economic experts as they plan 

for the future. This book provides key indicators that show social, 

September 2008 68


economic, and environmental progress, or the lack of it. The data have 

been extracted from thousands of documents obtained from 

government, industry, scientists, and international organizations into 

“vital signs” of our times. Among the findings are the following: 1998 

was the hottest year since record keeping began in 1866; Yak 

caravans in the mountains of Laos and Burma now use cell phones to 

find the best route to market during the rainy season. ISBN: 

0393318931. OCLC Accession Number: 00765528. 

Brown, P., Kenney, A. J., Htwe, N. M., et al. 2008. “Farmers' 

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Rodent Management in 

Myanmar.” Int. J. Pest Manage. Volume 54, Issue 1, Pages 69-76 

Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Pests; crop damage; 

crop yield; farmers attitude; farmers knowledge; farming system; 

perception; pest control; pest species; rice; rodent Species Term: 

Hexapoda; Rattus; Rodentia. Notes: References: Number: 29; 

Geographic: Asia Eurasia Myanmar Southeast Asia. Abstract: A survey 

of 350 farmers was conducted in the lowland rainfed agricultural 

system of central Myanmar (Burma) to examine the importance of 

rodents, farmers' perception of the causes of yield loss, and their 

beliefs as to why they undertake rodent management. Farmers grew 

monsoon rice, summer rice and mungbeans with the major constraints 

upon production identified as pests (29.4% of respondents), followed 

by insufficient water (19.4%). The main pests were insects (48.6%), 

followed by rats (40.9%); however, farmers thought that rats caused 

most damage to their crops (47.7% of respondents; insects 30.3%), 

and were the most important pest to control. Farmers estimated that 

rodents caused 13% yield loss. Most farmers believed they could 

increase yields if they were to work together to control rats, but 

61.1% applied rodent control individually. Most farmers (81%) thought 

that rodenticides were not safe despite 33% using them. Rodents were 

clearly identified as a significant problem by farmers. With an 

understanding of the main rodent pest species, ecology and crop 

damage, ecologically based management strategies for the lowland 

rainfed rice system in Myanmar can be developed. ISSN: 0967-0874; 

Electronic- 1366-5863. 

September 2008 69


Bruneau, M. 1991. “Modeles Spatiaux Des Etats De l'Asie Du Sud-Est 

Continentale Translated Title: State Spatial Models of Continental 

Southeast Asia.” Cahiers De Geographie Du Quebec. Volume 35, Issue 

94, Pages 89-116. Descriptors: Spatial Analysis, Location Theory; 

WATER; developing country; spatial model; regional variation; 

simulation model; colonisation process; national territory; coreperiphery 

relations; capitalist economy; regional development; state 

control; uneven development; territorial administration. Notes: 

Geographic: Asia- (Southeast) Burma Thailand Laos Cambodia. 

Abstract: Within four states of continental Southeast Asia (Burma, 

Thailand, Laos, Cambodia) we observe the persistency of a concentric 

circle spatial model of uneven development and decreasing control of 

the central power. This model originates from the muang or 

principality of the precolonial period whose autonomy was challenged 

only by the rise of strong kingdoms. The colonisation and the 

penetration of the capitalist economy did not succeed in truly 

integrating the national space in spite of the development of 

communication networks and of the rationalisation of territorial 

administration. Thailand, not directly colonised, has gone the farthest 

in the way of a unified national territory because of the continuity of its 

monarchy and the integration of her Chinese bourgeoisie. The two 

buffer-states of Laos and Cambodia, and Burma are still economically 

underdeveloped and have a very loosely integrated external ring. The 

present trend for them is to become peripheries to Thailand and 

especially its center Bangkok where population, activity and capital 

accumulate. ISSN: 0007-9766. 

Bruneau, M. And Bernot, L. 1974. “A Lake Population: The Intha of 

Lake Inle. (Southern Shan States, Burma), (in French).” J Agric Trop 

Bot Appl.19(10/11); P 401-441. 1972(1974). Descriptors: Asia; Lakes; 

Rice; Human Population; Forests; Geography; Water Hyacinth; 

Nuisance Algae; Bibligraphies; Burma; Ceratophyllum; Dipterocarpus- 

Tuberculatus; Eichornia-Crassipes; Ephydatia-Fluviatilis; Hydrilla; 

Imperata; Inle; Intha; Shan; Utricularia. Abstract: cultural data on the 

people and a bibliography of geographic, ethnographic and biological 

works on this area are provided. The yaungshwe basin contains 2 

distinct types of forest: one characterized by dipterocarpus 

September 2008 70


tuberculatus and associated plants; the other by imperata. The 

lacustral zone occupies a portion of the basin and is composed of 3 

sections: the central section, characterized by ceratophyllum; the area 

around the lake, composed of floating islands of living and dead 

plants, especially the water hyacinth eichornia crassipes, a rapidly 

growing south american plant which is considered a nuisance; and the 

intermediate paludal zone, the bottom of which is covered with 

hydrilla, ceratophyllum and utricularia. This last zone is also rich in the 

sponge, ephydatia fluviatilis. The principal industry in the area is rice 

growing. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “Fighting Over the Forests: Political Reform, 

Peasant Resistance and the Transformation of Forest Management in 

Late Colonial Burma.” Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative 

Politics. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 32, Issue 2, 

Pages 244-260. Descriptors: WATER; political reform; colonial period; 

peasant resistance; forest management. Notes: Geographic: Burma. 

Abstract: Although contemporary forest politics in South-East Asia 

differs from the past in that it features new actors (that is NGOs) and 

a pronounced international dimension, there are important continuities 

with the past. Political reforms and peasant resistance combined to 

transform forest management in colonial Burma between 1923 and 

1942. The essay addresses two issues of central importance during 

this period: peasant access to the plains reserves, and the 

Burmanisation of the forest sector. The former was an issue which 

largely pitted the peasantry against the forest department but which 

also implicated nationalist leaders who sought peasant political 

support. In contrast, the latter was primarily an affair of the urban 

middle class - not surprisingly, since it was this class which would 

benefit most from the employment opportunities in government and 

business that would occur with reform in this area. Together, these 

two issues dominated forest politics in the late colonial period, and 

contributed to the transformation of forest management. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak 

Regeneration in Colonial Burma.” Modern Asian Studies. 2005 Elsevier 

Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 225-250. 

September 2008 71


Descriptors: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; WATER; cultural conflict; 

political process; colonial period; economic control; plantation 

forestry; forest policy; shifting cultivators; teak production; taungya 

forestry; state control; teak plantation. Notes: Geographic: Burma. 

Abstract: One of the most innovative aspects of forest policy in colonial 

Burma was the employment of shifting cultivators in order to create 

teak plantations. As developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, 

this system of plantation forestry (taungya forestry) represented a farsighted 

attempt to establish teak production on a long-term basis. In 

considering the politics of taungya forestry in colonial Burma, this 

paper challenges the view, popularized by such colonial forest officials 

as Nisbet and Stebbing, that the system developed without conflict, 

and was somehow above politics. Rather, the author starts from the 

premise that taungya forestry was a highly political process, and 

examines the different considerations that shaped its contested 

introduction. Whereas colonial officials hoped to derive important 

political and economic advantage from taungya forestry, the hill Karen 

whose labour was primarily in contention feared (accurately as it 

turned out) the erosion of their traditional shifting lifestyle. Not 

surprisingly, these differing interests and perceptions made conflict 

inevitable. ISSN: 0026-749X. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “The Rise and Fall of Taungya Forestry: Social 

Forestry in Defence of the Empire.” Ecologist. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 21-26. Descriptors: Forest 

Resources; WATER; social system; sustainable development; forestry 

production; developing country; taungya system; agroforestry; 

taungya forestry; colonialism; sustainable forestry; indigenous people; 

social forestry. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The taungya 

system of agroforestry developed by the British in the teak forests of 

Burma has been extolled by some foresters as a model for a modern 

sustainable forestry system which is compatible with shifting 

agriculture. However, taungya forestry was not the result of 

premeditated “scientific' design, but the outcome of an antagonistic 

relationship between an acquisitive colonial power and a threatened 

indigenous people whose reactions varied from covert resistance to 

defensive compliance. Applications of taungya forestry within present- 

September 2008 72


day social contexts are likely to mainifest the same tensions. ISSN: 

0261-3131. 

Buffetaut, E. 1978. “A Dyrosaurid (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from the 

Upper Eocene of Burma.” Neues Jahrbuch Fuer Geologie Und 

Palaeontologie.Monatshefte. E. Schweizerbart'sche 

Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany: Federal 

Republic of Germany. May. Issue 5, Pages 273-281. Descriptors: 

Archosauria; Asia; biogeography; biostratigraphy; bones; Burma; 

Cenozoic; Chordata; Crocodilia; Diapsida; Dyrosauridae; environment; 

Eocene; Far East; fresh-water environment; morphology; 

paleoecology; Paleogene; paleontology; Pondaung Formation; Reptilia; 

teeth; Tertiary; Tetrapoda; upper Eocene; Vertebrata. References: 19; 

plates; ISSN: 0028-3630. 

Bunce GE Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, 

USA.,gebunce@vt.edu. 2005. “Nutrition Surveys in Burma and 

Northeast Brazil.” J. Nutr. J. Nutr. May. Volume 135, Issue 5, Pages 

1281-2 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Nutrition Surveys; 

Brazil; Crops, Agricultural; Developing Countries; Humans; Interprofessional 

Relations; Myanmar. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM. Abstract: Participation of the author in the 

Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense 

sponsored nutrition surveys of Burma and northeast Brazil is 

described. These surveys not only collected important data on 

nutritional status but also guided the subsequent research interests of 

the author. The Brazil survey results contributed to the creation of 

legislation that mandated the addition of water-dispersible vitamin A to 

skimmed-milk powder products. This additive has greatly diminished 

the likelihood of vitamin A deficiency syndrome occurring in children 

after famine relief efforts. ISSN: 0022-3166 (Print); 1541-6100 

(Electronic). 

Bureau of Intelligence and Research (State) Washington, DC. 1970. 

“International Boundary Study. Series A. Limits in the Seas. Number 

14, Straight Baselines: Burma.” 14 MAR. Descriptors: Boundaries; 

September 2008 73


Geographic Areas; Burma; Coastal Regions; International; Geography 

Sociology and Law. Abstract: The following declaration by the 

Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma is 

published for general information: WHEREAS International Law has 

always recognised that the sovereignty of a State extends to a belt of 

sea adjacent to its coast, AND WHEREAS international practice is not 

uniform as regards the extent of this sea belt commonly known as the 

territorial sea of the State, and consequently it is necessary to make a 

declaration as to the extent of the territorial sea of the Union of 

Burma, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Union of 

Burma hereby declares-- That notwithstanding any rule of law or 

practice to the contrary which may have been observed in the past 

relating to the Union of Burma or any part thereof, the territorial sea 

of the Union of Burma shall extend into the sea to a distance of twelve 

nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. Except as 

provided for in paragraph 3, the low-water line along the coast, as 

marked on large-scale charts officially recognised by the Government 

of the Union of Burma, shall be the base line for measuring the 

breadth of the territorial sea of the Union of Burma. That where it is 

necessary by reason of the geographical conditions prevailing on the 

Union of Burma coasts, and for the purpose of safeguarding the vital 

economic interest of the inhabitants of the coastal regions, to establish 

the system of straight base lines drawn between fixed points on the 

mainland, on islands or rocks, the breadth of the territorial sea shall be 

measured from such base lines. The fixed points between which such 

straight base lines shall be drawn are indicated in detail in the 

schedule annexed to this declaration. Notes: Distribution Statement: 

Approved for public release. DTIC Accession Number: ADA090816. 

Burma. 1973. Development Credit Agreement (Inland Water Transport 

Project) between the Union of Burma and International Development 

Association. Uniform Title: Treaties, etc. International Development 

Association, 1973 July 2. Washington, D.C: International Development 

Association. Descriptors: Loans, Foreign- Burma; Debts, External- 

Burma; Inland water transportation- Burma- Finance; Economic 

assistance- Burma; International Development Association- Finance; 

Government publication; International government publication. Notes: 

September 2008 74


19 p. 27 cm. Notes: “Conformed copy.”; Other Titles: Inland water 

transport project. OCLC: 45278606. 

Burma. 1968. The Inland Steam-Vessels Manual: Containing the 

Notifications in Force Issued Under the Inland Steam-Vessels Act, 

1917 (as Modified Up to 6th October 1956): Corrected Up to 8th may 

1964. Rangoon: Central Press. Descriptors: Steamboats- Law and 

legislation- Burma; Inland water transportation- Law and legislation- 

Burma; Government publication; National government publication. 

Notes: ill. (some col.), forms; 25 cm. Notes: Includes index. OCLC: 

63539791. 

Burma Issues (Organization). 2003. Khu’an Salawin: Soknattakam 

Song Phændin, Phændin, Sainam læ Lomhaichai Khong Klum 

Chatphan Thi Cha Chom Tai Nam. Krung Thep: Burma Issues. Pages: 

152. Descriptors: Water resources development- Burma; Refugees- 

Burma; Salawin river (Burma)- History; Burma- Politics and 

government; Thailand- Foreign relations- Burma. Notes: ill. (some 

col.); 21 cm. Responsibility: [ruam chattham doi Burma Issues ... et 

al.]; Khru’akhai Mænam `Esia Tawan`ok chiang tai læ Sunkhao 

Salawin, bannathikan]. ISBN: 974912300X; 9789749123003 LCCN: 

2003-532674. OCLC: 53263149. 

Burma. Inland Water Transport Board. 1952. Handbook of Sailings and 

General Information. Rangoon: Printed at the Royal Stationery Supply 

House. Descriptors: Inland water transportation- Burma. Notes: 87 p. 

illus., maps. 19 cm. Notes: Cover title. Advertising matter 

interspersed. OCLC: 43713858. 

Burma. Lay` ya Cuik` pyui” re” nhan`’ Chaññ` mron`” Van` kri” 

Thana. 2003. Water Resources Management in Myanmar. Yangon, 

Myanmar: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. Pages: 20. 

Descriptors: Water resources development- Burma; Irrigation projects- 

Burma; Natural resources- Burma; Environmental management- 

Burma. Notes: ill. 23 cm. Notes: Cover title. “March, 2003.” 

Responsibility: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, the Union of 

Myanmar. OCLC: 76911339. 

September 2008 75


Burma and Ministry of Electric Power. 2003. Contract between Myanma 

Electric Power Enterprise and Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import 

& Export Co., Ltd. for Supply and Technical Service of 230 kV Twin 

Bundle Double Circuit Transmission Line Material and Substation 

Equipment for Shweli Hydropower Project. Rangoon: Govt. of the 

Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Electric Power. Descriptors: Water 

resources development- Burma; Government publication; National 

government publication. Notes: 27, [38] leaves; 31 cm. Notes: Cover 

title. At head of title: The Government of the Union of Myanmar, 

Ministry of Electric Power. “Contract No. 29/EL/MEPE (PL)/2003-2004.” 

OCLC: 85765526. 

Burma; Ministry of Transport and Communications and Waterways 

Dept. 1984. Terms of Reference for Feasibility Study on Improvement 

of Waterways of the Irrawaddy and Lower Chindwin Rivers. Rangoon: 

The Dept. Descriptors: Inland navigation- Government policy- Burma; 

Inland water transportation- Government policy- Burma. Notes: 14 

leaves; 30 cm. Notes: “November 1984.”; Responsibility: Socialist 

Republic of the Union of Burma, Ministry of Transport and 

Communications, Waterways Department. OCLC Accession Number: 

34354969. 

Burma Needs Aid. 1986. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. 

Int. Railway J. Volume: 26, no. 12, Pages: p. 36-38. Descriptors: 

Burma; Burma railways corporation; Myanmar; Railroads. Abstract: No 

abstract provided. ISSN: 0744-5326. OCLC: 00431885. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Burma Road Is Test Bed For New Technology. 1983. International 

Road Federation; Route One Publishing Limited. World Highways / 

Routes Du Monde. Volume: 34, no. 7, Pages: p. 1-2. Descriptors: 

Bituminous materials; Bituminous surfacing; Developing countries; 

Flexible pavements; Granular materials; Highway construction; Road 

construction; Seal coats; Surface texture; Surface treating; Texture. 

Abstract: A 700 kilometer road, connecting the seaport of Bassein, in 

the Irrawaddy River delta, with the provincial town of Monywa, on the 

Chindwin River west of Mandalay, is under construction in Burma. The 

September 2008 76


road will provide a through link on the west side of the Irrawaddy 

River, and is part of the Burmese government's program to develop 

this relatively isolated area. It will also provide a north-south 

connection between a number of existing and proposed east-west 

roads running from the Irrawaddy valley across the Arakan mountains 

to the Arakan coast on the Bay of Bengal. In 1977 the Burmese 

government requested assistance from the Australian government in 

constructing and surfacing the Bassein-Monywa road. The Australian 

Development Assistance Bureau appointed the Snowy Mountains 

Engineering Corporation (SMEC) to implement the project, with the 

following specific objectives: to introduce appropriate low-cost 

pavement construction and surfacing technology; to assist in 

upgrading the output of the construction unit by improved plant 

utilization and overall job planning; to introduce modern road location, 

survey and design techniques for use on the Bassein-Monywa road; to 

upgrade mechanical support facilities and methods and fuel handling 

to increase equipment serviceability; and to introduce appropriate road 

maintenance methods and management. Following a study it was 

agreed that a granular flexible pavement using readily available river 

gravels surfaced with bituminous surface treatment, would be more 

appropriate than the previously proposed concrete pavement. The final 

design comprises subbase and base courses of natural gravels which 

are crushed and mixed on the road. The gravels are taken from rivers 

and streams encountered at regular intervals of between 15 and 30 

kilometers along the road line. Bituminous surface sealing technology 

has been introduced on the project to provide a low-cost all-weather 

seal coat. After tests were made of various combinations of prime 

coat, primer seal, and single and double surface treatment, a standard 

design was chosen comprising a primer seal with various size cover 

aggregates, and a single surface treatment. Local technicians learned 

the surface treatment techniques so quickly that the operations were 

handed over to them within one year. The work force has continued to 

produce excellent results. The pavement has proved to be an excellent 

performer except in areas of poor drainage, where it has become 

necessary to modify the gravel aggregate. Results to date indicate that 

over 95 percent of the finished pavement will have a useful life of 20 

September 2008 77


years or more. ISSN: 0964-4598. OCLC Accession Number: 00380469. 

URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Burma's Forgotten Fleet. 2007. Volume: 1 videodisc (DVD) (ca. 50 

min.), Descriptors: Inland water transportation- Burma- History; 

Irrawaddy River (Burma); Videorecording. Abstract: Summary: “Looks 

at the world's largest ever river fleet, the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company. 

These boats played a major role in the making of British Burma, and 

helped turn the country into one of the richest colonies in South East 

Asia.”--Container. Notes: Named Corp: Irrawaddy Flotilla Company. 

System Info: DVD R, compatible in most generic DVD players. Notes: 

Off-air recording: broadcast by ABC TV on 20 May 2007. OCLC: 

225480564. 

“Burma to Buy 30 Soko Attack Jets, Will Likely Avoid Embargo on 

Engine.” 1990. Aviation Week & Space Technology. August 13. Volume 

133, Pages 29. Descriptors: Military airplanes/Myanmar. ISSN: 0005- 

2175. 

Butts, Kent H.; Jasparro, Christopher; Turner, Curtis W. 2003. 

"Environmental Security Cooperation" USARPAC's: Defense 

Environmental and International Cooperation (DEIC) Conference 

(Center of Strategic Leadership Issue Paper, Volume 07-03, 

September 2003). Corporate Author: Army War College, Carlisle 

Barracks, PA. Center for Strategic Leadership. Report Date: Sep 2003. 

Report Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) The U.S Counterterrorism 

(CT) program for Southeast Asia received important support 

in June when attendees at the United States Defense Environmental 

and International Cooperation (DEIC) Conference developed a militarybased 

model for identifying and preventing the causes of 

environmental terrorism, preventing attacks on critical infrastructure, 

and providing consequence management and mitigation of man-made 

and natural disasters. Distribution Statement: approved for public 

release. DTIC Accession Number: ADA430704. Url: 


Byron, P. 1991. DWE Supplies Second Hopper Dredger for Myanmar. 

Descriptors: Areindamar; Hopper dredgers. Abstract: The 

Deggendorfer Werft und Eisenbau GmbH (DWE) handed over a second 

HYDROTRAIL-dredger to the Myanma Port Authority (previously known 

September 2008 78


as the Burma Port Authority) at the beginning of May 1991. The 

HYDROTRAIL 1000 AREINDAMAR is the DWE's 237th longitudinally 

split vessel built on the firm's “HYDROKLAPP” principle. General 

arrangement drawings are given. Notes: Schiff & Hafen Seewirtschaft, 

v 43 n 6, June 1991, p 28 [5 p, 6 fig]. OCLC: 00700905. URL: 


C 

Cadet, D. L. and Greco, S. 1987. “Water Vapor Transport Over the 

Indian Ocean during the 1979 Summer Monsoon: Part II. Water Vapor 

Budgets.” Monthly Weather Review MRWEAB Vol.115. No. 10, p 2358- 

2366. October. Pages 16 ref. NOAA Grant NA83AA-D-00053. 

Descriptors: Hydrologic budget; Water vapor; Monsoons; Indian 

Ocean; Climatology; Meteorology; Weather patterns; Arabian Sea; Bay 

of Bengal; Evaporation; Rainfall; Southern Hemisphere; India; Burma; 

Malaysia. Abstract: Over the Arabian Sea the different terms of the 

moisture balance equation, except evaporation, strongly fluctuate 

depending on the activity of the monsoon. The relative contribution to 

the monsoon moisture supply by water vapor transport across the 

equator and Arabian Sea evaporation varies as the monsoon intensity 

changes from active through break and back to revival stages; 

however, it is shown that water vapor from the Southern Hemisphere 

is the major source of moisture for Indian rainfall. Total evaporation 

during the active period following the onset of the monsoon was 30- 

40% of the total eastward flux across the west coast of India. This 

ratio increases to 40-45% during break conditions, but falls below 

20% during a revival phase. Moisture budgets over the Bay of Bengal 

depend strongly on the monsoon intensity and the amount of moisture 

advected across the western coast of India and into the Bay of Bengal 

by the monsoon circulation. Moisture supply from the Southern 

Hemisphere via cross-equatorial flux at the longitude of the Bay of 

Bengal is very weak. Compared to weak monsoon periods a much 

larger percentage of the water vapor supplied by evaporation and 

boundary fluxes is transported towards Burma and Malaysia during 

active monsoon periods, fueling the heavy rainfall there. (Author 's 

September 2008 79


abstract). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0027-0644. 

Cadet, D. L. and Greco, S. 1987. “Water Vapor Transport Over the 

Indian Ocean during the 1979 Summer Monsoon. Part I: Water Vapour 

Fluxes.” Mon. Weather Rev. 2005, Volume 115, Issue 3, Pages 653- 

663. Descriptors: HYDROLOGY; METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY. 

Abstract: The analysis is based on wind fields from the European 

Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and humidity fields 

derived from a 3-layer precipitable water dataset. After the onset of 

the monsoon the cross-equatorial water vapor flux W of 50oE does not 

vary much; it undergoes significant fluctuations E of that longitude. 

The bulk of water vapor crossing the W coast of India comes from the 

Southern Hemisphere. The latitude band between 10o and 20oS 

appears as a major source of moisture during the N summer. The 

major moisture supply for the W coast of Burma and Thailand is 

advected over the Bay from the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon. 

The early retreat of the 1979 monsoon is associated with a decreasing 

trend in moisture transport over the Arabian Sea. In the Bay of 

Bengal, the cross-equatorial flux is not affected by the break/active 

cycle of the monsoon.-from Authors. ISSN: 0027-0644. 

Catling, H. D., De Datta, S. K., Vergara, B. S., Hillerislambers, D. And 

Jackson, B. R. “Deep-Water Tour of Thailand, Burma, And India 

[Genetic Evaluation of Rice].” Descriptors: Thailand; Burma; India; 

Subj Category: Plant Genetics and Breeding. Notes: Source: Int Rice 

Res Newsl Int Rice Res Inst (DEC 1977): 10-11. 

Chai, J. Y., Han, E. T., Shin, E. H., et al. 2003. “An Outbreak of 

Gnathostomiasis among Korean Emigrants in Myanmar.” Am. J. Trop. 

Med. Hyg. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Jul. Volume 69, Issue 1, Pages 67- 

73 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Emigration and Immigration; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; 

Eosinophilia- complications; Female; Fishes- parasitology; Food 

Parasitology; Gnathostoma- isolation & purification; Humans; Infant; 

Korea- ethnology; Male; Middle Aged; Myanmar- epidemiology; 

Recurrence; Spirurida Infections- complications; Spirurida Infections- 

September 2008 80


drug therapy; Spirurida Infections- epidemiology; Spirurida Infectionspathology. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM. Abstract: 

Thirty-eight (designated as cases) of 60 Korean emigrants who 

consumed raw fresh water fish in Yangon, Myanmar developed 

migratory swellings and creeping eruptions on the back, abdomen, 

flank, and other cutaneous areas 1-10 weeks later. The symptoms 

included itching, nodule formation, fatigue, urticaria, fever, pain on the 

skin, and erythematous plaques. Skin biopsies of two cases revealed 

no parasites. However, the mean +/- SD peripheral blood eosinophilia 

among the cases was 6.3 +/- 6.5% (n = 29) and 9.0 +/- 9.8% (n = 

26) in two examinations. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 

their serum samples, using Gnathostoma doloresi adult worms as the 

antigen, showed mean +/- SD optical densities of 0.47 +/- 0.29 (n = 

28) and 0.32 +/- 0.20 (n = 30) in two examinations and 0.12 +/- 0.09 

(n = 50) in healthy controls. Two advanced third-stage larvae of G. 

spinigerum were found in two of six catfish purchased at a local 

market in Yangon. The outbreak of the human infection is suggested 

to have been due to G. spinigerum, which is known to live out its life 

cycle in the Yangon area of Myanmar. ISSN: 0002-9637 (Print); 1476- 

1645 (Electronic). 

Chalise, Suresh Raj. 2001. “An Introduction to Climate, Hydrology, and 

Landslide Hazards in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region.” Nepal (NPL): 

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 

Kathmandu, Nepal (NPL). Descriptors: Afghanistan; Asia; Burma; 

China; climate; debris flows; Far East; fluvial sedimentation; geologic 

hazards; Himalayas; Hindu Kush; human activity; hydrology; Indian 

Peninsula; land management; land use; landslides; Mahabharat 

Range; mass movements; mitigation; monsoons; Nepal; 

sedimentation; Siwalik Range; slope stability; Tibetan Plateau; 

topography. References: 22; illus. incl. 2 tables, sect., sketch map; 

ISBN: 9291153281. Database: GeoRef. 

Chandrasekaran, A. R. and Das, Josodhir. 1989. Analysis of Strong 

Motion Accelerograms of N.E. India Earthquake of 18 May, 1987. 

University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India: Dept. of Earthquake 

Engineering. Pages: 1 v. (various pagings). Descriptors: Earthquakes; 

September 2008 81


India; Accelerograms; Burma; University of Roorkee. Dept. of 

Earthquake Engineering. OCLC: O21371683. 

Chaplin, George. 2005. “Physical Geography of the Gaoligong Shan 

Area of Southwest China in Relation to Biodiversity.” Proceedings of 

the California Academy of Sciences (1907). California Academy of 

Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States: United States. 30 Dec. 

Volume 56, Issue 27-37, Pages 527-556. Descriptors: Asia; 

biodiversity; Burma; China; ecology; Eurasian Plate; Far East; fluvial 

features; Gaoligong Shan; geographic information systems; 

geography; Hengduan Mountains; hydrology; information systems; 

Kachin Burma; landforms; mountains; plate tectonics; soils; South 

China Block; valleys; World Heritage Sites; Yunnan China. References: 

37; illus. incl. 2 tables, geol. sketch maps. Abstract: The Gaoligong 

Shan mountains (Gaoligong Shan) comprise the western-most part of 

the Hengduan Mountain Range. They include all of the contiguous 

ridges west of the Nujiang River and east of the Irrawadi-Nmai Rivers 

and lie at the junction of the Indo-Malaya and Palearctic zoogeographic 

realms. The Gaoligong Shan are one of the world's most significant 

biodiversity hotspots outside of the tropics. The Hengduan Mountains, 

of which the Gaoligong Shan are a part, are a result of the collision of 

the South China Block and Eurasian Plate during the late Mesozoic. 

During the Cenozoic, the Gaoligong Shan have also been affected by 

the continuing movements of the Indo-Australasian Plate and Eurasian 

Plates to the west of the Hengduan Mountains. The Gaoligong Shan 

are characterized by a number of unusual features. Their high, 

contiguous ridges extend further south than do most of those of the 

other Hengduan Mountains. Also, their river valleys are unusually 

narrow and deep because they are incised into hard rock that 

maintains steep slope profiles. Continuing uplift, steep gradients, and 

swiftly flowing rivers have eroded deep gorges. The north-south 

orientation of the river valleys causes the Gaoligong Shan to have an 

unusual face aspect relative to the sun; nearly all slopes face either 

east or west. The deep valleys and north-south orientation of the 

ridges result in the region having a more moderate climate than 

surrounding non-mountainous areas situated at the same latitude. 

Because of their antiquity, the Gaoligong Shan have accumulated a 

September 2008 82


high level of biodiversity. At the same time, their high elevations and 

deep gorges have acted as barriers to migration for most terrestrial 

organisms. Moreover, because of their unusual climate and many 

protected environments, the Gaoligong Shan provide a refugium from 

global climate perturbations. It is significant that the difficult terrain 

has, until recently, deterred extensive human habitation, thus 

preserving the region's biodiversity. ISSN: 0068-547X. 

Chen, W. -P and Molnar, P. 1990. “Source Parameters of Earthquakes 

and Intraplate Deformation Beneath the Shillong Plateau and the 

Northern Indoburman Ranges.” Journal of Geophysical Research. 

American Geophysical Union. 10 Aug. Volume 95, Issue B8, Pages 

12527-12552. Descriptors: Seismicity; India; Burma; earthquakes; 

source mechanisms; Seismology. Abstract: The fault plane solutions 

and focal depths were determined for 17 earthquakes beneath the 

Shillong Plateau in India and the northern Indo-Burman ranges by 

combining results from the inversion of long-period P and SH 

waveforms and amplitudes, from polarities of first motions, and from 

the identification of pP and sP phases on short-period seismograms. 

Findings are discussed. Database: Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. 

ISSN: 0148-0227. 

Chenoweth, J. L., Malano, H. M. and Bird J.F. Affiliation: J.L. 

Chenoweth, Dept. of Civil/Envrn. Engineering, Victoria 3010 

Country:,Australia. 2001. “Integrated River Basin Management in the 

Multi-Jurisdictional River Basins: The Case of the Mekong River Basin.” 

Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 


Descriptors: Runoff, stream flow and basins; integrated approach; 

basin management; international cooperation. Notes: References: 

Number: 38; Geographic: Cambodia- Mekong Basin Thailand- Mekong 

Basin Laos- Mekong Basin Viet Nam- Mekong Basin Myanmar- Mekong 

Basin. Abstract: Achieving integrated river basin management in large 

multi-jurisdictional river basins is a difficult task. In the Mekong River 

basin some of the countries have begun to implement a cooperative 

framework, which indicates a desire to achieve a form of integrated 

management. Significant progress has been made but results still fall 

September 2008 83


short of the ideal. The primary reasons for this includes the lack of 

institutional capacity of the multi-jurisdictional cooperative authority 

and its counterpart organizational in each of the participating 

countries, together with a lack of political drive to develop integrated 

management as a priority. ISSN: 0790-0627. 

Chia, Aik Song; Liew, Soo Chin; Heng, Alice W. C. and Kwoh, Leong 

Keong. 2005. Satellite Observations of Coastline Changes in the 

Andaman Islands After the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake. Seoul, South 

Korea: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 

Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, United States. Volume: 3, Pages: 1838- 

1840. 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing 

Symposium, IGARSS 2005. Conference: Jul 25-29 2005. Descriptors: 

Coastal engineering; Satellites; Earthquakes; Imaging systems; 

Subsidence; Parameter estimation. Abstract: Following the M9.0 

Sumatra earthquake on December 26, 2004, elevation and subsidence 

on separate parts of the coastline of the Andaman Islands have been 

reported. In this study, we use satellite imagery to map the coastline 

changes due to land elevation or subsidence after the earthquake in 

the Andaman Islands. The NIR band of SPOT-5 images before and 

after the earthquake was used to delineate coastlines. Images with 

similar tide levels were chosen for comparison. Elevation or subsidence 

is indicated by the emergence or submersion of corals and mud flats in 

the pre- and post-earthquake images. Our results indicate a general 

tilt of the main Andaman Islands in a direction in agreement with 

seismological estimates of the thrust-faulting between the Burma and 

Indian plates. Changes in coastal bathymetry were estimated using a 

shallow water reflectance model. The vertical displacement is 

estimated to be about 1 m for the uplifted areas on the northwestern 

coast. T3: International geoscience and remote sensing symposium 

(IGARSS). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2005.1526364. 

Chin, Victor A. 2007. The Prospect of China's Access to Naval Facilities 

in Burma and the Ramifications for Regional Stability. Corporate 

Author: Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA. June 2007. 

Abstract: This thesis examines the prospect of the People's Liberation 

Army Navy to gain access to naval facilities in Burma and the 

implications for the Asia-Pacific region. With much of China's energy 

September 2008 84


resources sailing through the Strait of Malacca, Burma is in a strategic 

position to affect China's energy security design. If China were given 

access to port facilities in Burma to service the expanding Chinese 

naval fleet, it would give PLAN the ability to control maritime trade 

routes as well as the ability to command strategic chokepoints along 

those routes jeopardizing the security interests of the maritime powers 

that depend on these waters. The increase in PLAN's capabilities could 

generate an uncertain climate and prompt a build up of rival naval 

powers in the region. This thesis will argue that although the PLA Navy 

will be able to ply China's extended sea lines of communication with 

the help of Burmese naval facilities, the Chinese naval vessels have 

not attained sufficient modernization to pose a major threat to the 

United States or the regional powers. It is also unlikely China would 

challenge the U.S., the current guarantor of freedom of navigation, for 

dominance of the sea. The danger will come from the regional 

instability caused by the naval arms race to counter the expanded 

capabilities of the PLA Navy. Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release; distribution is unlimited. Accession Number: 

ADA469978. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA469978. 

Cho-Nwe-Oo, Khin-Mg-Naing, Tin-Tin-Oo, Thein-Than and Mg-Mg- 

Thwin. 1984. “Endemic Goitre in Lowland Burma.” Southeast Asian J. 

Trop. Med. Public Health; Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 

Jun. Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 217-23 Additional Info: THAILAND. 

Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; 

Diet; Female; Goiter, Endemic- epidemiology; Goiter, Endemicmetabolism; 

Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iodine- analysis; 

Iodine- urine; Male; Myanmar; Sex Factors; Thyrotropin- blood; 

Thyroxine- blood; Triiodothyronine- blood; Water- analysis. Notes: 

Chemical Subst: Triiodothyronine [6893-02-3] Thyroxine [7488-70-2] 

Iodine [7553-56-2] Water [7732-18-5] Thyrotropin [9002-71-5]. 

Abstract: The problem of endemic goitre in Burma was thought to be 

confined to hilly regions and therefore goitre control programme has 

been focussed on these areas only. However, sporadic evidences 

accrued that there might also be pockets of endemic goitre in low-lying 

areas of the country. Goitre surveys and indepth study were carried 

out to determine the magnitude and nature of endemic goitre in 

lowland Burma. The overall goitre rate was 67% and the male:female 

ratio was 1:1.2. The findings of the study indicate that the problem of 

endemic goitre is also of public health significance in the lowland areas 

September 2008 85


of the country. It is recommended that effective and appropriate 

intervention programmes be extended to these areas. ISSN: 0125- 

1562. 

Chubb, H. J. Duckworth, Christian Leslie Dyce and Joint Author. 1973. 

Irrawaddy Flotilla Company Limited, 1865-1950. London: National 

Maritime Museum. Pages: 177. Descriptors: Inland water 

transportation- Burma- History; Irrawaddy Flotilla Company- History. 

Notes: ill. 30 cm. Responsibility: by H.J. Chubb and C.L.D. Duckworth. 

LCCN: 77-355705. OCLC Accession Number: 2985073. 

Cities Service Company, Exploration Staff, Tulsa, Okla., United States. 

1980. “Hydrocarbon Plays in Tertiary S.E. Asia Basins.” Oil Gas J. 

PennWell, Tulsa, OK, United States: United States. 21 Jul. Volume 78, 

Issue 29, Pages 90-96. Descriptors: Asia; Barito Basin; Cenozoic; 

Central Burma Basin; detection; East Java Sea Basin; economic 

geology; hydrocarbons; Indonesian Seas; Java Sea; Kutei Basin; 

middle Tertiary; Northwest Palawan Basin; oil and gas fields; organic 

compounds; organic materials; Pacific Ocean; petroleum; petroleum 

exploration; production; reserves; reservoir rocks; Sabah-Sarawak 

Basin; South Sumatra Basin; Southeast Asia; subsurface reservoirs; 

Talang Akar Formation; Tertiary; West Java Sea Basin; West Pacific. 

Notes: illus. incl. sketch maps. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Cities Service Company, Exploration staff and Beddoes, Leslie R. 1981. 

“Hydrocarbon Plays in Tertiary Basins of Southeast Asia.” Energy. 11. 

Volume 6, Issue 11, Pages 1141-1163. Abstract: Oil and gas fields in 

Tertiary basins of Southeast Asia are catalogued into a pattern of 

hydrocarbon occurrence related to regional cycles of sedimentation. 

Eight basin areas, peripheral to the Sunda Shield—from Burma 

through Indonesia and East Malaysia to northwest Palawan—are cited 

as exhibiting a general continuity of sedimentary cycles during Tertiary 

time. However, each of these basins has its unique structural, 

stratigraphic and temperature gradient character, reflecting its 

individual platetectonic setting. Magnitudes of oil and gas reserves, in 

both clastic and carbonate facies, show a pattern of distribution within 

these sedimentary cycles of deposition. Empirically, this relationship 

September 2008 86


forms a basis for improved exploration predictability in other Tertiary 

basin areas of Southeast Asia. Detailed examples of Tertiary 

depositional cycles and hydrocarbon occurrences are cited from 

exploration areas in the East Java Sea (Indonesia) and northwest 

Palawan (Philippines). 

Cocks, L. R. M., Fortey, R. A. and Lee C.P. Affiliation: L.R.M. Cocks, 

Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell 

Road, London SW7 5BD Country: United Kingdom Email:,r.cocks@nhm.ac.uk. 

2005. “A Review of Lower and Middle 

Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy in West Peninsular Malaysia and Southern 

Thailand in its Context within the Sibumasu Terrane.” Journal of Asian 

Earth Sciences. Volume 24, Issue 6, SPEC. ISS., Pages 703-717 

Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Palaeozoic; 

biostratigraphy; Paleozoic. Notes: References: Number: 93; 

Geographic: West Malaysia Thailand Malaysia Southeast Asia Asia 

Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere World. Abstract: Fossils from the 

Cambrian to Devonian rocks of southern Thailand, the Langkawi 

Islands, mainland Kedah, Perlis, north Perak and central West 

Peninsular Malaysia are listed and reviewed, and their stratigraphy and 

correlation reassessed. The hitherto anomalous record of the trilobite 

Dalmanitina from Malaysia is reviewed and found to be of latest 

Ordovician (Hirnantian) age, rather than Lower Silurian age as 

previously reported, and is considered a probable synonym of the 

widespread Mucronaspis mucronata. A new stratigraphical 

nomenclature is erected for part of the Langkawi, mainland Kedah and 

Perlis area successions, in which the term Setul Limestone (which 

stretched from the Ordovician to the Devonian) is abandoned and 

replaced by the Middle Ordovician Kaki Bukit Limestone, the late 

Ordovician and early Silurian Tanjong Dendang Formation, the Silurian 

Mempelam Limestone, and the early Devonian Timah Tasoh 

Formation, all underlying the paraconformity with the late Devonian 

Langgun Red Beds. There was a single depositional basin in the 

generally shallow-water and cratonic areas of southern Thailand, 

Langkawi, and mainland Kedah and Perlis, in contrast to the deeperwater 

basin of north Perak. Only Silurian rocks are dated with certainty 

within another basin in central West Malaysia, near Kuala Lumpur, 

September 2008 87


which were also cratonic and shallow-water, although to the east in 

west Pahang there are basal Devonian deeper-water sediments with 

graptolites. The area is reviewed in its position within the Sibumasu 

Terrane, which, in the Palaeozoic, also included central and northern 

Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and southwest China (part of Yunnan 

Province). ISSN: 1367-9120. 

Colin, Christophe, Bertaux, Jacques, Turpin, Laurent and Kissel, 

Catherine. 2001. “Dynamique De l'Erosion Dans Le Bassin Versant De 

l'Irrawaddy Au Cours Des Deux Derniers Cycles Climatiques (280-0 

Ka). Dynamics of the Erosion in the Irrawaddy River Basin during the 

Last Two Climate Cycles, 280 Ka to Present.” Comptes Rendus De 

l'Academie Des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences De La Terre Et Des 

Planetes. Volume 332, Issue 8, Pages 483-489. Descriptors: Andaman 

Sea; Asia; atmospheric precipitation; Burma; Cenozoic; chemical 

weathering; chlorite; chlorite group; clastic rocks; clastic sediments; 

clay; clay minerals; cores; dynamics; erosion; Far East; feldspar 

group; fluvial sedimentation; framework silicates; hydrolysis; illite; 

Indian Ocean; intensity; Irrawaddy River basin; isotope ratios; 

isotopes; kaolinite; marine sedimentation; marine sediments; metals; 

mineral assemblages; monsoons; Nd-144/Nd-143; neodymium; O- 

18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; pedogenesis; physical 

weathering; quartz; Quaternary; rare earths; sedimentary rocks; 

sedimentation; sediments; sheet silicates; silica minerals; silicates; 

smectite; soil erosion; soils; stable isotopes; terrigenous materials; 

upper Quaternary; weathering. Abstract: Core MD77-169, located in 

the Andaman Sea, is characterized by epsilon (sub Nd) (0) ranging 

between -9.5 and -11, implying that the Irrawaddy River is the main 

contributor of detrital material. The pedogenic clays (smectite and 

kaolinite) to primary mineral (feldspar, quartz, illite and chlorite) ratios 

show strong precessional cycles, suggesting that they are controlled 

by past changes in the monsoon intensity. Wet periods of summer 

monsoon reinforcement are characterized by the increase of chemical 

weathering and/or physical erosion of the Irrawaddy plain soils. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 1251-8050. 

September 2008 88


Cook, P. 1993. “Myanmar: Experience with Aid and Management 

Development during Transition.” Public Administration & Development. 

Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 423-434. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL 

ABSTRACTS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; WATER; market transition; 

economic policy; developing country; reform process; management 

development; technical assistance; UNDP; management development 

programme; economic reform; bureaucracy; administration; market 

reform; socialist economy. Notes: Geographic: Malaysia- Burma 

Burma. Abstract: This article examines the role of the UNDP's 

management development programme in Myanmar between 1988 and 

1992. It describes the economic and political background against 

which technical assistance was provided to assist the transition from a 

centrally planned to a market-oriented economy. It is argued that 

present reforms can be interpreted as part of a survival strategy. The 

article analyses the principal findings of the various components of 

assistance between these years, and reports on implementation. In 

particular, attention is given to problems that occur in reforming both 

central bureaucratic institutions and patterns of decision-making, and 

to changes in these key areas. The concluding part summarizes the 

lessons that arise from implementation and indicates that forms of 

state-led planning are likely to continue alongside attempts to embody 

market principles. -Author. 

Cummins, P. R. Affiliation: Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, 

Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.,phil.cummins@ga.gov.au. 2007. “The 

Potential for Giant Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in the Northern Bay of 

Bengal.” Nature. Sep 6. Volume 449, Issue 7158, Pages 75-8 

Additional Info: England. Descriptors: Models, Theoretical; Natural 

Disasters- history; Water Movements; History, 18th Century; 

Myanmar; Oceans and Seas; Time Factors. Notes: Comment In: 

Nature. 2007 Sep 6; 449 (7158): 33 PMID: 17805283. Abstract: The 

great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami of 

2004 came as a surprise to most of the earth science community. 

Although it is now widely recognized that the risk of another giant 

earthquake is high off central Sumatra, just east of the 2004 

earthquake, there seems to be relatively little concern about the 

subduction zone to the north, in the northern Bay of Bengal along the 

September 2008 89


coast of Myanmar. Here I show that similar indicators suggest a high 

potential for giant earthquakes along the coast of Myanmar. These 

indicators include the tectonic environment, which is similar to other 

subduction zones that experience giant megathrust earthquakes, 

stress and crustal strain observations, which indicate that the 

seismogenic zone is locked, and historical earthquake activity, which 

indicates that giant tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred there in 

the past. These are all consistent with active subduction in the 

Myanmar subduction zone and I suggest that the seismogenic zone 

extends beneath the Bengal Fan. I conclude therefore that giant 

earthquakes probably occur off the coast of Myanmar, and that a large 

and vulnerable population is thereby exposed to a significant 

earthquake and tsunami hazard. ISSN: 0028-0836 (Print); 1476-4687 

(Electronic). 

Curiale, Joseph A. and Gibling, Martin R. 1992. “Organic Geochemistry 

of Mae Sot Basin Oil Shales, Thailand; Implications for Depositional 

Setting and Basin Reconstruction; 1992 AAPG International Conference 

and Exhibition; Abstracts.” AAPG Bull. American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States: United States. Jul. 

Volume 76, Issue 7, Pages 1095. Descriptors: Asia; basins; brackishwater 

environment; Burma; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; deposition; 

economic geology; Far East; fresh-water environment; geochemistry; 

hydrocarbons; isotopes; kerogen; lacustrine environment; Mae Sot 

Basin; oil shale; organic carbon; organic compounds; organic 

materials; organic residues; reconstruction; sedimentary rocks; stable 

isotopes; steranes; Thailand; western Thailand. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN: 0149-1423. 

Curiale, Joseph A., Kyi, Pe, Collins, Ian D., et al. 1994. “The Central 

Myanmar (Burma) Oil Family; Composition and Implications for 

Source.” Org. Geochem. Pergamon, Oxford-New York, International 

(III): International (III). Nov. Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 237-255. 

Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; alkanes; aromatic hydrocarbons; 

Asia; bicadinanes; biodegradation; Burma; C-13/C-12; cadalene; 

carbon; Cenozoic; central Burma; chemical composition; clastic rocks; 

coal; Eocene; Far East; gas chromatograms; geochemistry; 

September 2008 90


hydrocarbons; isoprenoids; isotope ratios; isotopes; kerogen; mass 

spectra; Miocene; Neogene; oil seeps; oleanane; organic compounds; 

organic materials; organic residues; Paleogene; petroleum; phytane; 

pristane; reservoir rocks; resins; sedimentary rocks; shale; source 

rocks; spectra; stable isotopes; steranes; sulfur; Tertiary; thermal 

maturity; traps; variations. Notes: References: 54; illus. incl. chart, 4 

tables, sketch map. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Curiale, Joseph A., Kyi, Pe, Collins, Ian D., et al. 1994. “The Central 

Myanmar (Burma) Oil Family; Composition and Implications for 

Source; AAPG Annual Convention.” Annual Meeting Abstracts - 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic 

Paleontologists and Mineralogists. American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 

Tulsa, OK, United States: United States. Volume 1994, Pages 130. 

Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; aromatic hydrocarbons; Asia; 

biodegradation; Burma; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; central Burma; 

clastic rocks; coal; Eocene; Far East; geochemistry; hydrocarbons; 

isotope ratios; isotopes; maturity; Michigan; oil seeps; organic 

compounds; organic materials; organic residues; Paleogene; 

petroleum; reservoir rocks; resins; saturated hydrocarbons; 

sedimentary rocks; shale; source rocks; stable isotopes; steranes; 

sulfur; Tertiary; thermal maturity; United States; variations. ISSN: 

0094-0038. 

Das, I. 1996. “First Record of Heosemys Spinosa from the Philippines, 

with Biogeographic Notes.” Chelonian Conserv. Biol. Feb. Volume 2, 

Issue 1, Pages 80-82. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Aquatic 

reptiles; Biogeography; Ecological distribution; Geographical 

distribution; Inland water environment; New records; Rivers; Article 

Geographic Terms: Borneo; Indo-China; Myanmar; Philippines; 

Freshwater. Notes: TR: CS0516169. Abstract: Heosemys spinosa, the 

spiny turtle, is a widespread southeast Asian batagurid, distributed 

from Tenasserim in southern Myanmar, south to the tip of the Malay 

Peninsula, and also on the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Natuna 

D 

September 2008 91


(Smith, 1931; Pritchard, 1979; Iverson, 1992). It is apparently absent 

from Indo-China, and not previously known from the Philippines. 

Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN: 

1071-8443. 

Dasgupta, P. K., Mukherjee, R. and Biswas, A. 2005. “Evolution of the 

Assam-Arakan Orogen; Basinal Configuration and Sedimentation; 

Himalaya (Geological Aspects).” Current Trends in Geology. Satish 

Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India. Volume 15, Part 1, Pages 465- 

493. Descriptors: Asia; Assam India; Assam-Arakan Basin; Barail 

Group; Barail-Sylhet Sub-basin; basins; Bengal; Burma; Cenozoic; 

Chhotanagpur Gneiss; clastic rocks; crust; deep-water environment; 

depositional environment; Far East; foreland basins; geodynamics; 

gneisses; Himalayan Orogeny; India; Indian Peninsula; Indian Plate; 

Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone; island arcs; Jaintia Group; 

lithofacies; lithostratigraphy; metamorphic rocks; Miocene; Naga Hills; 

Naga Schuppen Zone; Neogene; Northeastern India; ocean floors; 

oceanic crust; Oligocene; orogenic belts; orogeny; paleo-currents; 

paleoenvironment; Paleogene; paleogeography; plate collision; plate 

tectonics; sea-level changes; sedimentary basins; sedimentary rocks; 

sedimentary structures; sedimentation; Surma Basin; Surma Group; 

syntectonic processes; tectonic units; tectonics; Tertiary; Tethys; 

Tipam Formation; trenches; turbidite. References: 52; illus. incl. 1 

table, geol. sketch maps. Abstract: The problems of “Tethyan 

Paradox”, Palaeo-Tethys, Neo-Tethys interlinked in time, Cimmerianand 

Himalayan Orogenies are addressed to understand the 

geodynamic background in which the large remnant ocean basin from 

Neo-Tethys termed as Assam-Arakan Basin (AAB) originated in the 

eastern part of India that extended from Myanmar to Chhotonagpur 

Gneiss and bounded in the north by Indus-Tsangpo suture. Oceanic 

crust in the northeast was subjected to an oblique collision (Andean 

Type) involving three plates: Asian, Myanmar and Indian. A back arc 

configuration was postulated from Eocene to Miocene to the east of 

Indo-Myanmar Range. The sedimentation in the entire AAB through 

the Tertiary was under an overall control of Arc-trench system. 

Western part of the basin is named as Bengal Basin and in the north of 

AAB existed foreland basinal set-ups with petroliferous sub-crops. The 

September 2008 92


remnant AAB got modified through the Tertiary and gave rise to 

several sub-basins such as the Indo-Myanmar-, Oligocene Barail- 

Sylhet- and Mio-Pliocene Surma. On the basis of facies analysis and 

basinal evolution of AAB, it has been envisaged that the Barail- and 

Surma turbidite sub basins were opened up successively owing to the 

action of listric faulting in phases during the Tertiary near the active 

margin of Indo-Myanmar plate convergence. Thrust sheets from the 

fore arc side in the east were gradually piled up in the west to form 

rising accretionary prism complexes and adjacent to Naga Schuppen 

Zone to the west with the northern continental blocks was the main 

provenance. Sedimentation styles appear to have continued from 

Palaeogene to Neogene with an angular unconformity in between. The 

sub-basins were gradually filled up by Palaeogene-Neogene 

synorogenic turbidite- and associated deep-water facies complexes, 

punctuated by shallow marine facies associations. Subsequently 

periodic shallowing of the basin during the closing phases of Bhuban, 

Bokabil and Tipam caused sedimentation to continue in narrow shelf, 

tidal- and fluvial set-ups. Moreover, basal Tipam witnessed a pulse of 

terrestrial acid- to intermediate volcanism. Such sedimentation 

patterns as suggested from the spatio-vertical juxtaposition of 

different synorogenic turbidite-, shallow marine- and fluvial facies 

indicate an overall basinward progradation of time transgressive 

wedges punctuated by minor transgressive pulses during the 

Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. Salient aspects of post-depositional 

tectonics such as folding, repetitive under-thrusting and overthrusting, 

crustal shortening and duplex formation similar to Rocky 

Mountain type are documented in the Oligo-Mio-Pliocene deformed 

rock strata. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0971-1481. 

Daly, Charles. 2007. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief 

Communications for the 21st Century. Corporate Author: Naval War 

College, Newport, RI. Joint Military Operations Dept. 10 May 2007. 

Abstract: Communication requirements for humanitarian assistance or 

disaster relief operations (HADR) differ from conventional combat 

operations -- the military commander requires an unclassified, 

information-sharing architecture to effectively collaborate and 

coordinate with the civilian agencies and organizations involved in such 

an operation. The military response is often at the operational level 

September 2008 93


but this response can have strategic effects on U.S. prestige and 

credibility in a given region. All combatant commands must be ready 

to respond to a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster, and to do so 

effectively they must share information with civilian entities in the 

operating environment. This paper will do the following: analyze 

Operation Unified Assistance, the United States Pacific Command's 

response to the 2004 tsunami natural disaster; draw conclusion about 

the communications architecture used in this operation; and discuss 

the lessons learned for operational commanders who are involved in 

HADR communications and collaboration. Distribution Statement: 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Accession 

Number: ADA470757. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470757. 

Denyer, J. E. 1945. “Burma; Miscellaneous Notes on Water Supply.” 

India, Geol. Surv., Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. Strategic Branch, 

Tech. Note. Volume 58, Pages 28. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; 

water supply; water, ground and surface. Notes: illus. Abstract: An 

account of the general characteristics of water-bearing strata in Burma 

and descriptions of a number of specific localities with data on present 

and potential water supplies. Database: GeoRef. 

Dickinson, Rob. 1997. Myanma Railways 1996. Continental Railway 

Circle. Continental Railway Station. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; 

Railroads. Abstract: No abstract provided. Notes: Continental Railway 

Journal, NO. 110 (Summer 1997), P. 607-614: ILL., MAP. ISSN: 0306- 

6177. OCLC Accession Number: 00878331. URL: Transportation 

Research Board. 

Dillon, C.P. and Andrews, Mark J. 1996. 1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone 

Report. Corporate Author: Naval Pacific Meteorology and 

Oceanography Center Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Joint Typhoon Warning 

Center. Report Date: Jan 1996. Report Classification: Unclassified. 

Abstract: (U) Annual publication summarizing tropical cyclone activity 

in the Western North Pacific, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Western 

South Pacific and South Indian Oceans. A best track is provided for 

each significant tropical cyclone. A brief narrative is given for all 

tropical cyclones in the Western North pacific and North Indian 

Oceans. All fix data used to construct the best tracks are provided 

upon request on diskettes. Forecast verification data and statistics for 

the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are submitted. Distribution 

September 2008 94


Limitation(s): Approved For Public Release. DTIC Accession Number: 

ADA399576. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA399576 

Doherty, C. B. Gauvin, C. A. Marcolini, R. A. and O'Brien, J. L. 1980. 

Open Ocean Pollution Response - the Coast Guard System (Ixtoc).” 

Pages: 245-253. Descriptors: Ecological Abstracts. Abstract: Describes 

the US Coast Guard's integrated system approach, operational test 

results, and actual performance during the IXTOC I blowout and 

Burmah Agate response.-from Selected Water Resources Abstracts. 

Special Features: 7 figs. OCLC Accession Number: 0401048. 

Douville, H. and Royer J.-F. Affiliation: H. Douville, Meteo- 

France/CNRM, 42 Avenue Coriolis, Toulouse Cedex 31057,France. 

1996. “Sensitivity of the Asian Summer Monsoon to an Anomalous 

Eurasian Snow Cover within the Meteo-France GCM.” Clim. Dyn. 2005 

Volume 12, Issue 7, Pages 449-466. Descriptors: Synoptic 

meteorology; Asian monsoon; ARPEGE model; monsoon; snow cover; 

GCM. Notes: Geographic: Asia. Abstract: An updated version of the 

ARPEGE climate model of Meteo-France, including a simple but 

physically-based snow parameterization, is used to test the impact of 

an increased snow mass prescribed at the beginning of March on the 

simulated summer monsoon circulation and rainfall. The large-scale 

features of the Asian monsoon are reproduced in a realistic way in the 

control integration, which is a necessary premise of such a sensitivity 

test. In the heavy snow cover experiment, the anomalous persistence 

of the winter snow pack delays the springtime continental heating. 

This weakens the thermal low over northern India and Persia as well 

as the southwesterly winds over the monsoon area. There is also a 

significant decrease in the rainfall over western India and Bengal- 

Burma, which usually represent the centers of maximum precipitation. 

Radiative, turbulence transfer and hydrological processes seem to be 

involved in the snow-monsoon relationship. The changes in the 

monsoon precipitation are strongly related to changes in the 

atmospheric circulation and are not reinforced by a local 

evaporation/convection feedback in the experiment. ISSN: 0930-7575. 

Dumont, Henri J. and Green, Jim. 2005. “Eodiaptomus Indawgyi n. 

Sp., a Pelagic Calanoid Copepod Presumed Endemic to Ancient Lake 

September 2008 95


Indawgyi, Myanmar.” Hydrobiologia. Jan. Volume 533, Issue 1, Pages 

41-44. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Copepods; Crustaceans; 

Ecology; Endemic species; Freshwater crustaceans; Lakes; New 

species; Taxonomy; Zooplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: 

Copepoda; Eodiaptomus; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar; 

Freshwater. TR: CS0524775. Abstract: The little-known prepleistocene 

Lake Indawgyi (Myanmar) is shown to harbor an endemic 

pelagic Eodiaptomus species, described herein. The area around the 

lake is inhabited by another species in the same genus. Related 

species occur throughout South-East Asia, and a presumed close 

relative is endemic to a chain of pre-pleistocene lakes in Celebes. 

Database: Aqualine. ISSN: 1573-5117. 

Durkee, E. F. and Gerrard, M. J. 1997. “An Integrated Oil Industry 

Runs in Chindwin Basin, Myanmar.” Oil & Gas Journal. October 20. 

Volume 95, Pages 63+. Descriptors: Petroleum industry-Myanmar. 

Notes: Physical Description: Illustration; Map. Abstract: Part of a 

special section on oil and gas exploration in Myanmar (Burma) 

discusses the integrated oil industry in the Chindwin basin, covering 

exploration methods, drilling practices, production, transportation, 

refining, and marketing and distribution. Oil occurrence testifies to the 

potential oil source rocks of the Eocene in the Chindwin basin, and it 

seems likely that the oil potential of the Eocene at Indaw makes the 

structure a good candidate for a giant discovery. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Durkee, Ed F. 1997. “Myanmar's Indaw/Chindwin Area has Tertiary, 

Cretaceous Targets.” Oil & Gas Journal. October 20. Volume 95, Pages 

76-7+. Descriptors: Petroleum geology/Myanmar; Natural gas 

geology/Myanmar. Notes: Physical Description: Diagram; Illustration; 

Map. Abstract: Part of a special section on oil and gas exploration in 

Myanmar (Burma). On July 21, 1997, Pacrim Energy NL of Brisbane, 

Australia, signed production sharing contracts with Myanmar to 

explore two blocks known as C-1 (Indaw) and RSF-9 (Pyalo). RSF-9 

covers 600,229 acres in the old Central Burma oil belt. It is situated 

east of the Ayeyerwady (Irrawaddy) River north of Prome Oil field, 

approximately 180 miles northwest of Yangon (Rangoon). It has one 

depleted and/or not fully developed gas field, at Pyalo, and the block is 

September 2008 96


very lightly explored. Block C-1, modified and enlarged relative to the 

earlier Block C-1 held by Yukong Ltd. of Korea in 1989-94, now 

comprises almost 4.8 million acres. The block is located in Northwest 

Myanmar, with its center about 150 miles northwest of Mandalay in 

the remote Chindwin basin. This block, which was extended to the east 

to include the Mettaung thrust belt and to the north to include the 

Yenan anticline west of the Chindwin River, is discussed in detail. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Dutta, Dhiren N. 1995. Fifty Years of Planning for Water Power in 

South Asia. San Francisco, CA, USA: ASCE, New York, NY, USA. 

Volume: 1, Pages: 212-221. Part 1 of 3. Conference: Jul 25-28 1995. 

Descriptors: Water power; Hydro-electric power; Environmental 

impact; Project management; Strategic planning. Abstract: Water 

power is an important part of planning for energy in the Indian 

subcontinent and Burma. Hydropower projects in the four countries of 

South Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Burma are reviewed, 

focusing on the challenges of foundation problems, construction in 

seismic areas, storage in Karstic areas and long-term planning for 

large and complex water power and multipurpose projects. 

Proceedings of the international conference on hydropower - 

waterpower. ISSN: 1057-1841. 

E 

Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes in the Northeastern Indian 

Ocean. 1968. Corporate Author: Naval Oceanographic Office Nstl 

Station, MS. Report Date: Aug 1968. Abstract: (U) The report gives 

information on earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes in the 

Northeastern Indian Ocean and adjacent land areas. Most of the 

seismic activity in this region has occurred along the Burma-Sunda 

arcs, the 89th meridian between 5 degrees N. and 5 degrees S., and 

southwest of Ceylon. Tsunamis and other large waves have been 

reported from most coastal sectors in the area. Damage by tsunamis 

has been restricted to the coasts of Sumatra and adjacent islands. 

Active volcanoes in the area are located on Sumatra and Barren 

Island. A submarine eruption was reported on the flank of the Ninety 

East Ridge in 1883. Mud volcanoes have been reported from the coast 

of Burma and off the southwest coast of India. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Distribution Statement: Approved for public release; 

September 2008 97


distribution is unlimited. Accession Number: AD0840477. Url: 


Earth Sciences Div Army Natick Labs, Mass and Ohman, Howard L. 

1965. “Climatic Atlas of Southeast Asia (Temperature, Rainfall, 

Temperature-Humidity Index).” DEC. Descriptors: (*Climate; 

Southeast Asia); Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia; Burma; Malaya; 

Singapore; Meteorological Phenomena; Geography; Maps; 

Meteorology. Abstract: Eighty-seven maps present the distribution in 

Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma south of 

25 degrees N. Latitude, and the peninsular portion of Malaysia) of 

various climatic statistics of temperature, rainfall, and the 

temperature-humidity index. Maps for each month of the year have 

been prepared for: mean monthly temperature, mean daily maximum 

temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, absolute maximum 

temperature, mean monthly rainfall, mean number of rainy days per 

month, and mean daily temperature-humidity index for the warmest 

hour of the day. Single maps of mean annual rainfall, the 

physiography of the region, and of the names and location of climatic 

stations are also included. The maps are drawn in considerable detail 

having been based not only on the available climatic data but also on 

the distribution of mountain ranges, major water bodies, and other 

geographic features. A brief text discusses the preparation of the maps 

and describes a few of the important distributional aspects of climate 

shown by the maps. Notes: Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release. DTIC Accession Number: AD0632878. 

Ecker, A. 1983. “Surface and Subsurface Water-Flow Directions in a 

Tectonically Young Area of Burma.” Current Research - Geological 

Survey of Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel. 

Volume 1982, Pages 51-53. Descriptors: aquifers; Asia; Burma; 

central Burma; drainage patterns; Far East; fluvial features; 

geomorphology; ground water; hydrogeology; hydrology; 

neotectonics; surface water; surveys; tectonics; water quality. 

References: 5; illus. ISSN: 0333-6425. 

Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, v. 32, no. 1, June 1981. 

1981. New York: UN. Pages: 123. Descriptors: Economic 

September 2008 98


Development; Asia And The Pacific; Water Management; India; Sri 

Lanka; Rural Water Supply; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Indonesia; Nepal; 

Pakistan; Thailand. Notes: v; charts, graphs, tables. Notes: UN sales 

publications. Stock no: 81.II.F.18. OCLC: 78504651. 

Engel, M. S. 2002. “The Smallest Snakefly (Raphidioptera: 

Mesoraphidiidae): A New Species in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, 

with a Catalog of Fossil Snakeflies.” Am. Mus. Novit. American Museum 

of Natural History: Mar. Volume 363, Issue 1, Pages 1-22. Descriptors: 

New species; New genera; Fossils; Systematics; Amber; Cretaceous; 

aphidioptera; Mesoraphidiidae; Burma. Abstract: The world's smallest 

snakefly (Raphidioptera) is described and figured from a fossil 

preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (formerly Burma). 

Nanoraphidia electroburmica, new genus and species, is distinguished 

from other mesoraphidiids by characters of the wing venation and 

head morphology. Brief comments are made on the diminutive size of 

the specimen (forewing length just over4 mm) and the geological 

history of the order is reviewed. Additionally, a larval snakefly is 

described from the same deposits, but is not considered to be 

congeneric with Nanoraphidia. A taxonomic catalog of all described, 

fossil snakeflies is appended. The following taxonomic changes are 

proposed: Priscaenigmatidae, new family, including Priscaenigma 

Whalley and Hondelagia Bode; Huaxiaraphidiidae, Sinoraphidiidae, and 

Jilinoraphidiidae, new synonyms of Mesoraphidiidae; Cratoraphidia and 

Rudiraphidia, new synonyms of Baissoptera; Caloraphidia, Mioraphidia, 

Phiradia, Xynoraphidia, and Yanoraphidia, new synonyms of 

Mesoraphidia; Miofibla, new synonym of Fibla (Reisserella); 

Cretoraphidiopsis, new name for Cretoraphidia Willmann (non 

Cretoraphidia Ponomarenko); Baissoptera pulchra (Martins-Neto and 

Nel), new combination; B. liaoningensis Ren, resurrected combination; 

Cretoraphidiopsisbontsaganensis (Ponomarenko), new combination; 

Fibla (Reisserella) cerdanica (Nel), new combination; Pararaphidia 

vitimica (Martynova), new combination; Mesoraphidia furcivenata Ren 

and M. pterostigmalis Martynova, resurrected combinations; and M. 

gaoi(Ren), M. glossophylla (Ren), M. longistigmosa (Ren), M. 

myrioneura (Ren), M. obliquivenatica (Ren), M. polyphlebia (Ren),and 

September 2008 99


M. shangyuanensis (Ren), all new combinations in Mesoraphidia. 

Database: BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 0003-0082. 

Engel, M. S. and Grimaldi, D. A. 2002. “The First Mesozoic Zoraptera 

(Insecta).” Am. Mus. Novit. American Museum of Natural History: Mar. 

Volume 362, Issue 1, Pages 1-20. Descriptors: New species; New 

genera; Phylogeny; Amber; Reclassification; Evolution; Cretaceous; 

Zoraptera; Zorotypus; Xenozorotypusburmiticus; Burma; Zorapterans. 

Abstract: The earliest representatives of the polyneopteran insect 

order Zoraptera are described and figured. Four species, representing 

both alate and apterous morphs, are preserved in Cretaceous amber 

from Myanmar (Burma) and are the first fossil records of the 

orderfrom the Old World and the Mesozoic. Zorotypus cretatus, new 

species, is represented by an apterous individual of indeterminate sex 

whereas Z. nascimbenei, new species, is represented by analate 

female and Z. acanthothorax, new species, is known from analate 

male. Xenozorotypus burmiticus, new genus and species, is 

represented by an alate male and possesses distinct plesiomorphies 

suggesting that it may be sister to all other zorapterans (Recent and 

extinct). Based on some peculiar apomorphies of the metafemoral and 

terminalic structure as well as wing venation it is placed in a separate 

genus. These species, particularly Z. cretatus, Z. acanthothorax, and 

Z. nascimbenei, are remarkably similar to living zorapterans, which 

indicates antiquity of the genus Zorotypus and the order, the latter 

perhaps Lowermost Mesozoic in origin. Phylogeny and classification of 

Polyneopterais briefly reviewed, and a list of zorapterans and their 

distributions is updated along with general comments on the evolution 

of the order. Database: BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 0003- 

0082. 

Engineering Consultants, Inc and Electric Power Corporation. 1973. 

Thaukyegat Hydroelectric Project: Interim Report. Denver, Co: 

Engineering Consultants, Inc. Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants- 

Burma; Water-power- Burma; Burma- Economic conditions. Notes: 1 

v. (various pagings): ill., maps; 28 cm. Notes: “September 1973.” 

Responsibility: Engineering Consultants, Inc. Electric Power 

Corporation. OCLC: 42740764. 

September 2008 100


Eveans, Sarah and Lavin, Elizabeth. 2007. “Growing Together.” D. 

June. Volume 34, Issue 6, Pages 64-69. Descriptors: Refugees- 

Photographs; Gardeners- Photographs. Notes: Details: il. Abstract: 

Over the past two decades, the East Dallas Community Garden, more 

commonly known as the Asian Garden, has been a place where 

refugees from Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, and Somalia have grown 

foods from their homelands to sustain their families and communities. 

The farmers pay $30 per year to rent a 10-by-30 plot on which they 

cultivate Chinese broccoli, water spinach, edible loofah, Thai round 

eggplant, Kafir lime, and lemongrass. The facility is one of six in Dallas 

backed by the nonprofit Gardeners in Community Development. 

Photographs of some of the farmers who use the East Dallas 

Community Garden are presented. ISSN: 0164-8292. 

Facilitation of Travel in the Asian Region. 2000. United Nations. Pages: 

40 pages. Descriptors: Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; East Asia; Economic 

and social factors; Facilitation; India; Pacific Area; Sri Lanka; Strategic 

planning; Thailand; Tourism; Tourists; Travel; Travel behavior; 

Travelers. Abstract: This issue of the Economic and Social Commission 

for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Tourism Review offers analysis and 

insight into the experiences of selected member countries in 

addressing values of facilitation as part of the national tourism 

development strategies. Viewpoints of selected international 

organizations are also presented in order to better understand some of 

the many complex issues related to the facilitation of travel and 

tourism. This paper concentrates and makes recommendations for the 

countries of Bangladesh, India, Myranmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand. 

ISBN: 9211199794. OCLC: 01042579. URL: Transportation Research 

Board. 

Falshaw, Ruth, Furneaux, Richard H., Wong, Herbert, Liao, Ming-Long, 

Bacic, Antony and Chandrkrachang, Suwalee. 1996. “Structural 

Analysis of Carrageenans from Burmese and Thai Samples of Catenella 

Nipae Zanardini.” Carbohydrate Research. 5/14. Volume 285, Pages 

81-98. Descriptors: Carrageenan, α-, β-, ι-, and ϰ-; Galactans, 

sulfated; Structure determination; Reductive hydrolysis; Reductive 

partial-hydrolysis; Polysaccharides. Abstract: The carrageenans 

September 2008 101


extracted from samples of the red seaweed Catenella nipae Zanardini 

from Burma and Thailand have been characterised by recently 

developed chemical derivatization procedures (utilizing reductive 

hydrolysis and reductive partial-hydrolysis techniques) combined with 

GLC-MS analysis and by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Both 

polysaccharides are linear polymers composed primarily of 4-linked 

3,6-anhydro-α--galactopyranosyl-2-sulfate residues alternating with 3linked 

β--galactopyranosyl residues that are either un-substituted (αcarrageenan) 

or 4-sulfated (ι-carrageenan). The Burmese sample has 

a somewhat higher proportion of α-carrageenan residues. The Thai C. 

nipae carrageenan was shown to have minor proportions of β- and ϰcarrageenan 

residues. 1H-1H COSY, 13C-1H COSY and TOCSY NMR 

spectroscopic examinations of polymer segments produced from this 

polysaccharide as well as ι-carrageenan itself, have permitted the 1H 

and 13C NMR assignments for ι-carrageenan to be independently 

verified and for characteristic 1H and 13C chemical shifts for αcarrageenan 

to be identified and assigned for the first time. 

Feldhake, C. J. 1954. “Well Drilling and Latrine Construction in Rural 

Burma.” Public Health Rep. Public Health Rep. Apr. Volume 69, Issue 

4, Pages 391-7. Descriptors: Sanitation; Toilet Facilities; Water 

Supply. ISSN: 0094-6214 (Print). 

F 

Fernando, C. H. 1984. “Reservoirs and Lakes of Southeast Asia; 

Oriental Region.” Netherlands. Volume: 23, Descriptors: Asia; 

Bangladesh; Burma; Cambodia; Celebes; ecosystems; engineering 

geology; Far East; geomorphology; Grand Lac; hydrology; India; 

Indian Peninsula; Indonesia; lacustrine features; Lake Lanao; Lake 

Parakrama; lakes; Laos; limnology; Malaysia; Nepal; Oriental Region; 

Philippine Islands; ponds; reservoirs; Singapore; Southeast Asia; Sri 

Lanka; surveys; Tasek Bera; Thailand; Tonle Sap; Vietnam. Notes: FE: 

References: 176; illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch maps. GeoRef Accession 

Number: 1985-024462. 

September 2008 102


Fohs, D. G. 1991. Federal Highway Administration Moves Toward 

Metric Units. Transportation Research Board. TR News. no. 155, 3 

pages. Descriptors: Benefits; Costs; Department of transportation; 

Federal highway administration; Implementation; International system 

of units; Metric system; National cooperative highway research; 

National Cooperative Highway Research Program; Policy; Problem 

identification; Transportation departments; U.S. Federal Highway 

Administration; United States. Abstract: The International System of 

Units (SI), a modern version of the metric system of measurement, is 

being adopted throughout the world. Three nations have yet to convert 

to SI: Burma, Liberia, and the United States. On May 8, 1990, the U.S. 

Department of Transportation issued Order 1020.1C, which established 

its policy and administrative procedures for orderly transition to the 

metric system. This article discusses the activities being undertaken by 

the U.S. Department of Transportation toward conversion to the metric 

system; problems identified by the Federal Highway Administration in 

developing and implementing a plan for conversion to SI for the 

highway industry; and the costs and benefits of metrication. An insert 

with this article, authored by K.S. Opiela, Senior Program Officer, 

Transportation Research Board, addresses metrication within the 

National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). Notes: 

Page range: pp 10-11, 28. ISSN: 0738-6826. OCLC: 00612009. URL: 


Fontaine, Henri; Beauvais, Louise; Tran Duc Luong and Vietnam, 

General Department of Geology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 1986. 

Distribution of the Jurassic Corals in South-East Asia; First Conference 

on Geology of Indochina. Gen. Dep. Geol. Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam. 

Volume: 1, First Conference on Geology of Indochina, Ho Chi Minh 

City. Vietnam Conference: Dec. 5-7, 1986. Descriptors: algae; 

Anthozoa; Asia; benthic taxa; biogeography; Borneo; Brachiopoda; 

Bryozoa; Burma; Cambodia; carbonate rocks; Chordata; Coelenterata; 

East Malaysia; Echinodermata; Far East; Foraminifera; Gastropoda; 

Indonesia; Invertebrata; Jurassic; Laos; limestone; Malay Archipelago; 

Malaysia; marine environment; Mesozoic; micrite; microfossils; 

Mollusca; occurrence; paleo-environment; Philippine Islands; Plantae; 

Protista; Reptilia; Sarawak Malaysia; sedimentary rocks; shallow- 

September 2008 103


water environment; Southeast Asia; stratigraphy; Sumatra; Tethys; 

Tetrapoda; Thailand; Vermes; Vertebrata; Vietnam. References: 23; 

sketch map. GeoRef Accession Number: 1990-020020. 

Ford, L. R. 1993. “A Model of Indonesian City Structure.” Geogr. Rev. 

Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages 374-396. Descriptors: Descriptive- Water; 

developing country; model application; urban change; city structure; 

morphological model; urban form; cities; urbanization. Geographic: 

Indonesia. Abstract: With approximately 30 cities of more than a 

quarter-million population, including seven with more than one million, 

Indonesia is a primary focus for the study of the city in Southeast Asia. 

By occupying a position midway between the hyper-development of 

Singapore and the isolation of Burma, Indonesian cities provide insight 

into both continuity and change in the region. A morphological model 

identifies political and economic trends that influence urban form 

through time. Based chiefly on large, coastal provincial capitals, the 

model applies in some degree to all cities in Indonesia. ISSN: 0016- 

7428. 

Forest land use map, showing management land categories: Bago 

Forest Division. 1995. [Rangoon, Burma?]: Forest Dept., Ministry of 

Forestry. 1 map: col. ; 62 x 47 cm. Scale [ca. 1:510,000] (E 95 --E 

96 /N 19 --N 18 ). Notes: Shows division boundaries and 

geographical entities. Includes note and location map. Descriptors: 

Land use --Burma --Pegu (Division) --Maps. Forests and forestry -- 

Burma --Pegu (Division) --Maps. Pegu (Burma : Division) --Maps. 

LCCN: 2003684660. URL: http://lccn.loc.gov/2003684660. 

Fortey, R. A., Talent, John (convener), Young, Gavin (convener) and 

Wright, Tony (convener). 1997. “Ordovician Palaeogeography of the 

Shan-Thai Terrane; Palaeobiogeography of Australasian Faunas and 

Floras; Abstracts and Programme.” Abstracts - Geological Society of 

Australia. Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. 

Volume 48, Pages 25. Descriptors: ancient ice ages; Arthropoda; Asia; 

Australasia; Australia; biogeography; Brachiopoda; Burma; 

Caradocian; carbonate rocks; China; endemic taxa; Far East; faunal 

studies; glaciation; Gondwana; Invertebrata; limestone; Mollusca; 

September 2008 104


North China Platform; Ordovician; Pa Kae Formation; Pagoda 

Limestone; paleogeography; Paleozoic; sedimentary rocks; shallowwater 

environment; Shan-Thai Terrane; South China Block; 

synonymy; Thailand; Trilobita; Trilobitomorpha; Upper Ordovician. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0729-011X. 

“Foundation and Subgrade Sealing for Two Dams Resting on Quartzite 

and Diorite (Burma): Kutzner, C. Proc 6th National Rock Mechanics 

Symposium, Aachen, 3–4 April 1985 P177–181. Publ Essen: German 

Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1985.” 1986. 

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & 

Geomechanics Abstracts. 2. Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages A27-A27. ISSN: 

0020-7624. OCLC: 02139425. 

Fox, P. G. and Kumchum, S. Affiliation: College of Nursing 

Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Administrative 

Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, U.S.A. 1996. “Caring for 

Myanmar Refugees in Thailand.” Int. Nurs. Rev. Int. Nurs. Rev. Sep- 

Oct. Volume 43, Issue 5, Pages 154-8. Additional Info: Switzerland. 

Descriptors: Nursing Care; Primary Health Care; Refugees; Adult; 

Child; Health Priorities; Health Services- supply & distribution; 

Humans; Hygiene; International Cooperation; Myanmar; Nutrition 

Physiology. Abstract: Massive refugee movements continue due to 

conflicts between and within nations. To combat the major causes of 

mortality in refugee camps- under-nutrition, measles, diarrhea, 

pneumonia and malaria- 13 nurses are following the principles of 

primary health care and are promoting adequate food, safe drinking 

water, shelter, environmental sanitation and immunization. ISSN: 

0020-8132 (Print); 1466-7657 (Electronic). 

Frenken, Karen. 2008. “Land and Water Summary Fact Sheet for 

Myanmar (from Aquastat).” Data on land, population, renewable water 

resources, water withdrawal, irrigation, and drainage. For more 

information visit Aquastat web site. PDF, 35KB: 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/aquastat_fact_sheet_mmr.pdf 

Frenken, Karen. 2008. “Irrigated areas in percentage of total area 

(from Aquastat).” Stefan Siebert, Petra Döll, Sebastian Feick, Jippe 

Hoogeveen and Karen Frenken (2007) Global Map of Irrigation Areas 

September 2008 105


version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 

Germany / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 

Rome, Italy. PDF, 202KB: 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/myanmar_irr_area.pdf 

Fu Hong, Chen Lide, Luo Ping, et al. 1997. “Medium-Short-Impending 

Prediction and Precursory Anomalous Characteristics on M= 7.3 

Earthquake on July 12, 1995 in Border Area between Yunnan's 

Menglian and Burma; 3.” Dizhen Yanjiu= Journal of Seismological 

Research. Seismological Bureau of Yannan, Yunnan, China. Oct. 

Volume 20, Issue 4, Pages 343-344. Descriptors: anomalies; Asia; 

Burma; China; earthquake prediction; earthquakes; Far East; 

geochemistry; ground water; hydrochemistry; Menglian China; 

mercury; metals; noble gases; precursors; radon; Yunnan China. 

References: 1; illus. Abstract: The medium-short-impending anomalies 

of 151 station-items at 55 stations occurred before Menglian M = 7.3 

earthquake in Yunnan and within the epicentral distances of 600 km, 

including 13 observations, such as short leveling, short base line, tilt, 

water radon, water level and water mercury, have been studied. The 

results show that the percentage for medium-short-impending 

anomaly station-items is 38% before the earthquake, and mainly 

concentrated within 200-400 km. Medium anomalies have features of 

long lasting and big amplitude. Features for short-impending 

anomalies are that medium anomaly tendency ends or observation 

varies oppositely, partial items appear dramatic anomalies, earlier 

outside and later nearby, and monthly station-items of anomalies 

increase with the earthquake approaching. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 

1000-0666. 

Fujisaka, S., Moody, K. and Ingram, K. 1993. “A Descriptive Study of 

Farming Practices for Dry Seeded Rainfed Lowland Rice in India, 

Indonesia, and Myanmar.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 

45, Issue 1-2, Pages 115-128. Descriptors: Crop and livestock 

production - general; weed control; rice production; labour costs; dry 

seeded rice; cropping intensity; direct seeding; farmers' practice. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma India Indonesia. Abstract: Farmers' 

traditional dry seeded rice systems were examined: practices were 

matched to field environments and included ways to address not only 

September 2008 106


weeds, but also poor soil physical properties, water deficit and excess, 

and poor plant stand. Among others, farmers used pigmented rice 

cultivars to be able to rogue wild rice and rotated or switched from dry 

seeded to transplanted rice because of weeds or a too rapid onset of 

rains. Redistribution of seedlings and manual weeding were used to 

improve plant stand and soil physical properties in addition to reducing 

weeds. Farmers' dry-seeding systems did not necessarily reduce labor, 

but could increase cropping intensity, result in stable yields using low 

material inputs, or distribute labor demands where some fields are dry 

seeded and others transplanted. Because of difficult and uncertain 

environmental conditions, research on direct seeding must build upon 

farmer practices and knowledge. -from Authors. ISSN: 0167-8809. 

Fumio, Yonechi and Maung, Win. 1986. “Sub-divison on the 

Anastomosing River Channel with a Proposal of the Irrawaddy Type.” 

Science Reports of the Tohoku University. Series 7: Geography = 

Tohoku Daigaku Rika Hokoku. Dai 7: Shu Chirigaku. Tohoku 

University, Faculty of Science, Sendai, Japan. Dec. Volume 36, Issue 

2, Pages 102-113. Descriptors: anastomosing channels; Asia; bars; 

Burma; channel geometry; channels; classification; Far East; fluvial 

features; geomorphology; hydrology; Irrawaddy River; Irrawaddy 

type; patterns; Poronai type; sinuosity; surveys. References: 21; illus. 

incl. 2 tables, sketch maps. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0375-7854. 

Furuichi, Takahisa. 2005. “A Preliminary Report on Sediment Sources, 

Erosion Processes, and Sedimentation in Lake Inle in Mid-Eastern 

Myanmar (Burma); Abstracts of the International Conference on 

Environmental Hazards and Geomorphology in Monsoon Asia; Progress 

in Process Study and GIS Mapping.” Chikei= Transactions - Japanese 

Geomorphological Union. Nippon Chikeigaku Rengo, Kyoto, Japan. Apr. 

Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 160-161. Descriptors: alkali metals; 

alkaline earth metals; Asia; Be-7; beryllium; Burma; cesium; cores; 

Cs-137; drainage basins; erosion; Far East; geochemistry; hydrology; 

isotopes; lacustrine environment; Lake Inle; lake sediments; major 

elements; metals; radioactive isotopes; rainfall; sediment supply; 

sedimentation; sediments; soil erosion; soils. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN: 0389-1755. 

September 2008 107


G 

Gambrill, M. 1994. “An Engineering Response to the Needs of Burmese 

Refugees in Bangladesh.” Waterlines. Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages 7-10. 

Descriptors: Water supply and sanitation; refugee camp; Burmese 

refugees; water supply. Geographic: Bangladesh. Abstract: The 

engineering response to the flood of refugees from Burma in 1992 

solved the short-term water supply problems, but recruiting local 

engineers and handing over the technical work made the situation 

workable for the long term. -Author. ISSN: 0262-8104. 

Gavrilovich, P. and Pichard, P. 1984. Methodology for Strengthening 

and Repair of Earthquake Damaged Monuments in Pagan, Burma. Inc , 

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Pages: 609-616. 

Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake 

Engineering; Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on 

Earthquake Engineering. Descriptors: Burma; Historical structures; 

Strengthening; Repairs; Earthquake hazards; Mathematical models; 

Reinforced concrete; Nonlinear structures; analysis; Response spectra; 

Earthquake-Resistant Design. Abstract: A method for repair and 

strengthening of these monument structures is developed based on 

seismic studies, seismic hazard assessment, and geophysical and soil 

investigations to define local soil conditions. Dynamic characteristics of 

the structures are determined. The properties of the construction 

materials and the formulated representative mathematical models for 

dynamic structural response to expected seismic effects are 

considered. Based on defined seismic design criteria, a methodology 

for repair and strengthening of this type of structure has been 

developed and presented. ISBN: 0132463644. Database: Earthquake 

Engineering Abstracts. 

Gordon, Robert, 19th cent. 1989. Fragment Containing a Discussion of 

a New Formula for the Flow of Water in Open Channels. Milano: Tip. e 

litografia degli ingegneri. Descriptors: Channels (Hydraulic 

engineering); Stream measurements- Burma; Irrawaddy River 

(Burma); Microfilm; Master microform. Notes: 48 p., 2 folded leaves of 

plates: ill. 31 cm. Notes: Part of a report on the Irrawaddy 

September 2008 108


Embankment Works, printed by the Local Government of Burma for 

circulation in the Public Works Department of India. Includes 

bibliographical references. OCLC: 213080079. 

Gordon, Robert, 19th cent. 1875. Fragment Containing a Discussion of 

a New Formula for the Flow of Water in Open Channels. Milano: 

Tipografia e litografia degli ingegneri. Descriptors: Channels (Hydraulic 

engineering); Stream measurements- Burma. Notes: 48 p., [2] folded 

leaves: 1 chart; 31 cm. Notes: Cover title. Part of a report on the 

Irrawaddy Embankment Works, printed by the Local Government of 

Burma for circulation in the Public Works Department of India. 

Includes bibliographical references. OCLC: 14638139. 

Green, J. Affiliation: J. Green, 17 King Edwards Grove, Teddington, 

Middx TW11 9LY Country: United Kingdom E-mail: 

jgreen711@btinternet.com. 2007. “Morphological Variation of Keratella 

Cochlearis (Gosse) in Myanmar (Burma) in Relation to Zooplankton 

Community Structure.” Hydrobiologia. Volume 593, Issue 1, Pages 5- 

12. Descriptors: Freshwater ecology: community structure and 

function; community structure; crustacean; flatworm; morphology; 

morphometry; zooplankton Species Term: Copepoda; Crustacea; 

Cyclopoida; Diaptomidae; Heliodiaptomus; Keratella cochlearis; 

Keratella; Lorica; Rotifera. Notes: References: Number: 19; 

Geographic: Asia England Eurasia Europe Myanmar Southeast Asia 

Thames River [England] United Kingdom Western Europe. Abstract: 

Keratella cochlearis was present in 27 of 35 water bodies sampled in 

Myanmar, and was the most abundant rotifer in 10. Measurements of 

lorica length and posterior spine length from 20 localities showed that 

posterior spine length varied both with lorica length and with the 

composition of the crustacean zooplankton. Long spines were 

associated with dominance by Heliodiaptomus. The shortest spines 

were found in samples dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid 

copepods. Posterior spine length was positively correlated with the 

number of diaptomid copepods. Forms without posterior spines were 

found in 17 localities. The lorica lengths of these spineless forms were 

generally similar to those of co-occurring spined forms (r = 0.68), but 

in a few samples the loricas of the spineless forms were significantly 

September 2008 109


larger. These larger forms are similar to the 'aspina' forms recently 

recognised in the River Thames in England. These samples were 

dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. In one locality 

spineless forms were found without spined forms. The crustacean 

zooplankton in this locality was also dominated by cladocerans. ISSN: 

0018-8158 E- 1573-5117. 

Green, J. and Davies, J. 2005. “The Freshwater Medusa Limnocnida 

and Associated Plankton in the Floodplain of the Ayeyarwaddy River, 

Myanmar.” J. Nat. Hist. Volume 39, Issue 23, Pages 2083-2088. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Associated species; Catchment 

area; Flood plains; Freshwater environments; Geographical 

distribution; Inland water environment; Lakes; Phytoplankton; 

Plankton; Rivers; Zooplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Copepoda; 

Craspedacusta; Limnocnida; Limnocnida indica; Rotifera; Article 

Geographic Terms: Africa; Europe; Myanmar; Myanmar, Ayeyarwaddy 

R. North America; Copepods; Rotifers; Wheel animalcules. TR: 

CS0517387. Abstract: Freshwater medusae of the genus Limnocnida 

were found in a shallow lake in the floodplain of the Ayeyarwaddy 

River. The medusae are described and identified as a small form of L. 

indica. Single immature specimens were found in two other localities in 

Myanmar, within the Ayeyarwaddy catchment. These records are an 

eastward extension of the known range of Limnocnida, and indicate 

that it is probably widespread in the Ayeyarwaddy catchment. The 

associated phytoplankton and zooplankton are listed, and the 

zooplankters are compared to those found with Limnocnida in a 

floodplain lake of the River Sokoto in West Africa. In both situations 

there was a marked preponderance of rotifers and cyclopoid copepods. 

This indicates that Limnocnida influences the zooplankton in a manner 

similar to that found in various studies on the freshwater medusa 

Craspedacusta in Europe and North America. Database: ASFA: Aquatic 

Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN: 0022-2933. 

Greenwald, Peter T. 1992. The United States and Environmental 

Security: Deforestation and Conflict in Southeast Asia. Corporate 

Author: Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA. Report Date: June 

1992. Report Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) In the post Cold 

War era, the East-West conflict may be succeeded by a new 

September 2008 110


confrontation which pits an industrialized North against a developing 

South. In June 1992, world attention was fixed on the Earth Summit in 

Rio de Janeiro. This event marked a milestone in global environmental 

awareness; but just as the end of the Cold War has provided new 

opportunities for the US, the world is now faced with new sources of 

conflict which have advanced to the forefront of the national security 

debate. Among the new sources of conflict, environmental problems 

are rapidly becoming preeminent. Within national security debates, 

those environmental problems which respect no international boundary 

are of particular concern. Worldwide deforestation, and the related 

issues of global warming and the loss of biodiversity, represent a clear 

threat to national security. Two percent of the Earth's rainforests are 

lost each year; one 'football field' is lost each second. Deforestation 

has already led to conflict and instability within several regions of the 

world including Southeast Asia. The United States must recognize the 

character and dynamics of these new sources of conflict in order to 

successfully realize its policy aims in national security. The US should 

preempt conflict through cooperation and develop a shared concern for 

the environment throughout the world. The US military may play a key 

role in this effort. Rainforest, Deforestation, Tropical timber, Logging, 

Southeast Asia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, 

Laos, Japan Cambodia, Vietnam, Human rights, Plywood, Pulp, Paper, 

World Bank, U.S. Agency for International Development. Distribution 


Document partially illegible. DTIC: ADA258057. Url: 


Griffard, B.F., Butts, Kent H. and Bradshaw, Art. 2006. Support to Civil 

Authority in Seismic Disasters: Regional Initiatives. U.S. Pacific 

Command Southeast Asia Seismic Disaster Preparedness Conference. 

Center for Strategic Leadership Issue Paper, Volume 02-06, February 

2006. Corporate Author: Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA. 

Center for Strategic Leadership. Report Date: Feb 2006. Report 

Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) This paper summarizes the 

results of the "Southeast Asia Seismic Disaster Preparedness 

Conference", which was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, on 26-28 September 

2005. Circling the Pacific Basin, on the bottom of the sea bed, lie a 

dramatic series of volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches. The zone -- the 

'Ring of Fire' -- notorious for frequent earthquakes and volcanic 

eruptions coincides with the edges of one of the world's main tectonic 

plates" (BBC News - January 29, 1999). The "Ring of Fire" includes 

over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes, and along their 

fence line are a series of dynamic tectonic plates that produce 

frequent, and sometimes violent, seismic events. This delicate 

September 2008 111


relationship between man and nature was brought home to Southeast 

Asia on December 26, 2004 when a 9.0 earthquake off the coast of 

Sumatra produced a Tsunami that devastated the region. Following the 

December 2004 tsunami, the establishment of effective disaster 

preparedness planning capabilities at the national and regional levels 

became a goal of the governments in the region. In addition to being a 

sound political initiative, such preparedness planning speeds the 

national and regional reaction time, and assists international 

organizations and other countries in identifying appropriate response 

support. Knowing who to call in a crisis is a key piece of information. 

The Southeast Asia Seismic Disaster Preparedness Conference allowed 

the region's key disaster preparedness planners to meet face-to-face 

and laid the foundations for the friendship and trust necessary in the 

development of working relationships. Seismic events will continue to 

occur and impact lives within the "Ring of Fire," however, there is 

awareness among the Southeast Asian nations that there are actions 

within their reach that can mitigate the effects of the next major 

seismic event. Distribution Statement: Approved for public release; 

distribution is unlimited. DTIC Accession Number: ADA444924. Url: 


Griffin, W. L., Win, T. T. and Davies, R. 2001. “Diamonds from 

Myanmar and Thailand: Characteristics and Possible Origins.” 

Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic 

Geologists. January/February 2001. Volume 96, Issue 1, Pages 159- 

70. Descriptors: Diamond mines and mining; Myanmar; Thailand; 

Geology/Southeast Asia. Notes: Bibliography; Illustration; Map; 

Feature Article. Abstract: A study of the characteristics and possible 

origins of diamonds from Myanmar and Thailand is presented. The 

alluvial diamond deposits under investigation do not contain typical 

diamond indicator minerals. Evidence including isotopic data, the 

dominantly peridotitic nature of the syngenetic inclusions, indications 

of long surface transport, and association with glacial-marine 

sediments suggest that these diamonds originated in northwestern 

Australia or within the Sibumasu terrane itself before the Early 

Permian separation of the Sibumasu terrane from the Gondwanaland 

margin. Database: Applied Science & Technology. ISSN: 0361-0128. 

Grimaldi, D. A., Engel, M. S. and Nascimbene, P. C. 2002. 

“Fossiliferous Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its 

September 2008 112


Rediscovery, Biotic Diversity, and Paleontological Significance.” Am. 

Mus. Novit. American Museum of Natural History: Mar. Volume 361, 

Issue 1, Pages 1-71. Descriptors: New species; New genera; 

Morphology; Fossils; Amber; Cretaceous; nychophora; Peripatidae; 

Ixodidae; Burma; Velvet worms; Ticks. Abstract: Amber from Kachin, 

northern Burma, has been used in China for at least a millennium for 

carving decorative objects, but the only scientific collection of inclusion 

fossils, at the Natural History Museum, London (NHML), was made 

approximately 90 years ago. Age of the material was ambiguous, but 

probably Cretaceous. Numerous new records and taxa occur in this 

amber, based on newly excavated material in the American Museum of 

Natural History (AMNH) containing 3100 organisms. Without having all 

groups studied, significant new records and taxa thus far include the 

following (refers to extinct taxa): For Plants: An angiosperm flower 

(onlythe third in Cretaceous amber), spores and apparent sporangia 

ofan unusual but common fungus, hepatophyte thalli and 

anarchegoniophore of Marchantiaceae, and leafy shoots of 

Metasequoia (Coniferae). Metasequoia is possibly the source of the 

amber. For Animals: ermithidae and other Nematoda; the oldest ixodid 

tick (alarval Amblyomma); bird feathers; and the only Mesozoic record 

ofthe Onychophora ('velvet' worms), described as Cretoperipatus 

burmiticus, n. gen., n. sp. (Peripatidae). Poinar's classification of the 

Onychophora is substantially revised. Still largely unstudied, the fauna 

of mites (Acari) and spiders (Araneae) appears to be the most diverse 

ones known for the Mesozoic. For Insecta: Odonata indet. (wing 

fragment); Plecoptera indet. new genera of Dermaptera, Embiidina, 

and Zoraptera (the latter two as the only definitive Mesozoic fossils of 

their orders). Within Hemiptera, there are primitive new genera in the 

Aradidae, Hydrometridae, Piesmatidae, Schizopteridae, and 

Cimicomorpha (Heteroptera), as well as in Tajmyraphididae 

(Aphidoidea), and 'otopsyllidiidae. An adult snakefly (Raphidioptera: 

Mesoraphidiidae) is the smallest species in the order, and newgenera 

occur in the Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae, Berothidae, and 

Psychopsidae, as well as larvae of apparent Nevrorthidae. Coleoptera 

are largely unstudied, but are probably the most diverse assemblage 

known from the Cretaceous, particularly for Staphylinidae. An adult 

lymexylid, the most primitive species of Atractocerus, is the first 

September 2008 113


Mesozoic record of the family. In Hymenoptera there are primitive ants 

(Formicidae: Ponerinae n. gen., and Sphecomyrma n. sp 

[Sphecomyrminae]), the oldest record of the Pompilidae, and 

significant new records of Serphitidae and Stigmaphronidae, among 

others. Diptera are the most diverse andabundant, with the oldest 

definitive Blephariceridae and mosquito (Culicidae), as well as new 

genera in the Acroceridae, Bibionidae, Empidoidea; a new genus near 

the enigmatic genus Valeseguya, and an unusual new genus in the 

Archizelmiridae. Chimeromyia (Diptera: Eremoneura), known 

previously in ambers from the Lower Cretaceous, is also represented. 

The stratigraphic distribution of exclusively Mesozoic arthropods in 

Burmese amber is reviewed, which indicates a probable Turonian- 

Cenomanian age of this material (90-100 Ma). Paleofaunal differences 

between the NHML and AMNH collections are discussed, as is the 

distinct tropical nature of the original biota. Burmese amber probably 

harbors the most diverse biota in amber from the Cretaceous, and one 

of the most diverse Mesozoic microbiotas now known. Database: 

BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 0003-0082. 

Gross, Dorit. 2008. “Soil Map for Myanmar.” Geographical distribution 

of 10 dominant soil types in Myanmar. Map created by FAO/NRL from 

Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD). United Nations Food and 

Agricultural Organization (FAO). JPEG (875KB): 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/SoilMap_Myanmar_300dpi.jpg ; PDF 

(448KB): 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/SoilMap_Myanmar_300dpi.jpg 

Grossman, R. L. and Durran, D. R. 1984. “Interaction of Low-Level 

Flow with the Western Ghat Mountains and Offshore Convection in the 

Summer Monsoon.” Mon. Weather Rev. Volume 112, Issue 4, Pages 

652-672. Descriptors: Hydrology; Meteorology And Climatology; India; 

Burma; Thailand; Philippines; boundary layer; summer monsoon 

experiment. Abstract: Seven-year averaged values of percent 

frequency of occurrence of highly reflective cloud for the months June, 

July, and August indicate that offshore convection is a major 

component of the cloudiness of the southwest monsoon. Principal 

areas of convection occur off of the western coasts of India, Burma, 

September 2008 114


Thailand, and the Philippines. Analysis of a special boundary layer 

mission flown during the WMO/ICSU Summer Monsoon Experiment 

leads us to believe that partial deceleration of the monsoon flow by 

upstream blocking effects of the mountains initiates and maintains a 

vertical and horizontal motion field that could support the observed 

convection.-from Authors. ISSN: 0027-0644. 

“Ground Water; Beyond 2000; What Future for Asian Supplies.” 1987. 

Water Resour. J. United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for 

Asia and the Pacific, New York, NY, International (III). Sep. Volume 

154, Pages 76-81. Descriptors: Afghanistan; Asia; Bangladesh; 

Bhutan; Burma; Cambodia; China; Commonwealth of Independent 

States; Far East; ground water; hydrogeology; India; Indian Ocean 

Islands; Indian Peninsula; Korea; Laos; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; 

Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Singapore; Sri Lanka; surveys; Thailand; 

USSR; Vietnam. ISSN: 0377-8053. 

Grundy-Warr, C. 1993. “Coexistent Borderlands and Intra-State 

Conflicts in Mainland Southeast Asia.” Singapore Journal of Tropical 

Geography. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 14, Issue 

1, Pages 42-57. Descriptors: Political; WATER; geopolitical relations; 

border area; developing region; political geography; intra-state 

conflict; borders; conflict; state control. Geographic: Burma Thailand 

Cambodia Asia- (Southeast). Abstract: This paper examines recent 

developments in two distinct borderlands of mainland Southeast Asia, 

namely Burma-Thailand and Thailand-Cambodia. It aims to show how 

an analysis of cross-border space provides a better understanding of 

the political and military conflicts within Burma and Cambodia and the 

international dimensions of these conflicts. In both cases the intrastate 

conflicts have at times become externalized involving 

considerable inter-state tension. Borderlands reflect the inter-state and 

transnational dimensions of these mostly intra-state level conflicts. - 

Author. ISSN: 0129-7619. 

Gugliotta, Guy; Sawyer, Kathy; Weiss, Rick; Sawyer, Kathy and Weiss, 

Rick. 1999. Science Notebook. WP. Oct 18. pages: A, 9:1. Descriptors: 

Paleontology; Moon; Breast cancer; Water; Drug therapy. Abstract: 

September 2008 115


Paleontologists have discovered a new species of early primate in 

central Burma, offering fresh evidence that the ancestor of all 

monkeys and apes may have been from Asia, rather than Africa. The 

Burmese-French scientific team found fossilized teeth and jawbone 

fragments from Bahinia in Burma's Pondaung Formation, along with 

the jawbone of a more advanced primate. The fossils are about 40 

million years old. Team leader Jean-Jacques Jaeger, of the Universite 

Montpellier- II, said the new fossil was definitely anthropoid--an 

ancestor of modern monkeys and apes--and showed strong similarities 

to a more fragmentary fossil found in China. ISSN: 0190-8286. 

Gupta, S. M. and Srinivasan, M. S. 1992. “Late Miocene Radiolarian 

Biostratigraphy and Paleoceanography of Sawai Bay Formation, Neill 

Island, Andamans, India.” Micropaleontology. Volume 38, Issue 3, 

Pages 209-235. Descriptors: Micropalaeontology; Geochronology, 

stratigraphy and palaeontology; radiolaria; palaeoceanography; 

palaeogeography; palaeoclimate; Miocene; biostratigraphy; 

radiolarian; Sawai Bay Formation Species Term: Radiolaria 

(protozoans); Didymocyrtis; Bacillariophyta; Botryostrobus; Peregrina. 

Notes: Geographic: India- Andaman Islands- Neill Island India- 

Andamans- Neill Island. Abstract: Stichocorys peregrina, Didymocyrtis 

penultima and Didymocyrtis antepenultima Late Miocene radiolarian 

zones are encountered from mudstone strata of Sawai Bay Formation, 

Neill Island, Andamans. Percentage data of 45 coarser taxonomic 

groups of radiolarians were subjected to Q-mode cluster analysis. 

Based on the ecology of the modern homeomorphs of the dominant 

radiolarian groups, it is suggested that the resulting clusters indicate 

colder and warmer periods due to the monsoonal upwelling during 

warmer periods. This finding is also substantiated with 

diatom/radiolaria ratio. Presence and absence of deep (1200-2000m) 

and intermediate (700-1200m) water dwelling radiolarians like the 

Plectopyramids, Botryostrobus and Sethoperinids groups indicate 

basinal shallowing during Late Miocene. It may be due to subduction of 

the Indian plate below the Asian plate, coupled with huge sediment 

discharged from the Irrawaddy River of Burma during monsoon 

dominated warmer periods (5.0-6.3 and 8.5-7.7 Ma) in Late Miocene. - 

from Authors. ISSN: 0026-2803. 

September 2008 116


Gyi, L. T. 1973. “Seismic Zoning Map of the Union of Burma.” 

Individual Studies by Participants at the International Institute of 

Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Volume 9, Pages 218-237. 

Descriptors: Maps; seismic zoning; Burma; Alpide-Himalayan Belt; 

Seismology; Earthquake Risk. Abstract: Burma is located at the 

easternmost end of the Alpide-Himalayan belt. The whole country can 

be divided into three seismic zones, namely: (1) active zone 

comprising central and northern Burma above 21 degree N latitude, 

(2) less active zone comprising south Burma, below 21 degree N 

latitude and (3) nonseismic zone of the east and southeastern border 

regions. The frequency of occurrence of earthquakes and their 

magnitude are found to increase in the north and northwest along the 

Indian border. The “b” value obtained from the calculation for the 

whole country is 0.99 and the “A” values are calculated according to 

the formula A equal to (2.70 log N (det)/D) plus 2.93. Here A is 

selected as the measure of seismicity. A lower D value of 0.58 is 

taken. This paper has its limitations because of the lack of data and 

earthquake records due to the absence of seismological observatories. 

Further studies on earthquakes should be made utilizing this new 

method for quantitative seismicity maps. Database: Earthquake 

Engineering Abstracts. ISSN: 0074-6606. 

Han, A. M. and Myint, T. M. 1986. “Knowledge, Attitudes and 

Behaviour in Relation to Diarrhoea in a Rural Community in Burma.” 

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health; Southeast Asian J. Trop. 

Med. Public Health. Mar. Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 59-62 Additional 

Info: THAILAND. Descriptors: Adult; Behavior; Child, Preschool; 

Defecation; Diarrhea- prevention & control; Female; Food 

Contamination; Handwashing; Humans; Infant; Male; Myanmar; Rural 

Health; Soaps; Water Supply. Notes: Chemical Subst: Soaps [0]. 

Abstract: A study was conducted in a rural community in Burma, to 

determine how people perceive the importance of food, water and 

defecation in the causation of diarrhoea and to determine whether 

people wash hands or use soap after defecation or before preparing 

and eating food. 90% of mothers with under-five children in the 

community were interviewed. 53 to 86% of people were aware of the 

importance of food, water and defecation in the causation of diarrhoea. 

September 2008 117


Although 34 to 88% practised hand washing before eating/food 

handling or after defecation, only 5 to 12% regularly used soap. 

Furthermore, drinking water for under-five children was obtained by 

dipping the drinking mug or cup into the drinking water pot (83%) 

which could result in contamination of drinking water. ISSN: 0125- 

1562 (Print). 

Han, A. M., Oo, K. N., Aye, T. and Hlaing, T. Affiliation: Epidemiology 

Division, Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar. 1991. 

“Bacteriologic Studies of Food and Water Consumed by Children in 

Myanmar: 2 Lack of Association between Diarrhoea and Contamination 

of Food and Water.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Jun. Volume 9, Issue 2, 

Pages 91-3 Additional Info: BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Food 

Microbiology; Water Microbiology; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea, 

Infantile- epidemiology; Enterobacteriaceae- isolation & purification; 

Humans; Incidence; India- epidemiology; Infant; Risk Factors. 

Abstract: The association between contamination of morning samples 

of food and water of 208 children aged 6-29 months and the incidence 

of diarrhoea was investigated for 3 months in Yangon, Myanmar. 

Contamination of the samples was determined by isolation of faecal 

coliforms (FC) by standard methods. The children were divided into 

three groups, high, medium and low, according to the proportion of 

food and water samples found to be contaminated. The incidence of 

diarrhoea was recorded by weekly recall. Of the 779 food samples, 504 

(65%), and of the 860 drinking water samples, 187 (22%) were 

positive for FC. The association between food and water contamination 

and the incidence of diarrhoea was assessed by comparing the 

cumulative incidences in the high and medium groups with that in the 

low group which served as reference. Diarrhoea risk ratios (RR) for 

children in the medium and high contamination groups (food, RR = 

1.04 in medium and 0.78 in high vs 1 in low; water, RR = 0.73 and 

0.73 vs 1) were not significantly different from those who were in the 

low-contamination group even after controlling for the confounding 

variables. ISSN: 0253-8768 (Print). 

Han, A. M., Oo, K. N., Midorikawa, Y. and Shwe, S. Affiliation: 

Epidemiology Division, Department of Medical Research, Rangoon, 

September 2008 118


Burma. 1989. “Contamination of Drinking Water during Collection and 

Storage.” Trop. Geogr. Med. Apr. Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 138-40 

Descriptors: Water Microbiology; Water Pollution- prevention & 

control; Water Supply; Bacillus- isolation & purification; Fecesmicrobiology; 

Hygiene; Myanmar. Abstract: Drinking water 

contamination during abstraction, storage and use was determined in 

a suburban community in Rangoon, Burma, by detecting fæcal 

coliforms (FC) with membrane filtration method. Increasing 

contamination during water collection, from the source to home 

storage, was found in all the studied households using 4 different 

types of drinking water. The implications of the findings are discussed. 

ISSN: 0041-3232 (Print). 

Hands Across The River- The Greater Mekong Subregion. 1995. John 

Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Infrastructure. Descriptors: Asia 

(Southeastern); Public works; Southeast Asia; Transportation. 

Abstract: Joint Projects for China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia 

And Vietnam Including Road, Rail And Water Transportation And 

Airports. Notes: Infrastructure, Dec. 1995, P. 14-16: ILL. ISSN: 1081- 

7174. OCLC: 00871443. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Hanrahan, Charles E. 2005. Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunamis: 

Food Aid Needs and the U.S. Response. Corporate Author: Library of 

Congress, Washington, DC. Congressional Research Service. Report 

Date: 16 Feb 2005. Report Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) 

On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.0 off 

the coast of Aceh Province (Sumatra) in Indonesia set off a series of 

large tsunamis across the Indian Ocean region. In all, 12 countries 

were hit by wave surges, with the brunt of the impact in coastal 

communities in Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The 

death toll has been estimated at 140,000-200,000. It is believed that 

between 3 and 5 million people have been affected, including those 

displaced, or who have lost their homes and livelihoods. An estimated 

2 million people are in urgent need of food aid. Thus far, the United 

States, other countries, and international organizations have pledged 

over $4 billion in emergency assistance. The U.S. pledged contribution, 

including food aid valued at $34.5 million, currently stands at $350 

million. The President requested, on February 14, 2005, an additional 

$701 million in supplemental appropriations for tsunami relief, some of 

which could be used for food aid. Prior to the Indian Ocean disaster, 

September 2008 119


U.S. and global food aid resources were facing considerable demand 

for emergency food aid to respond to urgent needs, especially in sub- 

Saharan Africa. Congress may be confronted with a number of 

interrelated food aid issues early in the 109th Congress, including 

reconciling emergency and non-emergency uses of food aid, 

determining the U.S. share of global food aid for tsunami victims as 

well as other food-insecure people in Africa and elsewhere, and 

funding alternatives for U.S. emergency and non-emergency food aid. 

This report will be updated. Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release; distribution is unlimited. DTIC Accession Number: 


Haupt, M., Leithoff, H., Meier, D., Puls, J., Richter, H. G. and Faix, O. 

2003. “Heartwood Extractives and Natural Durability of Plantation- 

Grown Teakwood (Tectona Grandis L.) - A Case Study.” Holz Als Roh - 

Und Werkstoff. Springer Verlag: Volume 61, Issue 6, Pages 473-474. 

Descriptors: Wood; Extraction; Durability; Plants (botany); Growth 

kinetics; Composition; Enzyme inhibition; Biosynthesis; Fungi; Gas 

chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography. Abstract: 

The causes of the exceptionally low natural durability of one individual 

plantation-grown teak tree from Panama were investigated. In 

durability tests with Coriolus versicolor (Leithoff et al. 2001) the 

heartwood of this tree had shown a mass loss between 32% und 43% 

while the reference material of a durable teak from Myanmar revealed 

only 2.3% up to 12.1% mass losses. Further studies on the antifungal 

effects of extractives of this specimen have been performed and the 

results compared with those of durable teak woods from the same 

plantation and from natural forests in Myanmar as well. As highest 

antifungal activity was found in the acetone/water extract, this extract 

will be analysed here in relation to the inhibitor effect of fractionated 

substances on mycelium growth of Coriolus versicolor (white rot) and 

Coniophora puteana (brown rot). In parallel studies Windeisen et al. 

(2003) surveyed the chemical composition of plantation-grown 

teakwood from the same origin in Panama. ISSN: 0018-3768. 

Hawkes, Rebecca B., Franzmann, Peter D., O'Hara, Graham and 

Plumb, Jason J. 2006. “Ferroplasma Cupricumulans Sp. Nov., a Novel 

Moderately Thermophilic, Acidophilic Archaeon Isolated from an 

Industrial-Scale Chalcocite Bioleach Heap.” Extremophiles: Life Under 

September 2008 120


Extreme Conditions, 2006 Dec. 10(6):525-30. Epub: 2006 May 24: 

Germany. Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages 525-530. Descriptors: 

Biodegradation, Environmental; Copper; DNA, Archaeal: analysis; 

Environmental Remediation; Ferric Compounds: metabolism; Ferrous 

Compounds: metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial 

Waste: analysis; Kinetics; Metallurgy; Myanmar; Oxidation-Reduction; 

Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: genetics; Ribotyping; Sequence 

Homology, Nucleic Acid; Temperature; Thermoplasma: classification; 

Thermoplasma: genetics; Thermoplasma: growth & development; 

Thermoplasma: isolation & purification; Thermoplasma: metabolism. 

Notes: RN: 0 (DNA, Archaeal); 0 (Ferric Compounds); 0 (Ferrous 

Compounds); 0 (Industrial Waste); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 10028- 

22-5 (ferric sulfate); 7440-50-8 (Copper); 7720-78-7 (ferrous 

sulfate). Abstract: A new species of Archaea was isolated from an 

industrial mineral sulphide bioleach heap. Strain BH2, a non-motile 

pleomorphic coccus, was capable of chemomixotrophic growth on 

ferrous sulphate and yeast extract. Growth was not supported in the 

absence of yeast extract. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA 

gene showed that strain BH2 was most closely related to the species 

Ferroplasma acidiphilum; however, it showed only 95% sequence 

similarity with this species. Strain BH2 had a temperature optimum of 

53.6 degrees C and a temperature range for growth between 22 and 

63 degrees C. Thus, it is the first moderately thermophilic member of 

the genus Ferroplasma. The optimum pH for the growth of the strain 

occurred between pH 1.0 and 1.2 and the lowest pH at which growth 

was observed was 0.4. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis 

and other physiological characteristics, strain BH2 constitutes a new 

species within the genus Ferroplasma. The name Ferroplasma 

cupricumulans is proposed for the new species and strain BH2 (DSM 

16651) is proposed as the type strain. Database: TOXLINE. ISSN: 

1431-0651. Availability: Print-Electronic. 

Hawkes, Rebecca B., Franzmann, Peter D. and Plumb, Jason J. 2006. 

“Moderate Thermophiles Including “Ferroplasma Cupricumulans” Sp. 

Nov. Dominate an Industrial-Scale Chalcocite Heap Bioleaching 

Operation.” Hydrometallurgy. Volume 83, Issue 1-4, Pages 229-236. 

Descriptors: Leaching; Microorganisms; Cell culture; Metabolism; 

September 2008 121


Molecular structure; Microbiology; Genes. Abstract: This study 

describes the microbiology of the MICCL Monywa chalcocite heap 

bioleaching operation. Microorganisms were detected in the heap using 

culture-based techniques and culture-independent PCR-DGGE analysis 

of the 16S rRNA gene. The metabolic requirements, temperature and 

pH optima were determined for selected strains isolated from the heap 

material. Six strains (BH1-BH6) were enriched and isolated from heap 

solids and leachate samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA 

genes showed that strains BH3 and BH4 were closely related to the 

acidophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus and strains BH5 and BH6 

were closely related to Leptospirillum ferriphilum. The optimum growth 

temperature for one of the L. ferriphilum strains was 41.3°C and the 

optimum pH range was 1.1 to 1.5. A new species of Archaea was 

isolated from the heap samples. Cells of the proposed species, 

“Ferroplasma cupricumulans” (formerly “Ferroplasma 

cyprexacervatum”), were non-motile pleomorphic cocci, capable of 

chemomixotrophic growth with ferrous sulphate and yeast extract. 

Cells grew anaerobically on potassium tetrathionate and yeast extract 

as electron donors with ferric iron as the electron acceptor. Growth 

occurred from 22°C to 63°C, with an optimum temperature of 53.6°C. 

The optimal pH for growth was 1.0-1.2. Phylogenetic analysis based on 

the 16S rRNA gene showed the most closely related described species 

to strain BH2 was Ferroplasma acidiphilum YT (95% sequence 

similarity). Molecular analysis of mine samples (16S rRNA PCR-DGGE) 

detected the above-mentioned cultured strains as well as species of 

Sulfobacillus and unknown representatives of the Proteobacteria. The 

microbial community of the Myanmar bioleach heaps contained similar 

levels of diversity to a dump bioleach operation in Chile, but contained 

greater amounts of biomass than another heap bioleach operation in 

Australia. The operating parameters of the Myanmar heaps have 

selected for the growth of moderately thermophilic microorganisms 

that are more commonly found in extremely low pH acidic mine 

drainage sites than in heap bioleach systems. The novel species of 

Ferroplasma is considered to be involved in the aerobic and anaerobic 

cycling of iron within the heap bioleaching environment. ISSN: 0304- 

386X. 

September 2008 122


He, Yuanqing, Zhang, Zhongli n., Theakstone, Wilfred H., et al. 2003. 

“Recent Variability of the Climate and Glaciers in China's Monsoon 

Region.” IAHS-AISH Publication. IAHS Press, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 

OX10 8BB, United Kingdom: Issue 280, Pages 104-116. Descriptors: 

Global warming; Glaciers; Ice; Precipitation (chemical). Abstract: 

Climatic data, ice core records, the tree-ring index and recorded 

glacier variations have been compared, and used to reconstruct a 

history of climatic and glacial changes in the monsoonal temperateglacier 

region of southwestern China during the last 400 years. The 

results indicate that the region's temperature has increased in a 

fluctuating manner during the 20th century, after the two cold stages 

of the Little Ice Age of the 17th-19th centuries, with a corresponding 

retreat of most of the glaciers during the 20th century, against a 

background of global warming. Rates of retreat accelerated after the 

1980s. The few advancing glaciers that did exist have started to 

retreat in recent years. The amount, trend and amplitude of variation 

of precipitation have differed in different parts of the region. The 

climatic records in the Dasuopu ice core, from the Himalaya area in the 

western part of the region, show a decreasing trend in precipitation, 

the converse of the trend in temperature. However, in the Hengduan 

Mountains and other areas of the eastern part of the region, a rising 

trend in rainfall has accompanied increasing temperatures, a result of 

the variable atmospheric circulations from different sources. The data 

indicate that the Southwest Monsoon, which is the principal controlling 

factor in the Chinese monsoonal temperate-glacier region, can be 

classified into two parts. One is the Indian Monsoon from the Arabian 

Sea, passing across the Indian Peninsula. This transports the vapour 

for precipitation in the Himalaya area, the western part of the 

monsoonal temperate-glacier region. The other part is the Bengal 

Monsoon originating in the Bay of Bengal, passing over Bengal and 

Burma. This is the major source of precipitation in the Hengduan 

Mountains and other areas in the eastern part of the region. In 

addition, the eastern part is influenced by the Southeast Monsoon 

arriving from the western Pacific, whilst the western part is affected in 

winter by the southern branch of the westerly circulation. This complex 

atmospheric situation results in differing patterns of precipitation in 

the western and eastern zones. Although it is clear that both 

September 2008 123


temperature and precipitation affect the glaciers, further work is 

needed to confirm which is the major factor influencing present glacier 

change. ISSN: 0144-7815. 

Health Data Publications No. 30. Burma (Union of Burma). 1966. 

Corporate Author: Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC. 

Report Date: Jan 1966. Abstract: Geography, area, and population; 

Socio-economic; Government and education; Resources and 

commerce; Transportation and communications; Diet, nutrition, and 

food sanitation; Housing and water supplies; Sewage waste, garbage 

disposal; Plants of medical importance; Animals of medical 

importance; Diseases of Burma; Community health services; Medical 

personnel and facilities. Report Classification: Unclassified. Distribution 

Limitation(s): Approved For Public Release. Accession Number: 


Health Unlimited. 2006. She Qu Huan Jing Wei Sheng Yu Gai Shui Gai 

Ce = Yingguo Wu Guo Jie Wei Sheng Zu Zhi (HU) Miandian Shan Bang 

Dong Bu Di 4 Te Qu Wei Sheng He Zuo Xiang Mu Pei Xun Jiao Cai. 

Eastern Shan State, Myanmar: HU-Special Region 4 Porject Office. 

Pages: 36. Descriptors: Public health- Burma; Water-supply- Burma; 

Toilets- Burma. Notes: ill. 29 cm. Other Titles: Community's 

environmental sanitation manual. Responsibility: [Health Unlimited]. 

OCLC: 80018831. 

“The Henzadah Plain and Reclamation Works.” 1889. S.l: s.n., 

Surveyor General. Descriptors: Flood control- Burma- Henzada 

District- Maps; Flood control- Burma- Bassein River- Maps; Flood 

control- Burma- Irrawaddy River- Maps; Reclamation of land- Burma- 

Henzada District- Maps; Hydraulic engineering- Burma- Henzada 

District- Maps; Floods- Burma- Bassein River; Government publication; 

National government publication. Notes: Description: 1 map; mounted 

on linen; 61 x 41 cm. Map Info: Scale [ca. 380,160]. 6 miles: 1 inch. 

Category of scale: Relief shown by shading. Includes “Profile of 

Nawoon River thalweg and floods,” and profiles of Henzada 

embankment, and Taboo Canal. “Photozincographed at the Surveyor 

General's Office, Calcutta, August 1889.” “XXII.”; Other Titles: 

Alternate title: Henzadah Plain. OCLC Accession Number: 53058900. 

September 2008 124


Heymann, Johannes. 2000. “Mapping and Land-use Planning for 

Watershed Management and Land Degradation Assessment in 

Myanmar.” Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. VEB Hermann 

Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig, Gotha- 

Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany: Federal Republic of Germany. 

Volume 144, Issue 4, Pages 4-5. Descriptors: aerial photography; 

Asia; Burma; drainage basins; erosion; Far East; image analysis; land 

management; land use; remote sensing; satellite methods; soil 

erosion; soils; thematic mapper; water management. Notes: geol. 

sketch maps. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN: 0031-6229. 

Heymann, Johannes and Loeffler, Ernst. 1997. “Mangrove Degradation 

in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar.” Petermanns Geographische 

Mitteilungen. VEB Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische 

Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig, Gotha-Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany: 

Federal Republic of Germany. Volume 141, Issue 5-6, Pages 291-306. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; conservation; degradation; deltas; 

ecosystems; erosion; Far East; land use; littoral erosion; mangrove 

swamps; mires; remote sensing; satellite methods; shore features; 

swamps; vegetation; water erosion. References: 21; illus. incl. geol. 

sketch maps. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN: 0031-6229. 

Hila-Gyaw, S., Sann-Myint, K., Chen, H. and Tu, M. 1971. 

“Bacteriological Findings in Lake, River and Well Water Supplies of 

Rangoon.” Union Burma J Life Sci. Vol 4, no 1. P 95-103. 1971. Illus. 

Descriptors: Alcaligenes-Faecalis; Baxillus-Sp; Bacteriological Studies; 

Burma(Rangoon); Citrobacter-Freundii; Clostridium-Perfringens; 

Enterobacter-Aerogenes; Escherichia-Coli; Klebsiella-Aerogenes; 

Proteus-Mirabilis; Proteus-Morganii; Proteus-Vulgaris; Providencia; 

Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa; Pseudomonas-Fluorescens; Streptococcus- 

Faecalis; Water Supply. Abstract: water samples, both unchlorinated 

and chlorinated, from 20 natural water sources in rangoon towns 

comprising lakes, river and wells were examined during the period July 

1966 to July 1968 for the presumptive coliform count, the presumptive 

enterococcus count and the presence of presumptive clostridium 

perfringens. Bacteria isolated from macconkey bile salt lactose 

peptone water and sodium azide medium primary cultures were 

September 2008 125


identified. Using as criteria the presumptive coliform count, the 

presumptive enterococcus count and the isolation of escherichia coli 

and/or klebsiella aerogenes and/or streptococcus faecalis, 18 out of 20 

samples were found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. The bacteria 

isolated were e. Coli, k. Aerogenes, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter 

aerogenes, alcaligenes faecalis, a bacillus sp., proteus mirabilis, p. 

Morganii, p. Vulgaris, a providencia strain, pseudomonas aeruginosa, 

p. Fluorescens and s. Faecalis. Database: Environmental Sciences and 

Pollution Mgmt. 

“The Himalaya-Ganges Problem in the Context of Peace and Resourceuse 

Conflict Management.” 1984. Mountain Research & Development. 

Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 363-365. Abstract: Conflict over resource 

use has been identified as between ethnic and religious groups for 

forest and agricultural land; for forest and mineral resources between 

urban commercial enterprises and hill peoples; different uses of water; 

pressures on land through migration; and nationalistic rivalries 

between Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, 

Nepal, Burma, and the USSR. ISSN: 0276-4741. 

Hirsch, Philip. Affiliation: U Sydney. 2006. “Water Governance Reform 

and Catchment Management in the Mekong Region.” J. Environ. Dev. 

June. Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 184-201. Descriptors: Economic 

Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; 

Other Primary Products; Economic Development: Regional, Urban, and 

Rural Analyses; Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, 

Rural, and Regional Economics; Socialist Systems and Transitional 

Economies: Natural Resources; Environment; Renewable Resources 

and Conservation: Water; Environmental Economics: Government 

Policy; Rivers; Water. Notes: Geographic: Cambodia China Laos 

Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Region: Asia. Abstract: This article 

investigates complexities and dynamics of water governance reforms 

at a number of levels in the Mekong Region. It looks comparatively at 

countries within the region and at the Mekong as a transboundary 

basin. The study takes catchment management processes as a focus 

for reform agendas related to water and relates water management in 

a river basin context to wider issues of governance reform. A central 

September 2008 126


argument is that the effectiveness of water governance cannot be 

assessed in terms of simple environmental, economic, or social 

outcomes, or even against a more comprehensive “triple bottom line.” 

Governance agendas and definitions are too diverse, and stakeholder 

interests too complex, to come up with a straightforward “best 

practice” of catchment-oriented water governance toward which policy 

reform should aspire. Rather, catchment governance in the Mekong is 

an arena for negotiating more sustainable, equitable, and productive 

use and management of water at multiple scales. ISSN: 1070-4965. 

Availability: 

http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId=Journal2007 

86. 

Hong Kong, Fugro Scott Wilson Joint Venture, Hong Kong, China (CHN) 

and Hong Kong, Fugro Scott Wilson Joint Venture, Hong Kong, China 

(CHN). 2001. “Section 1; Detailed Study of Slope Distress at Queen's 

Hill, Burma Lines Camp, Fanling; Investigation of some Selected 

Landslides in 1998; Volume 5.” China: The Government of the Hong 

Kong Special Administrative Region, Civil Engineering Department, 

Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, China. GEO Report. Aug 

2001. Volume: 112, Pages: 5-106. Descriptors: Asia; Burma Lines 

Camp; China; erosion; Fanling China; Far East; geologic hazards; 

Hong Kong; landslides; mass movements; Queen's Hill; slope stability; 

slopes; stability; water erosion. References: 6; illus. incl. 4 tables, 

sects. Database: GeoRef. GeoRef: 2003-050510. 

Hori, Hiroshi. 2000. The Mekong; Environment and Development. 

Japan: United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan. Descriptors: 

Asia; Burma; Cambodia; dams; development; drainage basins; 

environmental analysis; Far East; hydrology; hydropower; 

international cooperation; Lancang Basin; land use; Laos; Mekong 

Delta; Mekong River basin; mineral resources; natural resources; 

rivers and streams; Thailand; tropical environment; Vietnam; water 

resources; water rights. Notes: Transl. from the Japanese, publ. by 

Koken Shoin, April 1997; individual chapters are not cited separately; 

illus. incl. 48 tables, geol. sketch maps. ISBN: 9280809865. Database: 

GeoRef. 

September 2008 127


Hsü, Kenneth J., Li, Jiliang, Chen, Haihong, Wang, Qingchen, Sun, Shu 

and Sengör, A. M. C. 1990. “Tectonics of South China: Key to 

Understanding West Pacific Geology.” Tectonophysics. 11/1. Volume 

183, Issue 1-4, Pages 9-39. Abstract: South China is not a post- 

Caledonian platform, but a composite of orogenic belts. This late 

Proterozoic/Mesozoic orogen is a collage of three continental 

fragments. The three blocks are Yangzi, Huanan, and Dongnanya, and 

they are separated by the Banxi-Nanpanjiang (formerly Xianggangzhe) 

and Gunanhai Suture zones. Yangzi was separated from 

Gondwanaland during Late Precambrian when an open ocean, called 

Banxi, was present between the two continents. Tectonic processes at 

an active margin during Sinian and Early Paleozoic time led to the 

genesis of an accretionary wedge complex, the Banxi Melange and the 

Huanan Flysch Nappes, on the northern margin of Huanan, which was 

then the northern margin of the Gondwana Continent. Reorganization 

of plates during the Devonian suspended subduction at the Huanan 

active margin. Huanan was uplifted and unconformably overlain by 

transgressive deposits of Devonian and/or Carboniferous age. A 

remnant ocean, the Nanpanjiang Sea, still existed between Yangzi and 

Huanan, and deep-water sedimentation continued both at the southern 

margin of Yangzi and at the northwestern margin of Huanan. The 

latter again became an active margin during Late Paleozoic, when 

Permian and Triassic flysch sediments were deposited in foredeeps 

ahead of advancing nappes. Huanan and Yangzi collided during the 

Triassic, and resulted in the deformation of the passive margin of the 

latter to form the Yangzi Deformed Belt. Huanan was separated from a 

more southerly continent, Dongnanya, in the Devonian by seafloor 

spreading which created a Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ocean 

(Gunanhai Ocean). A continuously deposited sequence, ranging in age 

from Devonian to Triassic, was laid down on the southern passive 

margin of Huanan. On the other side of the ocean, the Dongnanya 

Permian strata include glacial marine deposits of Gondwanaland 

affinity. Dongnanya became separated from Gondwanaland during the 

Late Permian, when it marched northward to be reunited with Huanan. 

The Huanan passive margin sequence was deformed by folding and 

overthrusting after the late Mesozoic collision of Huanan and 

Dongnanya. Scattered outcrops of the Suture melange resulting from 

September 2008 128


this collision occur at a few localities in coastal Fujian. Dongnanya, in 

our model, was the Mesozoic continent of Southeast Asia, peripheral to 

mainland Asia. This may or may not have been the eastern 

continuation of the microcontinent Sibumasu (Siam (Thailand)-Burma- 

Malaysia-Sumatra). The collision of Dongnanya and Asia gave rise not 

only to the Gunanhai Melange of coastal Fujian, but also to the 

ophiolite melanges, parts of which are present in Taiwan (Tailuko), the 

Philippines and western Malaysia. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

Huke, Robert E. 1962. Temperature change with Elevation in Burma: A 

Study. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Foundation Research 

Division. July 1962. Descriptors: Atmospheric temperature- Burma. 

Mountains- Burma. By Robert E. Huke; edited by Don C. Bennett. 

Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Publication: 143 pages: ill., 

maps; 23 cm. OCLC: 1933371. 

Huke, Robert E. 1965. Rainfall in Burma. Corporate Author: 

Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH. Report Date: Jan 1965. Report 

Classification: Unclassified, Distribution Limitation(s): Approved For 

Public Release. Accession Number: AD0622073. Url: 


Hundley, H. G. 1961. “The Forest Types of Burma.” Tropical Ecology. 

International Society for Tropical Ecology, Allahabad, India. Volume 2, 

numbers 1 & 2, pages 48-76. ISSN: 0564-3295 

Husaini, S. H. 1964. Report on Fellowship to Study Conditions in 

Inland Water Transport in Burma, the United Kingdom, the Federal 

Republic of Germany and the Netherlands, March to August, 1964. 

Geneve: Descriptors: Inland water transportation- Burma; Inland 

water transportation- Great Britain; Inland water transportation- 

Germany (West); Inland water transportation- Netherlands. Notes: iii, 

84 l. 28 cm. Responsibility: by S.H. Husaini. LCCN: 75-270946. OCLC: 

163597. 

Hutchison, J. H. and Holroyd, P. A. 1996. “Preliminary Report on the 

Lower Vertebrate Fauna of the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung 

Sandstones; Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting; Society of Vertebrate 

Paleontology; Abstracts of Papers.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 

September 2008 129


University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States: United States. 19 

Sep. Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 43. Descriptors: Agamidae; Anapsida; 

Archosauria; Asia; assemblages; biogeography; biostratigraphy; 

Burma; Cenozoic; Chelonia; Chindwin-Irrawaddy Basin; Chordata; 

Crocodilia; Diapsida; endemic taxa; Eocene; Far East; fluvial 

environment; fresh-water environment; Mammalia; middle Eocene; 

new taxa; Paleogene; Pondaung Sandstones; Reptilia; species 

diversity; Tertiary; Testudines; Tetrapoda; Vertebrata. Database: 

GeoRef. ISSN: 0272-4634. 

“Hydropower Plays a Leading Role in Myanmar's Power Development 

Plans.” 2005. Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 119- 

123. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam Construction; Dams; 

Electric Power Production; Export; Hydroelectric Power; Priorities; 

Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: With eight major 

schemes under construction and 16 more planned, Myanmar is moving 

ahead with a major programme of hydropower development. The 

Ministry of Electric Power regards hydro development as a priority, 

both to meet domestic needs and for export to neighbouring countries. 

With only about 2 per cent of hydro resources currently developed, the 

Ministry's Department of Hydroelectric Power has much work ahead. 

This article gives an overview of plans and current activities, including 

a description of the 132 m-high Yeywa RCC dam and 790 MW hydro 

scheme now under construction near Mandalay. Database: Water 

Resources Abstracts. ISSN: 1352-2523. 

India, Geological Survey, Strategic Branch. 1945. “Burma; Ramree, 

Cheduba, and the Baronga Islands.” India, Geol. Surv., Strategic 

Branch, Tech. Note. Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. Volume 43, Pages 

48. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; construction materials; Far East; 

geology; military geology; Ramree- Cheduba-Baronga islands; 

Ramree-Cheduba-Baronga islands; water supply. Notes: (processed), 

geol. sketch maps. Abstract: An account of the physical and geologic 

features, soils, water supply, and construction materials of military 

significance of an island group off the west coast of central Burma 

which includes Ramree, Cheduba, and the Baronga islands. Database: 

GeoRef. 

September 2008 130


India, Geological Survey, Strategic Branch. 1944. “Burma; the 

Rangoon Area.” India, Geol. Surv., Strategic Branch, Tech.Note. 

Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. Volume 39, Pages 11. Descriptors: Asia; 

Burma; Far East; geology; military geology; Rangoon region; road 

materials; water supply. Notes: (processed), geol. sketch map. 

Abstract: Brief notes on Tertiary and younger formations, soils, 

physical features, water supply, and road materials of the Rangoon 

region, Burma. Database: GeoRef. 

“Indochina Becoming Prime Target for Foreign Investment in E&D.” 

1992. Oil & Gas Journal. May 18. Volume 90, Pages 19-22+. 

Descriptors: Oil and gas leases/Indochina; Oil and gas 

leases/Thailand; Petroleum industry/Myanmar. Notes: Physical 

Description: Illustration; Map. Abstract: Indochina is emerging as a 

prime candidate for foreign investment in oil and gas exploration and 

development (E&D) and should retain that status for the rest of the 

decade as the trend toward privatization accelerates there. With the 

exception of Thailand and its market-oriented economy, the region's 

countries have been experiencing years of international isolation 

caused by war or civil unrest, and some are looking for foreign private 

investment in oil and gas for the first time in more than 10 years. 

According to A. D. Melzer, managing director at Premier Consolidated 

Oilfields, oil firms generally take a cautious but favorable stance 

toward E&D in Indochina. However, progress could be impeded by the 

confusing array of boundary claims among Southeast Asian countries 

and by the vast number of unexploded bombs and ordnance left by 

decades of war in the region. E&D efforts in Thailand, Myanmar, 

Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam are discussed. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Infrastructure Opportunities In Southeast Asia. Held In San Francisco, 

California On June 18-20, 1996. 1996. Louis Berger and Associates, 

Incorporated. Pages: 308 p. Descriptors: Asia (Southeastern); Energy 

sector; Exports; Feasibility analysis; Feasibility studies; Financing; 

Financing plans; Infrastructure; Infrastructure economics; 

International trade; Planning; Programming (Planning); Project 

management; Project planning; Project profiles; Southeast Asia; 

Transportation; Transportation sector. Abstract: This briefing book was 

September 2008 131


prepared for the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) by Louis 

Berger Internationaal to be presented at TDA's conference in San 

Francisco, CA, June 18-20, 1996. The document presents profiles on a 

total of 61 infrastructure projects in the transportation and energy 

sectors in Southeast Asia. The potential for exports of goods and 

services deriving from these projects is estimated to be at least $34.6 

billion. Included in Section I is a regional overview and Section II 

presents country reports for Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, 

Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Section III addresses project 

financing issues while Section IV presents case studies of major TDA 

feasibility studies in the Southeast Asia region. Section V contains 

profiles of 22 transportation sector projects and, finally, Section VI 

contains profiles of 39 energy sector projects. Notes: This document 

was provided to NTIS by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, 

Rosslyn, VA. OCLC: 00730655. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Inouye, J. 1987. “On Floating Rice and its Ecological Traits in 

Southeast Asia.” Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto). Volume 25, Issue 1, 

Pages 51-61. Descriptors: General Microbial Ecology; rice; ecotype 

Species Term: Oryza sativa. Notes: Geographic: Thailand Vietnam 

Cambodia Burma. Abstract: Floating rice (grown in low-lying areas of 

Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Burma) is characterized by its ability 

to elongate at the internod in lage phases during the rise in water 

level. -from English summary. 

International Boundary Study. Series A. Limits in the Seas. Number 

14, Straight Baselines: Burma. 1970. Corporate Author: Bureau of 

Intelligence and Research (State) Washington DC. Report Date: 

14 Mar 1970. Abstract: The following declaration by the Chairman of 

the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma is published for 

general information: WHEREAS International Law has always 

recognised that the sovereignty of a State extends to a belt of sea 

adjacent to its coast, AND WHEREAS international practice is not 

uniform as regards the extent of this sea belt commonly known as the 

territorial sea of the State, and consequently it is necessary to make a 

declaration as to the extent of the territorial sea of the Union of 

Burma, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Union of 

Burma hereby declares-- That notwithstanding any rule of law or 

practice to the contrary which may have been observed in the past 

September 2008 132


relating to the Union of Burma or any part thereof, the territorial sea 

of the Union of Burma shall extend into the sea to a distance of twelve 

nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. Except as 

provided for in paragraph 3, the low-water line along the coast, as 

marked on large-scale charts officially recognised by the Government 

of the Union of Burma, shall be the base line for measuring the 

breadth of the territorial sea of the Union of Burma. That where it is 

necessary by reason of the geographical conditions prevailing on the 

Union of Burma coasts, and for the purpose of safeguarding the vital 

economic interest of the inhabitants of the coastal regions, to establish 

the system of straight base lines drawn between fixed points on the 

mainland, on islands or rocks, the breadth of the territorial sea shall be 

measured from such base lines. The fixed points between which such 

straight base lines shall be drawn are indicated in detail in the 

schedule annexed to this declaration. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Distribution Limitation: approved for public release. 

Accession Number: ADA090816. Url: 


International Energy Agency. 1999. South East Asia Gas Study. Paris 

and Washington, D.C.: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 

Development, International Energy Agency. Descriptors: Gas Utilities; 

Pipelines; Water Utilities- L950; Energy: Demand and Supply; Energy 

Supply; Energy; Gas. Abstract: Supplement to the IEA's Asia Gas 

Study (1996) reviews the situation and prospects of the gas sectors of 

the Philippines, Vietnam, and Myanmar. For each country, describes 

the economy, energy supply and demand, the current status and 

future plans for the gas sector, and the challenges ahead. No index. 

Notes: 76. ISBN: 92-64-17174-6. OCLC: 0531208. 

Inthavanh, Chanpheng. 1996. The Mekong Basin Under Legal 

International Cooperation (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam). 

University of Calgary (Canada). Adviser: Alastair R. Lucas. May. 

Volume: 35, 01, Page(S): 230-114. Descriptors: Political Science, 

International Law And Relations; Environmental Sciences; Urban And 

Regional Planning. Abstract: This thesis studies legal aspects and 

institutional issues of cooperation in utilizing and conserving water of 

the international Mekong River flowing through six countries in South- 

East Asia: China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and Viet Nam before 

emptying into the South China Sea. Needs for the use of waters of this 

September 2008 133


“giant sleeping river” constitute an important area for cooperation 

among these countries in particular the four lower Mekong States. The 

thesis examines, inter alia, three key international instruments: (1) 

the '1957 Statute of the Mekong Committee'; (2) the '1975 Joint 

Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Lower 

Mekong' operated under the sole body Mekong Committee's mandate 

at the time and; (3) the present '1995 Agreement on Co-operation for 

the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin' undertaken 

by the Mekong River Commission. Finally the thesis will also discuss 

the effectiveness of the new agreement on large dam projects. 

Degree: LL.M. ISBN: 0-612-12931-4. 

“Investor Focus on Lancang-Mekong River Region, Yunnan Province, 

China.” 1997. Hydro Power and Equipment. Volume 3, Pages 89-92. 

Descriptors: Water resources development - general; river basin 

development; water resources; hydropower development; transport 

system. Notes: Geographic: China- Yunnan Province- Lancang-Mekong 

River. Abstract: This international river originates in China and runs for 

almost 5000km through the south-east Asian countries of Myanmar, 

Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam. It has a total basin area of 

180 000km2. A number of regional financial institutes and foreign 

investors are showing interest in its development, particularly 

hydroelectric power development. International co-operation will be 

key to multipurpose development and utilisation of such rivers in 

future. This article briefly reviews the importance of this river in terms 

of ecology; social, historical and cultural heritage; economy; and 

natural resources. China's past development activities and plans for its 

sub-region of the river are outlined. These include a number of dams 

and associated hydroelectric power stations, and water transportation 

and dredging projects. River trade is outlined. ISSN: 1007-4740. 

Jaeger, J. -J, Thein, Tin and Benammi, M. 1999. “A New Primate from 

the Middle Eocene of Myanmar and the Asian Early Origin of 

Anthropoids.” Science. October 15. Volume 286, Issue 5439, Pages 

528-530. Descriptors: Paleontology/Myanmar; Fossil primates; 

J 

September 2008 134


Paleontology/Eocene. Notes: Physical Description: Bibliography; 

Illustration. Abstract: A new genus and species of anthropoid primate, 

Bahinia pondaungensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Yashe 

Kyitchaung locality in the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation 

(Myanmar). It is related to Eosimias, but it is represented by more 

complete remains, including upper dentition with associated lower jaw 

fragment. It is interpreted as a new representative of the family 

Eosimiidae, which corresponds to the sister group of the 

Amphipithecidae and of all other anthropoids. Eosimiidae are now 

recorded from three distinct Middle Eocene localities in Asia, giving 

support to the hypothesis of an Asian origin of anthropoids. ISSN: 

0036-8075. 

Jancloes, M. Affiliation: Division of Intensified Cooperation with 

Countries and Peoples in Greatest Need, World Health Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland. jancloesm@who.ch. 1998. “The Poorest First: 

WHO's Activities to Help the People in Greatest Need.” World Health 

Forum; World Health Forum. Volume 19, Issue 2, Pages 182-7. 

Descriptors: Poverty; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated- organization 

& administration; Developing Countries; Humans; World Health 

Organization- organization & administration; Guinea-bissau; Health; 

International Cooperation; Low Income Population; Primary Health 

Care; Social Development; Social Policy; Viet Nam; Who Africa; Africa 

South Of The Sahara; Americas; Angola; Arab Countries; Asia; 

Bangladesh; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Central America; China; Delivery 

Of Health Care; Developed Countries; Eastern Asia; Eastern Europe; 

Economic Factors; Europe; French Speaking Africa; Guatemala; Health 

Services; International Agencies; Latin America; Middle Africa; 

Moldova; Myanmar; New Independent States; North America; 

Organizations; Policy; Portuguese Speaking Africa; Social Class; 

Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; South America; 

Southeastern Asia; Southern Asia; Un; Western Africa; Western Asia; 

Yemen. World Health Forum. Abstract: Through its Division of 

Intensified Cooperation with Countries and Peoples in Greatest Need, 

WHO is giving special attention to the relationship between poverty 

and ill-health. The work of the Division is outlined in the present 

article. Poverty is the main reason why babies are not vaccinated, 

September 2008 135


clean water and sanitation are not provided, curative drugs and other 

treatments are not available, and mothers die in childbirth. It is the 

main cause of low life expectancy, handicap, disability, and starvation, 

and a major factor in mental illness, stress, suicide, family 

disintegration, and substance abuse. Poverty is spreading, just as the 

gap between rich and poor is growing in both developed and 

developing countries. In 1989, the World Health Assembly asked the 

World Health Organization (WHO) to pay attention to the special needs 

of the most poor countries, a request which led to the development 

and launching of the Intensified Cooperation with Countries and 

Peoples in Greatest Need initiative. The goals of the initiative are to 

enable poor countries to develop public policies and implement 

strategies for improving the health status of their populations, to 

promote innovative intersectoral action, and to make the best possible 

use of international cooperation in health matters. The main task has 

been to develop and implement community-based strategies for 

primary care in approximately 30 countries. In-country actions are 

described for Angola, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, China, 

Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Moldova, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Yemen. 

Lessons learned are presented and future requirements considered. 

ISSN: 0251-2432 (Print). 

Jayaram, K. C. 1981. The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, 

Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka: A Handbook. Calcutta: The Survey. 

pages: xxii, 475. Descriptors: Fishes, Fresh-water- India; Bibliography. 

Aquatic Biology And Ecology, Animals. Notes: 14 leaves of plates: ill. 

(some col.); 24 cm. OCLC: CAT83787315. 

Jayawardena, A. W. and Mahanama S.P.P. Affiliation: Prof. A.W. 

Jayawardena, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Hong Kong 

Country: Hong Kong E-mail: hrecjaw@hkucc.hku.hk. 2002. “Meso- 

Scale Hydrological Modeling: Application to Mekong and Chao Phraya 

Basins.” J. Hydrol. Eng. Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 12-26 Additional 

Info: United States. Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow and basins; 

hydrological modeling; river flow; river discharge; atmospheric forcing. 

Notes: References: Number: 32; Geographic: Asia- Mekong Basin 

Asia- Chao Phraya Basin. Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has been 

September 2008 136


made to predict river flow in meso-scale basins using the general 

circulation model generated atmospheric forcing by coupling a land 

surface model and a river routing model. Several versions of the 

variable infiltration capacity model were used as the land surface 

model, including one that incorporates a double parabolic curve to 

describe the infiltration capacity of the soil. In the runoff routing 

model, which uses a much finer grid, backward distribution of 

observed river discharges to upstream cells as well as flood plain 

inundation are introduced. The proposed models and the procedures 

are applied to two major river basins in the Southeast Asian Regionthe 

Mekong and the Chao Phraya. The Mekong is an international river 

that runs through China, Myanmar, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia, and 

Vietnam, and the Chao Phraya River id contained within Thailand. 

Despite the limitations in the data availability, the results of daily river 

discharge predictions seem to be reasonable in the scale concerned. 

ISSN: 1084-0699. 

Jayawardena, A. W. and Mahanama, S. P. P. 2002. “Meso-Scale 

Hydrological Modeling: Application to Mekong and Chao Phraya 

Basins.” J. Hydrol. Eng. Jan-Feb. Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 12-26. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Basins; Hydrologic models; 

Hydrology; Infiltration; Model Studies; River Flow; River discharges; 

River flow forecasting; Runoff; Watersheds; Article Geographic Terms: 

Cambodia, Mekong R. China, People's Rep., Lancang Jiang R. Laos, 

Menam Khong R. Myanmar, Mekong R. Southeast Asia, Mekong R. 

Thailand, Chao Phraya R. Thailand, Mekong R. Abstract: In this paper, 

an attempt has been made to predict river flow in meso-scale basins 

using the general circulation model generated atmospheric forcings by 

coupling a land surface model and a river routing model. Several 

versions of the variable infiltration capacity model were used as the 

land surface model, including one that incorporates a double parabolic 

curve to describe the infiltration capacity of the soil. In the runoff 

routing model, which uses a much finer grid, backward distribution of 

observed river discharges to upstream cells as well as flood plain 

inundation are introduced. The proposed models and the procedures 

are applied to two major river basins in the Southeast Asian Region - 

the Mekong and the Chao Phraya. The Mekong is an international river 

September 2008 137


that runs through China, Myanmar, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia, and 

Vietnam, and the Chao Phraya River is contained within Thailand. 

Despite the limitations in the data availability, the results of daily river 

discharge predictions seem to be reasonable in the scale concerned. 

Database: Water Resources Abstracts. ISSN: 1084-0699. 

Johari, Zaiton B. 2000. The Role of the Tatmadaw in Modern Day 

Burma: An Analysis. Corporate Author: Naval Postgraduate School, 

Monterey, CA. Report Date: Mar 2000. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Abstract: (U) The Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) has 

dominated Burma's politics since the Japanese and British occupation 

of Burma until today. Its role in Burma has received international 

attention, especially while other countries in Southeast Asia have seen 

the decline of military power, the most recent that being Indonesia. 

The Tatmadaw seems unshaken with all the recent development 

affecting the military institution in Southeast Asia. This study is 

significant in that it attempts to understand how the Tatmadaw can 

continue to play an important role in the politics of Burma despite 

popular opposition. From this study, much will be learned about how 

Burma's military managed to sustain its rule. It also tries to provide an 

answer as to why the Tatmadaw has become what it is today. 

Distribution Limitation(s): APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. Accession 

Number: ADA378032. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA378032 

K 

Kadushkin, Anatoly, Siddiqui, Zuhaib and Shipin, Oleg. 2004. 

“Groundwater Quality Assessment and Management in Selected 

Countries of East and South-East Asia.” Water Resour. J. United 

Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New 

York, NY, International (III). Dec. Volume 216, Pages 83-108. 

Descriptors: aquifer vulnerability; aquifers; arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; 

Burma; cadmium; Cambodia; carcinogens; China; chromium; copper; 

decision-making; drinking water; ecosystems; Far East; fluorine; 

fresh-water environment; geologic hazards; ground water; halogens; 

heavy metals; India; Indian Peninsula; international cooperation; Iran; 

Laos; lead; mercury; metals; Middle East; Nepal; nickel; numerical 

models; Pakistan; policy; pollutants; pollution; public health; risk 

assessment; soils; Southeast Asia; surface water; Thailand; toxicity; 

water management; water quality; water resources; water supply; 

September 2008 138


West Bengal India; zinc. References: 51; illus. incl. 5 tables, sketch 

map. Abstract: Supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic 

need for all human beings the Earth, yet it has been observed that 

millions of people worldwide are deprived of this service. An estimated 

668 million people in Asia and the Pacific still lack access to safe 

drinking water, while an estimated 1,888 million lack adequate 

sanitation, representing 18 per cent and 52 per cent of the region's 

population, respectively. In the Millennium Declaration 2000, 

Governments across the world pledged to “reduce by half of the 

proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water” 

by 2015. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) of the 

World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002 called 

for the water supply goal to be extended to include sanitation. In 

simple numerical terms, over Asia as a whole this implies that 

improved water and sanitation services should be provided for an 

additional 40 million people each year, or more that 100,000 people 

each day for the next 15 years. This represents a highly significant 

challenge. Despite some notable achievements, the Asia and Pacific 

region, as well as some individual countries, have not, so far, done too 

well in making significant progress towards achieving water-related 

MDG and JPOI goals. The contamination of soil, groundwater and 

surface water by heavy metals/metalloids has become a major 

environmental and public health hazard and a major constraint to 

sustainable development in many countries of Asia and the Pacific. 

Many rivers, lakes and groundwater resources are becoming 

increasingly polluted. The main source of freshwater pollution can be 

attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial 

effluent, mineral mining, and run-off from agricultural fields. Industrial 

growth, urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic 

substances have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies. It 

is a generally accepted fact that the developing countries of East and 

South-East Asia are facing problems of agriculture run-off into water 

sources, toxic chemical discharges from industries polluting drinking 

water, which leads to water-borne diseases and affects the human 

health. The levels of suspended solids in Asian rivers have risen by a 

factor of four over the last three decades. Millions of people worldwide 

are consuming water from groundwater sources that contain arsenic 

September 2008 139


above safe levels. Long-term exposure to such poisoned water can 

lead to serious health problems, collectively called arsenicosis, which 

include skin lesions, skin cancers, internal cancers affecting the 

bladder, kidney and lungs, and hypertension. The total exposed 

population in various parts of world is estimated at approximately 100 

million, which makes it a disaster of global dimensions. The research 

on arsenic contamination of groundwater in the region during the last 

decade confirmed its existence in the groundwater resources of 

Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lao PDR, 

Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam and the West Bengal 

Province of India. Bangladesh, Nepal and the West Bengal Province of 

India are believed to be among the most affected areas in Asia. The 

severity and dimensions of the arsenic crisis in Asia, however, are only 

now becoming fully understood. Conservative estimates put the total 

number of people drinking arsenic-contaminated water from 60 to 75 

million in the Asia region. Overall, arsenic contamination of the 

groundwater threatens at least 20 million people in the East and 

South-East Asia region. Arsenic contamination is a complex problem, 

involving both technological and policy challenges, and its solution 

requires clear thinking and a comprehensive strategic response. A 

number of critical technological, institutional and policy-related 

problems are still to be overcome. There exists an urgent necessity for 

much stronger regional cooperation of such international organisations 

as ESCAP, UNICEF, WHO etc., local NGOs, governments and other 

relevant stakeholders. It appears the current situation is such that only 

the urgent measures will prevent a crisis situation in the East and 

South-East Asia to occur on the scale of the current calamity in 

Bangladesh. The paper overviews status quo of the problem in the 

light of the past and future human risk dynamics in the East and 

South-East Asian region and puts forward recommendations for proper 

mitigation measures. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0377-8053. 

Kajisa, T., Oo, A. T. and Fujiki, K. 2005. “Data Generation of Daily 

Rainfall Time Series for Myanmar's Water Resources Planning.” Int. 

Agric. Eng. J. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 29-34. Descriptors: Article 

Subject Terms: Agricultural Engineering; Hydrologic Data; Planning; 

Precipitation; Rain; Rainfall; Structural Engineering; Water Resources; 

September 2008 140


Article Geographic Terms: Japan; Myanmar. Abstract: The time 

stochastic structure of daily precipitation in Japan and Myanmar were 

analyzed using data for 30 years from 1962 to 1991. In this analysis, 

the daily precipitation data generation method, which consisted of two 

components of the rain characteristics, the occurrence and rain 

intensity, was applied for Japan where there is no rainy season, 

making it possible to be used for Myanmar, which has a rainy season. 

It was expected that the data generation of daily precipitation for the 

dry season in Myanmar could be the same as Japan, because 

simulation of continuous dry days is more reasonable than the 

simulation of continuous rainy days for the dry season in Myanmar. On 

the other hand, simulation of continuous rainy days is more reasonable 

than the simulation of continuous dry days for the rainy season in 

Myanmar. In addition, the time independency of daily precipitation of 

the rainy season in Myanmar was found to be as large as that in 

Japan. Therefore, the effect of daily precipitation on the next day's 

precipitation was confirmed to be small in both places. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN: 0858-2114. 

Karen Rivers Watch (Organization). 2004. Damming at Gunpoint: 

Burma Army Atrocities Pave the Way for Salween Dams in Karen 

State. Kawthoolei: Karen Rivers Watch. Pages: 78. Descriptors: 

Human rights- Burma- Karen State; Hydroelectric power plants- 

Burma- Salween River. Notes: iv; illustrations (chiefly color), color 

maps; 21 cm. Notes: “November 2004.” Other Titles: Burma army 

atrocities pave the way for Salween dams in Karen State. OCLC: 

57551837. 

Karenni Development Research Group. 2006. Dammed by Burma's 

Generals: The Karenni Experience with Hydropower Developmentfrom 

Lawpita to the Salween. Burma: Karenni Development Research 

Group (KDRG). Pages: 69. Descriptors: Water-power- Political aspects- 

Burma- Kayah State; Water-power- Social aspects- Burma- Kayah 

State; Water-power- Ecomonic aspects- Burma- Kayah State. Notes: 

ill., col. maps; 25 cm. Notes: “A report by the Karenni Development 

Research Group”--Cover. Includes bibliographical references. OCLC: 

133996207. 

September 2008 141


Karmanov, I. I. 1997. “A Characterization of Dark Tropical Vertisols.” 

Eurasian Soil Sci. Scripta Technica, Silver Spring, MD, United States: 

United States. Jun. Volume 30, Issue 6, Pages 587-594. Descriptors: 

Asia; Burma; Calcareous soils; characterization; chemical properties; 

Far East; granulometry; homogeneity; leaching; physicochemical 

properties; sediment-water interface; size distribution; soil group; 

soils; Vertisols. References: 17; 3 tables. ISSN: 1064-2293. 

Kawamoto, F., Win, T. T., Mizuno, S., et al. 2002. “Unusual 

Plasmodium Malariae-Like Parasites in Southeast Asia.” J. Parasitol. 

American Society of Parasitologists: Apr. Volume 88, Issue 2, Pages 

350-357. Descriptors: Malaria; Polymerase chain reaction; Variants; 

Plasmodium malariae; yanmar; Asia; new forms. Abstract: During 

malaria surveys in Myanmar, 2 peculiar forms of Plasmodiummalariaelike 

parasites were found. The morphologies of theirearly trophozoite 

stages were distinct from that of the typical P.malariae, resembling 

instead that of Plasmodium vivax, var. minuta, reported by Emin, and 

Plasmodium tenue, reported byStephens, both in 1914. Two 

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-baseddiagnoses, which target the 

same regions in the small subunitribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) genes, 

indicated that these parasites were new variant forms of P. malariae 

and that they could be separated into 2 genetic types that correlated 

with the 2 morphological types. Sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA 

and the circumsporozoiteprotein genes revealed that they were distinct 

both from eachother and from other known P. malariae isolates and 

that the P.tenue-like type was closer to a monkey quartan malaria 

parasite, Plasmodium brasilianum. These results illustrate that the 

microscopic appearance of human P. malariae parasites may be more 

varied than previously assumed and suggest the value of molecular 

tools in the evaluation of malaria morphological variants. Database: 

BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 0022-3395. 

Full Text (pdf) Availability: View Full Text (pdf) File: /U2/a439426.pdf 

September 2008 142

Kelley, Sean W. 2005. An Analysis of the Use of Medical Applications 

Required for Complex Humanitarian Disasters and Emergencies via 

Hastily Formed Networks (HFN) in the Field. Naval Postgraduate 

School Monterey CA. Dept of Informational Sciences. 

Report Date: 01 Sep 2005. Abstract: This thesis analyzes the 

feasibility, efficacy and usability of medical operations working in 

concert with a Fly-Away-Kit (FLAK) and the forming of Hastily Formed 

Networks (HFNs) in support of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster 

Relief (HA/DR) operations. The initial focus of this research is on the 

requirements, situation, area of operations, and mission differences 

between nongovernmental organizations and governmental 

organizations. The thesis researches and discusses the possibilities for 

implementing medical technology in the field and the conditions and 

scenarios in HA/DR that may affect its success. This process will also 

define the requirements for medical operations as well as facilitate a 

methodology for ensuring those requirements are met. This thesis 

investigates the suitability of currently available COTS hardware and 

software components for medical operations. In addition, it includes a 

comprehensive review of the value of electronic medical records and 

telemedicine technologies. Virtually all organizations responding to the 

December 26, 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami did not have the benefit of 

large scale medical information technology. For example, the ability to 

ascertain the real extent of injuries due to the tsunami was hampered 

by the lack of a central database. Initial media reports claimed a death 

toll of over 300,000 people, when in fact hindsight now provides a 

more accurate tally of just over 200,000 dead. This disparity resulted 

from an archaic system of tracking and accounting. Undoubtedly, 

humanitarian medical organizations will greatly benefit from the 

implementation of medical information technology capabilities. This 

thesis lays the groundwork for further research into medical 

technologies that can be deployed in the field with humanitarian 

medical teams in the near future. Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release; distribution is unlimited. Accession Number: 

ADA439426. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA439426. 

Kemmer, Teresa M., Bovill, Maria E., Kongsomboon, Wantanee, 

Hansch, Steven J. and et al. 2003. “Iron Deficiency is Unacceptably 

High in Refugee Children from Burma.” Volume 133, Issue 12, Pages 

4143-9. Descriptors: anemia; iron deficiency; refugee; micronutrient; 

zinc protoporphyrin. Notes: Community and international nutrition. 

Abstract: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in refugees is reported to be 

among the major medical problems worldwide. Because food rations


are typically inadequate in iron, long-term reliance is a key predictor of 

anemia among displaced people. Comprehensive nutritional 

assessments of refugee children from Burma have not previously been 

completed. Refugee children aged 6-59 mo were studied to determine 

1) the prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency (ID) and IDA and 2) the 

factors associated with anemia and ID. Cluster sampling in three 

camps and convenience sampling in two additional camps were used. 

Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured and µmol zinc 

protoporphyrin/mol hæme were determined in 975 children. Logistic 

regression analyses (95% CI) determined predictors of anemia and ID. 

The prevalences of IDA, anemia and ID in these refugee children were 

64.9, 72.0 and 85.4%, respectively. Predictors of anemia included 

young age (P < 0.001), food ration lasting


the last two-decades, country's power supply system mainly depends 

on a number of gas turbine and combined cycle power plants, which 

requires relatively shorter implementation time and lower investment 

cost. Presently, on-shore natural gas available for domestic utilization 

become insufficient and so power generation from gas turbine and 

combined cycle power plants gradually declined and become power 

shortage in the country. In order to overcome the present insufficient 

power supply situation and to meet the future power demand, the 

Ministry of Electric Power had developed many hydropower stations 

throughout the country. Since 1988, (28) Nos. of small and medium 

size hydropower stations were put into operation. At present, about 16 

Nos. off medium to large-scale hydropower projects are in various 

stages of implementation and several more are under planning. This 

report describes the status of the projects under implementation and 

in planning. ISSN: 0256-3118. 

Khan, M. U. and Munshi, M. H. 1983. “Clinical Illnesses and Causes of 

Death in a Burmese Refugee Camp in Bangladesh.” Int. J. Epidemiol. 

Dec. Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 460-4. Descriptors: Morbidity; 

Mortality; Refugees; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bangladesh; Child; 

Diarrhea- epidemiology; Diarrhea- microbiology; Diarrhea- mortality; 

Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Myanmar- ethnology. Abstract: In 

1978 almost 200,000 Burmese refugees entered Bangladesh. Thirteen 

camps were set up for refugees. Data for the camp at Leda is 

presented here. There were four medical clinics; including a diarrhoea 

clinic operated by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 

Research, Bangladesh. The four clinics recorded a total of 174 201 

visits by the refugees, of which 28% were for watery diarrhoea, 32% 

for dysentery and 40% for other illnesses. Of 2321 diarrhoea stools 

cultured, 29.2% yielded pathogens of which 22% were Shigellae 

alone. Coliform count of water was extremely high. The death rate 

(89/1000/year) was higher than the birth rate (28/1000/year). Most of 

the deaths were among infants (640), children (357) and old people 

(131). Main causes of death were clinical diarrhoea (11.8%), fever 

(23%) and poor nutrition (52%). Prompt arrangements for food, 

identifying the vulnerable groups, and proper sanitation perhaps could 

September 2008 145


have reduced the number of deaths considerably. ISSN: 0300-5771 

(Print); 1464-3685 (Electronic). 

Khan, P. K. and Chakraborty, P. P. 2005. “Two-Phase Opening of 

Andaman Sea: A New Seismotectonic Insight.” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 

Jan. Volume 229, Issue 3-4, Pages 259-271. Descriptors: Burma; 

Indonesia; Pacific Ocean; Seas; Seismology; Tectonics; Slabs; 

Deformation; Seamounts; Correlation analysis; Seismic engineering; 

Seismic phenomena. Abstract: High-resolution reconstruction of 

Benioff zone depth-dip angle trajectory for Burma-Java subduction 

margin between 2 and 17N Lat. reveals two major episodes of plate 

geometry change expressed as abrupt deviation in subduction angle. 

Estimation of effective rate of subduction in different time slices (and 

then length of subducted slab) allowed drawing of isochrones in Ma 

interval through these trajectories for the time period 5-12 Ma. With 

these isochrones, the deformation events on the subducting Indian 

plate are constrained in time as of 4-5 and 11 Ma old. This wellconstrained 

time connotation offered scope for the correlation of slab 

deformation events with the well-established two-phase opening 

history of the Andaman Sea. While the 11 Ma event recorded from 

southern part of the study area is correlated with early stretching and 

rifting phase, the 4-5 Ma event is interpreted as major forcing behind 

the spreading phase of the Andaman Sea. Systematic spatio-temporal 

evaluation of Indian plate obliquity on the Andaman Sea evolution 

shows its definite control on the early rifting phase, initiated towards 

south near northwest Sumatra. The much young spreading phase 

recorded towards north of 7 Lat. is possibly the result of late Miocene- 

Pliocene trench retreat and follow-up transcurrent movement (along 

Sagaing and Sumatran fault system) with NW-SE pull-apart extension. 

Nonconformity between plate shape and subduction margin geometry 

is interpreted as the causative force behind Mid-Miocene intraplate 

extension and tearing. Enhanced stretching in the overriding plate 

consequently caused active forearc subsidence, recorded all along this 

plate margin. Initial phase of the Andaman Sea opening presumably 

remains concealed in this early-middle Miocene forearc subsidence 

history. The late Miocene-Pliocene pull-apart opening and spreading 

was possibly initiated near the western part of the Mergui-Sumatra 

September 2008 146


region and propagated northward in subsequent period. A temporary 

halt in rifting at this pull-apart stage and northeastward veering of the 

Andaman Sea Ridge (ASR) are related with uplifting of oceanic crust in 

post-middle Miocene time in form of Alcock and Sewell seamounts, 

lying symmetrically north and south of this spreading ridge. Database: 

Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. ISSN: 0012-821X. 

Khin Maung, U., Thein Thein, Myint, Butler, T., Myo, Khin, Nyunt 

Nyunt, Wai and Nyi Win, Hman. 1992. “Risk Factors for the 

Development of Persistent Diarrhoea and Malnutrition in Burmese 

Children.” Int. J. Epidemiol. Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 1021-1029. 

Descriptors: Water; persistent diarrhoea; malnutrition; hygiene; risk 

factors; diarrhoeal disease. Abstract: To identify socioeconomic and 

behavioural risk factors for development of persistent diarrhoea and 

malnutrition in children, a case-control study was carried out in 

Burma. Results indicated that persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in 

Burma is caused by a complex of several interrelated socioeconomic 

factors, unsanitary behaviour pertaining to personal hygiene, the 

practice of demand breastfeeding and lack of certain weaning foods, 

and low education of mothers. ISSN: 0300-5771. 

Khin, M. M. and Than, K. A. 1983. “Transovarial Transmission of 

Dengue 2 Virus by Aedes Aegypti in Nature.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 

Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. May. Volume 32, Issue 3, Pages 590-4 

Descriptors: Aedes- microbiology; Animals; Dengue- transmission; 

Dengue Virus- growth & development; Female; Larva- microbiology; 

Male; Ovum- microbiology. Abstract: Dengue 2 virus was recovered 

from three of 123 pools of naturally infected Aedes aegypti larvae 

(6,200 insects) collected from water containers in Rangoon. The virus 

was also isolated from two of 76 pools (7,730 mosquitoes) of male Ae. 

aegypti, collected as larvae and reared in the laboratory to adults. 

Minimum field infection rates among these two groups of mosquitoes 

were 1:2,067 and 1:3,865, respectively. Insect pools were inoculated 

into Toxorhynchites splendens mosquitoes and dengue viral antigen 

was subsequently detected in headsquash preparations by direct 

fluorescent antibody technique. Identification of the dengue serotype 

was done by complement-fixation test. This is the first report of 

September 2008 147


dengue virus isolation from naturally infected mosquito larvae. These 

findings suggest that transovarial transmission of dengue virus occurs 

in nature. ISSN: 0002-9637 (Print); 1476-1645 (Electronic). 

Khin-Maung-Naing, Cho-Nwe-Oo, Tin-Tin-Oo and Thane-Toe Affiliation: 

Nutrition Research Division, Department of Medical Research, 

Rangoon, Burma. 1989. “A Study on the Aetiology of Endemic Goitre in 

Lowland Burma.” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. Oct. Volume 43, Issue 10, Pages 

693-8. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; 

Environment; Female; Goiter, Endemic- etiology; Humans; Iodinedeficiency; 

Iodine- urine; Male; Myanmar. Notes: Chemical Subst: 

Iodine [7553-56-2]. Abstract: The prevalence and aetiology of lowland 

endemic goitre was studied in Bawlle Village, Htan-ta-bin Township, 

Rangoon Division. The total goitre rate was found to be 40.9 per cent. 

Low urinary iodine excretion and high 24-h uptake of 131I by the 

thyroids of the subjects indicated iodine deficiency which was further 

confirmed by direct chemical analysis of diet samples. The serum 

thiocyanate level of non-smokers from this area was found to be low, 

which indicates that dietary goitrogens do not appear to play a role in 

the aetiology of endemic goitre in this area. The iodine content of 

water was also very low and the iodine content of soil was also about 

10 times lower than soil samples from urban Rangoon. Thus, the 

present study indicates that the aetiology of endemic goitre in lowland 

Burma is due to environmental iodine deficiency, the same aetiological 

factor as in hilly regions of Burma. ISSN: 0954-3007. 

Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, et al. 1990. “Effect of 

Short-Term Intermittent Antibiotic Treatment on Growth of Burmese 

(Myanmar) Village Children.” The Lancet. 11/3. Volume 336, Issue 

8723, Pages 1090-1093. 

Khin-Maung-U, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, Myo-Khin, Mu-Mu-Khin, Tin-U and 

Thane-Toe. 1986. “Effect of Boiled-Rice Feeding in Childhood Cholera 

on Clinical Outcome.” Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. Jul. Volume 40, Issue 4, 

Pages 249-54. Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Body Weight; Child, 

Preschool; Cholera- complications; Cholera- therapy; Clinical Trials as 

Topic; Dehydration- etiology; Dehydration- therapy; Diarrhea- diet 

September 2008 148


therapy; Diarrhea- etiology; Female; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Male; 

Myanmar; Random Allocation; Water-Electrolyte Balance. Abstract: 

Forty-eight children, aged 2-5 years, presenting with watery diarrhoea 

of less than 48 h duration at home prior to hospitalization, were 

admitted into a randomized controlled clinical trial, 24 children being 

treated during the first 24 h of admission with oral rehydration solution 

(ORS) alone and 24 children being given 'ORS plus boiled-rice feeding'. 

The latter group received boiled-rice to supply at least 55 kcal/kg/d 

(about 150 g boiled-rice per feed, given four times daily). Vibrio 

cholerae were isolated by stool culture on admission from all children. 

No antibiotics were given. Clinical characteristics of children in the two 

treatment groups were comparable. Among children given 'ORS plus 

boiled rice', there was a significant increase in volume of diarrhoea 

stools (P less than 0.05), duration of diarrhoea in hospital (P less than 

0.01), and more frequent diarrhoea motions (not significant 

statistically). However, the children fed boiled rice absorbed and 

retained 176 ml more fluid, and had gain in body weight comparable 

to that observed in children who were not fed during the first 24 h of 

hospitalization. ISSN: 0263-8290. 

Khin-Maung-U, Tin-Aye, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai and Thane-Toe. 

1986. “Composition and Contamination of Oral Rehydration Solutions 

Prepared with Well Water by Village Mothers in Burma.” Transactions 

of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Volume 80, 

Issue 2, Pages 329-332. Abstract: A field study was carried out at 

Htaukkyant village in Burma to assess (i) whether village mothers 

could use condensed milk tins to measure one litre of water with 

reasonable accuracy for the preparation of oral rehydration solutions 

(ORS) and (ii) whether the extent of bacterial contamination of well 

water was serious and if this affected the bicarbonate content of the 

ORS solution. Empty condensed milk tins have a fairly uniform volume 

around 330 ml and using three condensed milk tins full of water 

mothers made up one litre quite consistently. Mothers also proved 

capable of preparing ORS solution by dissolving one packet of oral 

rehydration salt (ORS) in three condensed milk tins full of water to 

obtain solutions which contained acceptable and safe concentrations of 

sodium and potassium. Contamination of well water with faecal 

September 2008 149


coliforms was present. Both storing water in domestic vessels and 

boiling water reduced the coliform count. Storing could be a good way 

of reducing the risk of infection if repeated contamination from dipping 

in to the water could be avoided. The counts on coliforms and faecal 

coliforms in ORS both increased by aboaut 1 log per day over the first 

and second 24 hours after the preparation with contaminated well 

water. Despite this the bicarbonate content of ORS remained stable. In 

the absence of boiled water, ORS solution can be made using the 

cleanest available water and using it within 24 hours. ISSN: 0035-9203. 

Kite, G. Affiliation: G. Kite, Hydrologic-Solutions, Bryn Eithin, Cefn 

Bychan Rd., Pantymwyn, Flintshire, UK. E-mail: geoffkite@hydrologic- 

solutions.com. 2001. “Modelling the Mekong: Hydrological Simulation 

for Environmental Impact Studies.” Journal of Hydrology. 15 NOV. 

Volume 253, Issue 1-4, Pages 1-13 Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow 

and basins; environmental impact assessment; hydrological cycle; 

Internet; hydrological modeling. References: Number: 28; Geographic: 

China- Mekong River Laos- Mekong River Myanmar- Mekong River 

Thailand- Mekong River Cambodia- Mekong River Viet Nam- Mekong 

River. Abstract: The Mekong, with a basin area of almost 800,000 km2 

and a length of 4500 km, is one of the most important rivers of the 

world. The many lakes and wetlands along the fiver, including 

Cambodia's Tonle Sap (Grand Lac), are major sources offish for the 

riparian peoples and form an important part of the regional economy. 

This resource may be affected by proposed developments in the basin. 

Using climatic, topographic and land cover data from the Internet, the 

semi-distributed land-use runoff process (SLURP) hydrological model 

was used to simulate the complete hydrological cycle of the Mekong 

and its tributaries, Information on dam locations and reservoir 

characteristics were obtained from local sources. The model was 

verified by comparing simulated flows with recorded daily flows for the 

Mekong River and by comparing simulated levels of the Tonle Sap lake 

with recorded daily levels. The daily computed levels of the Tonle Sap 

lake were then converted into flooded areas for each land cover 

around the lake which were then used in a fish production model to 

evaluate the possible impacts of basin development on the fisheries. 

Model outputs may also be used to investigate issues such as water 

September 2008 150


allocations and the effects of land use change or climate change on 

water resources and the aquatic and riparian environments. ISSN: 

0022-1694. 

Knott, David. 1997. “Exiting Myanmar.” Oil & Gas Journal. December 

15. Volume 95, Pages 25. Descriptors: American corporations- 

Myanmar; Petroleum industry-Political aspects; Atlantic Richfield Co. 

Abstract: In mid-November 1997, ARCO announced its intention to 

reduce its operations in Myanmar by selling an interest in gas-prone 

blocks in Gulf of Martaban- a withdrawal that appears to have been 

forced by protest groups in the U.S. that have been targeting 

companies with interests in Myanmar. The reactions of other 

petroleum companies that have been targeted by these protest groups 

are discussed. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Kojicic, Bozidar; Berggren, Gretchen Glode; Khin Maung U; UNICEF 

and International Nutrition Communication Service. 1979-1986. 

[Nutrition Policy and Children in Burma Materials]. Descriptors: 

Nutrition- Burma; Nutrition policy- Burma; Children- Burma- Nutrition; 

Diarrhea in children- Burma; Public health- Burma; Water-supply- 

Burma. Abstract: Guidelines for drilling water wells Bozidar Kojicic, 

UNICEF. 1979- Consultant report for Burma: policy recommendations 

for alleviating national maternal and infant nutrition problems 

Gretchen Glodé; INCS. 1980 (v.2)- Interactions in diarrhoea, intestinal 

absorption and child growth, nutrition by Khin Maung U. 1986. Notes: 

3 pieces: ill. 28-36 cm. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. 

OCLC: 64057348. 

Kollars, T. M., Jr and Sithiprasasna, R. 2000. “New Host and 

Distribution Record of Amblyomma Javanense (Acari: Ixodidae) in 

Thailand.” J. Med. Entomol. Entomological Society of America. Jul. 

Volume 37, Issue 4, Pages 640. Descriptors: Geographical distribution; 

Host preferences; Thailand; Burma; xodidae; Amblyomma javanense; 

Manis javanica; Sus scrofa; Acari; Pig. Abstract: Amblyomma 

javanense (Supino) was collected from a Malayan pangolin (Manis 

javanica Desmarest) and a wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Tak province 

on the western boundary of Thailand along the Myanmar (Burma) 

September 2008 151


border. To date, this tick species has not been recorded from this area 

and from a wild boar. Database: BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 

0022-2585. 

Kraññ` Khan`, U”. 1997. Nam`’ Kinnari Jat` Lam`”. Ran` kun`: Ca pe 

Biman’. Pages: 270. Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants- Burma. 

Abstract: Reminiscences of the author about the project to set up the 

hydroelectric power plant in Burma. Notes: ill. 19 cm. Notes: “1996 

khu nhac`, a myui` sa” chon` pud` mya” ca pe pruin` pvai, kyam`” 

ca mu, tatiya chu ra.” Includes bibliographical references (p. 263). 

Responsibility: Kraññ` Khan`. LCCN: 98-903216. OCLC: 40550995. 

Krishna, K. and Grimaldi, D. A. 2003. “The First Cretaceous 

Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera): A New Species, Genus, and Subfamily in 

Burmese Amber.” Am. Mus. Novit. American Museum of Natural 

History: Feb. Volume 390, Issue 1, Pages 1-10. Descriptors: New 

species; New genera; Fossils; Amber; Rhinotermitidae; Burma; 

Isoptera. Abstract: A new subfamily, genus, and species, 

Archeorhinotermitinae, Archeorhinotermes rossi, from Burmese amber, 

dated as Turonian-Cenomanian (90-100 mya) of the Cretaceous 

period, are described and figured. Comparisons are made between the 

other subfamilies of the Rhinotermitidae and the new subfamily. This is 

the first fossil record of the family Rhinotermitidae from the 

Cretaceous. Database: BioOne Abstracts and Indexes. ISSN: 0003- 

0082. 

Kumar, Arun and Sanoujam, Manichandra. 2007. “Landslide Studies 

Along the National Highway (NH 39) in Manipur; Hazards and Disaster 

Mitigation.” Nat. Hazards. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 

Netherlands. Mar. Volume 40, Issue 3, Pages 603-614. Descriptors: 

Asia; atmospheric precipitation; Burma; Churachandpur-Mao Thrust; 

creep; displacements; failures; Far East; faults; fluctuations; geologic 

hazards; ground water; India; Indian Peninsula; Indo-Myanmar 

subduction zone; kinematics; landslides; Manipur India; mass 

movements; National Highway 39; Northeastern India; pressure 

meters; rain; slip rates; slope stability; slopes; strike-slip faults; 

September 2008 152


subduction zones; transportation; water table. References: 22; illus. 

incl. 6 tables, sketch map. ISSN: 0921-030X. 

Kumar, M. R., Rao, N. P. and Chalam, S. V. 1996. “A Seismotectonic 

Study of the Burma and Andaman Arc Regions using Centroid Moment 

Tensor Data.” Tectonophysics. 10 Mar. Volume 253, Issue 1-2, Pages 

155-165. Descriptors: Burma arc; Andaman arc; Tectonics; 

Seismology. Abstract: The concept of a “mean slip angle” is 

introduced. This enables a classification of focal mechanisms in any 

region into predominantly strike-slip, thrust and normal categories. 

Based on this concept, the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) 

data, in the Burma and Andaman arc regions for 1977 to 1992, 

comprising 167 focal mechanism solutions, are examined and 

categorized. Distinct trends on the surface and in depth sections 

emerge on examination of these categories. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

Kumar, P. L., Fenton, B., Duncan, G. H., Jones, A. T., Sreenivasulu, P. 

and Reddy, D. V. R. 2001. “Assessment of Variation in Aceria Cajani 

using Analysis of rDNA ITS Regions and Scanning Electron Microscopy: 

Implications for the Variability Observed in Host Plant Resistance to 

Pigeonpea Sterility Mosaic Disease.” Ann. Appl. Biol. Aug. Volume 139, 

Issue 1, Pages 61-73. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Biotypes; 

Biotyping; DNA; Host plants; Nucleotide sequence; Pest resistance; 

Plant viruses; Restriction fragment length polymorphism; Spacer 

region; Vectors; rRNA; Article Taxonomic Terms: Aceria cajani; 

Cajanus cajan; Eriophyidae; Article Geographic Terms: Burma; India; 

Myanmar; Nepal; Pigeonpea; pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease. 

Notes: RX: 1 (on May 07, 2008). Abstract: Aceria cajani on pigeonpea 

(Cajanus cajan) is the vector of the agent of pigeonpea sterility mosaic 

disease (PSMD), a very damaging virus-like disease in the Indian 

subcontinent. PCR was used to amplify A. cajani nuclear ribosomal 

DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and associated rDNA 

genes. They were assessed for variation in this genome region by 

nucleotide sequencing and RFLP. A. cajani-specific rDNA primers are 

described. Several A. cajani populations were collected from pigeonpea 

plants from various PSMD endemic locations in India, Nepal and 

Myanmar. No significant variation was identified in rDNA regions, or in 

September 2008 153


morphological features. These results suggest strongly that A. cajani 

on pigeonpea across the Indian subcontinent constitutes one species 

and that no other Aceria species and probably no A. cajani biotypes 

that differ in vectoring ability are involved in the transmission of the 

agent of PSMD. The implications of these findings for the variability 

observed in PSMD-resistant pigeonpea genotypes across various 

locations in India are discussed. ISSN: 0003-4746. 

Kumar, S. 1981. “Geodynamics of Burma and Andaman-Nicobar 

Region, on the Basis of Tectonic Stresses and Regional Seismicity.” 

Tectonophysics. 20 Oct. Volume 79, Issue 1/2, Pages 75-95. 

Descriptors: Seismicity; Andaman-Nicobar region; Burma; tectonics; 

Seismology. Abstract: The nature and distribution (in depth and 

latitude) of earthquakes and deformation in different regions of Burma 

and Andaman-Nicobar indicate rather unequal horizontal compression 

and relative movement of different segments. The east-west 

longitudinal distribution of earthquakes delineates well-defined zones 

of seismicity dipping 30-50 degrees from the Andaman trench to a 

depth of about 180 km under the Andaman Islands. Fault-plane 

solutions show that the strike-slip, normal, and thrust faults are 

associated with seismic and aseismic regions. The change in nature of 

volcanism from andesite (south) to basalt (north) in Burma suggested 

that the stress field changed from compressional to tensional. The 

mechanical coupling, by the deformation of two different segments, 

caused an extensive contortion of the sediments in the southern 

Assam massif. Database: Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. ISSN: 

0040-1951. 

Kundal, Pradeep and Wanjarwadkhar, K. M. 2003. “Dasycladacean 

Algae from Late Paleocene Limestone of Middle Andaman Island, 

Andaman, India; Implication to Paleoenvironments, Paleobathymetry 

and Stratigraphy; Recent Developments in Indian Micropaleontology.” 

Gondwana Geological Magazine. Gondwana Geological Society, 

Nagpur, India. Aug. Volume Special volume 6, Pages 277-288. 

Descriptors: Acroporella indica; algae; Andaman Islands; Asia; 

Baratang Formation; Bengal Islands; biostratigraphy; Burma Dera 

Member; Cenozoic; Chlorophyceae; Chlorophyta; Cymopolia; 

September 2008 154


Dactylopora minuta; Dasycladaceae; depositional environment; floral 

studies; Furcuporella diplopora; India; Indian Peninsula; marine 

environment; microfossils; Middle Andaman Island; morphology; new 

taxa; paleobathymetry; Paleocene; paleoenvironment; Paleogene; 

Plantae; shallow-water environment; taxonomy; Tertiary; Trinocladus 

bellus; upper Paleocene. References: 52; illus. incl. strat. cols., 3 

plates, geol. sketch map. Abstract: The Cenozoic Dasycladales include 

about 40 genera and 200 species and the rich Cenozoic assemblages 

have been found during Paleocene and Paleocene-Eocene in different 

parts of the world while from Indian Paleocene-Eocene sedimentary 

sequences only 15 Dasycladacean species are known. The greyish 

white algal limestone belonging to Burma Dera Member (Late 

Paleocene) of Baratang Formation is exposed at Burma Dera and 

Budha Nala localities of Middle Andaman Island, Andaman, India. Thin 

sections of this limestone show a rich assemblage of Dasycladacean 

algae comprising six species, namely Acroporella indica sp. nov., 

Cymopolia elongata (Defrance) Monier-Chalmas, C. mayaense Johnson 

and Kaska, Dactylopora minuta sp. nov., Furcoporella diplopora Pia 

and Trinocladus bellus Yu-Jing. The species have Tethyan affinities and 

indicate that the limestone of Burma Dera Member of Baratang 

Formation was deposited in shallow marine tropical water at a depth of 

about 10-12 m below low tide level. Database: GeoRef. ISSN: 0970- 

261X. 

Kuo, Albert; Lewis, J. K. and Fang, C. S. 1976. Hydrography and 

Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries: VII. Mathematical Model Studies 

of Water Quality of the Pagan Estuary. Gloucester Point, Va: VIMS. 

Pages: 78. Descriptors: Water quality- Burma- Pagan Estuary. Notes: 

ill. 28 cm. OCLC: 3716178. 

Kyaw Myint. 1957. Freight Rates of the Inland Water Transport Board 

of Burma. Rangoon: Departments of Economics, Statistics & 

Commerce University of Rangoon. Pages: 38. Descriptors: Shipping- 

Rates- Burma; Burma (Union). Inland Water Transport Board. Notes: 

illustrations; 27 cm. Notes: Bibliography: p. 38. LCCN: 79-313259. 

OCLC: 5445421. 

September 2008 155


Kyaw, U. W., Zaw, U. M., Dredge, A., Fischer, P. and Steiger, K. 2007. 

“Myanmar's Yeywa RCC Dam.” Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 14, Issue 

4, Pages 77-82. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam Construction; 

Dam Design; Dams; Hydroelectric Plants; Materials Testing; 

Pozzolans; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: This article 

provides an overview of the development and design of Myanmar's 

largest dam and hydro project, Yeywa, with emphasis on the RCC 

dam. Details are included of the investigations for, and testing of, 

natural pozzolans located near the site, as well as and ongoing 

progress with construction. ISSN: 1352-2523. 

Kyi, B. A. 1970. “Lower and Middle Irrawaddy Floods in Relation to 

Heavy Rainfall in the Head Water Regions of Chindwin and Irrawaddy 

Rivers.” In: Forecasting of Heavy Rains and Floods, Proc Joint Seminar 

of Regional Associations 2 and 5 of World Meteorological Organization, 

Nov 11-23, 1968, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Published by the World 

Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Volume P 221-242, Pages 4. 

Descriptors: Floods; Rainfall-Runoff Relationships; Flood Forecasting; 

Monsoons; Tropical Cyclones; Synoptic Analysis; Rainfall Intensity; 

Storms; Weather Forecasting; Climatology; Meteorology; Ecafe; 

Burma. Abstract: Studies of 15 floods in the middle and lower 

Irrawaddy River, Burma indicated that all widespread floods were 

associated with rainstorms in the monsoon trough of at least 3 days 

duration. Because the northern part of the country is a mountainous 

region it appears that the active monsoon trough effect was added by 

the orographic effect, thereby producing intense rainstorms favoring 

formation of floods in the middle and lower Irrawaddy catchments. For 

major floods the lag time between the end of significant rain in the 

head-water regions and the time of occurrence of peak at henzada was 

about 15 days. Forecasting of floods along middle and lower Irrawaddy 

by using known meteorological conditions in the head-water regions of 

Chindwin and upper Irrawaddy appears to have advantages over any 

of the existing methods because preliminary warning can be issued 

well in advance. Database: Water Resources Abstracts. OCLC: 

66857337; 222391725. 

L 

September 2008 156


Lahiri, S. and Chanthaphone, S. Affiliation: Water and Sanitation 

Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Slahiri@worldbank.org. 2003. “Water, 

Sanitation and Hygiene: A Situation Analysis Paper for Lao PDR.” Int. 

J. Environ. Health Res. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. Jun. Volume 13 

Suppl 1: S107-14. Descriptors: Hygiene; Sanitation; Water Supply; 

Community-Institutional Relations; Decision Making; Humans; Laos; 

Public Health; Rural Population. Abstract: The Lao People's Democratic 

Republic (Lao PDR) is located in the Greater Mekong sub-region in East 

Asia, neighboring with China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and 

Vietnam, with a land area of 236,800 square kilometers, and an 

average population density of 22 persons per square kilometer. The 

population of Lao PDR is 5.5 million with 49 ethnic groups. Most of the 

population is located in rural areas, with a significant number of the 

neediest villages in remote localities. In the past decade, there have 

been many positive developments in the rural water supply and 

sanitation (RWSS) sector. Despite improved coverage in latrine and 

water supply services, health remains a serious problem. The 

improved services were often not sustained or poorly maintained, 

while hygiene received inadequate attention. In Lao PDR, as in many 

other countries, the provision of a safe and reliable water supply and 

appropriate sanitation services, based on sustainable approaches, 

therefore, remains a challenge. This paper will provide an overview of 

the Lao PDR's RWSS Sector. Special emphasis is placed on actual field 

level application of informed choices for water supply, sanitation and 

hygiene awareness. ISSN: 0960-3123 (Print); 1369-1619 (Electronic). 

Laluraj, C. M., Balachandran, K. K., Sabu, P. and Panampunnayil, S. U. 

2006. “Persistent Volcanic Signature Observed Around Barren Island, 

Andaman Sea, India.” Mar. Geophys. Res. Volume 27, Issue 4, Pages 

283-288. Descriptors: air; Andaman Sea; Asia; Barren Island; Burma 

Microplate; climate; earthquakes; Far East; geologic hazards; global 

change; global warming; great earthquakes; hydrographs; Indian 

Ocean; Indonesia; ocean floors; Sumatra; Sumatra earthquake 2004; 

temperature; tsunamis; volcanic features; volcanism; volcanoes; 

winds. References: 37; illus. incl. sketch map. ISSN: 0025-3235. 

September 2008 157


Landcover. Landcover datasets from University of Maryland and the 

World Land Cover dataset from the USGS EROS Data Centres Global 

Land Characteristics Database. See: 

http://www.inform.umd.edu/landcover/global-cover.html ; 

http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/glcc.html ; 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/Maps/MMR/09/lc/index.html 

Le Bacquer, Alain and Prado, Vincent. 1996. “On The Train, Between 

Burma's Pagodas And Mountains.” Les Editions la Vie du Rail. La Vie 

Du Rail Et Des Transports. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; Passenger 

traffic; Railroads. No abstract provided. Pages 20-24: Color 

illustrations. La Vie Du Rail Et Des Transports No 2573 (4 DEC. 1996). 

ISSN: 1145-4466. OCLC: 00867335. Database: Transportation 

Research Board. 

Lee, Kyung-Hee, Chai, Hee-Byung, Tamez, Pamela A., et al. 2003. 

“Biologically Active Alkylated Coumarins from Kayea Assamica.” 

Phytochemistry. 9. Volume 64, Issue 2, Pages 535-541. Descriptors: 

Kayea assamica; Clusiaceae; Alkylated coumarins; Xanthones; 

Cytotoxicity; Antimalarial activity. Abstract: Four coumarin derivatives, 

theraphins A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), along with three known 

xanthones, 2-hydroxyxanthone, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, and 5hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone, 

were isolated from the bark of Kayea 

assamica (Clusiaceae) native to Myanmar. Their structures were 

determined using spectroscopic and chemical techniques. The absolute 

configuration of 1 was established by the modified Mosher ester 

method. Theraphins A (1), B (2), and C (3) exhibited good cytotoxicity 

against Col2, KB, and LNCaP human cancer cell lines. Theraphin D (4) 

showed mild activity only against the KB cell line. The coumarins also 

exhibited mild antimalarial activities. 

Lehmann, B., Yungyusul, N., Khositanont, S., Hohndorf, A. and 

Kuroda, Y. 1992. “The Magmatic and Hydrothermal Evolution of the 

Pilok (Thailand) and Hermyingyi (Burma) Tin-Tungsten Ore System; 

Seventh Regional Conference on Geology, Mineral and Hydrocarbon 

Resources of Southeast Asia (GEOSEA VII).” Journal of Southeast 

Asian Earth Sciences. May. Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 280. Descriptors: 

age; alkaline earth metals; Asia; Burma; Cenozoic; crystallization; 

September 2008 158


dates; Far East; Hermyingyi Burma; hydrothermal alteration; 

hydrothermal processes; igneous processes; interpretation; isotopes; 

Jurassic; magmas; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; metasomatism; 

mineral assemblages; mineral deposits, genesis; mineral exploration; 

mineralization; Paleocene; Paleogene; Pilok Thailand; Rb/Sr; Sr-87/Sr- 

86; stable isotopes; strontium; Tertiary; Thailand; tin ores; tungsten 

ores. ISSN: 0743-9547. 

Leicester, Peter. 1972. “Key Map of Insein Town, Insein District.” N.p. 

Descriptors: Wells- Burma- Insein- Maps; Groundwater- Burma- 

Insein- Maps; Insein (Burma)- Maps. Description: map; 125 x 110 cm. 

on 2 sheets 128 x 63 cm. Scale ca. 1:3,600. Notes: “Plate IV.” Map 

source: The Geology and underground water of Rangoon (with special 

reference to tube-wells) by the Geological Survey of Burma. 1959. 

Base map: G.U.C.P.O. No. 416, L.G.D., 10.11.1932. [By] Sd P. 

Leicester, asst. superintendent, Geological Survey of India. Includes 

index to 4 sheets. Reproduction: Photocopy. Other Titles: Insein 

Town. LCCN: 75-695038. OCLC Accession Number: 5473684. 

Lenz, H. and Mueller, P. 1981. “Rb/Sr Determinations (Total Rock) of 

Rocks of the the Bawdwin Volcanic formation/northern Shan State, 

Burma.” Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe D: Mineralogie, Petrographie, 

Geochemie, Lagerstaettenkunde. Schweizerbart in Komm. Stuttgart, 

Germany; Geochemie, Lagerstaettenkunde. Volume 43, Pages 47-52. 

Descriptors: absolute age; alkaline earth metals; Asia; Bawdwin Mine; 

Burma; Cambrian; dates; economic geology; Far East; geochemistry; 

geochronology; homogenization; hydrothermal alteration; igneous 

rocks; lead-zinc deposits; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; 

metasomatism; Ordovician; Paleozoic; Rb/Sr; rhyolites; Shan; 

strontium; Triassic; volcanic rocks; volcaniclastics; whole rock. 

References: 10; illus. incl. 2 tables. ISSN: 0341-6429. 

Liao Zhijie, Tong Wei and Zhang Baoshan. 1985. “Cenozoic Volcanism 

and Geothermal Activities in Southwest China.” The Records of 

Geological Research. [publisher unknown], China. Volume 1985, Pages 

177-185. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Cenozoic; China; Eurasian Plate; 

Far East; Hengduan; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal 

September 2008 159


processes; Indian Peninsula; Indian Plate; Jammu and Kashmir; 

Kashmir; metasomatism; petrology; Qiangtang Plateau; Southwestern 

China; Tengchong; Tibet; volcanic belts; volcanism; volcanology; 

Yunnan China. References: 13; sketch maps. Database: GeoRef. 

Liebscher, Hans-Juergen. 2005. “Oekologische Und 

Wasserwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen Des Seebebens Im Indischen 

Ozean Und Des Nachfolgenden Tsunami Am 26.12.2004.” Translated 

title: “The Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26 

December 2004; the Ecological Consequences and Impacts on Water- 

Resources.” Hydrologie Und Wasserbewirtschaftung. Bundesanstalt 

fuer Gewaesserkunde, Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany. Volume 

49, Issue 3, Pages 133-141. Descriptors: Africa; Asia; Bangladesh; 

Burma; catastrophes; damage; East Africa; ecology; environmental 

geology; erosion; evaluation; Far East; fertilizers; geologic hazards; 

hydrology; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean Islands; Indian 

Peninsula; Indonesia; Kenya; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; pesticides; 

petroleum; pollutants; pollution; Seychelles; Somali Republic; 

Southern Africa; Sri Lanka; subsidence; Sumatra; Tanzania; Thailand; 

tsunamis; water; water management. References: 16; illus. incl. 1 

table, geol. sketch maps. ISSN: 1439-1783. 

Liu, Heng, Liu, Jiufu and Tang, Haixing. 1998. “Present and Future of 

Water Resources Development in Lancang River Basin in Yunnan 

Province.” Shuikexue Jinzhan/Advances in Water Science. Volume 9, 

Issue 1, Pages 70-76. Abstract: Lancang River is an international river 

flowing from China to Vietnam via Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and 

Cambodia. The downstream river from the border of China, Laos and 

Myanmar to the river mouth is called Mekong River. Lancang is the 

largest international river in China and one of very important 

hydropower bases in southwest China. There are 8 cascade dams that 

are planned with one completed. The Lancang river basin abounds with 

natural resources and has great potential for further development, but 

the water resources development is lower in potential. The further 

development will focus on hydropower, navigation and irrigation. The 

development has some special characters, i.e. integrated, hydropower 

priority and international cooperation. Refering to the international 

September 2008 160


river and riparian countries’ concerns, the water resources 

development in Lancang should follow principles of peaceful use, 

friendly negotiation and equally mutual benefits. ISSN: 1001-6791. 

Lukkunaprasit, Panitan. 1998. Development of Earthquake Disaster 

Mitigation Technologies in Thailand- Region Report: Thailand. RIKEN, 

Miki, Japan: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center. Pages: 

82-95. EDM Technical Report Series no. 2; Multi-Lateral Workshop on 

Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation 

Technologies and their Integration for the Asia-Pacific Region. 

Descriptors: Thailand; strong-motion instrument arrays; Myanmar 

earthquake; July 12; 1995; accelerograms; Low-seismicity regions; 

earthquakes; Earthquake hazard analysis; research. Abstract: 

Although Thailand is low in seismic activity from a global perspective, 

some activities have been ongoing towards development of earthquake 

disaster mitigation technologies. These are addressed in this paper. 

They include establishment of seismic monitoring facilities, seismic 

hazard assessment, research on active faults and soil amplification of 

ground motion, and earthquake engineering research. Contact 

agencies are listed. Database: Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. 

OCLC: 41337526. 

Lwin, Nyo and Thin, Maung. 1981. “Occurrence and Quality of Ground 

Waters in Myingyan-Natogyi-Taungtha Area.” Contributions to 

Burmese Geology. Ministry of Mines, Dep. of Geological Survey and 

Mineral Exploration, [Rangoon], Burma. Jan. Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 

23-28. Descriptors: aquifers; Asia; Burma; Far East; ground water; 

interpretation; irrigation; Myingyan Burma; Natogyi Burma; pollution; 

Taungtha Burma; water management; water quality. References: 15; 

1 table, geol. sketch map. Database: GeoRef. OCLC: 28988077. 

Lwin, Thura U. Thaung. 1996. Railways Are A Vital Development Tool. 

Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. Int. Railway J. 

Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; Railroads. Abstract: Subtitle: The 

Government Of Myanmar Believes That Expansion Of The Country's 

Railways Is Vital For Economic Development And Improving The 

Quality Of Life Of The People. International Railway Journal, V. 36, No. 

September 2008 161


3 (MAR. 1996), P. 19-20: Illustrations, Map. ISSN: 0744-5326. OCLC: 

00872789. 

M 

MacDonald, Rhona. 2007. “Human Rights Abuses Threaten Health in 

Burma.” Lancet. Aug 4-Aug 10, 2007: Aug 4-Aug 10. Volume 370, 

Issue 9585, Pages 375-376. Descriptors: Humanitarian aid; Human 

immunodeficiency virus--HIV; Public health; Water supply; Population; 

Mortality; Medical supplies; Malaria; Living conditions; Health services; 

Geneva Conventions; Disease; Civilians; Armed forces; Tuberculosis. 

Notes: Details: Photographs. Geographic: Burma. Abstract: According 

to a recent report by researchers from the Human Rights Center of the 

University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg 

School of Public Health, the Burmese military is destroying medical 

supplies intended for civilian populations and detaining and killing 

medical workers in areas of internal conflict. The report-which is based 

on data on infectious diseases gathered from health clinics and 

interviews with health professionals, governmental officials, and nongovernmental 

and community-based organisations-also states that 

decades of neglect, civil war, and corruption have rendered the 

country's health system incapable of responding to these endemic 

infectious diseases and that even with substantial amounts of foreign 

aid Burma's capacity to curb these diseases is hindered by its military 

leaders. ISSN: 0140-6736. 

Malik, Mohan. 2005. Regional Reverberations from Regime Shake-Up 

in Rangoon. Corporate Author: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies 

Honolulu, HI. Report Date: Jan 2005. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Abstract: (U) The reverberations from the recent regime 

shake-up in Rangoon continue to be felt in regional capitals. Since 

Prime Minister Khin Myunt was the chief architect of closer China- 

Burma strategic ties, his sudden removal has been interpreted as a 

major setback for China's strategic goals in Burma. However, an 

objective assessment of China's strategic and economic needs and 

Burma's predicament shows that Beijing is unlikely to easily give up 

what it has already gained in and through Burma. From China's 

perspective, Burma should be satisfied to gain a powerful friend, a 

permanent member of the UN Security Council, and an economic 

September 2008 162


superpower that comes bearing gifts of much needed military 

hardware, economic aid, infrastructure projects and diplomatic 

support. The fact remains that ASEAN, India and Japan cannot 

compete with China either in providing military assistance, diplomatic 

support or in offering trade and investment benefits. With the UNbrokered 

talks on political reconciliation having reached a dead end, it 

might be worthwhile to start afresh with a dialogue framework of 

ASEAN+3 (ASEAN plus China, India and Japan) on Burma. This would 

also put to test China's oft-stated commitment to multi-lateralism and 

Beijing's penchant for "Asian solutions to Asian problems. Distribution 

Statement: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DTIC 



Manfrino, Annick. 1998. “Letpadaung, Myanmar; Mineralisation 

Controls and Indicator Variographic Analysis on a Large Porphyry 

Copper Deposit; Geoscience for the New Millennium; Abstracts.” 

Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Geological Society of 

Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Volume 49, Pages 287. 

Descriptors: andesites; Asia; breccia; Burma; Cenozoic; clastic rocks; 

copper ores; enrichment; Far East; fracture zones; framework 

silicates; geochemical controls; hydrothermal alteration; igneous 

rocks; intrusions; Letpadaung Deposit; metal ores; metasomatism; 

mineral deposits, genesis; models; oxidation; porphyry copper; 

quartz; sedimentary rocks; silica minerals; silicates; spatial 

distribution; statistical analysis; structural controls; sulfides; Tertiary; 

upper Tertiary; variance analysis; variograms; volcanic rocks. ISSN: 

0729-011X. 

Manimaran, G. and Ravindran A. Affiliation: G. Manimaran, School of 

Tectonics, Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, 

Tuticorin 628 008, India. E-mail: acugemmani@yahoo.co.in. 2007. “A 

Caution on Forthcoming Volcanogenic Tsunami in Indian Ocean.” Res. 

J. Chem. Environ. Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 19-22 Additional Info: 

India. Descriptors: Coastal protection; Earthquakes; Indian Ocean 

tsunami 2004; aftershock; earthquake event; island arc; landslide; 

marine sediment; nuclear explosion; submarine volcano; tsunami; 

volcanic eruption. References: Number: 11; Geographic: Andamans 

and Nicobars Andamans Asia Eurasia Greater Sunda Islands India 

September 2008 163


Indian Ocean islands Indian Ocean Indonesia Java Malay Archipelago 

Myanmar South Asia Southeast Asia Sunda Isles. Abstract: Tsunamies 

are generated due to sudden displacement of vertical sea water 

column during the events of earthquakes [Magnitude>7], eruptions of 

submarine and coastal volcanoes, sudden slumping of marine 

sediments, land slides near the coast, the large meteor impact on sea 

from space and manmade nuclear explosion in the sea. Recently on 26 

December 2004, a destructive Tsunami of Indian Ocean was generated 

due to the second largest earthquake of the world ever recorded 

(Magnitude 9.3) which occurred at off the west coast of Northern 

Sumatra. Subsequently on 28 March 2005 a weak tsunamigenic but 

great earthquake of magnitude 8.7 occurred at western shelf region of 

Northern Sumatra. Northernly moving thousands of after-shocks of 

December 2004 earthquake up to Burma border and Southeasternly 

moving hundreds of after shocks of March 2005 earthquakes occurred 

upto Java are still going on and releasing tremendous energy along 

this seismic belt. The couplet of the great earthquakes and their 

aftershocks were triggered eruptions of inland volcanoes like Talang 

volcano of Central Sumatra and of Barren Volcano of Andaman. A 

chain of hundreds of active volcanoes are seen along the Andaman - 

Indonesian Volcanic Arc System. It is a right time to remember the 

tsunamigenic, violent explosion of Krakatau Volcano on 27 August 

1883, which was triggered due to the Tsunamigenic Car Nicobar 

earthquake (Magnitude 7.9) occuring on 31 December 1881 and had 

its aftershocks upto August 1883. On considering the above scenario, 

it is possible for a consecutive great earthquake of December 2004 

and March 2005 with their ongoing aftershocks to trigger and explode 

any one of the submarine volcanoes of the Andaman - Indonesian Arc 

System. As a result, a Volcanogenic Tsunami may be generated in 

Indian Ocean probably before the end of the year 2007 or in near 

future. ISSN: 0972-0626. 

Margesson, Rhoda. 2005. Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: 

Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations. Corporate Author: 

Library of Congress Washington DC. Congressional Research Service. 

Report Date: 10 Feb 2005. Report Classification: Unclassified. 

Abstract: (U) On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.0 undersea 

earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, 

September 2008 164


unleashed a tsunami that affected more than 12 countries throughout 

south and southeast Asia and stretched as far as the northeastern 

African coast. Current official estimates indicate that more than 

160,000 people are dead and millions of others are affected, including 

those injured, missing, or displaced, making this the deadliest tsunami 

on record. News reports suggest that the death toll may be well above 

200,000. Sections of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand have 

suffered the worst devastation. Eighteen Americans are confirmed 

dead, with another sixteen presumed dead, and 153 remain 

unaccounted for. In response, the United Nations, the United States, 

and other donor nations have organized what some have called the 

world's largest relief and recovery operation to date. President Bush 

pledged $350 million in aid and mobilized the U.S. military to provide 

logistical and other assistance. Funding the Indian Ocean tsunami 

relief and reconstruction effort is likely to be a challenge faced by the 

109th Congress. Even before the disaster struck, Congress was 

expected to struggle to find the resources to sustain U.S. aid pledges 

amid efforts to tackle rising budget deficits by, among other measures, 

slowing or reducing discretionary spending. Congress also may wish to 

consider debt relief as a means of helping those nations hit by the 

tsunami to recover economically. Additionally, there have been calls to 

institute a tsunami detection and warning system in the Atlantic 

and/or Indian Oceans, both of which would require allocations of 

funds. Distribution Statement: Approved for public release; distribution 

is unlimited. DTIC Accession Number: ADA461370. Url: 


Marshall, T. R., Amos, B. J. and Stephenson, D. 1983. “Base Metal 

Concentrations in Kaolinised and Silicified Lavas of the Central Burma 

Volcanics; Residual Deposits; Surface Related Weathering Processes 

and Materials.” Special Publication - Geological Society of London. 

Geological Society of London, UK. Volume 11, Pages 59-68. 

Descriptors: Asia; base metals; Burma; central Burma; economic 

geology; exogene processes; Far East; hydrothermal alteration; 

igneous rocks; kaolinization; leaching; metal ores; metasomatism; 

mineral deposits, genesis; minor elements; potential deposits; 

processes; silicification; tropical environment; volcanic rocks; 

weathering. References: 1 p. illus. incl. 7 anal., 1 table, sketch map, 

sect., sketch map. ISSN: 0375-6440. 

September 2008 165


Maryland Univ Baltimore Dept of Microbiology and Wisseman, Jr, 

Charles L. 1978. “Clinical and Epidemiological Studies on Rickettsial 

Infections.” 01 OCT. Descriptors: Infectious Diseases; Tickborne 

Diseases; Rickettsia; Rats; Rodents; Ethiopia; Burma; Epidemiology; 

Tables (Data); Medicine And Medical Research. Abstract: The 

observations reported confirm and extend the material previously 

reported. Thus, in Ethiopia and Burma, as in other areas we are 

studying, murine typhus is intimately associated with introduced 

commensal rodents (Rattus, Mus musculus, etc.) and shrews (Suncus) 

and their ectoparasites, indoors. In Ethiopia, native rodents, like 

Praomys and Mastomys, that may act like commensals do not seem to 

play a role in the ecology of this rickettsiosis in the absence of 

concurrent infestation with Rattus, even though they may be common 

in domiciles and parasitized by Xenopsylla cheopis, the presumed 

vector. If Rattus coexist indoors with Praomys, then the latter (and 

probably other native murines as well) may become secondarily 

infected on a limited scale. In Rangoon, 5 species of small mammals 

are peridomestic and all have been frequently found naturally infected 

with Rickettsia mooseri, the etiological agent. Among the naturally 

infected fleas found in this study are X. bantorum, Leptopsylla segnis 

and Ctenocephalides felis. Rat-lice in Ethiopia and Rangoon have also 

been found to harbor R. mooseri. Rats from shops in Kuching, 

Sarawak, were demonstrated to have a high rate of natural infection 

with this rickettsiosis. Infection with the spotted fever-group of 

rickettsiae was shown to be widespread in Ethiopian rodents, including 

some 'wild' rodents that entered domiciles. Notes: Distribution 

Statement: Approved for public release. Database: DTIC. DTIC: 

ADA061952. URL: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA061952. 

Mastny, Lisa. 2003. “Messing with the Mekong.” World Watch. 

Nov./Dec. Volume 16, Issue 6, Pages 21-28. Descriptors: Regional 

economic development- Southeast Asia; Water resources 

development- Southeast Asia. Notes: Details: il map tab. Geographic: 

Mekong River valley. China- Foreign relations- Southeast Asia. 

Southeast Asia- Foreign relations- China. Abstract: A number of 

concerns have been raised about planned development by China on 

the Mekong River, Southeast Asia. China aims to open up northern 

September 2008 166


segments of the Mekong River to year-round navigation by large cargo 

ships. If fully implemented, dredging and subsequent channelization 

would more than double the annual shipping capacity of the Mekong. 

Laos, which, together with Burma and Thailand, has formally agreed to 

the plans, hopes the development will bring economic rewards. 

However, villagers fear that incoming Chinese vessels will flood local 

markets with inexpensive goods and undermine local shopkeepers and 

farmers. There are also concerns about the potential environmental 

effects of blasting and channeling the river. Resistance, although slow 

to emerge, is underway. ISSN: 0896-0615. 

Matsubara, Takumi, Higuchi, Atsushi, Nakamura, Kenji and Akimoto, 

Fumie. 2005. “Characteristics of Precipitation Distribution Over the 

Irrawaddy and the Mekong Watersheds using Tropical Rainfall 

Measuring Misson (TRMM) Data.” J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. Water Resour. 

Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources. Volume 18, Issue 2, 

Pages 116-131. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Climatology; 

Fronts; Global precipitation; Precipitation; Precipitation distribution; 

Radar; Rainfall Distribution; Rainfall amount; River Basins; Satellite 

data; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM); Watersheds; 

Weather; Wind direction; Article Geographic Terms: Asia, Mekong R. 

basin; Myanmar, Irrawaddy R. Southeast Asia. Abstract: The 

Precipitation Radar (PR), boarded on Tropical Rainfall Measuring 

Mission (TRMM), has a higher horizontal resolution than global 

precipitation datasets such as Global Precipitation Climatology Project 

(GPCP) and makes it possible to observe rain distribution over the 

watershed scale. This study focused on the two river basins, the 

Irrawaddy river basin and the Mekong river basin on the southeast 

Asia region, and analized the rain distribution characteristics by four 

years and seasonal averaged TRMMPR data, around the divides of two 

watersheds.Results were summarized as follows. 1). The intersection 

angle of lower wind direction with the line of strike influenced on the 

amount of precipitation. The case of the lower wind to blow in upslope 

of mountain with a right angle was larger rain than the others. 

Averaged rainfall frequencies, rainfall amount and rain rate depended 

on the surface elevation in the all cases. 2). The tendency of 

precipitation increased far windward of the mountain slope and 

September 2008 167


represented the maximum in the front of the divide. In the 

mountainous areas, the peak of precipitation corresponded to the 

locations of valleys. 3). Relationship between IPDD (Index of 

Precipitation Distribution over the Divide), defined as the normalized 

ratio of the rainfall amount in windward and leeward, and divide 

elevation was appeared, but also confirmed with seasonality and 

regionality. However, it was suggested that some threshold elevation 

of the divide separate the nature of rainfall, such as barrier effect. 4). 

This study could not demonstrate universal relationship for the effect 

of divide over all analyzed area. However, it was proposed that IPDD 

could be applied as useful indicator for the estimation of the river 

basin rainfall amount from global precipitation datasets with coarse 

horizontal resolution. ISSN: 1349-2853. 

Matsui S Affiliation: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, 

Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Japan. 

matsui@eden.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 2005. “Protecting Human and 

Ecological Health Under Viral Threats in Asia.” Water Sci. Technol. 

Volume 51, Issue 8, Pages 91-7. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Public Health; Social Conditions; Agriculture; Animals; Animals, 

Domestic; Animals, Wild; Asia, Southeastern- epidemiology; Birds; 

Feces- virology; Housing; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in 

Birds- epidemiology; Influenza in Birds- transmission; Influenza, 

Human- epidemiology; Influenza, Human- prevention & control; 

Influenza, Human- transmission; Mammals; Risk Factors; Severe 

Acute Respiratory Syndrome- epidemiology; Severe Acute Respiratory 

Syndrome- transmission; Waste Disposal, Fluid- methods; Zoonoses. 

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbroke in 

2003, and the avian influenza A (H5N1) also outbroke in 2003 and 

continued to 2004. These pandemic viral diseases originated in South 

East Asia. Many human and animal lives were lost. Economic damages 

due to the pandemics were also very large. The question arises of why 

did the pandemics originate from South East Asian areas. Human 

influenza A consists of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the 

SARS virus and the avian influenza (H5N1) that are all variants of RNA 

of avian coronavirus. Variants are formed during infection of a 

coronavirus through not only birds but also mammals, including 

September 2008 168


human beings. There are hot spots where viral infection rates are 

accelerated among birds, mammals and human beings. Suspicious 

areas are in South East Asia, where living conditions of birds, 

mammals and human beings are so close that there are always risks of 

viral infection. When we see the living conditions of farmers in 

southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos and northern Myanmar, they 

commonly raise ducks/chickens with pigs sharing ponds into which 

they discharge household wastewater, including human excreta, and 

pig excreta that are significant carriers of viruses. Bird faeces are also 

key carriers of the viruses. In the ponds, they raise ducks and conduct 

fish culture. Other important players are migrating birds from North 

Asia, which are principal vectors of avian influenza viruses. There is an 

urgent necessity of improving human and ecological health in South 

East Asia to control viral infection among birds, mammals and human 

beings. We can hinder the vicious cycle of virus infection through 

water contamination in ponds by providing good human, pig and 

chicken sanitation. It is easy to provide good sanitation practices for 

human, pigs and chickens, introducing collection and treatment of 

excreta. Our modern water technology can find good solutions for the 

problem. ISSN: 0273-1223 (Print). 

May, W. 2004. “Simulation of the Variability and Extremes of Daily 

Rainfall during the Indian Summer Monsoon for Present and Future 

Times in a Global Time-Slice Experiment.” Clim. Dyn. Mar. Volume 22, 

Issue 2-3, Pages 183-204. Article Subject Terms: Atmospheric 

convergences; Atmospheric precipitations; Climate; Climates; 

Climatology; Coasts; Convergence zones; Daily precipitation; Data 

reanalysis; Future climates; General circulation models; Global 

Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP); Hydrologic Data; Monsoon 

rainfall variations; Monsoons; Oceans; Rainfall; Rainfall Intensity; 

Rainy season; Summer; Summer monsoon; Tropical meteorology; 

Variability; Article Geographic Terms: Bangladesh; China, People's 

Rep., Xizang; China, People's Rep., Xizang, Tibetan Plateau; Arabian 

Sea; Bangladesh, Bengal Bay; Indian Ocean, Bengal Bay; Myanmar; 

Pakistan; Tropical Indian Ocean; India; India, Himalaya Mts. 

Myanmar; Pakistan; Pakistan, Himalayas; Marine. Notes: TR: 

CS0408979. Abstract: In this study the simulation of the variability 

September 2008 169


and extremes of daily rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon for 

the present-day and the future climate is investigated. This is done on 

the basis of a global time-slice experiment (TSL) with the ECHAM4 

atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) at a high horizontal 

resolution of T106. The first time-slice (period: 1970-1999) represents 

the present-day climate and the second (2060-2089) the future 

climate. Moreover, observational rainfall data from the Global 

Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, 1997-2002) and rainfall data 

from the ECMWF re-analysis (ERA, 1958-2001) are considered. ERA 

reveals serious deficiencies in its representation of the variability and 

extremes of daily rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon. These 

are mainly a severe overestimation of the frequency of wet days over 

the oceans and in the Himalayas, where also the rainfall intensity is 

overestimated. Further, ERA shows unrealistically heavy rainfall events 

over the tropical Indian Ocean. The ECHAM4 atmospheric GCM at a 

horizontal resolution of T106, on the other hand, simulates the 

variability and extremes of daily rainfall in good agreement with the 

observations. The only marked deficiencies are an underestimation of 

the rainfall intensity on the west coast of the Indian peninsula and in 

Bangladesh, an overestimation over the tropical Indian Ocean, due to 

an erroneous northwestward extension of the tropical convergence 

zone, and an overestimation of the frequency of wet days in Tibet. 

Further, heavy rainfall events are relatively strong in the centre of the 

Indian peninsula. For the future, TSL predicts large increases in the 

rainfall intensity over the tropical Indian Ocean as well as in northern 

Pakistan and northwest India, but decreases in southern Pakistan, in 

the centre of the Indian peninsula, and over the western part of the 

Bay of Bengal. The frequency of wet days is markedly increased over 

the tropical Indian Ocean and decreased over the northern part of the 

Arabian Sea and in Tibet. The intensity of heavy rainfall events is 

generally increased in the future, with large increases over the Arabian 

Sea and the tropical Indian Ocean, in northern Pakistan and northwest 

India as well as in northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. ISSN: 

0930-7575. 

McCrae, Alister; Prentice, Alan and Joint Author. 1978. Irrawaddy 

Flotilla. Paisley: James Paton Limited. Descriptors: Inland water 

September 2008 170


transportation- Burma- History; Irrawaddy Flotilla Company- History. 

Notes: 195 p., [12] p. of plates: ill., 2 maps; 23 cm. Notes: Includes 

index. Bibliography: p. 191. Responsibility: by Alister McCrae and 

Alan Prentice; with a foreword by Bernard Fergusson. ISBN: 

0950606103; 9780950606101. OCLC: 5125832. 

McShea, W. J., Wemmer, C., Monfort, S., Aung, M. and Poszig, D. 

2001. “Forage, Habitat use, and Sexual Segregation by a Tropical Deer 

(Cervus Eldi Thamin) in a Dipterocarp Forest.” J. Mammal. Volume 82, 

Issue 3, Pages 848-857. Descriptors: Foraging behavior; Habitat 

utilization; Aggregation behavior; Sex differences; Cervus eldi thamin; 

Myanmar; sexual segregation. Abstract: We monitored use of plants 

and habitat in a population of thamin (Cervis eldi thamin) in Chatthin 

Wildlife Sanctuary in central Myanmar from 1996 through 1999. 

Habitat use within the deciduous dipterocarp forest was monitored by 

radio tracking 19 individuals during daylight hours and conducting 

biannual fecal pellet surveys along 87 km of marked transects. Habitat 

abundance was determined by classifying a LANDSAT image of the 

region, collecting vegetation parameters at 201 plots located within 

the sanctuary, and pacing habitat types along marked transects. 

Thamin consumed primarily forbs, grasses, and agricultural crops but 

also fruits of 8 common tree species. Thamin used dipterocarp forest 

habitat but showed some seasonal shifts and distinct individual 

differences in habitat use. Except during of the mating season 

(January-April), females were found more often in degraded forests 

and closer to crops than males. Sex differences in habitat selection 

were due to either female selection of habitats with lower predation 

risk or increased nutritional needs associated with lactation. ISSN: 

1545-1542. 

“The Mekong: Dammed if You Don't.” 1995. ECT. Economist 

Newspaper Group, Incorporated. Nov 18, 1995: Volume 337, Issue 

7941, Pages 38. Descriptors: Asia & the Pacific; Short articles; Natural 

resources; Economic policy & planning; Water supply; Treaties; 

Problems; Dams; Rivers; International relations. Notes: Geographic: 

Southeast Asia Vietnam Thailand Myanmar Mekong River Laos China 

Cambodia. Abstract: Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia intend to 

September 2008 171


share the resources of the Mekong River if China and Myanmar will 

cooperate. A special meeting of the new Mekong River Commission on 

Nov 20, 1995 may smooth relations. ISSN: 0013-0613. 

Mekong Development Research Network. 1993-1999. Investigation 

and Study of the Current Status of the Mekong River and the River 

Basin Area in Myanmar. Bangkok, Thailand: Mekong Development 

Research Network. Descriptors: Water resources development- 

Mekong River Watershed; Water resources development- Burma; 

Irrigation- Mekong River Watershed; Irrigation- Burma. Notes: 23, [9] 

leaves: maps; 29 cm. Notes: “Draft copy for workshop review.” “Part 

of a 6-country study of the Mekong River Basin, supported by the 

International Research Development Center of Canada.” Includes 

bibliographical references. OCLC: 43075178. 

Mekong River Commission. Mekong River Commission for Sustainable 

Development. Phnom Penh: Mekong River Commission. Descriptors: 

Environmental management; Sustainable development; Water quality 

management; Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam; Thailand; China; Burma; 

Mekong River Watershed; Development; Environment. Abstract: Web 

site of the UN-sponsored Mekong River Commission which promotes 

sustainable management and development of water and related 

resources among member countries. Provides background information 

about the organization and activities. The information resources page 

includes “Catch and culture” newsletter with back issues and 

publications. Extensive collection of information about the region 

includes maps and links to related Web sites. Notes: Named Corp: 

Mekong River Commission. Genre/Form: Article/Paper/Report. Map. 

World Wide Web: http://www.mrcmekong.org/. Notes: Description 

based on contents viewed Sept. 18, 2002; title from home page. 

OCLC: 50628429. 

Milton, D. A. and Chenery S.R. Affiliation: D.A. Milton, CSIRO Division 

of Marine Research, PO Box 129, Cleveland, QLD 4163, Australia Email: 

david.milton@marine.csiro.au. 2001. “Can Otolith Chemistry 

Detect the Population Structure of the Shad Hilsa Tenualosa Ilisha? 

Comparison with the Results of Genetic and Morphological Studies.” 

September 2008 172


Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 05 NOV. Volume 222, Pages 239-251. 

Descriptors: Fisheries and aquatic resources; Case studies; stock 

assessment; genetic structure; otolith; chemical composition; 

morphology; fishery management Species Term: Tenualosa ilisha; 

Hilsa; Ilisha; Tenualosa. Notes: References: Number: 49; Geographic: 

Bay of Bengal. Abstract: The stock structure of the valuable tropical 

shad Tenualosa ilisha ('hilsa') has been studied in Bangladesh and 

India by analysing morphometric and genetic data. However, these 

studies had a narrow geographic scope and their results conflict. We 

made a comprehensive study of the stock structure of hilsa with otolith 

microchemistry in conjunction with complementary genetic and 

morphometric studies of the same fish. We examined the traceelement 

composition of the otolith cores of hilsa with laser-ablation 

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The otoliths of fish 

from 19 collections at 13 sites in Bangladesh and 6 collections at 4 

sites from elsewhere within the species' range (Kuwait, SE India, 

Myanmar and Sumatra) were analysed for 8 trace elements. Samples 

were collected from Bangladesh mainly during 2 comprehensive 

surveys (1996 and 1997). When these data were analysed separately, 

there were significant differences in otolith composition among sites. 

However, when both years' data were analysed together, there were 

few significant differences among sites, and some sites separated by 

hundreds of kilometres that were sampled in different seasons and 

years had very similar compositions. This was in spite of both large 

seasonal intra-site and between-site differences in water chemistry. 

Repeat samples from 5 sites (4 in Bangladesh) showed that differences 

in otolith composition at a single site were significant and of similar 

magnitude to that found among sites. Our results support the 

conclusion from allozyme studies that there is extensive movement 

and mixing of hilsa throughout Bangladesh, and therefore the 

population should be managed as a single stock. Genetic and otolith 

data both showed that hilsa from SE India and Myanmar were not 

significantly different from fish collected in coastal areas of 

Bangladesh, and suggest that hilsa in the Bay of Bengal were a single 

stock. Both methods also separated fish from Sumatra and Kuwait 

from other sites, providing strong evidence of separate stocks in those 

regions. In contrast, morphometric studies separate fish from several 

September 2008 173


nearby sites in Bangladesh, but these differences are likely to be 

largely due to phenotypic variability and are unlikely to be genetically 

based. Our results suggest that otolith microchemistry may be a good 

proxy for genetic structure at large scales where differences in water 

chemistry are highly likely. However, for sedentary species and those 

without distinct spawning and non-breeding areas, it requires both 

comprehensive and repeated sampling at finer scales before any 

confidence should be placed in the results. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Mirumachi, N. and Nakayama M. Affiliation: N. Mirumachi, Department 

of International Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, 

University of Tokyo, Japan. 2007. “Improving Methodologies for 

Transboundary Impact Assessment in Transboundary Watercourses: 

Navigation Channel Improvement Project of the Lancang-Mekong River 

from China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban Houei Sai of Laos.” 

Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 411-425 

Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Concepts and issues in 

environmental planning; Environmental Assessment and Monitoring; 

economic impact; environmental impact assessment; environmental 

monitoring; underpinning. References: Number: 13; Geographic: Asia 

Eurasia Laos Mekong River Southeast Asia. Abstract: This paper 

analyzes the factors underpinning transboundary Environmental 

Impact Assessment (EIA) methodologies through an examination of 

the Navigation Channel Improvement Project of the Lancang-Mekong 

River from China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban Houei Sai of 

Laos. A comparison of the project's expected and reported transboundary 

impacts shows that the EIA failed to predict a number of 

adverse impacts, including social and economic impacts. The restricted 

scale and scope of the transboundary impact assessment (TIA) is 

probably due to certain fundamental restrictions on how the EIA was 

conducted. The case study highlights the importance of public 

involvement (including advance notification) and adequate regulatory 

frameworks or guidelines in the EIA and TIA processes. ISSN: 0790- 

0627; Electronic: 1360-0648. 

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1986. “Ophiolite and Associated Rocks in Four 

Settings: Relationships to Subduction and Collision.” Memoir of the 

September 2008 174


Geological Society of China (Taiwan). Volume 7, Pages 91-105. 

Descriptors: Mineralogy. Special Feature: 1 map. Abstract: In Burma, 

Oman and Cyprus detachment of ophiolite from oceanic lithosphere 

prior to emplacement onto a continent can best be explained by 

initiation of subduction at a spreading axis. Subduction of the 

spreading system may have resulted in basic dykes in the detached 

ophiolite slab, deposition of stratiform massive sulphides, and 

indirectly in amphibolite facies metamorphism of basalt subducted 

beneath the young hot ophiolite wedge. Continued subduction of 

colder remnant ocean-basin lithosphere resulted in volcanism above 

the ophiolite, and eventually in closure of the remnant basin. Accretion 

of imbricate nappes of flysch and pelagic sediments beneath the 

ophiolite preceded and accompanied collision of a continental fragment 

(Burma) or continental margin (Oman, and possibly Cyprus) with the 

arc system. In Cyprus and Burma ophiolite emplacement onto the 

continental margin was probably accompanied by serpentinization of 

harzburgite with water expelled from underthrust sediments. 

Serpentinized harzburgite rose as sheets into the overlying sediments. 

Olistostromes were deposited above or adjacent to the ophiolite after 

their emplacement into a continental margin. The Lichi melange in 

Taiwan can speculatively be explained by mobilization, diapiric rise, 

extrusion of eastward flow of sediments including bentonite clays, 

tectonically buried by collision-related east-directed back-thrusting. 

ISSN: 0578-1825. 

Mittermayr, Florian. 2006. “Loeslichkeitsexperimente, 

Kristallisationsversuche Und Analytische Untersuchungen an Korund.” 

Mitteilungen Der Oesterreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 

(Print). Oesterreichische Mineralogische Gesellschaft, Vienna, Austria. 

Volume 152, Pages 68-69. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; color centers; 

corundum; electron probe; experimental studies; Far East; fluid 

inclusions; hydrothermal conditions; inclusions; natural materials; 

oxides; recrystallization; solubility; spectroscopy; synthetic materials; 

theses. ISSN: 1609-0144. 

Moe, Kyaw, Hummelman, Erik G., Oo, Win Mar, Lwin, Thandar and 

Htwe, Tin Tin. 2005. “Hospital-Based Surveillance for Rotavirus 

September 2008 175


Diarrhea in Children in Yangon, Myanmar.” The Journal of Infectious 

Diseases. Sep 1, 2005. Volume 192, Pages S111-3 (3 pp.). Notes: 

Rotavirus in Asia: 3rd Workshop of the Asian Rotnvirus Surveillance 

Network, Manila, The Philippines, October 2003. Abstract: 

Diarrhea is a common childhood illness in Myanmar, and rotavirus is 

the single most important etiological agent of diarrhea. Surveillance 

for rotavirus diarrhea in children


Vietnam) are discussed based on a 1996 document entitled 

Doenstream implications of China's dams on the Lancang Jiang (Upper 

Mekong) and their potential significance for greater regional cooperation 

basin-wide. The various agencies involved in the scheme, 

associated studies, and China's role in co-ordinating the various 

political and technical aspects of the project are discussed. ISSN: 

0306-400X. 

Molnar, A. 1990. “Land Tenure Issues in Watershed Development.” IN: 

Watershed Development in Asia: Strategies and Technologies. World 

Bank Technical Paper no.127. World Bank, Washington, DC. 1990. 

Pages 131-158.2. Tab, 76 Ref. append. Descriptors: Asia; Economic 

aspects; Land tenure; Land use; Public rights; Soil conservation; 

Water conservation; Watershed management; Watersheds; Arable 

soils; Burma; China; Federal jurisdiction; Financial feasibility; 

Government finance; Human population; India; Indonesia; Java; 

Malaysia; Philippines; Population density; Subsidies; Taiwan; Thailand. 

Abstract: Watershed development projects aim at improving the 

overall productivity, sustainability and equity of land use in fragile, 

arable and nonarable lands. Land tenure can be an important factor in 

achieving these goals. Systems of land tenure in the Asian uplands are 

often adapted to certain ecological/economic conditions, 

cultural/historical traditions, and population densities, and may be (1) 

watersheds with relatively stable land tenure systems, such as the 

island of Java or Taiwan; (2) watersheds with relatively ancient, staterecognized 

land tenure systems, such as Burma, China, India and 

Nepal; or (3) watersheds in frontier areas, such as the Philippines, 

north Thailand, Malaysia, or the Outer Islands of Indonesia. Certain 

kinds of tenure changes can have a positive impact on adoption, and in 

some cases, titling or land consolidation on private land in areas with 

socially recognized tenure rights is effective. Some positive measures 

that can be included in projects to support land tenure changes or to 

broaden the range of adoption within existing tenure systems include: 

providing increased extension support, providing sources of credit, 

focusing on technologies with quicker and higher returns, 

strengthening local institutions, and providing mediation or legal aid to 

participants. The World Bank needs to continue to study the 

September 2008 177


relationship between land tenure and the adoption of soil and water 

conservation technologies, so that clearer directives can be given to 

task managers as to what strategies are most productive, sustainable, 

and equitable in different Asian settings. OCLC: 21902908; 150444674. 

Mooley D.A. Editor: Ikeda, S. 1980. “Suitable Probability Model for 

Severe Cyclonic Storms Striking the Coast Around the Bay of Bengal.” 

Elsevier Scientific. Pages: 349-357. Descriptors: Hydrology; 

Meteorology and Climatology; cyclonic storms; Arakan Coast; Burma; 

Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Swed and Eisenhart's runs test; Mann 

Kendall Rank Statistic test; interval; random. Abstract: All the 141 

severe cyclonic storms which struck the Arakan Coast of Burma and 

the coasts of Bangla Desh, E. India and Sri Lanka during the period 

1877-1977 have been considered in this study. Swed and Eisenhart's 

runs test for runs above and below the median to detect trend or 

oscillation and Mann-Kendall Rank Statistic test for randomness were 

applied to the time interval between successive severe cyclonic storms 

which struck the coast. The results of these tests suggest that this 

interval can be generally taken to be random. Special Features: 2 

figures, 5 tables, 11 refs. OCLC: 0031682. 

Moore, E. and Win S. Affiliation: E. Moore, Department of Art and 

Archaeology, SOAS, University of London, UK. 2007. “The Gold Coast: 

Suvannabhumi? Lower Myanmar Walled Sites of the First Millennium 

A.D.” Asian Perspectives. Volume 46, Issue 1, Pages 202-232 

Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: The Holocene; Iron Age; 

archaeological evidence; architectural design; artifact; historical 

perspective; settlement history; water management. References: 

Number: 68; Geographic: Asia Eurasia Myanmar Southeast Asia. 

Abstract: The high rainfall of the Lower Myanmar coast is balanced by 

the aridity of the country's inland plains. The article profiles three sites 

in a laterite-rich area located in the northern part of the Lower 

Myanmar peninsula. The walls and moats of these sites underline their 

role in water management, one where control of water was the 

decisive catalyst. The sites of Kyaikkatha, Kelasa, and Winka illustrate 

how slight changes in topography signal critical junctures, the points 

where walls and moats were constructed. As a result, up to seven 

September 2008 178


walls flank the higher edges of these sites; these protected the interior 

by diverting excess water to lower areas. Using large finger-marked 

bricks and terra-cotta artifacts such as votive tablets, plaques, and 

architectural elements, a broad chronology of c. the sixth to ninth 

centuries a.d. is proposed, although a majority of the pieces dated to 

the seventh century a.d. Attention is also drawn to evidence of Lower 

Myanmar prehistoric habitation in lowland areas close to the coast, 

where natural and man-made changes continue to alter the ecology 

and affect archaeological interpretation. The survey is used to 

encourage comparative studies, drawing in environmentally diverse 

but culturally related areas of South and Southeast Asia. ISSN: 0066- 

8435. 

Moravec, F., Taraschewski, H., Anantaphruti, M. T., Maipanich, W. and 

Laoprasert T Affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biological Centre, 

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovská 31, Ceské 

Budejovice, Czech Republic. moravec@paru.cas.cz. 2007. “Heliconema 

Longissimum (Ortlepp, 1923) (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from 

Pisodonophis Boro (Teleostei: Ophichthidae) in Thailand, with Remarks 

on the Taxonomy of the Proleptinae Schulz, 1927.” Syst. Parasitol. 

Jan. Volume 66, Issue 1, Pages 73-80. Descriptors: Animals; Eelsparasitology; 

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Spirurida- anatomy & 

histology; Spirurida- classification; Spirurida- isolation & purification; 

Spirurida- ultrastructure; Stomach- parasitology; Thailand. Abstract: 

Physalopterid nematodes identified as Heliconema longissimum 

(Ortlepp, 1923) were collected from the stomach of rice-paddy eels 

Pisodonophis boro (Hamilton) (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from two 

brackish-water localities (mangroves) in Thailand: one in Phan-Nga 

Province, southwestern Thailand, northeast of Phuket Island, and one 

in Ranong Province, near the border with Myanmar. Study of the 

morphology of this hitherto insufficiently known nematode species, 

including its first SEM examination, enabled a detailed redescription of 

H. longissimum. Present taxonomic problems in the subfamily 

Proleptinae Schulz, 1927 are discussed, where a new delimitation of 

Proleptus Dujardin, 1845, Heliconema Travassos, 1919 and Paraleptus 

Wu, 1927 is proposed based on the cephalic dentation. H. minnanensis 

[sic] Damin & Heqing, 2001 is transferred to Paraleptus Wu, 1927 as 

September 2008 179


P. minnanensis (Damin & Heqing, 2001) n. comb. and Paraleptus 

chiloscyllii Yin & Zhang, 1983 transferred by Damin & Heqing (2001) to 

Heliconema, is retained in Paraleptus. H. ahiri Karve, 1941 is 

considered a junior synonym of H. longissimum (Ortlepp, 1923). The 

present finding of H. longissimum in Pisodonophis boro represents the 

first host record and the first record of this nematode from Thailand. 

ISSN: 0165-5752. 

Morgan, Dan. 1996. Water Project Funding Drained in House Bill. WP. 

Jul 26. Pages: A, 4:1. Descriptors: Government spending; Federal 

legislation; Water supply; Foreign investment. Abstract: Congress 

moved ahead on more spending bills Jul 25, 1996, and in the process 

put its stamp on matters as close to home as a major water project in 

Colorado and as far-flung as US investment in military-ruled Burma. 

Notes: Details: Photograph; Named Corp: Congress; Geographic: 

Colorado; Burma. ISSN: 0190-8286. 

Mukherjee, A., Sengupta, M. K., Hossain, M. A., et al. 2006. “Arsenic 

Contamination in Groundwater: A Global Perspective with Emphasis on 

the Asian Scenario.” Journal of Health Population and Nutrition. Jun. 

Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 142-63. Descriptors: Arsenic- adverse 

effects; Arsenic- analysis; Arsenic Poisoning- epidemiology; Arsenic 

Poisoning- etiology; Arsenic Poisoning- prevention & control; Water 

Pollutants, Chemical- adverse effects; Water Pollutants, Chemicalanalysis; 

Water Supply- analysis; Water Supply- statistics & numerical 

data; World Health; Asia- epidemiology; Cause of Death; 

Environmental Exposure- adverse effects; Environmental Exposureanalysis; 

Environmental Exposure- statistics & numerical data; 

Environmental Monitoring; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health 

Status; Humans; Incidence; Population Surveillance; Public Healthstatistics 

& numerical data; Risk Factors; Water Purification. Notes: 

References: Number: 161; Chemical Subst: Water Pollutants, Arsenic 

[7440-38-2]. Abstract: The incidence of high concentrations of arsenic 

in drinking-water has emerged as a major public-health problem. With 

newer-affected sites discovered during the last decade, a significant 

change has been observed in the global scenario of arsenic 

contamination, especially in Asian countries. This communication 

September 2008 180


presents an overview of the current scenario of arsenic contamination 

in countries across the globe with an emphasis on Asia. Along with the 

present situation in severely-affected countries in Asia, such as 

Bangladesh, India, and China, recent instances from Pakistan, 

Myanmar, Afghanistan, Cambodia, etc. are presented. ISSN: 1606- 

0997. 

Murray, D. 1994. “From Battlefield to Market Place' - Regional 

Economic Co-Operation in the Mekong Zone.” Geography. Volume 79, 

Issue 4, Pages 350-353. Descriptors: Geographical Abstracts: Human 

Geography; Water; infrastructure development; regional trade; trading 

block; economic association; developing region; geopolitical relations; 

trading bloc; regional cooperation. Geographic: Asia- (Southeast)- 

Mekong Delta Asia- (Southeast). Abstract: Since 1993 some progress 

has occurred towards developing a regional trading bloc in mainland 

Southeast Asia. Improved infrastructure has been identified as a 

prerequisite to economic growth in an Asian Development Bank report 

whose recommendations are briefly discussed. Consideration of recent 

activity in the area suggests that the proposals' prospects are bright. 

Though sources of funding for projects appear to be available, there 

are difficulties related to the stability of peace and political problems 

such as the human rights record of Myanmar (Burma). Doubts also 

exist about the complementarity of the economies of the countries 

involved. While prospects for inter-regional trade and infrastructure 

development are good, there is the prospect that capitalist competition 

rather than neighbourly co-operation will influence economic 

development in the Mekong zone. ISSN: 0016-7487. 

Musa, A. G. and Tarnoff, A. 2005. “An Enduring Commitment to 

Sustainable Community Development in Myanmar: The Yetagun Socio- 

Eco Development Program.” Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Society of 

Petroleum Engineers. Volume: 2005, Pages: 71-74. 2005 SPE Asia 

Pacific Health, Safety and Environment Conference and Exhibition - 

Proceedings. Conference: Sep 19-20 2005. Descriptors: Petroleum 

industry; Health care; Oil wells; Economic and social effects; 

Education; Pipelines; Knowledge acquisition. Abstract: In 1997, three 

years before the production of gas and condensate went on-line in the 

September 2008 181


Yetagun Field of the Andaman Sea in territorial waters of the Union of 

Myanmar, the start of the Yetagun Socio-Economic Development 

Program represented the collective commitment and vision of Yetagun 

Joint Venture Partners. The objective is to improve the social and 

economic condition of local residents in the onshore pipeline corridor of 

operations and the country as a whole. The Yetagun Socio-Economic 

Development Program has been implementing a series of 

complementary programs to address the most essential health, 

education and income generating needs of disadvantaged 

communities, especially women and children. The Yetagun Socio- 

Economic Development Program has reached over 150,000 

beneficiaries. Immediate and measurable improvements in the quality 

of life for thousands of beneficiaries have also strengthened the 

capacity and empowered communities with the knowledge, skills and 

tools to achieve long-term and sustainable impact for generations to 

come. T3: 2005 SPE Asia pacific health, safety and environment 

conference and exhibition - proceedings. OCLC: 61747848. 

Mya, Maung. 1994. “On the Road to Mandalay: A Case Study of the 

Sinonization of Upper Burma.” Asian Survey. Volume 34, Issue 5, 

Pages 447-459. Descriptors: Water; socioeconomic impact; trade. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma- Mandalay; China. Abstract: Since 1988, 

Chinese traders, engineers, and trucks loaded with Chinese goods and 

modern arms have been traveling on the famous Burma Road that 

runs across the Shan state of northern Burma to the ancient “Golden 

City' of Mandalay. This study analyzes and evaluates the 

socioeconomic impact of China's free access to Burma and is based 

mostly on Burmese sources. ISSN: 0004-4687. 

Myanmar; UNDP and FAO. 2000. Myanmar: Watershed Management 

for Three Critical Areas: Project Findings and Recommendations. 

Rome: UNDP: FAO. Descriptors: River Basins; River Basin 

Development; Water Management; Sustainable Development; 

Myanmar; Project Activities; UNDP- Programme management; 

Government publication; International government publication. 

Abstract: Conclusion: collaborative borders 111(2): Carrying Cargo in 

the Borderlands 113(25) Introduction: independence and regulation 

September 2008 182


113(1) Long-distance truck and boat operations 114(10) Longdistance 

transport and the state 124(10) Conclusion: regulatory 

nonchalance? 134(4) Women, Space and History: Long-Distance Trade 

138(25) Introduction: mobile women 138(2) From Chiang Khong to 

Oudomaxai and Mengla 140(10) A space of opportunity 150(9) 

Conclusion: travelling identities 159(4) Entrepreneurs, Bureaucrats 

and the Army: Sawmills and the Timber Trade 163(23) Introduction: 

incident at Sin Udom 163(3) Entrepreneurs: Thai investment in 

sawmilling 166(4) Bureaucrats: regulating the timber industry 170(7) 

The Army: changing the rules 177(5) Conclusion: a new regional 

resource economy? 182(4) Conclusion 186(8) Regulation and 

liberalisation 186(3) The future of the Economic Quadrangle 189(5) 

Epilogue: The Legend of the Golden Boat 194(2) Bibliography 196(29) 

Index 225 ( ). Notes: vii, 30 pages. Notes: FO:DP/MYA/93/005. 

Terminal report. Report prepared for the Government of Myanmar by 

the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, acting as 

executing agency for UNDP. Material type: Development projects. 

Material type: Specialized agencies (incl. GATT and IAEA) material. 

OCLC: 78363019. 

“Myanmar Faces Energy Crisis Despite Potential.” 1999. Oil & Gas 

Journal. August 30. Volume 97, Issue 35, Pages 42+. Descriptors: 

Petroleum supply/Myanmar; Electric power/Consumption; Fuel 

supply/Myanmar; Foreign investments/Myanmar. Abstract: Although 

Myanmar possesses huge energy resources in terms of potential 

petroleum reserves and hydroelectric power potential, it is facing an 

increasing shortfall in energy supply. A report presented by Energy 

Minister Lun Thi highlighted the fact that an anticipated significant rise 

in demand and a deficiency in energy infrastructure required to 

support the anticipated demand growth are making the issue of energy 

availability increasingly serious. Significant domestic and foreign 

capital is required to initiate large-scale energy infrastructure projects. 

However, obtaining such funding is extremely difficult due to the fact 

that Myanmar's poverty and serious political problems have prompted 

most overseas investors to look beyond the country for project 

development. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

September 2008 183


“Myanmar's Upstream Sector Hobbled by Pipeline Controversy, Poor 

E&D Results.” 2000. Oil & Gas Journal. June 26. Volume 98, Issue 26, 

Pages 24-29. Descriptors: Oil and gas leases/Myanmar; Natural gas 

pipe lines/Myanmar; Civil rights. Physical Description: Diagram; Map. 

Abstract: Although a number of large offshore gas discoveries in the 

early 1990s boosted Myanmar's oil and gas industry, the sector is 

faltering once again. Several factors are causing problems for the 

sector, including tensions between state oil company Myanma Oil & 

Gas Enterprise and the ruling military government that are hampering 

development and disappointing results from onshore oil exploration. 

Both of these factors are leading operators to reduce investment in the 

sector. Furthermore, the domestic and international pressures facing 

America's Unocal Corp. and Britain's Premier Oil plc over allegations of 

serious human rights abuses in pipeline projects in which they are 

involved are putting a further strain on the sector. Meanwhile, the 

Clinton administration in May 2000 renewed unilateral sanctions 

against Myanmar. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

“Myanmar's Mann Field Awaits Search, Investment.” 2000. Oil & Gas 

Journal. March 20. Volume 98, Issue 12, Pages 80-81. Descriptors: Oil 

and gas leases/Myanmar. Abstract: A big onshore oil field in Myanmar 

has responded to initial production improvement work and is in line for 

a big waterflood scheme later in 2000. Mann field also appears to be 

ready for subthrust, flank, and deeper pool exploration, according to 

the field's new operator. Myanmar Petroleum Resources Ltd. (MPRL), 

Yangon, Myanmar, with 100 percent working interest, has bought a 

workstation and is interpreting reprocessed data from a 31,000-acre 

3D seismic survey carried out in 1997. MPRL is operating the field 

under a production compensation contract with state Myanma Oil & 

Gas Enterprise. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Myat Thein and Naing Oo. 1986. An Evaluation of Rural Water Supply 

Project in Ayadaw Township, Burma. Rangoon: PHC-BHS Project, Dept. 

of Health. Descriptors: Water-supply, Rural- Burma- Sagaing 

(Division); Drinking water- Burma- Sagaing (Division); Water 

resources development- Burma- Sagaing (Division). Notes: 44 leaves; 

28 cm. Notes: “In honour of 1986 Sasakawa health prize winner.” 

September 2008 184


“March 1986”--P. [4] of cover. Includes bibliographical references 

(leaves 43-44). Responsibility: Myat Thein, Naing Oo. OCLC: 

64007953. 

Myat, U. A. K. 1994. Preliminary Study on Earthquake Resistant 

Capacity of some Famous Pagan Pagodas (Theoretical Approach). 

[Yangon, Burma]: [Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yangon Inst. of 

Technology]. Pages: 1 vol. Descriptors: Structural Dynamics; Pagodas; 

bending; Temples; stress analysis; Pagan; Burma; religious 

structures; Stupas. Abstract: Calculation of lateral seismic forces on 

integrated portions of some famous Pagan pagodas has been carried 

out in this project. For simplification the prescribed ground motions (a 

subscript h = horizontal component of ground acceleration = 50 gals 

and 100 gals) are used to compute seismic coefficient “K.” Successive 

steps involved in calculations are as follows: (Step I-1) Computation of 

weights and masses of pagodas. (Step I-2) Computation of lateral 

forces induced by ground motion by Empirical Dynamic Method. (Step 

I-3) Computation of stresses due to the lateral seismic forces achieved 

from step I-2. Database: Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. 

Myint Aung, U. and Zaw Win, U. 1983. Small Hydro Power 

Development: The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. Vienna: 

UN. Descriptors: Hydroelectric Power; Energy Resources Development; 

Myanmar; Government publication; International government 

publication. Notes: ii, 5 p. Responsibility: by U Zaw Win and U Myint 

Aung. OCLC: 84204993. 

Myint Thein. 1968. “Hydrocarbon Type Composition of Prome Crude 

from Different Depths.” Union of Burma Journal of Science and 

Technology. Union of Burma Applied Research Institute, Rangoon, 

Burma. Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 399-400. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; 

composition; economic geology; Far East; hydrocarbons; organic 

compounds; organic materials; petroleum; Prome field. ISSN: 0566- 

7542. 

Myo, Htike H. 2002. “Relocation of Hypocenter and Focal Mechanisms 

of Myanmar Earthquakes.” Individual Studies by Participants at the 

September 2008 185


International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. 

Volume 38, Pages 89-105. Descriptors: Seismic phenomena; 

Myanmar; Seismic engineering; Networks; Earthquake engineering; 

Relocation; Position (location); Time measurements; Seismology; 

Geology; Positioning. Abstract: Hypocenters and focal mechanisms of 

earthquakes in Myanmar are determined using data from the bulletins 

of the International Seismological Center (ISC) and the Myanmar 

Seismic Network. Hypocenter relocation was carried out for events 

that occurred in the Myanmar region (10 degrees N - 28 degrees N 

and 92 degrees E - 101 degrees E) in 1998 that were reported by ISC 

and four analog stations of the Myanmar Seismic Network. 

Hypocenters were relocated using HYPOCENTER 3.2, a Fortran 

program for locating local, regional and global earthquakes. Slight 

differences exist between the relocated hypocenters in this study and 

those reported by ISC. Location did not seem to be improved due to 

the limited data and the small number of seismic stations used in this 

study. However, it is shown that it would be possible to improve the 

accuracy of hypocenters using both the Myanmar Seismic Network 

data and the ISC data if the timing system were improved. For 

determination of the focal mechanisms, data from only the ISC 

bulletins for the period 1970 to 1999 was used. All earthquakes with 

ISC magnitudes 5.5 or greater occurring only in the Myanmar region 

were analysed. Eighteen focal mechanisms were determined using the 

P-wave first motion method. Six mechanisms indicate reverse faulting 

and twelve strike-slip faulting. A predominance of strike-slip faulting is 

consistent with geological evidence for the Sagaing fault. Most of the 

focal mechanism solutions for these earthquakes are similar to the 

Harvard CMT solutions. Among the 18 focal mechanisms determined, 

most of the shallow earthquakes were generated on strike-slip faults 

and the intermediate-depth earthquakes, on reverse faults. ISSN: 

0074-6606. 

N 

Naval Weather Service Command Washington DC. 1972. “Summary of 

Synoptic Meteorological Observations. Southeast Asian Coastal Marine 

Areas. Volume 4. Area 12 - Victoria Point, Area 13 - Rangoon, Area 14 

September 2008 186


- Pagoda Point.” SEP. Descriptors: Marine Meteorology; Coastal 

Regions; Ocean Waves; Wind; Atmospheric Temperature; Humidity; 

Burma; Ceiling; Cloud Cover; Visibility; Tables (Data); Surface 

Temperature; Meteorology. Abstract: The report contains data taken 

from marine surface observations in the areas of Victoria Point, 

Rangoon, and Pagoda Point. Notes: Distribution Statement: Approved 

for public release. DTIC: AD0750159. URL: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD750159. 

Nelson, B.W. Affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, 

University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903. bwn@virginia.edu. 2001. 

“Sediment Dynamics in Rangoon River, Myanmar.” Sci. Total Environ. 

Feb 5. Volume 266, Issue 1-3, Pages 15-21. Abstract: The behavior of 

fine-grained sediment in Rangoon River depends on seasonal 

variations in freshwater discharge and tidal amplitudes that range from 

2 to 5 m. During the monsoon, freshwater with sediment 

concentrations of 1 g/l, or less, causes unidirectional, seaward flow. In 

the dry season, salinities reach 20% and sediment concentrations rise 

to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion advects large quantities of sediment 

landward from seaward sources. Near-surface sediment concentrations 

are very low during neap tides, while a layer of 'fluid mud' rests on the 

bottom. Current speeds greater than 0.2 m/s are needed to entrain 

sediment into the upper layer. Layered suspensions occur most 

commonly during decelerating phases of tidal flow and are dispersed 

by rapidly accelerating flow. When current speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no 

'fluid mud' forms, and sediment concentrations as great as 6-8 g/l 

extend through the water column. ISSN/ISBN: 0048-9697 (Print). 

Nelson, B. W., Tin Tut, U. and Saw Lwin, U. 1990. “Fine-Grained 

Sediment Transport in Rangoon River, Burma.” 13th International 

Sedimentological Congress; Abstracts. International Sedimentological 

Congress. International Association of Sedimentologists, Comparative 

Sedimentology Division, Utrecht, Netherlands. Volume 13, Pages 382. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; fines; hydrogeology; hydrology; 

Rangoon River; rivers and streams; sedimentation; sediments; stream 

transport. OCLC: 27379089. 

September 2008 187


Nelson, Bruce W. 2001. “Clay Mineral Clues to Estuarine Sediment 

Provenance.” Geological Society of America, 2001 Annual Meeting. 

Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America. Geological 

Society of America, Boulder, CO. Nov. Volume 33, Issue 6, Pages 407. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; clay mineralogy; climate; estuarine 

sedimentation; Far East; hydrology; Irrawaddy River; Malaysia; 

provenance; Rangoon River; rivers and streams; sediment transport; 

sedimentation; sediments; Selangor River; stream transport; 

suspended materials; tributaries; tropical environment; weathering. 

Abstract: The clay mineral composition of estuarine sediments reflects 

tectonic and climatic conditions that exist in the source areas, modified 

by differential transportation and diagenesis. Rangoon River (Burma) 

and Selangor River (Malaysia) illustrate extremes that may be 

compared with mid-latitude estuaries elsewhere. Rangoon River is an 

estuarine distributary of the Irrawaddy River whose headwaters drain 

the Himalayas; the main stream then flows within an inter-arc trough 

adjacent to a Cenozoic volcanic arc. The river carries well-defined 

muscovite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar above Mandalay. Below 

Mandalay and above the delta, the Cenozoic volcanics add significant 

amounts of fine-grained smectite. The estuary is macro-tidal. During 

the dry season, high sediment concentrations and multi-layered 

suspensions are found and the net transport is landward. Smectite is 

most abundant in the concentrated suspensions, while muscovite and 

chlorite dominate in the low concentration suspensions during average 

and neap tidal flows. This leads to preferential concentration of 

smectite in estuarine deposits. High discharge during the monsoon 

often flushes much of the accumulated sediment load seaward. 

Selangor River drains granitic and metamorphic terrain of Paleozoic 

age. The deep, tropically weathered soils contain clays rich in kaolinite 

and gibbsite (and little mica or feldspar). These clay minerals become 

the most abundant components of the estuarine sediments. The 

Selangor is a mesotidal estuary where multi-layered suspensions have 

not been detected. Little differentiation in mineral composition exists 

between the suspended and deposited sediments. The clay minerals 

reflect their origin in a mature tropical landscape. The highest 

freshwater discharges rarely push the 0 o/oo isohaline beyond the 

mouth, so the sediment load is trapped within the estuary. The clay 

September 2008 188


mineral composition of estuarine sediment in mid-latitude and 

temperate estuaries is usually intermediate in composition to those 

above, and it reflects intermediate tectonic and climatic conditions in 

their source areas. ISSN: 0016-7592. 

Nelson, Bruce W. 2001. “Sediment Dynamics in Rangoon River, 

Myanmar.” The Science of the Total Environment. 2/5. Volume 266, 

Issue 1-3, Pages 15-21. Descriptors: Sediment dynamics; Estuarine; 

Rangoon River. Abstract: The behavior of fine-grained sediment in 

Rangoon River depends on seasonal variations in freshwater discharge 

and tidal amplitudes that range from 2 to 5 m. During the monsoon, 

freshwater with sediment concentrations of 1 g/l, or less, causes 

unidirectional, seaward flow. In the dry season, salinities reach 20‰ 

and sediment concentrations rise to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion advects 

large quantities of sediment landward from seaward sources. Nearsurface 

sediment concentrations are very low during neap tides, while 

a layer of ‘fluid mud’ rests on the bottom. Current speeds greater than 

0.2 m/s are needed to entrain sediment into the upper layer. Layered 

suspensions occur most commonly during decelerating phases of tidal 

flow and are dispersed by rapidly accelerating flow. When current 

speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no ‘fluid mud’ forms, and sediment 

concentrations as great as 6–8 g/l extend through the water column. 

OCLC: 39284343. 

Ngo, Quoc-Trung. 1980. An Economic Analysis of Water Resources 

Development in Deltaic Regions Of Asia: The Case of Central Thailand. 

The University of Wisconsin - Madison. DAI. Volume: 41, 05A, Pages: 

301-2226. Descriptors: Economics, Agricultural. Abstract: This study 

analyzes the process of transforming a large deltaic basin, such as the 

Chao Phya Plain in central Thailand, into irrigated agricultural lands. 

The strategic role of infrastructure improvement in the process of 

agricultural modernization is well recognized. The historical 

experiences of Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and more recent experience of 

the Philippines, indicate that increasing population pressure on 

agricultural land has provided a strong stimulus for irrigation 

construction, and also for the introduction of land-saving technologies 

in the form of modern fertilizer-responsive rice varieties and improved 

September 2008 189


farm practices. But irrigation and drainage facilities, which are a basic 

condition for the diffusion of the new technology, can require capital 

investments so large as to overwhelm the financial capacity of many 

less developed countries. Rainfall patterns and topography are 

relevant considerations.Where rainfall is well distributed over the year 

and where the hydrography of the country consists of physically 

separate watersheds, water control can be achieved through individual 

projects generally of small or medium size. Such agroclimatic 

conditions have supported a relatively fast rate of land infrastructure 

improvement in the insular countries of Asia. In contrast, the deltaic 

regions of Burma, Thailand, and Viet Nam, which are the traditional 

rice exporting areas, face very different environmental conditionssharply 

seasonal rainfall patterns and vast, flat terrain--which require 

large scale basin-wide irrigation construction. The mobilization of 

enormous amounts of resources and complex and lengthy planning are 

necessary. The development of water resources in the Chao Phya 

Delta is analyzed, using conventional cost benefit analysis, as a case 

study to illustrate this problem. There, water control development had 

to be undertaken in successive phases, with the earliest phases of 

construction yielding low social returns. The early projects, however, 

constitute the backbone structure necessary to support the further 

development of the Delta. The analysis shows that the latent benefits 

of Phase One construction built in the 1950's and early 1960's were 

not captured until the intensive construction of Phase Three was 

completed in the late 1970's. The development of large alluvial deltas 

requires huge initial investments that can pay off only after an 

extensive gestation period. The need for international financial 

assistance is crucial. This pattern is in contrast with the experience of 

insular countries where irrigation can easily be started with small 

profitable projects at the earliest stage of agricultural development. 

Analysis of distribution of the social gains derived from irrigation 

investments in the Chao Phya Plain indicates that a large share of the 

benefits accrues to rice consumers in other food-deficit less developed 

countries. This effect gives added support to the argument calling for 

international assistance to support the development of large alluvial 

rice growing deltas in Asia. Finally, results from the analysis of Chao 

Phya Delta development are used to provide perspectives to the 

September 2008 190


problem of developing of the Mekong Delta in Viet Nam. Notes: 

Degree: PH.D. OCLC: AAG8015222. 

Nieuwolt, S. Editor: Takahashi, K. and Arakawa, H. 1981. “The 

Climates of Continental Southeast Asia.” World survey of Climatology, 

v. 9. Pages: 1-66. Descriptors: Hydrology; Meteorology and 

Climatology. Abstract: Describes the climates of Vietnam, Laos, 

Kampuchea, Thailand, Burma, Malaya and Singapore, analysing in 

turn: the NE monsoon season; the inter-monsoon period; the SW 

monsoon season; climatic variations; local factors; the variability of 

the climatic parameters; and sources of statistical data. Concludes 

with 29 tables of climatic data for the region.-L.F. Musk. Notes: Special 

Features: 9 figs, 38 tables, 51 refs. OCLC: 7282817. 

Nu Nu San. 2004. Study on Aquatic Birds Around Inle Wetland 

Sanctuary. Taunggyi: Taunggyi University, Zoology Department. 

Pages: 10. Descriptors: Bird refuges- Burma- Inle Lake; Water birds- 

Burma- Inle Lake. Notes: 49 p. of plates: 1 map; 22 cm. Notes: A 

research paper. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38). 

Responsibility: Nu Nu San ... [et al.]. LCCN: 2006-349337. OCLC: 

83252724. 

Nuttall, Martin. 1999. “On the Road to Mandalay.” Harding Publishing 

Company, Incorporated. International Railway Traveler. Descriptors: 

Burma; Myanmar; Passenger service; Railroads. Abstract: Author's 

Account of a 15-Hour Trip From Yangon (Rangoon). Notes: 

International Railway Traveler, Number 105 (March 1999), Pages 1+: 

Illustrations, Map. ISSN: 0891-7655. OCLC: 00893907. 

Nyíri, Pál. 2006. “The Yellow Man's Burden: Chinese Migrants on a 

Civilizing Mission.” CHIJ. Australian National University, Contemporary 

China Centre. July 2006. Issue 56, Pages 83-7. Descriptors: 

International organizations; Economic indicators; Government 

subsidies; Real estate developments; Christianity. Notes: Details: 

Photographs; References. Abstract: Not coincidentally, the expanding 

scope of projects financed by China abroad, mainly in Africa and South 

America but also closer to home in Burma, Cambodia and Laos, 

September 2008 191


attracted considerable attention from Western media in 2005. From 

Guyana to Nigeria, China has emerged as a key source of state-led 

investment in infrastructure projects without the good-governance and 

human-rights strings that are attached to financing through 

international development structures, and Chinese companies have 

become a visible presence as major builders of roads, pipelines, 

bridges, hospitals, harbors, stadiums, water-supply facilities and so 

on. 3 In the Sudan, Chinese state-owned enterprises have invested 

US$3 billion in the oil industry and helped to build a 1,540-kilometre 

pipeline and a refinery. 4 In July 2005, censured by the UN for evicting 

700,000 people from their houses, Zimbabwe's President Robert 

Mugabe traveled to China for a US $300 million loan (he was denied 

it). The authors' optimistic evaluation contrasts starkly with the view 

taken by international organizations and their advisors, who are wary 

of the risks posed by the sudden introduction of a cash economy, the 

displacement of slash-and-burn agriculturalists, and the 

commodification of sexual exchanges that accompany such projects, 

not to mention the smuggling of drugs and gems that finance the 

Burmese junta and the borderland ethnic armies allied to it. 9 The 

situation in Sudan (to which, as to Burma, China provides military aid) 

is similar: while Western-based NGOs blame the Chinese government 

for fuelling Khartoum's ethnic cleansing, 10 Chinese diplomats and 

managers portray their investment in the oil industry as a selfless 

contribution to development: When we started, they were an oil 

importer, and now they are an oil exporter. 11 A Western company 

couldn't have done what we did... ISSN: 1324-9347. 

O'Brien, Morrough Parker. 1934. Rangoon Tidal Model. Descriptors: 

Tidal flats- Models; Hydraulic models. Notes: 1 folder; Geographic: 

Rangoon River (Burma); Notes: Typescript, bound. OCLC: 27296938. 

Obukhova, V. A. and Fedorov, K. N. 1974. “Micromorphology of the 

Hydromorphic Soils of the Irrawaddy Delta.” Moscow University Soil 

Science Bulletin. Volume 29, Issue 1-2, Pages 29-32. Descriptors: 

Asia; Burma; deltas; Far East; horizons; hydromorphic; Irrawaddy 

O 

September 2008 192


River; micromorphology; morphology; soils; tropical. ISSN: 0147- 

6874. 

Obukhova, V. A. and Fedorov, K. N. 1974. “Micromorphology of 

Hydromorphic Soils of Irrawaddy River Delta, (in Russian).” Vestnik 

Moskovskogo Universiteta Seriya VI Biologiya Pochvovedenie. 29(2), P 

85-90. 1974. Descriptors: Clays; Soils; Geomorphology; Deltas; 

Rivers; Iron; Manganese; Cultivation; Soil Profiles; Burma(Irrawaddy 

River Delta); Gleying; Hydromorphic Soils; Nodules; Paddy; Burmese 

SoilS. Abstract: permanent use of these Burmese soils for many years 

under paddy cultivation promoted surface gleying, accumulation of 

various kinds of fe and mn nodules, intensive biochemical 

decomposition of organic matter, the significant accumulation of 

oriented clays in meadow gley soils throughout the profile and in 

illuvial layers of degraded soils. ISSN: 0579-9422. 

Ohman, Howard L. 1965. Climatic Atlas of Southeast Asia 

(Temperature, Rainfall, Temperature-Humidity Index). Technical 

reptort, Earth Sciences Div Army Natick Labs Mass. DEC 1965. Pages: 

103. Abstract: Eighty-seven maps present the distribution in 

Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma south of 

25 degrees N. Latitude, and the peninsular portion of Malaysia) of 

various climatic statistics of temperature, rainfall, and the 

temperature-humidity index. Maps for each month of the year have 

been prepared for: mean monthly temperature, mean daily maximum 

temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, absolute maximum 

temperature, mean monthly rainfall, mean number of rainy days per 

month, and mean daily temperature-humidity index for the warmest 

hour of the day. Single maps of mean annual rainfall, the 

physiography of the region, and of the names and location of climatic 

stations are also included. The maps are drawn in considerable detail 

having been based not only on the available climatic data but also on 

the distribution of mountain ranges, major water bodies, and other 

geographic features. A brief text discusses the preparation of the maps 

and describes a few of the important distributional aspects of climate 

shown by the maps. (Author). Distribution Statement: Approved For 

Public Release. URL: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD632878 

Omote, Shunichiro. 1971. Report on Preliminary Survey of Present 

Status and Scope of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering in the 

Union of Burma. Tokyo: Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency. 

September 2008 193


Pages: 234. Descriptors: Seismology; Burma; Earthquake engineering; 

Japanese Mission on Seismology & Earthquake Engineering. Notes: 

NU: callno 400/O47/1971; oclc O25608546. Database: Earthquake 

Engineering Abstracts. OCLC: 311376 (EQ). 

“On the Road to Burma.” 1995. Eng. Min. J. October. Volume 196, 

Pages 13-14. Descriptors: Mining law/Myanmar; Foreign investments- 

Myanmar. Abstract: Recent alterations to the mining laws in Myanmar, 

which was previously known as Burma, have generated renewed 

interest in this area of Southeast Asia. The law now provides for 3 

types of permits. These are 3-year-life for prospecting and exploration 

in virgin areas, 1-year-life for exploration and feasibility-study in areas 

with extensive data extant, and 15-year-life for mine development and 

production. ISSN: 0095-8948. 

Oo, H. H., Araki, T. and Kubota, F. 2005. “Effects of Drought and 

Flooding Stresses on Growth and Photosynthetic Activity of Mungbean, 

Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek, Cultivars.” J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. Oct. 

Volume 50, Issue 2, Pages 533-542. Descriptors: Article Subject 

Terms: Accumulation; Chlorophyll; Conductance; Damage; Drought; 

Droughts; Environmental effects; Flooding; Fluorescence; Gas 

exchange; Growth; Growth Rates; Growth rate; Photosynthesis; 

Photosystem II; Stress; Article Taxonomic Terms: Vigna radiata; 

Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Notes: TR: CS0741371. Abstract: The 

responses to drought and flooding stresses and the recovery from 

stress-induced damages were compared between three mungbean 

cultivars, Chinese (CN), and newly released cultivars in Myanmar, 

VC2991-112B-1B (VC) and KPS2 (KP). Growth, gas exchange rate and 

chlorophyll fluorescence quenching of these cultivars were 

investigated. The results were as follows: (1) CN was sensitive to both 

drought and flooding treatments compared to the other cultivars. VC 

and KP were less sensitive to drought and flooding, respectively. (2) 

The photosynthetic rate (P sub(N)) and stomatal conductance (G 

sub(s)) in VC were less affected by drought, with a quick recovery by 

re-watering. On the other hand, both parameters in KP were strongly 

depressed by drought, but less by flooding. (3) VC showed a higher 

value for the quantum yield of photosystem II (Phi sub(e)) and a lower 

September 2008 194


value for the photorespiration ratio (P sub(R)/T sub(C)) than the other 

cultivars in the drought treatment. KP had a higher Phi sub(e) and 

lower P sub(R)/T sub(C) in the flooding treatment. (4) The stomatal 

behavior was closely related to the stress-tolerance of mungbean 

cultivars. A partial retainment of gas exchange under the stress 

conditions was essential to sustain electron transport in the 

photosystems and prevent functional damages caused by excessive 

accumulation of energy in leaves. ISSN: 0023-6152. 

Oo, K. N., Aung, K. S., Thida, M., Knine, W. W., Soe, M. M. and Aye, T 

Affiliation: Bacteriology Research Division, Department of Medical 

Research, Yangon, Myanmar. 1993. “Effectiveness of Potash Alum in 

Decontaminating Household Water.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. J. 

Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Sep. Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 172-4 Additional 

Info: BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Alum Compounds; Decontaminationmethods; 

Humans; Myanmar; Water Supply- standards. Notes: 

Chemical Subst: Alum Compounds [0] aluminum sulfate [10043-01-3]. 

Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of potash alum in purifying 

household water, this study was carried out in a suburban community 

in Yangon, Myanmar. It was designed to test whether the application 

of potash alum (0.05%) regularly into household water storage vessels 

during water replenishment was capable of decontaminating household 

water in homes using shallow well water. It was conducted in 100 

households (50 each in intervention and control groups). After alum 

(0.05%) was added, the contamination level of water decreased on the 

2nd and 3rd days. The alum-treated water was well tolerated by the 

users; only one member complained of a metallic taste. We conclude 

that potash alum was effective and acceptable in this community in 

decontaminating household water. ISSN: 0253-8768 (Print). 

Oo, K. N., Aung, W. W., Thida, M., Toe, M. M., Lwin, H. H. and Khin EE 

Affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Yangon Children Hospital, 

Myanmar. 2000. “Relationship of Breast-Feeding and Hand-Washing 

with Dehydration in Infants with Diarrhoea due to Escherichia Coli.” J. 

Health Popul. Nutr. Sep. Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 93-6. Descriptors: 

Breast Feeding; Escherichia coli Infections- complications; Escherichia 

coli Infections- microbiology; Cohort Studies; Dehydration- etiology; 

September 2008 195


Diarrhea, Infantile- complications; Diarrhea, Infantile- microbiology; 

Escherichia coli- isolation & purification; Handwashing- methods; 

Humans; Infant; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness 

Index. Abstract: This prospective cohort study was carried out in the 

neonatal unit of the Yangon Children Hospital, Myanmar, to gather 

more information on the types of feedings and hand-washing practices 

of mothers as the determinant of severe dehydration in infants with 

acute diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli. The study subjects included 

100 infants with diarrhoea, aged less than 4 months, admitted to the 

hospital from June 1997 to May 1998. Data on isolation of E. coli from 

rectal swab samples, types of feedings, hand-washing practices, and 

dehydration status were collected. Of the 100 cases, E. coli was 

isolated from rectal swab samples of 48 infants. Of these 48 cases, 28 

had some dehydration and 20 had severe dehydration. Exclusive 

breast-feeding was observed only in the age group 1-2 month(s). The 

association of the severity of dehydration with other types of feedings 

compared to exclusive breast-feeding was not statistically significant. 

In this study, most mothers washed their hands with water only after 

cleansing their children's defaecation, and before and after feeding 

their children. The severity of dehydration was statistically significant 

in hand-washing practices when compared to washing with water only 

and washing with soap and water. This study has shown the 

association between types of feedings and hand-washing practices 

with dehydration in infants with acute diarrhoea due to E. coli. The 

results of the study suggest that there is a need for appropriate 

intervention programmes to promote exclusive breast-feeding and 

hand-washing practices with soap and water after cleansing children's 

defaecation, and before and after feeding children. ISSN: 1606-0997 . 

Oo, K. N., Han, A. M., Hlaing, T. and Aye T Affiliation: Bacteriology 

Division, Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar. 1991. 

“Bacteriologic Studies of Food and Water Consumed by Children in 

Myanmar: 1. the Nature of Contamination.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Jun. 

Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 87-90. Descriptors: Food Microbiology; 

Water Microbiology; Bacterial Toxins- biosynthesis; Child, Preschool; 

Escherichia coli- growth & development; Humans; India; Infant; 

Salmonella- growth & development; Vibrio cholerae- growth & 

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development; Water Supply. Abstract: To isolate major bacterial 

pathogens from children's food and drinking water, a 3-month study 

was conducted in a suburban community in Yangon, Myanmar. From 

the morning meals and stored drinking water of 208 randomly selected 

children, 775 food and 113 water samples were collected and were 

cultured using standard methods. Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae non- 

01, and Salmonella were isolated from 505, 28 and 6 food samples 

respectively, and E. coli and V. cholerae non-01 were isolated from 29 

and 5 water samples respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, 8 

produced heat-stable toxin (ST) and 3 were enteroinvasive. Nine V. 

cholerae non-01 produced cholera-like toxin. Of the 29 E. coli isolates 

from the samples of drinking water, 3 produced ST. All water samples 

were negative for Salmonella. The study underscores the importance 

of bacterial contamination of children's food and drinking water and 

stresses the need to improve environmental sanitation. ISSN: 0253- 

8768. 

Oo, K. N., Myint, T., Nwe, Y. Y. and Aye, T. 1993. “Vibrio Spp. Isolated 

from Natural Waters of the City of Yangon, Myanmar.” J. Diarrhoeal 

Dis. Res. Jun. Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 105-7. Descriptors: Water 

Microbiology; Cholera- transmission; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; 

Myanmar; Vibrio- classification; Vibrio- isolation & purification; Vibriopathogenicity; 

Virulence. Abstract: Virulence properties of the 

environmental isolate of vibrios from natural waters of Yangon, 

Myanmar were studied. Vibrio spp. were isolated for identification by 

the membrane filtration method and cultured on thio-sulphate-bilesucrose 

media. No Vibrio cholerae O1 were isolated. V. cholerae non- 

O1 were the major vibrio species isolated from the samples. None of 

them were detected for cholera-toxin-like toxin, thermostable direct 

haemolysin, or heat-stable enterotoxin. Sixty-one isolates gave 

haemolytic activity; 27 V. cholerae non-O1 and 6 V. fluvialis isolates 

produced protease. ISSN: 0253-8768. 

Oo, Nay Win, Robinson, Ruth A. J., Bird, Michael Ian, et al. 2007. “Re- 

Analysis of the Nineteenth Century Hydrology and Sediment Load Data 

for the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar; Geographical Reports of Tokyo 

Metropolitan University; Special Issue in Honor of Professor Nobuyuki 

September 2008 197


Hori.” Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University. Tokyo 

Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, 

Tokyo, Japan. Volume 42, Pages 71-84. Descriptors: Asia; Ayeyarwady 

River; bedload; Burma; concentration; denudation; discharge; 

drainage basins; errors; Far East; filters; flows; Gulf of Martaban; 

hydrographs; hydrology; Indian Ocean; land use; measurement; 

monsoons; regression analysis; statistical analysis; suspended 

materials; Thanlwin River; velocity. Abstract: The Ayeyarwady 

(Irrawaddy) River of Myanmar (formerly Burma) is generally though to 

have the 5th largest suspended load of any world river, and the 4th 

highest total dissolved load. From these flux estimates, the combined 

systems of the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin (Salween) rivers are 

regarded as contributing 20% of the total flux of material from the 

Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and deliver it over a short length of 

coastline into the Gulf of Martaban in the eastern Indian Ocean. The 

estimates for the Ayeyarwady are taken from published quotes of a 

19th Century dataset (Gordon 1885) and there are no available 

published data for the Thanlwin. We present a reanalysis of the 

Ayeyarwady data from the original 550 page report of Gordon (1879) 

covering ten years of discharge (1869-1879) and one year of sediment 

concentration measurements (1877) and demonstrate that the 

commonly cited values of sediment loads (and therefore chemical 

fluxes) are in error. Taken at face value, the sediment flux estimates 

are conservatively assessed as being underestimated by 18%, and 

possibly as much as 38%, due to omission of the fine particulate load. 

However, an early 20th Century Ayeyarwady River engineer criticised 

Gordon's discharge measuring methods, suggesting they lead to overestimation 

of both water and sediment fluxes. These two opposing 

uncertainties require careful review. We describe the approaches 

employed, evaluate Gordon's measurements, calculations, and 

subsequent adjustments and present our revised interpretation of daily 

and annual discharges and sediment fluxes along with an estimate of 

uncertainty. Our re-evaluation suggests that the annual sediment flux 

from the Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin system may be significant for ocean 

geochemistry and estimation of denudation rates. The new values 

suggest that the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin rivers contribute half the 

September 2008 198


present day Ganges-Brahmaputra flux to the Indian Ocean. ISSN: 

0386-8710. 

Oo, T. T., Storch, V. and Becker, N. Affiliation: Zoological Institute, 

University of Heidelberg, Germany. 2002. “Studies on the Bionomics of 

Anopheles Dirus (Culicidae: Diptera) in Mudon, Mon State, Myanmar.” 

Journal of Vector Ecology. Jun. Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 44-54 

Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Anopheles; Environment; 

Animals; Fishes; Insects; Larva- growth & development; Myanmar; 

Plants; Population Dynamics; Predatory Behavior; Water; Well water 

Anopheles dirus; Larvae; Pupae; Population density; Population 

ecology; Breeding places; Wells; Water quality; Environmental factors; 

Rain; Shade; Vegetation; Salinity; Predatory insects; Insectivorous 

fishes; Myanmar. Notes: Chemical Subst: Water [7732-18-5]. 

Abstract: This study examined some environmental factors influencing 

the larval habitats of Anopheles dirus (breeding in wells) in Mudon, 

Myanmar, from May 1998 to March 2000. The larval/pupal density was 

found to be directly proportional to rainfall and indirectly proportional 

to the well water level. Shade, vegetation and debris on the surface of 

well water were important factors influencing the abundance of the 

aquatic stages of An. dirus. Salinity had an inverse correlation with the 

larval and pupal density. Other mosquito species associated with An. 

dirus were identified. Important predators of the mosquito larvae were 

larvivorous fish, damselfly and dragonfly nymphs. All wells examined 

were lined with lateritic rocks. Chemical analysis of water samples 

from wells was conducted. ISSN: 1081-1710. 

P 

Pal, S. C. 1986. “Dysentery: An Overview. Still Problems to Resolve.” 

Descriptors: Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; 

Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Digestive System; Disease; Disease 

Outbreaks; Education; Health; Health Education; Information 

Services; Public Health; Asia; Biology; Delivery of Health Care; Health 

Planning; Health Services; India; Infection; Knowledge; Organization 

and Administration; Physiology; Preventive Medicine; Vaccination; 

Diseases; Epidemics; Gastrointestinal Effects; Iec; Southern Asia Asia; 

September 2008 199


Infections; Program Activities; Programs. Source: Dialogue on 

diarrhoea (Dialogue Diarrhoea) 1986 June (25): Abstract: This article 

reviews the global situation with regard to bacillary dysentery, with 

particular emphasis on findings from the recent epidemic in West 

Bengal. Infection is by the fecal-oral route and generally spread by 

person-to-person transmission. Serious epidemics caused by the 

multiple-drug-resistant Shigella shigae have occurred recently in 

Bangladesh, Somalia, South India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, 

Rwanda, and Zaire. In each situation, dysentery attacked over 10% of 

the population and killed 2-10% of hospitalized cases. In 1984, a 

dysentery epidemic spread rapidly throughout West Bengal, especially 

among young children, and was resistant to most commonly available 

drugs and antibiotics. A mass media campaign was initiated which 

emphasized boiling or chlorination of drinking water, covering feces 

with soil, protecting food from flies, avoiding exposed raw vegetables 

and cut fruits, and hand washing. However, these measures were 

difficult to implement and the epidemic subsided only gradually. 

Scientific knowledge about the exact mode of transmission of the 

pathogen, the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and the actual cause of 

death in dysentery cases could contribute to the development of 

practical public health interventions and an effective vaccine. ISSN: 

0950-0235. 

Paoletto, G. and Uitto, J.I. Affiliation: G. Paoletto, Academic Division, 

The United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 

150 Country:,Japan. 1996. “The Salween River: Is International 

Development Possible?” Asia Pacific Viewpoint. Volume 37, Issue 3, 

Pages 269-282. Descriptors: Water Resources: Economic; Water 

resources development - general; water resources; developing region; 

regional cooperation; river basin development; regional development; 

international water resources; water resources management. Notes: 

Geographic: Asia- Salween River. Abstract: Running through China, 

Myanmar and Thailand, the Salween River is rich in water resources 

with the potential to play a major role in regional development 

strategy. Issues related to its development are complex, but recent 

trends call for a closer examination of the types of possibilities 

available. This paper examines issues surrounding the Salween, 

September 2008 200


considers governance systems for international waters, and draws 

some preliminary conclusions on the options that may be available to 

the riparians. There is a clear need for further scientific, technical and 

analytical work in identifying the alternative scenarios for the 

development of the river system, and their environmental and social 

impacts, as well as moving towards an international governance 

system for joint management and conflict resolution along the river. 

ISSN: 1360-7456. 

Penney, D. 2003. “Afrarchaea Grimaldii, A New Species of Archaeidae 

(Araneae) In Cretaceous Burmese Amber.” J. Arachnol. American 

Arachnological Society: Apr. Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 122-130. 

Descriptors: New species; Geographical distribution; Fossils; Amber; 

Afrarchaeagrimaldii; Archaeidae; Burma; Araneae. Abstract: 

Afrarchaea grimaldii new species (Archaeidae, Archaeinae) from 88-95 

Ma (Cenomanian-Turonian) Upper Cretaceous amber (Burmite) from 

Myanmar (Burma) is described. This is the first spider to be described 

from this deposit and is the oldest known Archaeidaesensu stricto 

extending the known range of the family by approximately 50 Ma from 

the previously oldest recorded specimens in Baltic and Bitterfeld 

ambers, and provides further evidence that spiders were not severely 

affected by the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event. It represents 

the oldest fossil record of anaraneophagic spider. This species could be 

used to argue for both the theory of mobilistic biogeography and 

ousted relicts to explain the zoogeography of the genus, but until new 

data becomeavailable, supports neither reliably. ISSN: 0161-8202. 

Penney, David, Ross, Andrew J. (prefacer) and York, Peter V. 

(prefacer). 2004. “A New Genus and Species of Pisauridae (Araneae) 

in Cretaceous Burmese Amber; the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) 

Arthropod Fauna of Burmese Amber, Myanmar.” Journal of Systematic 

Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United 

Kingdom. Jun. Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 141-145. Descriptors: Albian; 

amber; Arachnida; Araneae; Arthropoda; Asia; Burma; Chelicerata; 

Cretaceous; Far East; fresh-water environment; Invertebrata; Lower 

Cretaceous; Mesozoic; morphology; new taxa; organic minerals; 

September 2008 201


Palaeohygropoda myanmarensis; paleoenvironment; Pisauridae; 

taxonomy. Notes: FE: References: 47; illus. ISSN: 1477-2019. 

Peretti, Adolf and Mullis, Joseph. 1997. “Distinction of Natural and 

Synthetic Rubies by Fluid Inclusion Analyses; Proceedings of the XIVth 

European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions.” Proceedings of the 

...European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions (ECROFI). 

International (III). Volume 14, Pages 264-265. Descriptors: Asia; 

Burma; calcium carbonate; carbon dioxide; Commonwealth of 

Independent States; Far East; fluid inclusions; gems; hydrogen 

sulfide; inclusions; natural materials; nitrogen; Novosibirsk Russian 

Federation; paleosalinity; potassium chloride; ruby; Russian 

Federation; synthetic materials; temperature; water. OCLC: 

38445608. 

Permanent Crops and Arable Land. 2008. Derived by CGIAR from the 

USGS Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Centre (EDC) 

1998, 1 km resolution, global land cover characteristics database, 

version 1.2 which is based on monthly NDVI data from April 1992 to 

March 1993. Agricultural land includes irrigated and rainfed cropland, 

managed pastures, orchards vineyards and plantations. Sparsely 

vegetated includes desert, semi-desert and tundra. Raster data-set 

has been exported as ASCII raster file type. See: 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/Maps/MMR/12/al/index.html 

Perret, J.L. Affiliation: Service de Pathologie Infectieuse et Tropicale, 

l'Hopital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France. 1997. 

“La Mélioïdose: Une “Bombe à Retardement Tropicale” En Voie De 

Dissémination? Translated Title: [Melioidosis: A Tropical Time Bomb 

that is Spreading].” Mars. Volume 57, Issue 2, Pages 195-201 

Descriptors: Endemic Diseases; Tropical Medicine; World Health; Anti- 

Bacterial Agents- therapeutic use; Humans; Incidence; Melioidosisdrug 

therapy; Melioidosis- epidemiology; Melioidosis- microbiology; 

Melioidosis- transmission; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tropical Climate. 

Notes: References: Number: 64. Abstract: Melioidosis, an infectious 

disease that affects many mammals, was first identified in Burma by 

Whitmore in 1912. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram 

negative bacillus of the Pseudomonas family, which is found in soil and 

water. Long present in Southeast Asia and numerous tropical areas, 

September 2008 202


melioidosis has recently appeared in temperate zones including 

mainland France. The incidence in endemic areas is between 6% and 

20% of the population and short period of exposure is sufficient to be 

contaminated. In man the contamination occurs mainly through skin 

wounds and the disease can be clinically inapparent. Diabetes, renal 

disease, and various forms of immunodepression are triggering factors 

for the onset of a variety of symptoms ranging from acute septicemia 

to abscesses involving almost any organ in the body. Ceftazidime 

alone or a combination of clavulanate and amoxicilline is the treatment 

of choice but the mortality rate in patients with acute forms is still 

40% and relapse can occur if treatment is stopped too soon. 

Bacteriologic and serologic tests can fail and awareness of a history of 

geographic exposure is an important diagnostic criteria for this disease 

which has been expanded with the growth of international travel. 

ISSN: 0025-682X. 

Perret, J. L., Vidal, D. and Thibault F Affiliation: HIA Laveran, Service 

de Pathologie Infectieuse et Tropicale,,Marseille. 1998. “La Mélioïdose 

Pulmonaire. Translated Title: [Pulmonary Melioidosis].” Rev. Pneumol. 

Clin. Dec. Volume 54, Issue 6, Pages 365-72. Descriptors: Melioidosisdiagnosis; 

Melioidosis- drug therapy; Pneumonia, Bacterial- diagnosis; 

Pneumonia, Bacterial- drug therapy; Amoxicillin- therapeutic use; Anti- 

Bacterial Agents- therapeutic use; Anti-Infective Agents- therapeutic 

use; Ceftazidime- therapeutic use; Cephalosporins- therapeutic use; 

Chloramphenicol- therapeutic use; Clavulanic Acid- therapeutic use; 

Diagnosis, Differential; Doxycycline- therapeutic use; Drug Therapy, 

Combination- therapeutic use; Humans; Penicillins- therapeutic use; 

Radiography, Thoracic; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combinationtherapeutic 

use. References: Number: 65; Chemical Substances: Anti- 

Bacterial Agents [0] Anti-Infective Agents [0] Cephalosporins [0] 

Penicillins [0] Amoxicillin [26787-78-0] Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] 

Doxycycline [564-25-0] Clavulanic Acid [58001-44-8] Ceftazidime 

[78439-06-2] Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination [8064-90- 

2]. Abstract: Melioidosis is most frequently encountered in pulmonary 

localization. Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia 

pseudomallei first described by Whitmore in 1912 in Burma. B. 

pseudomallei is a Gram negative rod belonging to the 

September 2008 203


Pseudomonadaceae family. Soil and water are the natural reservoirs 

for the germ which is a specific pathogen for several mammal species. 

Long endemic in Southeast Asia and several tropical zones, B. 

pseudomallei has recently been found in temperate zones, including 

France. Human contamination occurs via the transcutaneous route and 

often leads to dormant inapparent infection. Many conditions, such as 

diabetes, renal lithiasis, various circumstances of immunodepression 

or stress, facilitate clinical manifestations which vary greatly. 

Pulmonary manifestations may be acute and extensive, producing a 

torpid pseudo-tuberculous condition or a variety of clinical and 

radiological features mimicking other diseases. Bacteriological and 

serological tests may be negative. Exposure in an endemic zone, the 

notion of a favorable context, weight loss, cavitary images on 

successive chest x-rays and the presence of extra-pulmonary 

localizations may be suggestive. Ceftazidime or the amoxicillinclavulanic 

acid combinations are indicated, but mortality in acute 

forms still reaches 40%. Relapse can be expected if the treatment 

duration is too short. ISSN: 0761-8417. 

Peters, Charles M., Henderson, Andrew, Maung, U. Myint, et al. 2007. 

“The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and 

Sustainability.” Econ. Bot. Thomson 2007: SPR 2007. Volume 61, 

Issue 1, Pages 3-13. Notes: Social biology and human ecology, 

Ecology: environmental biology - General and methods, Ecology: 

environmental biology - Plant, Botany: general and systematic - 

Monocotyledones, Botany: general and systematic - Floristics and 

distribution, Forestry and forest products; Major Concepts: 

Biogeography; Forestry Broader Terms: Population Studies; Super 

Taxa: Primates Mammalia Vertebrata Chordata; Geographic: 

Myanmar; Geopolitical Location(s): Asia; Zoogeographical Region: 

Oriental region; Misc Descript: species management rattan supply 

rattan sustainability rattan trade. Abstract: Although Myanmar exports 

millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic 

treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and 

virtually nothing has been written about the collection and trade of this 

important forest resource. Here we report the results from a study of 

rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A 

September 2008 204


total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new 

records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory 

transects revealed that the density of commercial rattans in local 

forests averages 40.5 canes >= 4m long/hectare. Populations of all 

species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of 

rattan exploitation, however, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually 

lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is 

implemented. ISSN: 0013-0001. 

Phien, H. N. and Lee, S. T. 1986. “Forecasting of Daily Discharges of 

Burmese Rivers.” International Journal for Development Technology. 

Sept. Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 173-188. maps. Geographic: Burma. 

ISSN: 0263-418X. 

Phien, H. N. and Lee, Shyh-Tsai. 1986. “Forecasting Of Daily 

Discharges Of Burmese Rivers.” International Journal for Development 

Technology. Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 173-188. Descriptors: Rivers- 

Discharge; Hydrology - Mathematical Models; Meteorology - Weather 

Forecasting. Additional Info: Beirut: International Centre for Technical 

Research. Publishing Agencies: Non-US Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: 

River basins; River water; Rain; Forecasting; Discharges; Hydrological 

models; Hybrid model. Abstract: The forecasting of daily river 

discharges plays a very important part in the national development of 

Burma. In this study a model for forecasting daily discharges with a 

lead-time of one day, as adopted by the Department of Meteorology 

and Hydrology of Burma, is developed. This model is essentially an 

extension of the Hybrid Model, also known as the Linear Perturbation 

Model, in which old (past) values of both rainfall and discharge 

departures from their corresponding means are used. Application of 

the model to actual data from the Chindwin River Basin of Burma 

shows that it is capable of excellent forecasts that are much more 

accurate than those obtained from the original Hybrid Model. Results 

also show that for all the stations considered in this study, old values 

of discharge contribute more significantly to forecasts than do values 

of rainfall. ISSN/ISBN: 0263-418X. 

September 2008 205


Phone, Hla and Suzuki, Hiroshi. 2004. “Macrobrachium Patheinense, a 

New Species of Freshwater Prawn (Crustacea: Decapoda: 

Palaemonidae) from Myanmar.” Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Biological 

Society of Washington: Volume 117, Issue 4, Pages 523-528. 

Descriptors: Animal appendages; Animal morphology; Inland water 

environment; New species; Taxonomy; Telson; Article Taxonomic 

Terms: Chela; Macrobrachium patheinense; Palaemonidae; Article 

Geographic Terms: Myanmar; Freshwater. Notes: TR: CS0523798. 

Abstract: A new species of freshwater palaemonid prawn, 

Macrobrachium patheinense, is described from Mayan Creek near 

Pathein City, Ayeyawaddy Division, Myanmar. The new species is most 

closely related to M. mirabile (Kemp, 1917), M. palaemonoides 

Holthuis, 1950, M. superbum (Heller, 1862) and M. inflatum Liang & 

Yan, 1985, but can be differentiated by the rostrum shape and 

dentition, telson shape, and the second pereiopod chela proportions. 

ISSN: 0006-324X. 

Phyu, S., Lwin, T., Ti, T., et al. 2005. “Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in 

Yangon, Myanmar.” Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Volume 37, Issue 11-12, 

Pages 846-851. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Drug resistance; 

Isoniazid; Sputum; Tuberculosis; Article Taxonomic Terms: 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: 

The extent of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) in the capital city of 

Myanmar, Yangon has not yet been reported. This study aimed to 

determine the proportion and pattern of drug resistance to first-line 

anti-TB drugs, among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates 

from sputum smear positive TB patients who attended National TB 

Programme Yangon centres in April-August and October-December 

2002. Drug susceptibility was determined by the Mycobacteria Growth 

Indicator Tube manual system (Becton Dickinson, MD, USA). Of the 

567 patients, sputum specimens from 447 (79%) had a positive 

culture. Of these, 357 isolates (80%) had a susceptibility test result. 

Isolates from 76 of 259 (29.3%) new patients and from 45 of 98 

(45.9%) previously treated patients were resistant to at least 1 of the 

anti-TB drugs. Resistance to isoniazid (INH) (22.0% vs 40.8%: new vs 

previously treated patients) and to greater than or equal to 2 drugs 

(17.8% vs 29.6%: new vs previously treated patients) was common. 

September 2008 206


Multidrug- resistant TB (MDR-TB) among new and previously treated 

patients was 4.2% and 18.4%, respectively. INH-resistant (adjusted 

OR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6) and MDR-TB (adjusted OR: 3.4, 95% CI 

1.4-8.3) cases were more likely to have taken anti-TB drugs greater 

than or equal to 1 month previously. Collectively, prevalence of MDR- 

TB and TB resistance to greater than or equal to 2 drugs are not rare 

in Yangon. ISSN: 0036-5548. 

Piper-Jenks, N., Horowitz, H. W. and Schwartz E Affiliation: Hudson 

River Health Care, Peekskill, New York. 2000. “Risk of Hepatitis E 

Infection to Travelers.” J. Travel Med. Jul-Aug. Volume 7, Issue 4, 

Pages 194-9. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Africa- epidemiology; 

Age Factors; Aged; Asia- epidemiology; Child; Female; Hepatitis E- 

epidemiology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Travelstatistics 

& numerical data; Tropical Climate. References: Number: 73; 

Comment In: J Travel Med. 2000 Jul-Aug; 7 (4): 167-9. Abstract: 

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), previously referred to as enterically 

transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is a major cause of epidemic 

hepatitis and acute, sporadic hepatitis in endemic areas of the world. 

The existence of HEV was suspected based upon epidemiological 

grounds for many years. However, it was only in the early 1990s that 

confirmation occurred when two prototype strains of HEV from Burma 

and Mexico were sequenced. Outbreaks of HEV infection as well as 

sporadic transmission commonly occur in Asia, Africa, Central and 

South America, the Middle East, and the Republics of the former USSR. 

Southeast Asia seems to be a particularly high HEV endemic region. 

HEV is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and contaminated drinking 

water is a common source of infection. Many of the large outbreaks 

have occurred after heavy rains and flooding.4 During interepidemic 

periods sporadic infections occur frequently. This suggests a constant 

environmental reservoir, allowing for transmission between epidemics. 

The existence of a zoonotic reservoir for the virus is likely. HEV has 

been detected in a number of species, including swine, rats, and 

chicken. ISSN: 1195-1982 (Print); 1708-8305 (Electronic). 

Pivnik, D. A., Nahm, J. and Tucker, R. S. 1998. “Polyphase 

Deformation in a Fore-arc/back-Arc Basin, Salin Subbasin, Myanmar 

September 2008 207


(Burma).” AAPG Bull. October. Volume 82, Issue 10, Pages 1837- 

1856. Descriptors: Petroleum geology/Myanmar; Plate 

tectonics/Myanmar; Rocks/Deformation. Notes: Physical Description: 

Bibliography; Illustration; Map. Abstract: The deformation history of 

the Salin subbasin, Myanmar, Burma, was studied. In the study, fieldbased 

geological observations and interpretations of geophysical data 

were integrated with regional tectonics. Exploration of the mechanisms 

of creation and deformation can be carried out in this region due to the 

configuration of the basin being preserved as a result of intense 

structural shortening due to continental collision. An insight into the 

structural and tectonic processes at work is provided. ISSN: 0149- 

1423. 

Pocha, Jehangir. 2004. Water Crisis Looming for China, Officials Warn. 

BOST. Jan 2. Pages: A.8. Descriptors: Water resources; Industrial 

development; Environmental protection; Water supply; Drought. 

Abstract: Picturesque Hubei Province, home to Beijing, is known as the 

“Province of a Thousand Lakes.” But industrialization has turned more 

than three-fourths of its once pristine lakes into sandpits. Beijing 

responded this year by finalizing a massive project that will transfer 50 

billion cubic meters of water each year from the Yangtze River in the 

south to the Yellow, Huai, and Hai rivers in the north. Western 

diplomatic officials in Beijing say they are also troubled by China's 

damming of the Mekong River and its diversion of water from 

Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Some officials also are 

concerned that China could divert rivers that originate in Tibet, such as 

the Indus and Sutlej, which are also critical to India and Pakistan, and 

the Brahmaputra, which is critical to India and Burma. Notes: Named 

Corp: International Bank for Reconstruction & Development. 

Geographic: China. ISSN: 0743-1791. 

Polhemus, D. A. 2001. “A Review of the Genus Ptilomera (Heteroptera: 

Gerridae) in Indochina, with Descriptions of Two New Species.” J. N. Y. 

Entomol. Soc. New York Entomological Society. August. Volume 109, 

Issue 2, Pages 214-234. Descriptors: Taxonomic revision; New 

species; Ptilomera; Gerridae; Asia,Southeast; Burma; Thailand; 

Hemiptera; Water striders. Abstract: The water strider species of the 

September 2008 208


genus Ptilomera occurring inIndochina are reviewed, and two new 

species are described andfigured: P. fang from northern Thailand, and 

P. burmana fromnorthern Burma. Keys to species for both males and 

females areprovided for all taxa found in the region, accompanied by 

detaileddistributional records and range maps. ISSN: 0028-7199. 

Postlewaite, Susan. 2000. Wrath of the Monsoons. Chronicle Publishing 

Company Oct 31, 2000. SF. Oct 31. Pages: A.12. Descriptors: Series & 

special reports; Rain; Foreign aid; Floods. Abstract: According to the 

Mekong River Commission, Cambodia and Vietnam are the nations 

most vulnerable because of their location toward the mouth of the 

2,600-mile Mekong River that begins high up in the Tibetan Plateau 

and doubles in volume as it passes through China, Burma and Laos 

before reaching Cambodia and Vietnam. Some economists say 

Cambodia's economic growth will suffer in the next two years because 

of severe damage to agriculture and infrastructure. The Asian 

Development Bank, which is carrying development loans of $400 

million in Cambodia, recently revised its estimate for the nation's 

annual economic growth rate in 2000 from 5 percent to 4 percent. The 

situation is much the same in Vietnam, where more than 300 people 

have died, entire villages are submerged and agriculture has been 

severely damaged. “People can live with flooding, but not of this 

magnitude,” said Sok Saing Im, a senior hydrologist with the Phnom 

Penh-based Mekong River Commission, which includes representatives 

of Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. “There is too much 

damage.” Geographic: Cambodia Mekong River. 

Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui’ chon` re” ko` ma rhan`. 1952. 

Praññ` Tvan`” Re Kron” Say` Yu Pui’ Chon` Re” Ko` Ma Rhan` e* a Ci 

Ran` Kham Ca. Ran` kun`: Praññ` thon` cu Mran` ma nuin` nam to` 

a cui” ra ca pum nhip` tuik`. Descriptors: Inland water transportation- 

Burma; Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui’ chon` re” ko` ma rhan`. 

Notes: 102 p. 34 cm. Notes: Burmese and English. Responsibility: 

[Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui’ chon` re” ko` ma rhan`]. LCCN: 

77-986057. OCLC: 39101626. 

September 2008 209


Prasada Rao, R. D. V. J. and Chakrabarty, S. K. 1990. “Interception of 

Peanut Stripe Virus in Groundnut Seeds Imported from Myanmar.” FAO 

Plant Prot. Bull. Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 48-49. Descriptors: Article 

Subject Terms: seed-borne diseases; transmission (seed); Article 

Taxonomic Terms: Arachis hypogaea; Article Geographic Terms: 

Myanmar; peanut stripe virus; quarantine; seeds. Abstract: Groundnut 

(Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm introduced into India is rigorously 

tested for seedborne viruses of quarantine significance by testing 

individual seed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method 

(ELISA), followed by a growing-out test in the screenhouse. During 

1988, when groundnut seeds imported from Myanmar were tested by 

ELISA, one seed out of 410 was found to contain peanut stripe virus 

(PStV). ISSN: 0254-9727. 

Precipitation. 2008. Derived from the Global Agro-Ecological Zones 

Study, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 

Land and Water Development Division (AGL) with the collaboration of 

the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2000. 

Data averaged over a period of 37 years. Raster data-set has been 

exported as ASCII raster file type. 

http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/GAEZ/index.htm ; 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/Maps/MMR/06/pp/index.html 

Proceedings of the 3rd Regional Symposium on the Development of 

Deltaic Areas (Held at Bangkok, Thailand, 22-28 November 1977). 

1978. New York: UN. Pages: 274. Descriptors: Asia And The Pacific; 

Bangladesh; Myanmar; Deltas; Flood Control; India; Indonesia; 

Malaysia; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Water Management; Water 

Resources; Conference publication; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: ix; figures, maps, tables. 

Notes: UN sales no.: 78.II.F.10. Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final 

reports). Distribution: General. Other Titles: Regional Symposium on 

the Development of Deltaic Areas (3rd: 1979: Bangkok). Proceedings. 

Stock no: 78.II.F.10. OCLC: 84200262. 

Puckridge, D. W., Catling, H. D., Vongsaroj, Prasan, Boonyawivatana, 

Samlee, Niyomwit, Lavan and Thongbai, Pongmanee. 1989. “Factors 

Affecting Deepwater Rice in the Central Plain of Thailand.” Field Crops 

Research. 1. Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 263-283. Abstract: Deepwater 

September 2008 210


rices from Thailand have been among the most promising lines tested 

in the deep-water areas of Africa, Burma, Indonesia, and Vietnam, and 

the effect of environmental factors and cultural practices on production 

in Thailand is relevant to those countries. In Thailand, approximately 

800 000 ha of deepwater rice is grown in fields which are flooded to 

depths of 50 cm or more for over a month during the growing season. 

Most of this specially adapted rice is grown in three regions of the 

central plain. Dry seeds are broadcast on ploughed fields at the 

beginning of the wet season, and the crop grows under rainfed dryland 

conditions for about 3 months before floods arrive in July–August. The 

plants elongate to maintain foliage above the floodwater, which may 

be as deep as four m. The crop is harvested after the fields drain in 

December–January. Investigations were made to assess yields in 

farmers' fields, and to determine yield-limiting factors and crop 

responses to inputs. Farmers were interviewed to determine 

production practices, and fields were sampled to estimate yields. 

Samples from 30 fields gave an average yield of 2.18 t ha−1 (0.7–3.5 

t ha−1) for the 1981/1982 season, and from 63 fields in 1982/1983 

gave an average of 1.83 t ha−1 (0.1–2.9 t ha−1). There were 32 

different varieties. Maximum water depths ranged from 60 cm to 200 

cm. Major pests were yellow stem-borers and rats. A multi-location 

factorial experiment with 13 sites tested the possibility of improving 

yields by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, or by use of a herbicide 

spray to control broadleaved weeds. However, grain yields were 

increased by N only at four sites, by P at one site, and by herbicide 

spraying at one site. Major yield-limiting factors were drought and 

poor plant stands in the pre-flood period, and some flood damage. 

Better characterisation of the environment and of its interaction with 

genotypes is necessary before adequate prediction of performance and 

improvements in production will be obtained. OCLC: 38873178. 

Quantity with Quality: A Report on Expert Group Meeting on Drinking 

Water Quality Surveillance and Monitoring: 23 June 2000. 2001. 

Yangon: Pages: 7. Descriptors: Drinking water- Burma- Quality 

Q 

September 2008 211


control- Congresses; Conference publication. Notes: 24, 8; col. ill. 30 

cm. Notes: Cover title. OCLC: 56416518. 

Quang, Nguyen Nhan. 2002. “Vietnam and the Sustainable 

Development of the Mekong River Basis.” Water Science and 

Technology. Volume 45, Issue 11, Pages 261-266. Descriptors: 

Hydrology; Rivers; Sustainable development; Water power. Abstract: 

Vietnam is a riparian country located in most downstream area of the 

Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely China, 

Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands 

of Vietnam has a great potential for hydropower development in 

tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong delta in Vietnam territory is 

rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural 

development. However, besides local constraints which being gradually 

remedied by Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject 

to, in both terms of quantity and quality, availability of water 

resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the river 

of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a 

sustainable and mutually beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated 

with other states through framework of the Mekong River Commission 

set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes the 

strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong 

Committee to reach the sustainable development of the Mekong river 

basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in the Mekong basin in 

particular. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Quin-Harkin, A. J. 1996. Imperial Airways, 1924-1940. In: Air 

Transport. Ashgate Publishing Company. Studies in Transport History. 

Pages: p. 27-45. Descriptors: Air transportation; Airlines; Cargo 

handling; England; Technological innovations; Tourists; Traffic. 

Abstract: The story of Imperial Airways is sixteen years of pioneering 

and development--sixteen years of glorious achievement. From its 

birth as a public company in 1924 to its absorption within the stateowned 

British Overseas Airways Corporation, this virile airline, 

begotten of the first generation of a new form of transport, had by the 

outbreak of war in September 1939 surveyed, opened, and put into 

regular operation air services between the United Kingdom and the 

September 2008 212


Dominions and Colonies of the British Commonwealth. In the 

beginning Imperial Airways operated a heterogeneous fleet of thirteen 

single and twin-engine serviceable aircraft, and its' only service was to 

the nearby capitals of Western Europe, with the tourist traffic to Paris 

featured as its most popular and lucrative service. At the outbreak of 

war, fifteen years later, its four-engined fleet of over thirty flying boats 

and twenty landplanes was carrying passengers, mail, and cargo to 

South Africa, India, Burma, Malaya, and the territories between, and 

was also flying to Australia and New Zealand, in association with 

Queensland and Northern Territories Air Service (QANTAS) and 

Tasman Empire Airways (TEA). It had, further, inaugurated a service 

between the USA and Bermuda, joined Bangkok to Hong Kong, and 

Khartoum with Kano, and had moreover operated in the summers and 

early autumns of 1937, 1938, and 1939 a series of experimental 

transatlantic flights. Notes: Originally published in Journal of Transport 

History, 1st series, vol. I, no. 4 (1954) pp. 197-215. ISBN: 

1859283004. OCLC: 00794173. 

Rajendran, K. and Gupta, H. K. 1989. “Seismicity and Tectonic Stress 

Field of a Part of the Burma-Andaman-Nicobar Arc.” Bulletin of the 

Seismological Society of America. Seismological Society of America. 

Aug. Volume 79, Issue 4, Pages 989-1005. Descriptors: Seismicity; 

Burma-Andaman-Nicobar arc; Tectonics; Seismology; Earthquake 

Risk. Abstract: The nature of instrumentally recorded seismicity for a 

part of the Burma-Andaman-Nicobar arc bounded by latitudes 2 

degrees and 24 degrees N and longitudes 91 degrees and 99 degrees 

E was investigated. Based on the spatial distribution of the 

earthquakes and their focal mechanism solutions, four tectonic units 

were identified: the Sumatra trench region, the Andaman spreading 

ridge, the Andaman-Nicobar ranges, and the Indo-Burman ranges 

region. The stress orientations in these segments and their changes 

with depth were studied in relation to the tectonics of the region. 

Notes: Bibliography; Map; Diagram. ISSN: 0037-1106. 

R 

September 2008 213


Ramalingaswami, V. and Purcell, R.H. Affiliation: Fogarty International 

Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. 

“Waterborne Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis.” Lancet. Mar 12. Volume 1, 

Issue 8585, Pages 571-3. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Asia, 

Central; Disease Outbreaks- epidemiology; Feces- microbiology; 

Female; Hepatitis C- epidemiology; Hepatitis C- prevention & control; 

Hepatitis C- transmission; Hepatitis Viruses- isolation & purification; 

Hepatitis, Viral, Human- epidemiology; Humans; Hygiene; 

Immunization, Passive; India; Indonesia; Male; Myanmar; Nepal; 

Pregnancy; Thailand; Water Pollution; Water Supply. Abstract: 

Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) is responsible for 

outbreaks of hepatitis with a predilection for young adults. The disease 

is usually mild, except in pregnant women, who have a high casefatality 

rate from fulminant hepatic failure. Diagnosis is largely based 

on the epidemiological findings of faecal contamination of drinking 

water and serological exclusion of hepatitis A and B virus infection. 

Histological features of liver biopsy specimens are characteristic and 

virus-like particles in the stool are aggregated by antibody present in 

acute and convalescent phase sera of the test subject. NANB is 

widespread in India and several countries of South-East Asia; it is 

increasingly recognised in Africa and may occur in Latin America. 

Control measures include provision of clean water supplies, safe 

disposal of human excreta, and sound personal and food hygiene 

practices. Passive immunisation with immunoglobulin derived from 

healthy donors resident in the countries affected by the disease may 

protect vulnerable groups. ISSN: 0140-6736 (Print); 1474-547X 

(Electronic). 

Rastogi, B. K., Singh, J. and Verma, R. K. 1973. “Earthquake 

Mechanisms and Tectonics in the Assam-Burma Region.” 

Tectonophysics. July. Volume 18, Issue 3/4, Pages 355-366. 

Descriptors: Plate tectonics; Assam-Burma; Himalayas; Focal 

mechanisms; Burma; Assam-Burma region; Seismology. Abstract: 

Eleven new focal mechanisms from earthquakes in the Assam-Burma 

region have been determined using P-wave first-motion directions 

reported in the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre 

(Edinburgh). Out of them, eight mechanisms indicate thrust faulting, 

September 2008 214


two normal faultings and one strike-slip faulting. In the thrust type of 

mechanism solutions, sense of motion on the shallow dipping of the 

two nodal planes is consistent with underthrusting beneath the arc-like 

mountain ranges. Seismic slip vectors strike in almost a northerly 

direction along the eastern Himalayas and in almost an easterly 

direction along the Burmese arc. A predominance of thrust faulting is 

consistent with geological evidences of thrusting and uplift in the 

Himalayas and the Assam-Burma region. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

Ratterman, Walt and Garwood, Anna. 2005. “Solar Power in the War 

Zone: Burma's Clinics Light Up.” Refocus. Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 

46-48. Descriptors: Solar energy; Photovoltaic cells; Electricity; 

Renewable energy resources; Project management; Patient 

monitoring; Diseases; Societies and institutions; Hospitals; Personnel 

training; Lighting; Rural areas; Fossil fuels; Social aspects; Finance; 

Potable water; Health care. Abstract: The efforts of the Karen Health 

and Welfare Department, Burma, Palang Thai (Thailand-based nonprofit 

organization), and Portland-based Green Empowerment (nonprofit 

organization), in assisting various clinics in Burma with solar 

photovoltaic power, are discussed. The Karen Health and Welfare 

Department manages 26 remote clinics, scattered 600 miles, to serve 

the needs of internally displaced people (IDP). Most of the clinics are 

deprived of electricity due to their remote location. The role of Green 

Empowerment is to catalyze the use of renewable energy for 

community needs by providing organizational support, fundraising 

assistance and technical expertise to local groups. ISSN: 1471-0846. 

“RCC Dams in Asia.” 2007. Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 14, Issue 4, 

Pages 84-88. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam Construction; 

Dams; Hydroelectric Plants; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's 

Rep. Myanmar; Vietnam. Abstract: The world's largest RCC dam 

schemes currently under construction are in Asia, with Longtan setting 

the record in terms of scale, and RCC placement. This feature brings 

updates on progress from the sites of some of the most important 

schemes currently under way in China, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. 

ISSN: 1352-2523. 

September 2008 215


Reddy Keshav, Tirupati and Basu, S. 2007. “Gas-to-Liquid 

Technologies: India's Perspective.” Fuel Processing Technology. 5. 

Volume 88, Issue 5, Pages 493-500. Descriptors: GTL; Syngas 

technology; Direct conversion of methane; Oxygenates. Abstract: Gasto-liquid 

(GTL) technologies are capable of converting gas to clean, 

useful liquid hydrocarbons and thus suitable for addressing problems 

of remote gas utilization, increase in crude oil price, depletion of fossil 

fuel and environmental pollution. The Indian state of Tripura is 

considered to be the richest province with 26 billion cubic meters of 

gas reserves. Neighboring country Myanmar has huge gas reserves but 

these reserves remain unutilized mainly because of land-locked 

situation. GTL is a well developed and proven technology and it is an 

important option for moving natural gas to the market place. GTL 

options include not only the well-known production of Fischer–Tropsch 

synthesis liquids but also the production of oxygen containing fuels, 

fuel additives and chemicals, such as methanol and DME. An 

alternative, promising option to convert surplus gas is the direct route 

of methane conversion, which is more energy efficient than the 

indirect route since it bypasses the energy intensive endothermic 

steam reforming step of syngas formation. On-site conversion to liquid 

products of commercial importance using direct route would make 

transportation of these natural deposits much more economical and 

practical. In this paper an attempt has been made to review recent 

developments in syngas technologies, direct routes of methane 

conversion into useful liquids, and status of both existing and future 

developments in GTL industry around the world. Finally challenges in 

GTL technology are discussed. OCLC: 38877066. 

“Report of the Chemical Examiner and Bacteriologist to the 

Government of Burma for the Year...” 1900s-1915. Office of the Supt., 

Govt. Print., Burma: Rangoon. Descriptors: Bacteria- Burma- Tables; 

Blood Chemical Analysis- Burma- Tables; Poisons- analysis- Burma- 

Tables; Water- analysis- Burma- Tables; Forensic Medicine- Burma- 

Tables; National Library of Medicine: W2 JB8. Succeeding Title: Report 

of the chemical examiner to the government of Burma for the year ... 

Notes: Frequency: Annual; -1915. v; Genre/Form: Statistics. Notes: 

September 2008 216


Description based on: 1911, published in 1912. British National 

Library: 9516289; SR0085966. 

Report on Rivers and Lakes of Burma. 1943. New Delhi: General 

Headquarters, 1943. Notes: 25th March, 1943, amended 15th July, 

1943. Cover title. Description: ii, 83 pages; 22 cm. Burma -- 

Description and travel. Burma -- Rivers. OCLC: 23742448. 

Reyes, G. R., Yarbough, P. O., Tam, A. W., et al. 1991. “Hepatitis E 

Virus (HEV): The Novel Agent Responsible for Enterically Transmitted 

Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis.” Gastroenterol. Jpn. Jul. Volume 26 Suppl 3: 

142-7. Descriptors: Cloning, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Hepatitis E- 

microbiology; Hepatitis Viruses- genetics; Humans; Open Reading 

Frames; RNA, Viral- genetics. Abstract: A normally endemic form of 

viral hepatitis is the cause of major epidemic outbreaks in developing 

countries. This disease has a global distribution and has been referred 

to as water-borne, epidemic or enterically transmitted non-A, non-B 

hepatitis (ET-NANBH). Although the fecal-oral route of transmission 

predominates, person-to-person routes of exposure were also 

suggested in some epidemiologic studies. The disease has been 

documented as having an extremely high mortality in pregnant women 

(approximately 20%). Sporadic cases of ET-NANBH, as well as 

imported travel exposures, have been reported in developed countries. 

Molecular cloning was hampered by the lack of a tissue culture system 

for virus propagation, however, an available animal model and a newly 

developed non-specific amplification procedure were used to clone and 

identify an exogenous cDNA (ET1.1) from a Burma-isolate infected 

animal. Molecular clones were also identified by immunoscreening of a 

cDNA library made from a fecal specimen collected from a Mexican 

outbreak of ET-NANBH. The isolation and sequencing of a set of 

overlapping cDNA clones had led to the recognition that this form of 

hepatitis is caused by a virus unlike any of the other viral hepatitis 

agents. The molecular characterization of HEV will lead to important 

pathobiologic insights and hasten the development of potentially useful 

diagnostic and therapeutic products for ET-NANBH. ISSN: 0435-1339 

(Print). 

September 2008 217


Rice, Edward B. 1997. Paddy Irrigation and Water Management in 

Southeast Asia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Descriptors: Land 

Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation- Q150; 

Irrigation; Water. Abstract: Assesses the agro-economic impacts of 

investments in gravity-fed irrigation schemes in the paddylands of 

Southeast Asia, and determines whether and how the quality of 

operation and maintenance services influence the sustainability of 

those impacts. Based on a study of six gravity-fed irrigation schemes 

with reservoirs for water storage in Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam 

and on an audit of a flood control and drainage project at three sites in 

Bangladesh. No index. Notes: xix, 63. ISBN: 0-8213-3914-1. OCLC: 

0425610. 

Ripley, S. D. and Beehler, B. M. 1989. “Ornithogeographic Affinities of 

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.” J. Biogeogr. Volume 16, Issue 4, 

Pages 323-332. Descriptors: General Microbial Ecology; island; 

avifauna; colonization. Geographic: Burma India- Andaman Islands 

India- Nicobar Islands. Abstract: Despite an intervening deep water 

barrier, the 2 island groups share a single insular avifauna, the 

Nicobarese species list comprising a subset of that of the Andaman 

Islands. As measured by shared breeding species, the Andaman and 

Nicobar avifauna is closest to that of SW Burma (78% shared species) 

and should be considered Indochinese. Colonization apparently 

occurred primarily by island-hopping from SW Burma. The 

Andamanese and Nicobarese avifauna is an assemblage of species that 

have crossed permanent water barriers to colonize the archipelago. 

The breeding avifauna is notably poor in passerines and 

disproportionately rich in herons (11 species), hawks (9), pigeons (8) 

and kingfishers (8). Nearly all sister-groups of endemic insular species 

are widespread forms that range from SE Asia to India. ISSN: 0305- 

0270. 

Roberge, Daniel. 2005. “Apres Le Tsunami.” Translated title: “After the 

Tsunami.” Geomatica. Canadian Institute of Geomatics, Ottawa, 

Ontario, Canada: Volume 59, Issue 4, Pages 445-450. Descriptors: 

Disasters; Tsunamis; Earthquake effects; Reconstruction (structural); 

Laws and legislation; Public policy. Abstract: In the early hours of the 

September 2008 218


day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake measuring 9.0 on the 

Richter scale struck the coast of many South-East Asian countries. The 

quake triggered a powerful tsunami, reaching ten to twenty metres in 

height moving through the Indian Ocean at over 500 kilometres an 

hour. The tsunami flooded coastal areas in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, 

Thailand, Maldives, Myanmar, Seychelles, and Somalia, wiping away 

homes and lives. This cataclysm made us realize how vulnerable 

humanity is in the face of nature's strength. The weeks that followed 

the tragedy were focused on rescue efforts and tending to the 

survivors; trying to meet the latter's primary needs by providing them 

care, food and water, and emergency shelters were obvious priorities. 

Reconstruction of infrastructures such as roads, bridges, sanitary 

networks, etc. would have to follow. How can we resettle communities 

while respecting land rights that prevailed before the deadly wave that 

wiped out all landmarks? During the reconstruction phase, the 

international community of land surveyors will have to be present in 

order to promote the importance of land rights issues and tenure. If 

the land related issues are well managed in the resettlement plan, it 

can translate into an opportunity to improve the land rights situation. 

If not, it can aggravate an already problematic situation. The 

International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) must take the lead along 

with the United Nations (UN) agencies to promote land tenure issues 

and ensure that they are taken into consideration in the reconstruction 

and resettlement plans for the communities affected by such natural 

disasters. ISSN: 1195-1036. 

Robertson Research International. 1977. “S. E. Asia map series. 

Geology-Burma.” Compiled, drawn, and printed by Robertson Research 

Int. Ltd. Llandudno, Gwynedd: Robertson Research, [1977]. 3 maps: 

color; 33 x 51 cm. or smaller. Series: South-east Asia geological map 

series. Robertson Research International. Relief shown by spot 

heights. "June 1977." Map sheets and overlays separately designated: 

North- Central- South. Accompanied by text: Burma, 1:2,000,000, 

explanatory notes. 13 p.: tables, maps; 30 cm. Also accompanied by 

transparent overlays: S. E. Asia map series. Landsat-1 interpretation- 

Burma. 3 sheets ; 43 cm. Includes index map. Map Data: Scale 

1:2,000,000; Lambert conic conformal projection, standard parallels. 

Subjects: Geology- Burma- Maps. Other authors: Robertson Research 

International. S. E. Asia map series. Landsat-1 interpretation- Burma. 

September 2008 219


1977. Other titles: South East Asia map series. Geology-Burma. South 

East Asia map series. Landsat-1 interpretation-Burma. Series Entry: 

Robertson Research International. South-east Asia geological map 

series. OCLC: 5519983. 

Robinson, R. A. J., Bird, M. I., Oo, Nay Win, et al. 2007. “The 

Irrawaddy River Sediment Flux to the Indian Ocean; the Original 

Nineteenth-Century Data Revisited.” J. Geol. University of Chicago 

Press, Chicago, IL. Nov. Volume 115, Issue 6, Pages 629-640. 

Descriptors: annual variations; Asia; bedload; Burma; Cenozoic; 

discharge; Far East; fluvial sedimentation; geomorphology; historical 

records; history; Holocene; hydrology; Indian Ocean; Irrawaddy River; 

modern; Quaternary; rivers and streams; sediment transport; 

sedimentation; sedimentation rates; stream transport; suspended 

materials; upper Holocene. References: 26; illus. incl. 1 table, sketch 

map. Abstract: The Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River of Myanmar is 

ranked as having the fifth-largest suspended load and the fourthhighest 

total dissolved load of the world's rivers, and the combined 

Irrawaddy and Salween (Thanlwin) system is regarded as contributing 

20% of the total flux of material from the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. 

The estimates for the Irrawaddy are taken from published quotations 

of a nineteenth-century data set, and there are no available published 

data for the Myanmar reaches of the Salween. Apart from our own 

field studies in 2005 and 2006, no recent research documenting the 

sediment load of these important large rivers has been conducted, 

although their contribution to biogeochemical cycles and ocean 

geochemistry is clearly significant. We present a reanalysis of the 

Irrawaddy data from the original 550-page report of Gordon covering 

10 yr of discharge (1869-1879) and 1 yr of sediment concentration 

measurements (1877-1878). We describe Gordon's methodologies, 

evaluate his measurements and calculations and the adjustments he 

made to his data set, and present our revised interpretation of 

nineteenth-century discharge and sediment load with an estimate of 

uncertainty. The 10-yr average of annual suspended sediment load 

currently cited in the literature is assessed as being underestimated by 

27% on the basis of our sediment rating curve of the nineteenthcentury 

data. On the basis of our sampling of suspended load, the 

nineteenth-century concentrations are interpreted to be missing about 

September 2008 220


18% of their total mass, which is the proportion of sediment recovered 

by a 0.45-mu m filter. The new annual Irrawaddy suspended sediment 

load is 364+ or -60 MT. Our revised estimate of the annual sediment 

load from the Irrawaddy-Salween system for the nineteenth century 

(600 MT) represents more than half the present-day Ganges- 

Brahmaputra flux to the Indian Ocean. Since major Chinese rivers 

have reduced their load due to damming, the Irrawaddy is likely the 

third-largest contributor of sediment load in the world. ISSN: 0022- 

1376. 

Robinson, Ruth. 2006. Reanalysis of the 19th Century Hydrology and 

Sediment Load Dataset for the Irrawaddy, Myanmar. Descriptors: 

Article Subject Terms: Myanmar; Hydrology; Sediment pollution; 

Sediments; Sediment load. Notes: 2006 BGRG international 

conference on geomorphology and earth system science (GESS 2006), 

Loughborough University, Loughborough (UK), 28-30 June 2006. 

Database: Conference Papers Index. OCLC: 4262491. 

Rodger, Alex and National Library of Australia. Forest Reservation in 

Burma in the Interests of an Endangered Water-Supply. Canberra: 

National Library of Australia. Descriptors: Water-supply- Burma; 

Forest influences- Burma; Forest reserves- Burma; Government 

publication; National government publication; Microfiche. Notes: 1 

microfiche (36 fr.): negative, ill. Notes: Reproduction of: Calcutta: 

Supt. Govt. Printing, India, 1909. OCLC: 38324479. 

Rosati, Ilaria. 2008. “Maps of Mangrove and Flooded Area.” Maps of 

mangrove and flooded area in Myanmar. Maps created by FAO/NRCE. 

Flooded areas from UNOSAT. Mangrove map from Landsat (2000-2002 

World Atlas of Mangroves). Mangrove only (762KB): 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/Myanmar_flood1_red.jpg ; Flooded 

area (898KB): 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/Myanmar_flood2_red.jpg ; Flooded 

area; zoom (1.4MB): 

http://www.fao.org/nr/myanmar/Myanmar_flood3c_red.jpg 

Rose, C. J. 1973. “Management Science in the Developing Countries: A 

Comparative Approach to Irrigation Feasibility.” Management Science, 

Vol 20, no 4. Pages 423-438, December. Volume PART I, Pages 5 REF. 

September 2008 221


Descriptors: Irrigation; Feasibility Studies; Operations Research; 

Management; Agriculture; Economics; Rivers; Decision Making; 

Constraints; Methodology; Crops; Natural Resources; Mathematical 

Models; Developing Countries; Burma; Mixed Integer Programming; 

Water Availability; Mu River (Burma). Abstract: an irrigation feasibility 

study is described in which systems analysis methods were used to 

select for a well-defined geographical area an irrigation system best 

suited to both local and national needs. The problem was to decide 

what major works to build and crops to grow to make optimal use of 

the available natural and human resources, the availability of water 

being a prime consideration. The area examined comprises some one 

million acres of land in Burma, and the study was undertaken for the 

burmese government under the auspices of the united nations. The 

solution technique used was mixed integer programming in order to be 

able to handle some 750 continuous variables, 50 integer variables, 

and 250 constraints. This paper reports on a specific project, the mu 

river valley multipurpose scheme, and is divided into three sections: 

the real problem description, adoption of solution approach, and study 

results. The problem was solved using both conventional and 

operations research methods independently; a complete comparison of 

the relative merits of both approaches is considered in detail. The 

advantages arising from the use of a mathematical model are 

considerable. ISSN: 0025-1909. 

Rose, E. P. F. and Clatworthy J.C. Affiliation: E.P.F. Rose, Department 

of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK. 

E-mail: ted.rose@virgin.net. 2007. “Specialist Maps of the Geological 

Section, Inter-Service Topographical Department: Aids to British 

Military Planning during World War II.” Cartographic Journal. 2007. 


Descriptors: Applications: human; GIS, Remote Sensing; geological 

mapping; military application; permeability; planning method; terrain; 

thematic mapping; topographic mapping. Notes: References: Number: 

34. Abstract: Between November 1943 and May 1946, geologists 

assisted the Inter-Service Topographical Department (ISTD) to 

prepare reports and maps to guide planning of British military 

operations in Europe and the Far East. Early reports were illustrated by 

September 2008 222


pre-war geological maps reprinted by the Geographical Section, 

General Staff, (GSGS), later reports by new simplified geological 

maps, usually accompanied by one or more thematic maps. An airfield 

suitability map for Bulgaria and soils maps for both the Middle Danube 

region (Hungary) and Austria were printed as part of the GSGS 

Miscellaneous map series, and groundwater and soils maps prepared 

as tracing overlays for use with topographical maps for parts of 

Germany. Simplified geological maps were prepared by ISTD and 

printed by GSGS for Sumatra, Borneo, Formosa, the Kra Isthmus 

region of the Burma/Thailand peninsula, Siam (Thailand) and Indo- 

China, Java, Hainan, and the Hong Kong to Canton region of China. 

These were mostly at a scale of 1:1000 000 but in varying styles, to 

innovatively indicate terrain features of specific military significance. 

Airfield suitability maps were printed at scales between 1:250 000 and 

1:1000 000 for many of these regions, based on ground features and 

predicted soil permeability. All these specialist maps were printed in 

small numbers, and few copies have survived the war - notably in the 

British Library, the National Archives, or the library of the Royal 

Geographical Society. The ISTD Geological Section constituted the 

larger of only two teams of British military geologists to be established 

in either World War, exercising a role in military intelligence that is 

seldom acknowledged. ISSN: 0008-7041. 

Rosegrant, M. W. and Meinzen-Dick, R. S. 1996. “Water Resources in 

the Asia-Pacific Region: Managing Scarcity.” Asian-Pacific Economic 

Literature. 2005. Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 32-53. Descriptors: Water 

Resources: Planning; Irrigated agriculture; resources management; 

developing region; water resources; water scarcity; irrigation demand; 

agricultural growth; water resources management; irrigated 

agriculture. Geographic: Asia. Abstract: Irrigation, together with 

improved crop varieties and substantial growth in fertiliser use in the 

late 1960s through the early 1980s, was a key factor in stimulating 

strong agricultural growth in much of the Asia-Pacific region. New 

sources of water are increasingly expensive to exploit, but irrigation 

continues to be a major catalyst for agricultural growth. In the face of 

increasing degradation, the maintenance of the water resource base 

must be a high priority policy objective. This paper reviews the 

September 2008 223


management of water resources in the Asia-Pacific region, for 

countries with significant irrigated area: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, 

Korea-DPR, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar 

(Burma), Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. ISSN: 0818-9935. 

Rothwell, Eric L. and Wood, Spencer H. 2004. “Characterization of 

Gravel Bars of the Mekong River Near the Golden Triangle of Northern 

Thailand; Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section, 56th 

Annual Meeting; Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, 

100th Annual Meeting.” Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society 

of America. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. April. Volume 

36, Issue 4, Pages 31. Descriptors: Asia; bars; Burma; Cambodia; 

characterization; China; Chordata; clastic sediments; exploitation; Far 

East; geomorphology; gravel; human activity; hydroelectric energy; 

hydrology; land use; Laos; Mekong River; natural resources; North 

Pacific; Northwest Pacific; Pacific Ocean; Pisces; sedimentation; 

sediments; South China Sea; Thailand; vegetation; Vertebrata; water 

resources; West Pacific. Abstract: The Mekong River starts in the 

Qinghai Province, China near Tibet; the river flows as a border 

between Laos and Burma and between Thailand and Laos before 

flowing through Cambodia and finally to the South China Sea through 

Vietnam. Each of these countries has industrial and agricultural 

interests for the river; for the people living near the Mekong, the river 

is a source of subsistence fishing and is widely used for transport and 

tourism. The Mekong River is also a unique ecological and hydrologic 

system. With multiple hydroelectric dams and two reservoirs (Xiaowan 

and Dachaoshan) on the Mekong River in China and continued interest 

in dam development in Laos for hydropower production, flow changes 

to the river are inevitable. This study focuses on characterizing gravel 

bars near Chiang Saen, Thailand, with the purpose of documenting the 

current size distribution of bed-load gravels and the bed form or 

texture. The study site consists of two lateral bars on the Laotian side. 

During bank full flow the river is approximately 0.6km wide and has an 

approximate depth of 10m over the gravel bars. Annual peak flows are 

around 10,000 cubic meters/second, and the maximum flow of record 

is 23,600 cubic meters/second, occurring on September 3, 1966. The 

pebble counts yield a D (sub 50) of 75mm, and outsized clasts of 250 

September 2008 224


mm (maximum diameters) conducted on exposed bars during low 

flows of January, 2004. The gravel bars also exhibit large ripples 

spaced approximately 4m with amplitude of 0.5m. Most of the bars 

and islands in this reach of the Mekong are of fine to medium sand, 

but these gravel bars are important to local people for harvesting 

algae and may be an important bed form for fish habitat. ISSN: 0016- 

7592. 

Rowland, H. A. K. And Ohn Kyi, D. A. W. 1969. “The Effects of Climatic 

and Environmental Factors on the Incidence of Diarrhoeic Disorders in 

Burma: I. Data from Rangoon Dispensaries.” Descriptors: Burma; 

Climatic; Diarrheic; Disorders; Dispensaries; Dysentery; 

Environmental; Human; Incidence; Living; Mangoes-D; Rangoon; 

Space. SO: Union Burma J Life Sci. 2(1): 67-74. Illustrations. 1969. 

Abstract: the incidence of diarrhea and of dysentery was calculated for 

the populations attending 25 Rangoon dispensaries for each of the 12 

mo. In 1967. The effect of 14 climatic and environmental factors was 

investigated by means of multiple regression analysis. Climatic factors 

had no effect, but the prevalence of mangoes was an important cause 

of variation in diarrhea incidence between months. Water supply had a 

profound effect on the incidence of both diarrhea and dysentery and 

population per medical officer and the attendance of patients suffering 

from non-diarrheic illness greatly influenced the record attendance of 

those with diarrheic disorders. The floor space per person in their 

homes was thought to exert its effect through its relationship with 

some other unidentified factor and was perhaps related to the 

attending habits of the dispensary populations which were themselves 

thought to influence the incidence of both diarrhea and dysentery 

attendances. Other measures of congestion, sewage disposal and 

income had no effect on the incidence of either diarrhea or dysentery. 

ISSN: 0503-2377. 

Rozanov, A.G. 1967. Distribution of Phosphates and Silicic Acid in the 

Water of the Northern Part of the Indian Ocean. Corporate Author: 

Naval Oceanographic Office Washington DC. Report Date: Jan 1967. 

Abstract: The distribution of the dissolved mineral phosphates and 

silicates in water of the northern part of the Indian Ocean is discussed. 

The content of phosphates in surface water oscillates from 0.1 

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microgram-at P/1 (Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea) to 0.4 

microgram-at P/1 (Arabian Sea and to southeast of Ceylon) and 

depends on seasons. The maximum content of phosphates in the 

Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is 2.9 micrograms-at P/1 and to 

the south of 10 degrees S in the open part of the Indian Ocean the 

maximum content of phosphates is 2.4 micrograms-at P/1. The 

content of total organic phosphorus is not more than 0.5 microgramsat 

P/1. The distribution of dissolved silicates is characterized by 

constant increase from the thermocline layer to the bottom. The 

maximum content of silicates is 150-160 micrograms-at Si/1 in the 

Arabian Sea, 140 micrograms-at Si/1 in the Bay of Bengal and 130- 

140 micrograms-at Si/1 in the open northern part of the Indian Ocean. 

The content of dissolved mineral phosphates and silicates is compared 

with water circulation, plankton and seasons. (Author). Distribution 

Limitation(s): approved for public release. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Accession Number: AD0659561. Url: 


Rozanov, A. G. and Bykova, V.S. 1967. Distribution of Nitrates and 

Nitrites in the Water of North Indian Ocean. Corporate Author: Naval 

Oceanographic Office Washington, DC. Report Date: Jan 1967. 

Abstract: The general distribution of dissolved mineral nitrates and 

nitrites in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea and in the 

open northern part of the Indian Ocean is given. Mean value of 

nitrates: 1 micrograms-at N/1 in surface water, sharply increasing to 

22-26 micrograms-at N/1 with depth. After achieving these 

concentrations the content of nitrate changes little. Nitrites as a thin 

layer were dissolved in the thermocline layer and under it in quantities 

depending on zooplankton (up to 2 micrograms-at N/1). In the Arabian 

Sea the second maximum of nitrites was discovered (up to 5 

micrograms-at N/1 in 150-1500); it can be explained by the reduction 

conditions of these water. (Author). Report Classification: Unclassified. 

Distribution Limitation(s): Approved for Public Release. Accession 

Number: AD0651200. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD651200 . 

Rubeykin, V. Z. Marinov, N. A. Vostokova, Ye A. Abrosimov, I. K. and 

Samylin, A. I. 1974. “Gidrogeologicheskaya Oblast' Basseyna Stoka 

Indiyskogo Okeana.” Translated title: “The Hydrogeological Province of 

the Drainage Basin of the Indian Ocean.” Izd. Nedra, Moscow, USSR. 

Descriptors: Arabian Peninsula; Arabian Sea; artesian basins; artesian 

waters; Asia; Burma; Commonwealth of Independent States; east; Far 

East; ground water; Gulf of Aden; hydrogeology; India; Indian Ocean; 

September 2008 226


Indian Peninsula; Iraq; Koryak; Middle East; Oman; Red Sea region; 

Sri Lanka; surveys; USSR. Notes: illus. incl. tables, sketch maps. 

OCLC: 1977-001379. 

de la Rue, Warren and Mueller, Hugo. 1857. “Chemical Examination of 

Burmese Naphtha, Or Rangoon Tar.” Proceedings of the Royal Society 

of London. Royal Society of London, United Kingdom. Volume 8, Issue 

51-75, Pages 221-228. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; chemical 

composition; Far East; hydrocarbons; organic compounds; petroleum; 

properties. ISSN: 0370-1662. 

Ryder, Grainne. 1997. “Stauen Des Mekong; Regionale Energiepolitik.” 

Federal Republic of Germany: Secolo-Verl., Osnabruck, Federal 

Republic of Germany. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Cambodia; China; 

dams; ecology; Far East; fluvial features; hydroelectric energy; Laos; 

planning; policy; power plants; rivers; spatial distribution; streams; 

Thailand; Vietnam; water management; water supply. ISBN: 

3929979373. OCLC: 296709-10. 

S 

San Pe, U. and Aung Than, V. 1972. “Earthquake Resistant Design of 

Reinforced Concrete Buildings for Burma.” Individual Studies by 

Participants at the International Institute of Seismology and 

Earthquake Engineering. Volume 8, Pages 207-248. Descriptors: 

Reinforced concrete structures; design; Burma; building standards; 

Earthquake-Resistant Design. Abstract: In this paper an attempt is 

made to introduce simple and practical earthquake resistant design 

procedures for reinforced concrete buildings, which hopefully can be 

adopted in Burma until such time when a more detailed and proper 

Design Code is compiled. The paper is divided into five chapters: (1) 

general philosophy, (2) detail design procedures by seismic coefficient 

method, (3) new proposal method of Japan, (4) seismicresistant 

design of reinforced concrete members by ultimate strength design 

method, and (5) a discussion of the proposed values of earthquake 

resistant design procedure. There are also a number of useful graphs, 

September 2008 227


maps of Burma and tabulated results of design examples of 5-story 

and 12-story buildings included in the appendix. ISSN: 0074-6606. 

Sanderson, W. C. and Jee-Peng, Tan. 1995. “Population in Asia.” World 

Bank; Regional and Sectoral Studies. Pages: 243p. Descriptors: 

Fertility; Water; population growth; family planning; policy approach; 

fertility control; social policy; fertility; demography. Abstract: Building 

on the existing literature, this study attempts to draw together 

quantitative information on the countries of East and South Asia to 

inform policy dialogue on a broad range of issues relating to fertility 

and population growth. (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, 

Indonesia, The Republic of Korea, the People's Democratic Republic of 

Korea, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, 

Pakistan, Papus New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and 

VietNam, occasionally data on Mongolia). Data for these countries are 

also used to highlight the nature of the population issues in the region 

and the options potentially available to address them. The study 

addresses three separate aspects of population issues, with countries 

as the units of observation; the demography of Asian populations and 

the power of policies to affect fertility and future population size; the 

design of current intervetions to lower fertility through family planning 

programs; and population prospects and their implications in selected 

sectors. Geographic: Asia- (East) Asia- (South) Asia. ISBN: 

0821331310. OCLC: 1162706. 

Sann-Myint, K., Tu, M. and Chen, H. 1970. “The Bacteriology of the 

Water Supplies of Rangoon: Ii. Cool Dry and Hot Dry Seasons.” Union 

Burma J Life Sci. Vol 3, no 2, P 181-190. 1970. ILLUS. Descriptors: 

Alcaligenes-Faecalis; Bacteriology; Burma(Rangoon); Citrobacter- 

Freundii; Coliform Count; Clostridium-Perfringens; Enterobacter; E. 

Coli; Hot; Klebsiella-Aerogenes; Proteus-Mirabilis; Proteus-Vulgaris; 

Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa; Pseudomonas-Fluorescens; Seasons; 

Staphylococcus-Epidermidis; Streptococcus-Fecalis; Water Supply. 

Abstract: water samples from 19 piped and natural sources in rangoon 

were examined bacteriologically during the cool dry season of 1966-67 

and the hot dry season of 1967 for the presumptive coliform count, 

the presumptive enterococcus count and the presence of presumptive 

September 2008 228


clostridium perfringens. Bacteria isolated from macconkey bile salt 

lactose peptone water and sodium azide medium primary cultures 

were identified. Using as criteria the presumptive coliform count and 

the isolation of escherichia coli and/or klebsiella aerogens and/or 

streptococcus faecalis, for the cool dry season, all of the 15 samples 

tested were found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. Again, for the 

cool dry season, all of the 16 samples tested were found 

unsatisfactory. The bacteria isolated were e. Coli, k. Aerogenes, 

citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., alcaligenes faecalis, proteus 

mirabilis, p. Morganii, p. Vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 

Fluorescens, staphylococcus epidermis and s. Faecalis. At room 

temperature, in the coliforms, e. Coli and k. Aerogenes were viable up 

to 140, and c. Freundii (1 strain) up to 14 days. At 4 c, k. Aerogenes, 

c. Freundii (1 strain) and/or enterobacter sp. (1 strain) were viable for 

56, 14, and 7 days, respectively, and in the noncoliforms, p. Mirabilis 

and p. Morganii for 14, p. Vulgaris (1 strain) for 28, and p. Fluorescens 

for 56 days. ISSN: 0503-2377. 

Saravanapavananthan, N. 1986. “Water Supply and Sanitation in the 

Southeast-Asia Region.” World Health Statistics Quarterly Vol. 39. No. 

1, p 58-70. Pages 1 ref. Descriptors: Community development; 

Regional development; Southeast Asia; Water supply development; 

Sanitation; Human population; Bangladesh; Burma; India; Indonesia; 

Maldives; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Statistical analysis. Abstract: 

The progress of community water supply and sewage disposal services 

development in the member states of the World Health Organization, 

South-East Asia Region, since the beginning of the International 

Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade is reviewed. Countries 

participating in the Decade progress monitoring activities were: 

Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and 

Thailand. Two sets of aggregated analyses were carried out: one 

without India and one including India. In urban areas, water supply 

coverage did not keep pace with increasing populations, whereas in 

rural areas it appears that mid-decade targets will be achieved overall, 

but on a country by country basis, only Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, 

and Sri Lanka are likely to meet or exceed their mid-decade targets. In 

the area of sanitation, coverage increased in urban areas in the 1981- 

September 2008 229


83 period, but in rural areas improvements in sanitation coverage did 

not keep pace with population. Major constraints identified by the 

countries in the 1983 sector update were as follows: lack of adequate 

financial resources, lack of community participation, logistics, 

insufficient health education, and import restrictions. ISSN: 0379-8070. 

Saw, H. 2001. “Seismological Monitoring System of Myanmar.” Bulletin 

of the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake 

Engineering. 2005. Volume 35, Pages 165-174. Descriptors: 

Earthquakes; Earthquake mechanisms and effects; earthquake; 

monitoring; seismology. Notes: Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: 

Myanmar lies in one of the earthquake belts of the world namely the 

Alpide-Himalayan Belt. The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology 

realizing the importance of maintaining earthquake records had 

prepared the publication of earthquake for 1950 to 1999, making use 

of the information on felt earthquakes reported by observers in the 

meteorological observations scattered over the country. At present 

there are 4 seismological stations operating the Japanese Katsujima 

seismographs in Yangon, Mandalay, Sittway and Dawei. The 

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology now takes pride in 

publishing the seismological data and technical notes for the needs of 

various national projects. ISSN: 0074-655X. 

Saw, Naw Tha. 1988. Crop-Climate Relationships in the Dry Season on 

the Irrawaddy Delta (Burma). University of California, Riverside, CA. 

Advisor: Robert W. Pease. DAI. Volume: 49, 08B, Pages: 241-3075. 

Descriptors: Physical Geography; Agriculture, Agronomy. Abstract: 

The geography of the Irrawaddy Delta (Burma) and the neccessity to 

grow more rice, soybeans and maize are briefly discussed. Empirical 

methods for estimating potential evapotranspiration for the Irrawaddy 

Delta during the dry season are evaluated to determine water use for 

soybeans, maize and rice. According to the statistical methods applied, 

the Penman method as modified by Frere and Popov appears most 

suitable. Two methodologies, the Equivalent Hours of Maximum Net 

Photosynthesis (EHMNP) and the growing degree days (GDD) are used 

to evaluate the possibility of the growing of rice, maize and soybeans 

on the delta during the dry season. The EHMNP unit is the net 

September 2008 230


photosynthetic response of a plant for one hour at optimum condition 

of temperature and light where hours with partial responses can add 

together to make full hours. EHMNP totals regressed against yields of 

rice, soybeans and maize grown in the United States result in a 

positive linear relationship. Application of EHMNP totals to the 

Irrawaddy Delta in the dry season suggest relatively low yields of rice, 

soybeans and maize. The GDD used here is obtained by the 

summation of mean temperature above a threshold temperatures for 

the corresponding crops. Regression analysis of GDD versus crop 

yields suggest that within the domain of the data used, rice yields 

decrease as GDD increase. There is a curvilinear relationship between 

GDD and yields of soybeans and maize, where yields increase as GDD 

increase to a certain degree beyond which yields decline. The GDD 

indicated lower than optimum yields of soybeans, maize and rice 

during the dry season. Degree: PH.D. Dissertation Abstracts: 

AAG8822063. OCLC: 20399501. 

Schmidt, Michael J. 1996. “Working Elephants.” Scientific American. 

January. Volume 274, Pages 82-87. Descriptors: Elephants; Lumber 

industry/Myanmar; Lumbering. Notes: Physical Description: 

Illustration. Abstract: In Myanmar, formerly Burma, the use of 

elephants for logging provides benefits for both the country's forests 

and an endangered species. Myanmar has some of the largest tracts of 

unspoilt forest on the earth, thanks to a century-old policy of 

harvesting selected trees and transporting the logs by teams of men 

and elephants. The traditional practice keeps vast sections of forest 

robust and highly productive. The environmental benefits of using 

elephants over machines for logging; the importance of the numbers 

of logging elephants to the overall population of Asian elephants; and 

attempts to inseminate female elephants as part of a breeding 

program are discussed. ISSN: 0036-8733. 

Schmidt-Vogt D. Affiliation: Dr. D. Schmidt-Vogt, School of 

Environment Rsrc./Devmt., Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, 

Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand. E-mail: Schmidt@ait.ac.th. 2004. 

“Staudämme Am Mekong.” Translated Title: “Dams Along the Mekong 

River.” Geographische Rundschau. Volume 56, Issue 12, Pages 22-27. 

September 2008 231


Descriptors: Agriculture, resource development and the environment; 

National and Land-Use Planning; dam construction; land use planning; 

international cooperation; hydroelectric power. References: Number: 

13; Geographic: Mekong River Asia Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere World. 

Abstract: The Mekong river is the largest river of Southeast Asia and 

provides a linkage between six countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 

Thailand, Myanmar and Yunnan Province of the People's Republic of 

China. After decades of retarded economic development, the Mekong 

river is of being converted into a highway of hydro-development 

through a total of about 50 large dam projects. The project goals 

include irrigation, flood control, and improving navigation, but the 

most important goal is hydropower development. China has embarked 

in the 1980s on a scheme to build eight dams on the upper Mekong 

mainly to generate power for Yunnan Province and for export to 

Thailand. Export of energy is also the main rationale for plans of the 

Lao government to construct a string of dams along tributaries of the 

Mekong. Dam projects in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam are on a 

smaller scale, and Thailand has actually abandoned plans to further 

develop hydropower on its own territory in the face of massive 

protests and the availability of power from Laos. Potential negative 

effects of theses dams on the hydrology and ecology of the Mekong 

are causing concern. The most prominent concern is with the effect of 

dams on fisheries. Despite the existence of international institutions 

for integrated development in the Mekong-region - the Mekong River 

Commission (MRC) and the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) 

Programme of the Asian Development Bank - communication between 

countries, and coordination of the various national dam projects is 

relatively poor, and likely to cause ecological disruptions and regional 

conflicts in the future. ISSN: 0016-7460. 

Schomaker, N. B. and Aufmuth, R. E. 1971. Burma Soils: A Study of 

the Effects of Lime and Cement on Paddy and Laterite Material. 

Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Descriptors: Calcium 

oxide; Cement; Compressive strength; Laterites; Lime; Paddy field 

soil; Soil stabilization; Strength; Strength of materials. Abstract: 

laboratory tests were performed on samples of paddy and laterite soils 

obtained from the proposed right-of-way of the Rangoon-Mandalay 

September 2008 232


highway, Burma. These tests were conducted to determine the basic 

engineering properties of the soils and to evaluate the feasibility of 

stabilizing these soils with lime and cement. The addition of lime had 

little beneficial effect on either soil, due to the non- reactive nature of 

the soils and the poor stabilizing quality of lime available in Burma. 

Special tests using American lime indicated a strength increase of 

about 300% over the natural soil strength, compared to an increase of 

less than 100% with burma lime. Addition of cement, on the order of 

6% by dry weight of soil, effectively stabilizes both soils. Unconfined 

compressive strengths of both are increased on the order of 300%. 

Notes: Tech Rept M-6, 12 PP. OCLC: 00233085. 

Schwendinger, Peter Josef. 1990. Zur Taxonomie, Biologie Und 

Okologie Einiger Orthognather Spinnenfamilien Von Thailand (Araneae: 

Liphistiidae, Atypidae, Idiopidae, Dipluridae) Translated Title: On 

Taxonomy, Biology And Ecology Of Some Families Of Orthognathous 

Spiders From Thailand (Araneae: Liphistiidae, Atypidae, Idiopidae, 

Dipluridae). Innsbruck University (Austria). DAI. Volume: 53, 03C, 

Pages: 162-443. Abstract: Data obtained in the course of a 

2${1over2}$-year research project at the University of Chiang Mai, 

Thailand, are presented in 8 separate parts, as manuscripts and 

published papers*. Ground-dwelling spiders of the families Liphistiidae, 

Atypidae, Idiopidae and Dipluridae in Thailand are treated 

taxonomically. A new genus, Prothemenops, several new species, 

Liphistius ornatus, L. lannaianus, L. marginatus, L. thaleban, Atypus 

suthepicus, A. lannaianus, Prothemenops siamensis, Idiops pylorus, 

and hitherto unknown males of L. trang, L. lordae Platnick & Sedgwick, 

L. niphanae Ono, A. dorsualis Thorell, A. javanus Thorell are 

described; the liphistiid trap-door spiders of Thailand and Burma and 

the purseweb spiders of the world are revised. New taxonomic 

characters, including histological and microstructural details, are 

given; the variation of characters is analyzed, taxonomic relationships 

are shown. For the spiders observed, information is given on habitat, 

distribution, web- and burrow structure, annual cycle, postembryonic 

development, mating, behaviour, prey, predators and parasites. The 

communities of orthognathous spiders in Thailand, and Chiang Mai 

Province in particular, are shown; their horizontal, vertical and annual 

September 2008 233


distribution are discussed. Finally, experimental data on the 

transpiration rates of 16 species from Thailand and Burma are 

compared with similar results on orthognathous spiders from the 

literature. The comparatively high water losses of the species 

examined are explained with adaptation to life in a burrow. Bulletin of 

the British Arachnological Society; Natural History Bulletin of the Siam 

Society; Zoological Scripta. Degree: DR. NAT. Dissertations Abstracts: 

AAGC173502. 

Scott, Ken. 1995. Golden Triangle- Roads And Energy To Replace 

Opium. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Infrastructure. Descriptors: 

Asia; Roads. Abstract: Subtitle: With Adb Support, The Economic 

Prospects Of The Neighbouring Corners Of Thailand, China, Burma And 

Laos Are Set To Converge Despite Past Enmities. Notes: 

Infrastructure, Oct. 1995, P. 42-44: ILL. ISSN: 1081-7174. OCLC: 

00871446. 

Sebastian, A., Myint Myint, Sein and Myat Myat, Thu. 1990. 

“Suppression of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) using 

Augmentative Release of Dragonfly Larvae (Odonata: Libellulidae) with 

Community Participation in Yangon, Myanmar.” Bull. Entomol. Res. 

2005. Volume 80, Issue 2, Pages 223-232. Descriptors: Evolution And 

Palaeoecology; International Development Abstracts; Diptera; 

dragonfly; Odonata; biological control; community participation; 

mosquito control; water storage; vector control; dengue haemorrhagic 

fever Species Term: Aedes aegypti; Libellulidae; Anisoptera 

(dragonflies); Culicidae; Crocothemis servilia. Notes: Geographic: 

Burma- Rangoon. Abstract: Describes periodic augmentative release of 

predatory larvae of Crocothemis servilia to suppress a mosquito, of 

which >90% of pre-adults occurred in domestic water-storage 

containers. The trial's success was ascribed to: virtual confinement of 

pre-adult stages of the target mosquito to containers accessible to 

control operators; behaviour, growth rate, survival and ready 

availability of the chosen species of dragonfly; and participation of 

local householders. ISSN: 0007-4853. 

September 2008 234


Seekins, D. M. 1992. “Japan's Aid Relations with Military Regimes in 

Burma, 1962-1991: The Kokunaika Process.” Asian Survey. 2005. 

Volume 32, Issue 3, Pages 246-262. Descriptors: Water; Japanese 

aid; military regime; aid relations. Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The 

central argument of this article is that Japan's aid relations with Burma 

are comprehensible in terms of the kind of state Japan has evolved 

into since the end of World War Two. Both Japan's political process, 

controlled by the business-oriented Liberal Democratic Party and a 

bureaucratic elite that overshadows the Diet, and the country's foreign 

policy can usefully be described as kokunaika (domesticization). 

Domesticized polities operate on the basis of closed, though not 

necessarily unbreachable circles of individuals and groups who confer 

favors upon each other within the framework of long-term, reciprocal 

relationships. Such group dynamics have tended to preclude the 

pursuit of an active role in global affairs or major contributions to what 

can be called “international public goods'. ISSN: 0004-4687. 

Sein, T. and Vernigora, E. G. 1990. Feasibility Study of the 

Improvements in Navigability of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers. 

Descriptors: Channel deepening; Developing countries; 

Improvements; River navigation; Rivers; Ship pilotage; Waterway 

improvement; Waterways. Abstract: The Irrawaddy and Chindwin 

rivers are the main arteries of inland navigation in Burma. Transport 

on these is inexpensive, which has limited road and railway 

development. However, navigation is impaired during the low water 

season. In order to alleviate this problem, a study was undertaken to 

investigate solutions requiring minimum investment and which are 

largely self-maintaining, without the need for recurrent dredging. The 

study and its conclusions are presented in this paper. Notes: PIANC 

International Navigation Congress, 27th; Maritime Ports and Seaways, 

Subject 5 (for commercial, fishery and pleasure navigation); Osaka, 

May 1990, p 97. Notes: 7 pages, 2 ref, 1 table, 5 figures. OCLC: 

00698910. 

Self, L. S. and Tun, M. M. 1970. “Summary of Field Trials in 1964-69 

in Rangoon, Burma, of Organophosphorus Larvicides and Oils Against 

Culex Pipiens Fatigans Larvae in Polluted Water.” Bulletin of the World 

September 2008 235


Health Organization: the International Journal of Public Health. Volume 43(6): 

841-851. 1970. French Summary. Descriptors: Abate; Burma; Culex- 

Pipiens-Fatigans; Dursban; Fenthion; Field; Larvae; Larvicides; Oils; 

Organo; Phosphorus; Polluted; Rangoon; Trials. Abstract: Tests of the 

larvicidal activity of various organophosphorus compounds against c. 

P. Fatigans, showed that the activity usually lasted much longer in 

septic tanks and pit latrines than in open drains. Dursban, abate, 

fenthion and several other emulsifiable concentrates caused high larval 

mortality at a concentration of 0.05 ppm but 0.5 ppm was normally 

required to obtain a minimum of 1-2 wk of complete larval control. For 

the desired residual activity, dosages about 40-400 times the 

laboratory lc95 values were normally required, depending on the 

compound used. The most effective formulation was dursban 

emulsifiable concentrate, which, at a concentration of 0.5 ppm, was 

effective for 3,7 and 12 wk in concrete drains, pit latrines and septic 

tanks, respectively. Petroleum oils applied at rates of 25-40 us gal/ac 

(approx. 237 1/ha-380 1/ha) and a pyrethrum derivative at a 

concentration of 1.0 ppm were toxic to larvae but not highly residual. 

Some emulsifiable-concentrate/oil mixtures appeared to be 

outstandingly effective, although inconsistent results also occurred. 

Granular formulations were normally less effective than the 

emulsifiable concentrates. ISSN: 0042-9686. 

Selth, Andrew. 1999. “The Burma Navy Under the SLORC.” J Contemp 

Asia. Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 227-247. Named Corp: Burma. State 

Law and Order Restoration Council. Myanmar. Navy. Abstract: The 

Burmese navy has changed considerably since the creation of the 

State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) in 1988. Prior to 

this, the navy was small, ill-equipped, and crippled by its reliance on 

foreign logistics. However, it has always been, and is still, an 

important element in Burma's internal security. This view appears to 

be shared by the new generation of military leaders in the capital, 

Rangoon, because the the navy has experienced dramatic growth 

under the SLORC, with the fleet almost doubling since 1988. In a few 

years, Burma could have a blue water capability for the first time in its 

history, providing the SLORC's ambitious naval modernization program 

is successful. ISSN: 0047-2336. 

September 2008 236


Selth, Andrew. “From Brown Water to Blue Water.” N&A Publishing 

Services 1998: Descriptors: Armed forces. Naval Forces. Volume 19 

(6) 1998: pages 30-33. Details: Photograph; Map; Named Corp: Navy- 

Myanmar; Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: The Myanmar Navy was 

small, with limited capabilities, until 1988. In only a few years, the 

Navy has been transformed from a weak brown water navy to a much 

larger force more capable of blue water operations. ISSN: 0722-8880. 

Sen Gupta, R. Ali, Mohamed; Bhuiyan, A. L., et al. 1990. “State of the 

Marine Environment in the South Asian Seas Region.” International 

(III): United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Seas 

Programme, Geneva, International (III). UNEP Regional Seas Reports 

and Studies. 1990. Volume: 123, Pages: 42. Descriptors: Asia; 

Bangladesh; Burma; environmental geology; experimental studies; Far 

East; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean Islands; Indian Peninsula; 

Indonesian Seas; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; monitoring; Pacific 

Ocean; Pakistan; pollutants; pollution; sea water; southern Asia; Sri 

Lanka; Thailand; water; West Pacific. Notes: FE: References: 61; 9 

tables, sketch maps. ISSN: 1014-8647. OCLC: 1992-041070. 

Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization. 2006. Warning Signs: An 

Update on Plans to Dam the Salween in Burma's Shan State. Chiang 

Mai, Thailand: Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization. Pages: 29. 

Descriptors: Dams- Social aspects- Burma- Shan State; Hydroelectric 

power plants- Social aspects- Burma- Shan State; Human rights- 

Burma- Shan State. Notes: illustrations (some color), maps (chiefly 

color); 21 cm. OCLC: 81144155; 80805370. 

Shaw, R. P. 1992. “The Impact of Population Growth on Environment: 

The Debate Heats Up.” Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. Environ. Impact 

Assess. Rev. Feb. Volume 12: 11-36. Descriptors: Conservation of 

Natural Resources; Energy-Generating Resources; Models, Theoretical; 

Politics; Population Growth; Poverty; Sanitation; Urbanization; Water 

Supply; Demography; Economics; Environment; Geography; Health; 

Population; Population Dynamics; Public Health; Research; 

Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Deforestation; 

Desertification; Energy Supply; Environmental Degradation; Models; 

September 2008 237


Theoretical; Political Factors; World Demographic Factors; Economic 

Factors; Geographic Factors; Natural Resources; Research 

Methodology; Spatial Distribution; Urban Spatial Distribution. Abstract: 

A proposed framework, which was introduced at the 1989 meetings of 

the American Association for the Advancement of Science, included 

political constraints as well as population growth as a proximate cause 

with potentially important impacts on the environment in Paul and Ann 

Ehrlich's well-known PAT equation. PAT limitations are identified as the 

1.2 billion people caught in the debt-poverty trap, less developed 

countries' balance of payments deficits, and “distortionary factors” that 

undermined economic incentives and contributed to mismanagement 

of resources. Such factors could be keeping farm prices low and have 

an impact on deterring use of environmentally sound traditional 

agricultural practices. Mismanagement of public lands occurs when 

large commercial enterprises or large scale mechanization displace 

population onto marginal or less productive lands. Intergroup warfare 

is a new form impacting on the environment. In Burma loggers are 

authorized to clear cut large tracts of teak forests in order to ferret out 

Karen guerrillas. Over 15 million refugees were thus displaced and 

forced to live in encampments that require trees for shelter, firewood 

for survival, and overgrazing of livestock. Social and economic 

environments are also undermined by “dependency” factors such as 

trade protectionism, brain drain, and limited foreign aid. The Group of 

77 Non-Aligned Developing Countries proposed that discussions of the 

links between population and the environment be omitted from the 

agenda of the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development. 

Basic clarifications are needed to distinguish ultimate versus proximate 

factors and current versus future concerns. The debate ignores 

distribution patterns, migration, or changing age structures. The 

debate blames unjustifiably rapid population growth as the ultimate 

cause of global environmental degradation and links population growth 

to a host of other social problems such as famine and refugees, while 

ignoring civil unrest. The evidence suggests that population limitation 

will probably prevent environmental degradation in poor, resource 

constrained countries from getting worse. Resource conservation will 

remain unaffected. The World Bank proposes National Environmental 

September 2008 238


Action Plans or the Cleaver Schreiber proposal for a “nexus strategy” 

for balancing food supply and population in Africa. ISSN: 0195-9255. 

Shi, G. U., Wang, C., Tropper, P., Cui, W. and Tan J. Affiliation: G.U. 

Shi, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China E-mail: 

shiguanghai@263.net.cn. 2005. “Methane (CH4)-Bearing Fluid 

Inclusions in the Myanmar Jadeitite.” Geochem. J. 2006. Volume 39, 

Issue 6, Pages 503-516. Descriptors: Hydrochemistry; jadeite; fluid 

inclusion; methane. References: Number: 93; Geographic: Myanmar 

Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia. Abstract: A combined hydrogen-carbonisotope 

and microthermometric study has been carried out on CH4bearing 

fluid inclusions high-pressure jadeitites from the famous 

jadeite tract Myanmar. Two types of fluid inclusions were found in 

jadeites, large H2O-rich and CH4-poor inclusions and small H2O-poor 

and CH4-rich inclusions, thus indicating a possible entrapment of CH4- 

H2O fluids under unmixing conditions. Microthermometric results yield 

lower temperature limits for the entrapment of these fluid inclusions of 

ca. 300 to 400°C. The bulk composition of the fluid inclusions is 

mostly H2O (87 to 94 mol.% H2O) and the isotopic composition of 

methane and water in the inclusions is characterized by δ 

13C(CH4) values ranging from -30.1 to -25.5&permil;,and 

δD)(H2O) values ranging from -56.3 to -49.8&permil;. The 

stable isotope data would be indicative of an abiogenic mechanism of 

CH4 formation; the occurrence of the jadeite veins in this paleosubduction 

zone thus most likely point to the formation of these CH4bearing 

fluid inclusions by abiogenic thermal maturation of subducted 

organic carbon. These data not only provide evidence for cycling of 

organic carbon in paleo-subduction zones but also show that CH4 not 

only occurs as shallow CH4-rich plumes in accretionary prisms of 

recent subduction zones but also occurs in deeper portions of at least 

the upper 20 km of paleo-subduction zones. ISSN: 0016-7002. 

Schomaker, Norbert B. and Aufmuth, Raymond E. 1971. Burma Soils. 

A Study of the Effects of Lime and Cement on Paddy and Laterite 

Material. Report Date: Mar 1971. Corporate Author: Army Construction 

Engineering Research Lab Champaign ILL. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Abstract: Laboratory tests were performed on samples of 

paddy and laterite soils obtained from the proposed right-of-way of the 

September 2008 239


Rangoon-Mandalay Highway, Burma. These tests were conducted to 

determine the basic engineering properties of the soils and to evaluate 

the feasibility of stabilizing these soils with lime and cement. The 

addition of lime to these soils had little beneficial effect on either soil. 

This was due to the non-reactive nature of the soils and the poor 

stabilizing quality of the lime available in Burma. Special tests using 

American lime indicated a strength increase of about 300% over the 

natural soil strength, compared to an increase of less than 100% with 

Burma lime. Addition of cement, on the order of 6% by dry weight of 

soil, effectively stabilizes both soils. Unconfined compressive strengths 

of both are increased on the order of 300%. (Author). Distribution 

Limitation(s): APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. DTIC Accession 

Number: AD0720993. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD720993 

Siddiqa-Agha, Ayesha. 2000. “Nuclear Navies?” Bulletin of the Atomic 

Scientists. September/October. Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 12-14. 

Descriptors: Nuclear weapons- Pakistan; Nuclear weapons- India. 

Notes: Details: illustrations. Named Corp: India Indian Navy; 

Geographic: Pakistan- Foreign relations- India. India- Foreign 

relations- Pakistan. Abstract: India's naval plans are worrying its longterm 

adversary, Pakistan. India is developing nuclear weapons and 

boosting military technological capabilities, and the country's 

policymakers think that it should also to assert itself at sea. The 

Pakistani government, which makes no claim to being a regional 

power, is concerned by India's technological acquisitions. Pakistani 

analysts think that, with its increasing naval power and blue-water 

capability, India would be capable of throttling its smaller adversary in 

the event of war. India's assertion of naval power will probably also be 

challenged by China, which is attempting to make inroads into the 

Indian Ocean by forging links with Myanmar, where Chinese naval 

bases are being constructed. ISSN: 0096-3402. 

Sillitoe, R. H. 1999. “Styles of High-Sulphidation Gold, Silver and 

Copper Mineralisation in Porphyry and Epithermal Environments; 

PACRIM '99 Congress; Proceedings [Modified].” Publication Series - 

Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. AusIMM - Australasian 

Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 

Volume 4-99, Pages 29-44. Descriptors: absorption; Arizona; Asia; 

Bisbee Arizona; Burma; chalcocite; Cochise County Arizona; copper 

September 2008 240


ores; covellite; depth; digenite; enargite; epithermal processes; 

Esmeralda County Nevada; Far East; gold ores; Goldfield Nevada; 

ground water; igneous rocks; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral 

deposits, genesis; mineral exploration; mineralization; Monywa 

Burma; Nevada; Peru; Pierina Peru; porphyry; sericitization; silver 

ores; South America; sulfarsenates; sulfidation; sulfides; sulfosalts; 

United States; volatiles; zoning. Notes: FE: References: 77; illus. incl. 

1 table, sects. Abstract: High-sulphidation (HS) gold, silver and/or 

copper deposits are generated in both the epithermal and the upper 

parts of the underlying porphyry environments over vertical intervals 

of up to 2 km. The HS deposits are generated in advanced argillic 

lithocaps, which are products of the absorption of acidic magmatic 

volatiles by voluminous groundwater systems. Mineralisation styles in 

HS systems reflect depth of formation as well as the interplay between 

structural, lithological and hydrothermal parameters. The deep parts of 

HS systems, at depths of >1000 m, are typified by disseminated 

copper+ or -gold mineralisation comprising digenite, chalcocite and 

covellite in pervasive advanced argillic as well as underlying sericitic 

alteration. In highly telescoped systems, such mineralisation may 

overprint porphyry stocks and associated quartz-veinlet stockworks. 

Intermediate levels of HS systems commonly contain fault-controlled 

copper-gold mineralisation, typically as enargite in bodies of vuggy 

residual quartz, silicification and/or massive pyritic sulphide. The 

shallow parts of HS systems, at depths of


deposits in the shallow parts of systems that were subjected to 

supergene oxidation, thereby permitting heap-leach treatment (e.g., 

Yanacocha, Pierina). To these preferred HS styles may be added the 

low-sulphidation vein or disseminated gold+ or -silver mineralisation 

that is commonplace alongside many HS systems (e.g., Victoria at 

Lepanto). ISSN: 1324-6240. 

Singh, D. and Tiong R.L.K. Affiliation: R.L.K. Tiong, School of 

Civil/Environ. Engineering, Centre for Adv. Construction Studies, 

Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore. Email: 

clktiong@ntu.edu.sg. 2005. “Development of Life Cycle Costing 

Framework for Highway Bridges in Myanmar.” Int. J. Project Manage. 

2005. Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages 37-44 Additional Info: United 

Kingdom. Descriptors: Hydraulic structures; Transport And 

Communications; cost; life cycle analysis; engineering; road transport; 

transportation planning; bridge. References: Number: 20; Geographic: 

Myanmar Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere World. 

Abstract: The aim of any engineering design is to minimize the total 

cost of the structure without compromising the functional 

requirements while maximizing the utility of the structure to the users 

in particular and to the society in general. Life cycle costing is a 

technique for determining the most effective capital investment option 

for achieving technical-economic optimization of a structure/system. 

This paper briefly describes a detailed procedure for developing a 

framework for life cycle costing analysis (LCCA) of highway bridges in 

Myanmar. The paper discusses various cost components and other 

statistical factors that need to be taken into consideration while 

assessing the life cycle cost (LCC) of a highway structure. A stepwise 

procedure to determine various cost components that come into LCC 

calculation is also illustrated. The effect of uncertainties associated 

with various factors on the total cost of the structure is demonstrated 

performing sensitivity analysis. An attempt is also made to 

demonstrate how better quality construction with increased initial cost 

can lead to lower LCC of a highway structure. The study has made a 

call for the development of comprehensive life cycle costing framework 

for transportation-related projects in Myanmar in order to be able to 

strike a balance between the need for maintenance and replacement of 

September 2008 242


highway structures and limited funds available for their upkeep. ISSN: 

0263-7863. 

Singh, D. D. and Rastogi, B. K. 1980. “Source-Mechanism of the 

Burma-India Border Earthquake of October 17, 1969.” Tectonophysics. 

Volume 67, Issue 1/2, Pages 139-151. Descriptors: India-Burma 

border; earthquake; Oct. 17; 1969; Focal mechanisms; Burma-India 

border earthquake; Burma-India border; Seismology. Abstract: The 

focal mechanism for the Burma-India border earthquake of Oct. 17, 

1969, has been determined using the P-wave first motions, S-wave 

polarization angles, and surface wave spectral data. A combination of 

thrust and strike-slip faulting is obtained along a plane with a strike 

N34 degree W, dip 26 degree SW and slip angle 141 degree. The 

direction of rupture propagation is southward. This earthquake, which 

occurred at latitude 23 degree N, indicates north-south compression 

and change in the thrusting direction which is in general east-west in 

the Burma region. This earthquake mechanism may suggest 

southward underthrusting of the Burmese block, or contortion of the 

lithospheric block of the Indian plate. The source parameters have 

been estimated for this event by using the body and surface wave 

spectra. From the surface waves, calculated values of the magnitude, 

radiated energy, moment, and apparent stress are 5.7, 0.21 x 10 

superscript 21 ergs, 0.32 x 10 superscript 26 dyne-cm and 2 bar, 

respectively. From P-waves, the seismic moment, fault length, stress 

drop, and dislocation are determined to be 0.9 x 10 superscript 26 

dyne-cm, 51 km, 2.4 bar and 15 cm, respectively. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

SINGH, G. P. 1974. “The Sewage System of the City of Rangoon.” The 

Public Health Engineer. Issue number 9, Page 96. MAY 1974. 

Descriptors: Water Supply; Sewerage; Sewers; Municipal Wastes; 

Waste Water Treatment; Water Utilization; History; Burma (Rangoon). 

Abstract: the existing sewerage system in Rangoon was installed in 

the year 1874 during the British regime; it covered an area of 3.4 

square miles of central Rangoon, Burma. From 1915 to 1924 the 

system was extended, bringing the total area covered to 6.3 square 

miles. The remaining 44 suburbs have no sewerage at present, but are 

served with bucket and pit latrines. The contents of both collecting 

September 2008 243


chambers flow into the main sewers which discharge into the eastern 

end of the Irrawaddy river. Municipal sewage is discharged into the 

main sewers by ejector stations at the roadside. Water consumption in 

the city is about 35 gallons per head per day or 70 million gallons per 

day. The supply is insufficient and authorities have begun the 

construction of a water reservoir project at pugyi, 32 miles from 

Rangoon. ISSN: 0300-5925. 

Sirisanthana, T., Navachareon, N., Tharavichitkul, P., Sirisanthana, V. 

and Brown, A. E. 1984. “Outbreak of Oral-Oropharyngeal Anthrax: An 

Unusual Manifestation of Human Infection with Bacillus Anthracis.” Am. 

J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Jan. Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 144-50. 

Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; Abattoirs; Adult; Animals; Anthraxepidemiology; 

Anthrax- pathology; Buffaloes; Cattle; Female; 

Humans; Male; Meat- adverse effects; Middle Aged; Mouth- pathology; 

Mouth Diseases- epidemiology; Mouth Diseases- pathology; 

Pharyngeal Diseases- epidemiology; Pharyngeal Diseases- pathology; 

Pharynx- pathology; Thailand. Abstract: An oral-oropharyngeal form of 

human anthrax is described in 24 individuals. The cases occurred as an 

epidemic in northern Thailand, concurrent with an epidemic of the 

common cutaneous form. This syndrome is a potentially fatal, febrile 

illness, characterized by a mucosal lesion in the oral cavity and/or 

oropharynx which can progress to pseudomembranous necrosis, and 

to cervical adenopathy and edema. Cattle and water buffaloes, 

recently arrived from Burma and eaten raw or undercooked, were the 

probable source of the infection. Determination of etiology was based 

on both microbiologic and epidemiologic evidence. The clinical 

syndrome and epidemiology are discussed. ISSN: 0002-9637 (Print); 

1476-1645 (Electronic). 

Smart, J. Samuel and Moruzzi, Victor L. 1971. “Quantitative Properties 

of Delta Channel Networks.” JAN. Pages: 29. Descriptors: Hydrology; 

Limnology And Potamology; (*Deltas; Mathematical Models); 

Topology; Distribution Functions; Matrices (Mathematics); Networks 

deltas; Networks; Network Flows; Geomorphology; Graphs. Abstract: 

Some simple procedures are developed for studying the topologic and 

geometric properties of delta distributary systems. A delta channel 

September 2008 244


network has three kinds of vertices (forks, junctions, and outlets) and 

six kinds of links, each corresponding to one of the six possible 

combinations of upstream and downstream vertices. Various functions 

of the vertex and link numbers may be used to specify the topologic 

properties of the network. A particularly useful function is the 

recombination factor, or ratio of number of junctions to number of 

forks. This ratio varies from zero from networks with no recombination 

to unify for braided streams. A detailed topologic study of the 

networks of five natural deltas (Colville, Irrawaddy, Yukon, Niger, and 

Parana) shows recombination factors ranging from 0.5 to 0.85. The 

frequency of different kinds of links can be explained reasonably well 

be a simple model that assumes random connection of vertices. The 

link lengths for a given network appear to belong to a common 

distribution and to depend relatively little on location with respect to 

the coast. The results on the Parana suggest that it should be 

considered as two deltas in tandem, each with its characteristic 

recombination factor. Notes: IBM WATSON RESEARCH CENTER 

YORKTOWN HEIGHTS NY; Contract Number(s): N00014-70-C-0188 

(N0001470C0188); Report Number(s): TR-3 (TR3) RC-3217 

(RC3217); Task Number(s): NR-389-155; Distribution Limitation(s): 

Approved for public release. DTIC: AD0719918. 


Smedley, Pauline L. 2003. “Arsenic in Groundwater; South and East 

Asia.” Kluwer. Descriptors: aquifers; arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; 

Burma; Cambodia; case studies; China; concentration; drinking water; 

Far East; geochemistry; ground water; hydrochemistry; Indian 

Peninsula; metals; mineral composition; Nepal; Pakistan; pollutants; 

pollution; public health; risk assessment; Taiwan; Thailand; toxic 

materials; Vietnam; water resources. Notes: FE: 11 tables, sketch 

maps. ISBN: 1402073178. OCLC: 2003-076254. 

Sobhan, Rehman. Affiliation: Centre for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka. 2000. 

“Growth Zones in South Asia: Potential and Feasibility.” Asia-Pacific 

Development Journal. June. Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 23-41. 

Descriptors: International Linkages to Development; Role of 

International Organizations; Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning 

September 2008 245


Methods; Economic Development: Regional, Urban, and Rural 

Analyses. Geographic: S. Asia Region: Asia. Abstract: Following the 

apparent success of growth zones in South-East Asia and southern 

China the feasibility of a growth zone embodying Bangladesh, Bhutan, 

India (north-east India and West Bengal), Myanmar and Nepal 

(BBIMN) in South Asia needs to be examined. The paper argues that 

there are significant structural complementarities between the 

countries concerned to make such a zone a success. These 

complementarities create opportunities in the fields of transport, water 

and energy. However, there are substantial concerns arising from 

possible political differences between the countries that will need to be 

resolved before such a zone can be translated into reality. ISSN: 

1020-1246. 

Soe, Kyaw and et al. 2007. “Possible Correlation between Iron 

Deposition and Enhanced Proliferating Activity in Hepatitis C Virus- 

Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Myanmar (Burma).” Journal of 

Gastroenterology. Mar 2007. Volume 42, Issue 3, Pages 225-35 (11 

pp.). Descriptors: Adult; Aged; Apoptosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellularmetabolism; 

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular- virology; Cell Proliferation; 

Fas Ligand Protein- metabolism; Female; Hepatitis C- complications; 

Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Ironmetabolism; 

Liver Neoplasms- metabolism; Liver Neoplasms- virology; 

Male; Middle Aged; Myanmar. Abstract: The aim of this study was to 

survey the effect of deposited iron on the cell kinetics of hepatitis C 

virus (HCV)-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Myanmar 

(Burmese) patients. METHODS: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded 

liver tissues from 34 Myanmar patients with HCC were used. To detect 

iron deposition, Prussian blue staining was performed. Cell 

proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by Ki-67 staining and by the 

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick 

end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. HCV RNA was detected by in 

situ hybridization, and HCV protein, Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) were 

localized by immunohistochemistry. To identify the subtype of 

lymphocytes, CD8 was used as a surface marker. RESULTS: Iron 

deposition was found in 43% of the HCC cases, and was heavier in 

moderately differentiated HCC than in well-differentiated HCC. The Ki- 

September 2008 246


67 labeling index (LI) in cancer cells was higher in Prussian bluepositive-HCC 

than in -negative HCC (3.8 +/- 2.2 vs 1.5 +/- 1.7, mean 

+/- SD; P=0.0067), whereas there was no significant difference 

between these groups in TUNEL LI. HCV protein was localized in cancer 

cells, and was found in 89% of the patients. In addition, Fas was 

expressed in HCC cells, and FasL was localized in HCC cells as well as 

in infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of apoptosis of HCC 

cells was correlated significantly with the population density of 

infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated 

that, in Myanmar patients with HCC, iron deposition might accelerate 

hepatocarcinogenesis, by promoting cancer cell proliferation, without 

affecting the Fas/FasL apoptotic system. ISSN: 0944-1174. 

Soe, T., Batterham, R. L. and Drynan, R. G. 1994. “Demand for Food 

in Myanmar (Burma).” Agricultural Economics. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 11, Issue 2-3, Pages 207-217. Descriptors: 

Geographical Abstracts: Human Geography; Water; developing 

country; food demand; double-log model; almost ideal demand 

system; welfare implication; income elasticity; food pricing policy. 

Geographic: Burma. Abstract: Aggregate quarterly time series data 

from 1975 to 1987 on government procurement prices and open 

(black) market prices were used in estimating an almost ideal demand 

system (AIDS) and double-log models for consumption of foodstuffs in 

Myanmar. The results from the AIDS model were superior to those 

from the double-log models. The estimated income elasticity of 

demand for non-meat foodstuffs was high. The income elasticities for 

the non-cereals are positive and less than one. Contrary to 

expectation, the income elasticities for all meat items are low. Ownprice 

elasticities for most foodstuffs were less than one. The estimated 

cross-price elasticities indicate the complementary nature of the basic 

food items to rice. A brief analysis of the effects of taxing Myanmarese 

rice exports and subsidising consumers indicated that there are net 

costs to government, unevenly distributed welfare gains to consumers 

and welfare losses to farmers. ISSN: 0169-5150. 

Sood, L. and Basu, S. 1979. “Bacteriophage Typing of Salmonella 

Weltevreden.” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages 

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595-604. Descriptors: Bacteriophage Typing- methods; Carrier Statemicrobiology; 

Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis- microbiology; 

Humans; India; Salmonella- classification; Salmonella Infectionsmicrobiology; 

Salmonella Phages. Abstract: Salmonella weltevreden 

has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes 

isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a 

number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for 

this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been 

selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool 

samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and 

surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form 

S. weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically 

to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 

strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, 

Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The 

Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953- 

1971. The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in 

mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources. 

The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. 

Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, 

type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. 

Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the 

independent epidemiological data available. ISSN: 0003-6072. 

Sood, L. R. and Basu, S. 1977. “Phage-Typing of Salmonella 

Weltevreden Based on Lysogeny. II. Epidemiological Usefulness of the 

System and Geographical Distribution of its Phage-Types.” Antonie Van 

Leeuwenhoek. Volume 43, Issue 3-4, Pages 262-8. Descriptors: 

Lysogeny; Water Microbiology; Animals; Bacteriophage Typingmethods; 

Humans; India; Salmonella- classification; Salmonella 

Infections- epidemiology; Salmonella Infections- microbiology; 

Salmonella Infections, Animal- epidemiology; Salmonella Infections, 

Animal- microbiology. Abstract: Nine hundred and forty-six strains of 

Salmonella weltevreden isolated in different states of India during 

1958-1974 and 124 strains from Australia, Burma, Holland, Hong 

Kong, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand, the 

United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971 were phage-typed 

September 2008 248


according to the phage-typing scheme described in the first part of this 

paper (Sood and Basu, 1977). The epidemiological incidence and 

geographical distribution of phage-types of Salmonella weltevreden 

were studied. All the phage-types were present in India, the 

predominant phage-types being b, d and i. Phage-type g was isolated 

exclusively from India. All the 14 strains from Hawaii belonged to 

phage-type i. Phage-type h was the most predominant phage-type in 

Vietnam. The 15 strains isolated from Papua New Guinea in 1965, 

which were supposed to have originated from a single source, 

belonged to 3 phage-types. Except these cultures all the available 

epidemiologically related strains were of uniform phage-types - a 

finding which establishes the epidemiological validity of the scheme. 

ISSN: 0003-6072. 

Southeast Asia Regional Office/World Health Organization. 2006. 

“Health Aspects of Disaster Preparedness and Response--Panel Session 

1: Water-Related Hazards.” Prehosp. Disaster Med. Sep-Oct. Volume 

21, Issue 5, Pages s79-81 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: 

Natural Disasters; Asia, Southeastern; Disaster Planning- organization 

& administration; Humans. Abstract: This Panel Session consisted of 

three country reports (Bagladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar) and the 

common issues identified during the Panel discussions relative to 

water-related hazards and events in the Southeast Asia Region. The 

primary event discussed regardless of the hazards encountered was 

flooding. The merits of the responses generated in Bangladesh before, 

during, and following the 2004 floods provide evidence of what can be 

accomplished in community and national levels of preparedness. Many 

key issues arose in the discussions: (1) command and control systems 

and SOPs; (2) ready resources; (3) public information and education 

and human resource development; (4) community-level preparedness; 

(5) accessibility to health care; (6) increased focus on disease 

prevention and control; (7) management of dead bodies; (8) need for 

a legal framework; (9) funding and the management of funds; and 

(10) relationships with the media. ISSN: 1049-023X (Print). 

“Special Report: The Sweet Serpent of South-East Asia - the Mekong 

River.” 2004. ECT. The Economist Newspaper Ltd. Jan 3. Volume 370, 

September 2008 249


Issue 8356, Pages 28-30. Descriptors: Asia & the Pacific; Natural 

resources; Economic policy & planning; Rivers; Dams; Water 

resources; Environmental impact; Economic impact; Economic 

development. Geographic: Southeast Asia Mekong River. Abstract: 

Uniquely for such a big river in the heart of tropical Asia, the biggest 

city along the Mekong River's banks - Phnom Penh - has a mere 1.1 

million inhabitants. That makes the river unusual in another respect: 

the pressure of a burgeoning population and fast economic growth is 

only just beginning to make its mark on the Mekong. But the outcome 

could be all too familiar: a poor compromise between conservation and 

development. The Asian Development Bank is promoting a scheme to 

integrate the economies of the greater Mekong sub-region. Two northsouth 

highways are under construction to link China and Thailand, one 

via Laos and the other via Myanmar. One element of the current 

development drive is bound to leave its mark on the Mekong: dambuilding. 

ISSN: 0013-0613. 

Steinberg, D. I. 1991. “Democracy, Power, and the Economy in 

Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas.” Asian Survey. Volume 31, Issue 8, Pages 

729-742. Descriptors: Water; aid donors; political change; democracy; 

economic reform. Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The world's critical 

bilateral economic donors have made the relationship between open 

markets and open polities explicit. The US Agency for International 

Development has recently stated a conscious and programmatic link 

between the two. This essay attempts to demonstrate in the 

contemporary Myanmar context the gulf between a hypothetically 

attractive development program and the desirability of its ends, on the 

one hand, and on the other, the lack of “leverage' of those who might 

contribute to supporting it as well as the complexity of the 

relationship. It considers the developmental dilemmas both the 

Burmese and sympathetic donors face in moving toward an 

economically and politically pluralistic nation, beginning with discussion 

of fundamental issues and then focusing on more narrow (although no 

less acute) problems. ISSN: 0004-4687. 

Stoll, Heather M., Vance, Derek and Arevalos, Alicia. 2007. “Records of 

the Nd Isotope Composition of Seawater from the Bay of Bengal; 

September 2008 250


Implications for the Impact of Northern Hemisphere Cooling on ITCZ 

Movement.” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 15 Mar. Volume 255, Issue 1-2, 

Pages 213-228. Descriptors: Arakan Basin; Asia; Bay of Bengal; 

Brahmaputra River; Burma; Cenozoic; cores; discharge; drainage; Far 

East; Foraminifera; Ganges River basin; general circulation models; 

Holocene; hydrology; ice sheets; ICP mass spectra; Indian Ocean; 

Indian Peninsula; Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; Invertebrata; 

Irrawaddy River basin; isotope ratios; isotopes; last glacial maximum; 

mass spectra; metals; microfossils; Mn/Ca; monsoons; Nd-144/Nd- 

143; neodymium; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleocirculation; 

paleoclimatology; planktonic taxa; Protista; provenance; Quaternary; 

rainfall; rare earths; sea water; sediment yield; simulation; snow; 

spectra; stable isotopes; upper Holocene. References: 57; illus. incl. 4 

tables, geol. sketch maps. Abstract: This study presents a record of 

planktonic foraminiferal neodymium isotopic gradients along a northsouth 

transect in the Bay of Bengal during time slices of late Holocene 

and last glacial maximum (LGM) age, together with a record of 

planktonic foraminiferal variation in the northern Bay of Bengal (15 

degrees N) over the last 195 ky. In late Holocene core top planktonic 

foraminifera, the north-south epsilon (sub Nd) gradient rises from 

nonradiogenic values of -12 at 20 degrees N to -10 at 5 degrees N, in 

parallel with the modern surface salinity gradient controlled by 

discharge of Himalayan rivers in the northern Bay. During the LGM, 

epsilon (sub Nd) increased throughout the Bay, the contrast between 

northernmost and southernmost sites decreased, and maximum 

epsilon (sub Nd) values of -6.5 occurred between 12 and 15 degrees 

N. A small part of the shift to higher mean epsilon (sub Nd) throughout 

the Bay during the glacial may arise from a uniform increase in 

deposition of far-field dust from Arabian and Persian Gulf regions. 

However, the spatial pattern of epsilon (sub Nd) variation between 

LGM and late Holocene also suggests a shift from modern dominance 

of nonradiogenic Nd sources from the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin to 

LGM dominance of more radiogenic Nd sources from Arakan coastal 

rivers. Over the last 195 ky at 15 degrees N, the most radiogenic 

epsilon (sub Nd) values of -7 occur at glacial maxima and the most 

nonradiogenic values of -11 occur during interglacials. epsilon (sub Nd) 

values are highly correlated with glacial interglacial variations in 

September 2008 251


planktonic foraminiferal delta (super 18) O. In this record, shifts in 

river sources from the more northerly Ganges-Brahmaputra watershed 

to the more southerly Arakan coastal river systems respond 

dominantly to Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) movement 

driven by Northern Hemisphere cooling during 100 ky glacialinterglacial 

cycles, with a small component of variation on precessional 

timescales. The nonlinear correlation of epsilon (sub Nd) with ice 

volume suggests that ITCZ movement responds to aerial coverage of 

ice sheets and snow rather than to ice thickness and volume. These 

data add support to recent general circulation models of ITCZ response 

to Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, which simulate decreased glacial 

precipitation in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin and increased glacial 

precipitation in the southern Arakan coastal basin. ISSN: 0012-821X. 

Su, M. and Jassby A.D. Affiliation: A.D. Jassby, Dept. of Envrn. Science 

and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA. E-mail: 

adjassby@ucdavis.edu. 2000. “Inle: A Large Myanmar Lake in 

Transition.” Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management. 2005. 

Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 49-54. Descriptors: Pollution; Pollution and 

waste recycling; lake dynamics; lake pollution; environmental 

management; agricultural runoff; industrial waste Species Term: 

Cyprinus carpio; elephant; Saccharum hybrid cultivar; Aves; 

Pennisetum purpureum; Saccharum. References: Number: 7; 

Geographic: Myanmar- Inle Lake. Abstract: Inle Lake is situated in the 

southern part of Shan State in Myanmar. It is the country's secondlargest 

lake, home to more than 120 000 people and a large bird 

sanctuary and a major source of hydroelectric power for southern 

Myanmar. Several distinct environmental problems have arisen in the 

lake basin. A long-term decrease in lake area has taken place over the 

last 30 years, probably because of siltation and climate. The drought 

of the last 2 years in particular has caused a drop in hydroelectric 

power output, which is affecting southern Myanmar. Many marginal 

parts of the lake are occupied by elephant grass mats (Saccharum 

spotaneum L.), known locally as kaing. These mats mature to form 

solid, floating islands, which are used for a unique form of agriculture 

but are also an increasing source of pesticide and fertilizer runoff into 

the lake. Textile cottage industries also abound, and both natural and 

September 2008 252


manufactured dyes are discharged into the lake. Households, including 

many houses built on stilts in the lake, are a source of garbage and 

sewage. Livestock breeding also is a source of sewage. Shifting 

(taungyar) cultivation and village expansion has greatly increased 

erosion. Dredging is now necessary in many places and water clarity 

has decreased. The Inle carp (Cyprinus carpio intha), known locally as 

nga-phane, plays an important role in the food supply, as well as being 

a cultural symbol of the local Intha people. Nga-phane population 

abundance is currently low, probably because of changes in water 

chemistry and decreased clarity in the lake water. Partially because of 

the perceived potential for tourism, many sectors are now involved in 

lake rehabilitation and management. ISSN: 1320-5331. 

Subramanian, V. and Ittekkot V. Editor: Degens, E.T. 1990. “Carbon 

Transport by the Himalayan Rivers.” Wiley; SCOPE 42. Pages: 157- 

168. Descriptors: carbon transport; river transport; surface water 

quality; sediment transport. Abstract: The Himalayan rivers, i.e. 

Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Irrawady, contribute one-third of the 

global sediment transport to the world oceans. Elemental transport by 

these rivers assumes global importance in continent-ocean mass 

balance studies. Basic hydrological data for these rivers is 

summarised. With the exception of the Irrawady, they drain 

predominantly Tertiary or younger rock types of variable chemical 

composition. The common watersheds for these rivers lie on either 

side of an axis running a distance of more than 1500 km west to east. 

-from Authors. Notes: Geographic: Burma- Irrawady India- Ganges 

River Bangladesh- Brahmaputra River Pakistan- Indus River. OCLC: 

0870803. 

Sukhtankar, R. K., Pandian, R. S. and Guha, S. K. 1993. 

“Seismotectonic Studies of the Coastal Areas of India, Pakistan, 

Bangladesh, and Burma.” Nat. Hazards. Kluwer. May. Volume 7, Issue 

3, Pages 201-210. Descriptors: Tectonics; India; Pakistan; 

Bangladesh; Burma; seismicity; induced; Tsunamis; Indo-Australian 

plate; Seismology. Abstract: Major geotectonic elements that are 

seismically active in the near-shore areas of the Indian subcontinent 

are reviewed. The coastal belt exhibits varied degrees of seismicity 

September 2008 253


from intensely seismic areas, like the Mekran coast off Pakistan, Kutch 

(India) and the Arakan-Yoma belt of Burma, with earthquake 

magnitudes of more than 8.0, while the intervening coastal areas of 

Peninsular India are moderately seismic to aseismic. The remaining 

areas, namely, the major part of the coastal belt of Bay of Bengal in 

India and Bangladesh are broadly aseismic. However, the active 

Godavari graben and the eastern part of the coast of Bangladesh are 

frequented by low- to moderate-magnitude earthquakes. An extension 

of the active Arakan-Yoma belt in the Bay of Bengal in the form of the 

Andaman-Nicobar Island complex is highly seismic with a maximum 

earthquake magnitude of more than 8.0, while the Lakshadweep- 

Minicoy island complex, situated on the Chagos-Laccadive ridge, is 

moderately seismic. This broad picture of coastal and marginal 

seismicity is corroborated by the geodynamics of the northern part of 

the Indo-Australian Plate. ISSN: 0921-030X. 

Sullivan, Donna M. 1995. Logistics Planning and Logistics Planning 

Factors for Humanitarian Operations. Corporate Author: Naval 

Postgraduate School Monterey, CA. Report Date: Sep 1995. Report 

Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) Due to the increasing 

demand on the military to conduct humanitarian operations, the need 

for logistics planning factors that are applicable to these operations 

has arisen. This thesis develops a model for humanitarian operations 

and employs the model to develop logistics planning factors for 

material consumption and a computer-assisted planning aid relating to 

the support of the victim population. Distribution Limitation(s): 

Approved For Public Release. DTIC Accession Number: ADA303995. 

Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA303995 

Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations. Southeast Asian 

Coastal Marine Areas. Volume 4. Area 12 - Victoria Point, Area 13 - 

Rangoon, Area 14 - Pagoda Point. Corporate Author: Naval Weather 

Service Command Washington, DC. Report Date: Sep 1972. Report 

Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) The report contains data 

taken from marine surface observations in the areas of Victoria Point, 

Rangoon, and Pagoda Point. Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release; distribution is unlimited. DTIC Accession Number: 

AD0750159. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD750159 

Surface Currents. Northeast Indian Ocean Including the Bay of Bengal, 

Andaman Sea and the South China Sea. 1977. Corporate Author: 

September 2008 254


Naval Oceanographic Office Nstl Station, MS. Report Date: Oct 1977. 

Report Classification: Unclassified. Abstract: (U) This atlas, and the 

series of which it is a part, is computer generated and automatically 

plotted. It makes available to user the most recent surface current 

data collected and will be updated whenever sufficient amounts of data 

are added to the data file. This and the other atlases are based on a 

vast quantity of data as compared to the previous manually-compiled 

editions printed in the mid-thirties. This surface current information is 

based mainly on ship drift, which is the difference between the dead 

reckoning position and the position determined by any type of 

navigational fix. This difference describes the direction and speed of 

the current. Distribution Statement: Approved for public release; 

distribution is unlimited. Document partially illegible. DTIC Accession 

Number: ADA093994. Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA093994 

“Sustainable Formula Sought for Rural Energy Development in Asia.” 

2003. Refocus. 7. Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 14-14. Abstract: A threeday 

meeting in Bangkok has affirmed official belief in sustainable 

energy access as the essential “Missing Link” in the global quest for 

poverty reduction among disadvantaged rural people. The “Expert 

Group Meeting on Integration of Energy and Rural Development 

Policies and Programmes”, 25-27 June 2003, was coordinated by the 

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 

Pacific (UNESCAP), in collaboration with the United Nations 

Development Programme (UNDP). A crucial problem is that energy is 

rarely considered in rural planning and agricultural development. 

Senior specialists from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar 

(Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam, all countries seeking 

urgent solutions to considerable rural poverty problems, exchanged 

views. Ms Keiko Okaido, who currently heads the UNESCAP secretariat 

in Bangkok, pointed out, “The World Summit on Sustainable 

Development (WSSD) recognized benefits that energy services could 

bring about, and identified key areas for action to promote energy for 

sustainable development.” Robert English, UNDP Resident 

Representative in Thailand, identified sustainable energy development 

as the “Missing Link” in rural poverty alleviation and environmental 

conservation. Bangladesh, participants learned, has immense potential 

for biogas energy technology, wind energy in coastal areas and solar 

energy. Landlocked Nepal, in contrast, has sustainable fuel-wood 

September 2008 255


resources of about 15 million metric tons, although only half the 

country’s forests are accessible. Hydropower potential is huge in the 

mountainous terrain. Sri Lanka already boasts some 100 microhydropower 

installations supplying electricity to around 3,000 families. 

[Lanna B B] This is a short news story only. Visit www.re-focus.net for 

the latest renewable energy news. 

Swe, T. 1987. “Aseismic Design of Fifteen Story Reinforced Concrete 

Building.” Individual Studies by Participants at the International 

Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Volume 23, 

Pages 167-180. Descriptors: Burma; building codes; Japan; Reinforced 

concrete structures; design; linear response; Tall buildings; 

Rectangular structures; Framed structures; Reinforced concrete shear 

walls; Story drift; Earthquake-Resistant Design. Abstract: This report 

presents the procedure and results of a seismic-resistant design of a 

15-story reinforced concrete building, based on the New Aseismic 

Design Code and Reinforced Concrete Building Standard of the 

Architectural Inst. of Japan and the Burmese design base shear. The 

structure is a rectangular shaped and uniform span frame structure 

with three spans in the X-direction, three spans in the Y-direction, and 

two shear walls in the Y-direction. The main purpose of this report is to 

make a comparative study of the seismic performance of this building 

based upon the seismic codes of Japan and Burma. ISSN: 0074-6606. 

T 

Tarling, N. 1993. “The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Volume 2: 

The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Cambridge University Press. 

Volume: 2: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Pages: 706p. 

Descriptors: Historical Geography; Water; historical studies; 

nineteenth century; twentieth century; regional history; political 

structure. Abstract: The history of the whole of mainland and island 

Southeast Asia from Burma to Indonesia is analysed. This second 

volume of the history takes us into the 19th and 20th centuries, from 

the late 18th century of the Christian era, when most of the region 

was incorporated into European empires, to the complexity and 

dramatic change after WWII. This volume covers economic and social 

September 2008 256


life as well as the religious and popular culture of the region as they 

develop over two centuries. The political structures of the region are 

also closely examined, from the insurgencies and rebellions of early 

this century to the modern nationalist movements which challenged 

the control of the colonial powers and led to the formation of 

independent states. The final section of the book indicates that by the 

late 20th century, a greater degree of regional cohesion has emerged 

and the Southeast Asian states have gained marginally more control 

over their futures. Notes: Geographic: Asia- (Southeast); Notes: 

Special Features: index. ISBN: 0521355060. OCLC: 1021137. 

Taylor, Dennis and Van Leeuwen, Theo. 1980. “Porphyry-Type 

Deposits in Southeast Asia; Granitic Magmatism and Related 

Mineralization.” Kozan Chishitsu = Mining Geology. Nihon Shigen 

Chishitsu Gakkai - Society of Resource Geologists of Japan, Tokyo, 

Japan. Issue 8, Pages 95-116. Descriptors: Asia; Borneo; Burma; 

Celebes; Cenozoic; continental margin; copper ores; East Malaysia; 

economic geology; Far East; faults; geologic maps; gold ores; 

hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; igneous rocks; 

Indonesia; island arcs; Loei; Malala; Malay Archipelago; Malaysia; 

maps; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; metasomatism; mineral 

deposits, genesis; molybdenum; Monywa; paleogeographic maps; 

plate tectonics; polymetallic ores; porphyry; processes; Sabah 

Malaysia; silver ores; strike-slip faults; subduction; Sumatra; 

tectonics; tectonophysics; Thailand; transform faults; Triassic. 

References: 42; illus. incl. tables, geol. sketch maps. ISSN: 0026- 

5209. 

Tet Ne Wunn. 2006. Quality of Bottled Drinking Water and Risk 

Management Systems. Descriptors: Bottled water; Bottled water 

industry; Drinking water- Standards; Drinking water- Health aspects; 

Water quality management; Water quality management- Burma; 

Thesis/dissertation (deg). Notes: viii, 74 leaves, bound: ill. 30 cm. 

Dissertation: Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of 

Civil & Engineering Science, 2006. Notes: Typescript. Includes 

bibliographical references (leaves 57-62). Responsibility: Tet Ne Wunn. 

OCLC: 225234029. 

September 2008 257


Than Nyunt. 1968. “Early Performance Review of the Middle Fifth Sand 

Water Flood Project in North Central Fault Block Chauk Field.” Union of 

Burma Journal of Science and Technology. Volume 1, Pages 23-31. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Chauk field; economic geology; Far East; 

petroleum; production; reserves; water injection. Notes: Illustrations 

(incl. sketch map). Abstract: Oil reservoirs, cross faults, north-south 

trending asymmetrical anticlines, Burma. ISSN: 0566-7542. 

Than, U. A. 1989. “Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Problems in Burma.” 

Bulletin of the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake 

Engineering. Volume 23, Pages 37-60. Descriptors: Seismicity; Burma; 

Maps; Seismic zoning; Building codes; Damage; Earthquake-Resistant 

Design. Abstract: Earthquake disaster mitigation problems in Burma 

are discussed. Although historically a region of high seismicity, Burma 

has had to rely on instrumental records from developed countries to 

indicate earthquake occurrence, and damage potential has thus been 

difficult to assess. Northern Burma is more seismically active than 

southern Burma, but most of the cities are located in the central valley 

or plain bounded by fault lines and are also subject to earthquakes. 

The Burmese government enlisted the aid of the Japanese government 

for an expert mission to offer advice and to help draft earthquakeresistant 

regulations. Civil engineers and seismologists are sent to 

Japan for training, seismic observation stations are being increased, 

and a natural disaster committee has been formed. This paper 

discusses these priorities. ISSN: 0074-655X. 

Thet-Khine, Z., Maung-U, K., Myint, Y. Y., Thi, M. and May, K. K. 1992. 

“Sodium Balance during Acute Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children.” J. 

Trop. Pediatr. Aug. Volume 38, Issue 4, Pages 153-157. Additional 

Info: Oxford: Oxford University Press. Publishing Agencies: Non-US 

Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: Malnutrition; Diarrhea; Sodium; Blood 

serum; Human feces; Urine; Hydrocortisone; Balance studies; Boys; 

Preschool children. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Subj Category: Diet 

and Diseases. Abstract: Forty-six male children 12-59 months old (27 

malnourished and 19 with normal nutrition) admitted for acute water 

diarrhoea of


period, balance studies were carried out up to 48 hours. Blood, stool, 

and urine samples were analysed for sodium and potassium levels. 

Serum cortisol levels were determined using radio-immunoassay in a 

subsample of six normal and five malnourished children. Malnourished 

children lost more sodium in their stools and urine during diarrhoea, so 

that they had significantly diminished gut net sodium balance and 

significantly diminished total body sodium balance. Significantly higher 

levels of serum cortisol were observed initially on admission among 

children with malnutrition. This study demonstrated that malnourished 

children had poorer sodium balance during acute diarrhoea. ISSN: 

0142-6338. 

Thomas, Axel. 1992. “Agricultural Water Balance of Yunnan Province, 

PR China: Agroclimatic Zoning with a Geographical Information 

System.” Agricultural Water Management. 9. Volume 21, Issue 4, 

Pages 249-263. Abstract: Yunnan Province is located in the extreme 

southwest of the PR China, bordering Vietnam and Burma. Mostly 

mountainous in character it features a subtropical monsoon climate 

and moderate temperatures due to average elevations of 1000–3000 

m. ISSN: 0378-3774. 

Tin Tun Aung, Barbier, E., Dickson, M. H. and Fanelli, M. 1988. 

“Geothermal Resources of Burma; Small Geothermal Resources; Part 

2, Geothermal Projects in Developing Countries.” Geothermics. 

Pergamon Press. International (III). Volume 17, Issue 2/3, Pages 429- 

437. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; chemical composition; distribution; 

economic geology; exploration; Far East; geothermal energy; hot 

springs; hydrogeology; igneous activity; Karen State; Magwe Division; 

Mandalay Division; metamorphic rocks; metasedimentary rocks; Mon 

State; Sagaing Division; Shan State Burma; springs; Tenasserim 

Division; thermal waters. Notes: References: 1; 1 table, geol. sketch 

maps. ISSN: 0375-6505. 

Tin U, U., Lun Wai, U., Ba Tun, U., Mya Win, U. and Thein Dan, U. 

1988. “'We Want Water, Not Gold.” World Health Forum. WHFODN. 

Vol. 9, no. 4, pages 519-525. 1988. Descriptors: Burma; Sanitation; 

Technology transfer; Public health; Developing countries; Water 

September 2008 259


supply; Community development; Economic aspects; Social 

participation; Financing; Social aspects; Planning; Education. Abstract: 

A study in the dry-zone township of Ayadaw, Burma has shown that 

the success of health development activities is largely attributable to 

collective leadership, viable community organization, balance between 

local and central priorities, the use of appropriate interventions and 

technology, community participation, and the maintenance of a proper 

community financing system. The Ayadaw township People's Health 

Plan Committee was awarded the 1986 Sasakawa Health Prize at the 

Thirty-ninth World Health Assembly. Since the People's Health Plan 

was introduced in 1978, the water supply and sanitation program has 

been one of the country's major health service programs, as part of 

the national development plan under the International Water Supply 

and Sanitation Decade. The main challenge facing technical staff was 

that of encouraging people to improve their health by their own 

efforts. An educational campaign dealt with disease carried by water 

and human waste, the benefits of safe water and sanitation, and the 

activities required of villagers to combat adverse sanitary conditions. 

Volunteer health workers were assigned tasks intended to satisfy 

urgent needs of the community. The Ayadaw case study has thrown 

light on how community organization evolved in relation to primary 

health care. It has also indicated effective mechanisms of technology 

transfer and has shown the importance of timing and sequencing of 

steps taken for the implementation of health development plans. 

Further study should help towards planning the expansion of 

community participation in this work. ISSN: 0251-2432. 

Tin, Myint, Myo Thet, Htoon and Tin, Shwe. 1992. “Estimation of 

Leprosy Prevalence in Bago and Kawa Townships using Two-Stage 

Probability Proportionate to Size Sampling Technique.” Int. J. 

Epidemiol. 2005. Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 778-783. Descriptors: 

Medical Geography; Water; medical geography; developing country; 

leprosy; disease prevalence; control programme; disease estimation 

technique; leprosy prevalence; disability. Notes: Geographic: Burma- 

Myanmar- Bago Township Burma- Myanmar- Kawa Township Burma. 

Abstract: Two surveys to estimate leprosy prevalence using two-stage 

probability proportionate to size sampling technique were conducted in 

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Bago and Kawa townships. A total of 3519 and 3739 individuals were 

examined in each township. The two surveys were finished within 25 

(Bago) and 30 (Kawa) working days at a cost of Kyats 10 000 (US$ 

1500) for each survey. The estimated leprosy prevalence obtained in 

Bago was 9.95 per 1000 population (95% confidence interval (CI): 

7.11-12.78) and in Kawa it was 12.04 per 1000 population (95% CI: 

8.85-15.22). A total of 30 (Bago) and 34 (Kawa) new leprosy cases 

were detected in the two surveys. Grade I disability was seen to be 

20% in Bago and 18.78% in Kawa, whereas grade II disability was 

17.14% in Bago and 15.56% in Kawa. ISSN: 0300-5771. 

Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance (Organization) and 

Nuin` nam to` Nrim` vap` Pi pra” mhu Taññ` chok` re” A phvai’ 

(Burma). 1997. Hydroelectric and Trans-Basin Water Diversion 

Projects in the Salween River Basin Including Project Proposals of the 

Royal Thai Government and the State Law and Order Restoration 

Council (SLORC), Burma. Bangkok: The Alliance. Pages: 39. 

Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants- Thailand; Hydroelectric power 

plants- Burma; Salween River Watershed; Microfiche; Master 

microform. Notes: maps; 30 cm. Notes: Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 39). Reproduction: Microfiche. New Delhi: Library of 

Congress Office; Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress 

Photoduplication Service, 2000. 1 microfiche. Responsibility: compiled 

by Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance. LCCN: 98- 

943692. OCLC: 43885956. 

Transportation and World Trade. Daily Report. Twin Coast Newspapers, 

Incorporated. Journal of Commerce. Pages: n.p. Descriptors: 

International trade; Liner services; Liner shipping; Sailing schedules; 

Sailing ships; Schedules; Scheduling; Ship motion; Ship movements; 

Trade routes. Abstract: The Journal of Commerce publishes a daily 

sailings list in its Transportation and World Trade section. This list 

includes sailings from the Atlantic Coast to Europe, Iceland, the 

Mediterranean, South, East, and West Africa, the Red Sea-Persian 

Gulf, India-Pakistan-Burma, South and Central America and Mexico, 

Atlantic Islands, the Far East, Indonesia, and Australia-New Zealand; 

and from the Gulf Coast, Pacific Coast, and Great Lakes ports to all of 

September 2008 261


the relevant destinations listed above. Also included are future ship 

arrivals at Atlantic ports; incoming vesels at Gulf, Pacific, Great Lakes, 

and East Canadian Ports; a 4-day list of vessels due at New York; and 

sailed from-arrived at information for New York on a daily basis. ISSN: 

1542-3867. 

Travis, John. 2003. “Children of Sea See Clearly Underwater.” Sci. 

News. May 17. Volume 163, Issue 20, Pages 308-309. Descriptors: 

Bajau (Southeast Asian people); Sight- Man. Abstract: In the May 13 

Current Biology, Gislén and colleagues report that children of a sea 

gypsy tribe of Southeast Asia have enhanced underwater vision. The 

researchers compared the underwater vision of 6 children of the 

Moken tribe, which inhabits the archipelago along the west coasts of 

Burma and Thailand, with that of 28 European children and found that 

the sea gypsy children had superior resolving power and better 

perception of contrasts. As sea gypsies have depended on the ocean 

for hundreds of years, Moken children may have inherited genetic 

variations that enable them to see more clearly under water, although 

regular diving may simply help the eye learn to adapt to the 

underwater environment. ISSN: 0036-8423. 

TU, M., HLA-GYAW, S. and CHEN, H. 1970. “Bacteriological Findings in 

the Chlorinated Water Supplies of 1968 in Rangoon.” Union of Burma 

Journal of Life Sciences. Volume 3, Number 1. Volume P 59-70, Pages 

ILLUS. Descriptors: Alcaligenes-Faecalis; Bacteriological Studies; 

Burma; Chlorinated Water Supply; Citrobacter-Freundii; Clostridium- 

Perfringens; Coliforms; Enterobacter; Enterococcus; Escherichia-Coli; 

Klebsiella-Aerogenes; Proteus-Fluroescens; Proteus-Vulgaris; 

Pseudomonas; Rangoon; Serratia-Marcescens; Streptococcus-Fecalis. 

Abstract: chlorinated waters from 20 sites in Rangoon were sampled 

and examined bacteriologically for coliforms enterococcis and 

clostridium perfringens. Bacterial species obtained from primary 

macconkey bile-salt lactose peptone water and sodium azide cultures 

were identified. Of a total of 26 samples tested, 22 were of 

unsatisfactory, and 1 of suspicious, bacterial sanitary quality. The 

remaining 3 samples should be considered satisfactory. The criteria 

used were the presumptive coliform count, the presumptive 

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enterococcus count, and/or the isolation of escherichia coli. The 

bacterial species isolated included e. Coli, klebsiella aerogenes, 

citrobacter freundii, streptococcus faecalis, alcaligenes faecalis, and 

enterobacter, proteus and pseudomonas spp. The viabilities of coliform 

species at 4 deg c extended up to 112 days in 2 e. Coli and 3 k. 

Aerogenes strains, and up to 56 days in 2 enterobacter strains and 1 

e. Coli strain. In the noncoliform species tested 3 a. Faecalis strains 

persisted till the 112th, and 1 p. Aeruginosa strain, 2 p. Fluorescens 

strains and 1 serratia marcescens strain till the 56th day. None of 5 s. 

Faecalis strains tested persisted till the 56th day. The viabilities of 

coliform species at room temperature extended up to 112 days in 2 e. 

Coli and 5 k. Aerogenes strains, and up to 56 days in 3 e. Coli strains, 

3 k. Aerogenes strains, and 1 strain each of c. Freundii and an 

enterobacter species. In the noncoliform species tested, 1 bacillus 

strain, 2 p. Mirabilis strains, 2 p. Aeruginosa strains and 1 p. 

Fluorescens strain persisted till the 112th, and 2 a. Faecalis strains, 1 

bacillus strain, 1 p. Vulgaris strain, a providence b strain and 4 p. 

Fluorescens strains till the 56th day. None of 3 s. Faecalis strains 

tested persisted till the 56th day. ISSN: 0503-2377. 

Tuckey, Michael Edward. 1988. Global Biogeography, Biostratigraphy 

and Evolutionary Patterns of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa. Michigan 

State University; 0128. DAI. Volume: 49, 10B, Pages: 194-4206. 

Descriptors: Paleontology; Geology. Abstract: The data for each of the 

chapters in this thesis was dervied from a global bryozoan data base 

assembled for this project. The data base contains information on 

nearly all species of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa which have been 

described in the literature. The information recorded for each reported 

occurrence of a species includes: geographic locality, geologic 

formation, lithology of the formation, and colony morphology. Ages of 

formations were estimated from recently published stratigraphic 

charts. Taxonomy and synonymies of bryozoan clades were assembled 

with the advice of Dr. Robert Anstey. The bibliography of sources for 

the data base is contained in Appendix A. Four independent problems 

were addressed in this thesis: (1) An investigation of the biogeography 

of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa revealed the existence of four 

major Ordovician bryozoans provinces: Baltic, North American, 

September 2008 263


Siberian and Mediterranean. The Llandeilo-Carodoc was a period of 

high provinciality as all four provinces were in existence. Provinciality 

was reduced in the Ashgill, as the North American and Siberian and 

the Baltic and Mediterranean Provinces merged. In the Llandovery and 

Wenlock, the temperate latitude Mongolian Province existed on the 

northern portion of the Siberian plate. Silurian provinciality was 

reduced with the merging of the North American-Siberian and Baltic 

Provinces in the Wenlock. (2) An investigation of Ordovician-Silurian 

radiations of the Bryozoa revealed that the major center of origin of 

bryozoan radiation in the Early Ordovician was the temperate latitude 

continent of Baltica. Within North America, bryozoan genera and 

families made their first appearances in shallow water and reef 

environments along the continental margin, while speciation rates 

were highest in offshore areas of the craton. (3) The statistical 

technique of gradient analysis was found to be useful for stratigraphic 

correlation, and faunas from Poland and Burma were dated by this 

method. (4) The Late Ordovician mass extinction was found to be a 

composite of three separate extinction events. The major extinction 

occurred at the end of the Rawtheyan, and was associated with a 

marine regression which affected primarily species from terrigenous 

lithotopes. Degree: PH.D. Dissertation Abstracts: AAG8900113. OCLC: 

21878408. 

Tun-Lin, W., Htay-Aung, Moe-Moe, Sebastian, A., Myo-Paing and Myat- 

Myat-Thu. 1987. “Some Environmental Factors Influencing the 

Breeding of Anopheles Balabacensis Complex (Dirus) in Domestic Wells 

in Burma.” J. Commun. Dis. Dec. Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 291-9 

Additional Info: INDIA. Descriptors: Breeding; Seasons; Social 

Environment; Water Supply; Animals; Anopheles- physiology; Female; 

Larva- physiology; Myanmar. ISSN: 0019-5138 (Print). 

Tun-Lin, W., Maung-Maung-Mya, Sein-Maung-Than and Tin-Maung- 

Maung Affiliation: Medical Entomology Research Division, Ministry of 

Health, Yangon, Myanmar. 1995. “Rapid and Efficient Removal of 

Immature Aedes Aegypti in Metal Drums by Sweep Net and Modified 

Sweeping Method.” Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. Dec. 

Volume 26, Issue 4, Pages 754-9. Descriptors: Aedes; Insect Vectors; 

September 2008 264


Water Supply; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cost-Benefit Analysis; 

Dengue- prevention & control; Humans; Larva; Mosquito Controlinstrumentation; 

Myanmar; Time Factors. Abstract: A modified 

sweeping method was developed using a cotton sweep net for control 

of Ae. aegypti immatures in 200 liter (44 gallon) metal drums which 

are major sources of breeding in Yangon. Laboratory experiments 

revealed that with only 4 sweeps (approximately 10 minutes duration), 

the mean % removal (+/- SD) of Ae. aegypti fourth stage larvae was 

88.5% +/- 1.47. This was followed by a field study undertaken in 

Sanchaung township, Yangon. Twenty-eight drums with moderate (or 

= 500 immatures) Ae. aegypti density were tested in the field. It was 

found that with only 4 sweeps per drum, a total of 24,886 immatures 

were removed out of 29,155 immatures in these 28 drums, giving a 

mean % removal per drum of 85.36% +/- 10.74 (range = 55.54- 

98.62%). This sweeping method is simple, cost-effective, and readily 

accepted by the community. It could be an appropriate technology for 

control of the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vector Ae. aegypti. 

ISSN: 0125-1562 (Print). 

U 

U Khim Zaw, U Aung Pwa and U Thet Aung Zan. 1984. “Lead-Zinc 

Mineralization at Theingon Mine, Bawsaing, Southern Shan State, 

Burma; a Mississippi Valley-Type Deposit?” Buletin Persatuan Geologi 

Malaysia = Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia. Geological Society 

of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Dec. Volume 17, Pages 283-306. 

Descriptors: Asia; Bawsaing; Burma; carbonate rocks; clastic rocks; 

claystone; copper ores; economic geology; epigene processes; Far 

East; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; leaching; 

lead-zinc deposits; metal ores; metasomatism; meteoric water; 

mineral deposits, genesis; mineralization; mississippi valley-type 

deposits; Ordovician; ore-forming fluids; Paleozoic; sedimentary 

rocks; Shan State Burma; Theingon Mine; Wunbye Formation. Notes: 

References: 36; illus. incl. 2 tables, sects., geol. sketch maps. ISSN: 

0126-6187. 

September 2008 265


U Khin Zaw and Daw Khin Myo Thet. 1983. “A Note on a Fluid 

Inclusion Study of Tin-Tungsten Mineralization at Mawchi Mine, Kayah 

State, Burma.” Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. Economic Geology 

Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA. May. Volume 78, Issue 3, Pages 

530-534. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; economic geology; Far East; fluid 

inclusions; fluorides; fluorite; framework silicates; geologic 

thermometry; halides; homogenization; hydrothermal alteration; 

hydrothermal processes; inclusions; Kayah; Mawchi Mine; metal ores; 

metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; ore-forming fluids; 

paleosalinity; quartz; scheelite; silica minerals; silicates; temperature; 

tin ores; tungstates; tungsten ores. Notes: References: 13; illus. incl. 

1 table, geol. sketch map. ISSN: 0361-0128. 

U, K. M., Khin, M., Wai, N. N., Hman, N. W., Myint, T. T. and Butler T 

Affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 

(Rangoon), Myanmar, Burma. 1992. “Risk Factors for the Development 

of Persistent Diarrhoea and Malnutrition in Burmese Children.” Int. J. 

Epidemiol. Oct. Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 1021-9. Descriptors: Case- 

Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea- epidemiology; Diarrheaetiology; 

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; 

Myanmar- epidemiology; Nutrition Disorders- epidemiology; Nutrition 

Disorders- etiology; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors. Abstract: To 

identify socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for development of 

persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in children, a case-control study 

was carried out in Burma. Cases were 67 children 1-59 months old 

hospitalized for diarrhoea lasting > 14 days and complicated by severe 

malnutrition; for each case, a healthy control child was selected who 

was age- and sex-matched from the same neighbourhood. Homes of 

cases and controls were visited for interviews and for direct 

observation of household child-care practices. Risk factors were 

catalogued and calculations made for relative risk and etiologic 

fractions. Risk factors that were associated with persistent diarrhoea 

and malnutrition included low family income, low education of 

mothers, unhygienic latrines, flies in the house and on the child, dirty 

appearance of child and mother, mother not using soap and water 

when washing child's hands, defaecation of child on floor, 

breastfeeding on demand, child eating food from floor, not feeding 

September 2008 266


recommended weaning foods, and lack of knowledge by mother about 

causes of diarrhoea and about foods that prevent malnutrition. These 

results indicated that persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in Burma is 

caused by a complex of several interrelated socioeconomic factors, 

unsanitary behaviour pertaining to personal hygiene, the practice of 

demand breastfeeding and lack of certain weaning foods, and low 

education of mothers who showed less knowledge about causes of 

diarrhoea and prevention of malnutrition. ISSN: 0300-5771 (Print); 

1464-3685 (Electronic). 

Uchida T Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nihon University School 

of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 1992. “Hepatitis E: Review.” Gastroenterol. 

Jpn. Oct. Volume 27, Issue 5, Pages 687-96. Descriptors: Hepatitis E- 

microbiology; Hepatitis E- pathology; Animals; Humans. References: 

Number: 55. Abstract: Hepatitis E is endemic, often provoking 

epidemics in many developing countries. It resembles hepatitis A 

clinically and epidemiologically but shows a higher mortality rate and 

less infectiousness. Several lines of evidence strongly support the 

assumption that humans become immunized once they contract 

hepatitis E. Because of the low infectiousness, most of the adult 

population of endemic areas are susceptible to hepatitis E until an 

epidemic occurs, although they are almost always infected with 

hepatitis A during infancy. Epidemics are caused by accidental 

contamination by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) in feces of water provided 

to these people. The liver change reveals necroinflammation related to 

the immune-mediated mechanism. The HEV is molecularly cloned and 

sequenced and has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome, 

7,194 nucleotides followed by a poly (A) tail. There are three open 

reading frames. The non-structural gene, approximately 5 kb is 

located at the 5' end, while the structural gene, approximately 2 kb is 

located at the 3' end of the genome. There is a low level of nucleotide 

variations among HEV strains isolated from Myanmar and China and a 

single serotype appears to exist. The HEV may be a new RNA virus or 

belong to Caliciviridae family. Further investigation include in vitro 

propagation, elucidation of the gene replication, global 

seroepidemiology and vaccination of the HEV. ISSN: 0435-1339. 

September 2008 267


Ul-Haq, Islam. 2005. “Ground Water Arsenic Contamination Integrated 

Approach for Making Arsenic Free Drinking Water National Action Plan 

for Arsenic Mitigation (NAPAM, 2005-09); Geological Society of 

America, 2005 Annual Meeting.” Abstracts with Programs - Geological 

Society of America. Oct. Volume 37, Issue 7, Pages 454-455. 

Descriptors: aquifers; arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; cartography; 

China; drinking water; Far East; ground water; India; Indian 

Peninsula; metals; National Action Plan for Arsenic Mitigation; Nepal; 

Pakistan; pollutants; pollution; public health; Vietnam; water 

pollution; water quality; water treatment. Abstract: Ground water 

arsenic contamination has exponentially endangered the human life 

and complicated the efforts for obtaining and maintaining drinking 

water quality standards. The deadly contaminant (arsenic) has created 

an alarming and catastrophic crises world over, especially in South 

Asia, e.g., Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Vietnam, China and Myanmar 

who are facing ground water arsenic contamination problems. Every 

affected country is combating the arsenic contamination menace within 

the framework of their own socio-economic, legal and cultural 

perspectives which may not be cost-effective and efficient in time and 

space dimensions. The reason might be of devoid of integration 

approach amongst the key stakeholders. Hence, under the 

circumstances, there was a dire need of an integrated approach to 

combat the arsenic contamination which has virtually emerged as a 

crises situation thus necessitating formulation of national action plan 

for arsenic mitigation. Strategies and objectives within the Action Plan 

Framework are based on the earlier initiatives of addressing the 

serious issue of arsenic contamination resulting in the formulation of 

national action plan for arsenic mitigation which includes, establishing 

integrated institutional arrangement and developing capacity, 

coordination mechanism among all the implementing agencies at 

various levels of administration with government(s), NGOs, donor 

agencies and other departments, policy decisions and legislation to 

enforce for arsenic mitigation, monitoring and surveillance of water 

quality/aquifer mapping/treatment and data base thereof, establishing 

case diagnosis/treatment of affected arsenicosis under health 

department, developing effective and sustainable behavioral change 

program including community participation/social mobilization and 

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developing cost-effective water treatment technologies and 

establishment of research related infrastructures. The major 

components of national action plan for arsenic mitigation are described 

diagrammatically in the subsequent paragraphs. This paper is based 

on the arsenic contamination status in Pakistan and inferences thus 

were drawn and shaped as national action plan for arsenic mitigation 

(NAPAM) which is going to be equally good for any affected country. 

ISSN: 0016-7592. 

Umbangtalad, S., Parkpian, P., Visvanathan, C., Delaune, R. D. and 

Jugsujinda A Affiliation: Environmental Engineering and Management 

Program, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian 

Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand. 2007. “Assessment of 

Hg Contamination and Exposure to Miners and Schoolchildren at a 

Small-Scale Gold Mining and Recovery Operation in Thailand.” Journal 

of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous 

Substances and Environmental Engineering. Dec. Volume 42, Issue 14, 

Pages 2071-9. Descriptors: Gold; Mining; Child; Creatine- analysis; 

Creatine- metabolism; Creatine- urine; Environmental Exposureanalysis; 

Female; Geography; Hair- metabolism; Humans; Male; 

Mercury- analysis; Mercury- metabolism; Mercury- urine; Studentsstatistics 

& numerical data; Thailand. Notes: Chemical Subst: Creatine 

[57-00-1] Mercury [7439-97-6] Gold [7440-57-5]. Abstract: Gold 

extracted by Hg-amalgamation process, which can cause both health 

and environmental problems, is widespread in South East Asia 

including Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Small-scale gold 

mining operations have been carried out since the year 2000 in 

Phanom Pha District, Phichit Province, Thailand. Since no data is 

available for evaluating Hg exposure, an investigation of mercury (Hg) 

contamination and exposure assessment was carried out at this mine 

site. Environmental monitoring illustrated the total Hg in water was as 

high as 4 microg/l while Hg in sediment ranged between 102 to 325 

microg/kg dry weight. Both Hg deposition from the air (1.28 

microg/100 cm(2)/day) and concentration in surface soil (20,960 

microg/kg dry weight) were elevated in the area of amalgamation. The 

potential of Hg exposure to miners as well as to schoolchildren was 

assessed. The concentrations of Hg in urine of 79 miners who were 

September 2008 269


directly (group I) or indirectly (group II) involved in the gold recovery 

operation were 32.02 and 20.04 microg/g creatinine, respectively, 

which did not exceed regulatory limits (35 microg/g creatinine). Hair 

Hg levels in both groups (group I and group II) also were not 

significantly higher than the non-exposed group. In terms of risk 

factors, gender and nature of food preparation and consumption were 

the two significant variables influencing the concentration of Hg in 

urine of miners (P < 0.05). A hazard quotient (HQ) was estimated 

based on the inorganic Hg exposure of individual miners. The HQ 

values of group I were in a range 16 to 218 times higher than the 

safety level set as 1. By comparison the group II HQ index was very 

low (0.03-0.39). The miners in group I who worked and ate food from 

this area experienced potentially high exposure to Hg associated with 

the mining process. In a second Hg exposure assessment, a group of 

59 schoolchildren who attended an elementary school near the gold 

mine site was evaluated for Hg exposure. A slightly higher Hg urine 

concentration was detected in group I and group II (involved and not 

involved in gold recovery) at average levels of 15.82 and 9.95 

microg/g creatinine, respectively. The average Hg values for both 

groups were below the established levels indicating no risk from Hg 

intake. Average Hg hair level in all schoolchildren (0.93 microg/g) was 

not significantly higher than reference group. There were two variables 

(gender and personal hygiene) which affected the concentration of Hg 

in urine of schoolchildren (P < 0.05). The result (HQ) also suggested 

that schoolchildren were not at risk (< 1). Schoolchildren involved in 

gold mining activities showed some indirect exposure to Hg from the 

adults working in mining area. ISSN: 1093-4529 (Print); 1532-4117 

(Electronic). 

UN University. 1993. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. Vol. 14, no. 4, 

December 1992. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Descriptors: 

Breast-Feeding; Turkey; Child Nutrition; Infant Mortality; Native 

Americans; Peru; Nutrition; Diet; Food Consumption; Seasonal 

Variations; Households; Chad; Food Distribution; Child Feeding; Food 

Aid; Guatemala; Nutrition Programmes; Food Shortage; Niger; 

Maternal And Child Health; Health Services; Nutritional Diseases; 

Mongolia; Women Workers; Food Security; Ghana; Myanmar; 

September 2008 270


Malaysia; Sorghum; Nigeria; Iron; Water Supply; Soils; Rural 

Population; Urban Population; Early Warning Systems; Joint 

Who/Unicef Nutrition Support Programme. Notes: p. 289-371: charts, 

graphs, tables. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Reports and 

studies. General (not for deposit). OCLC: 81951160; 123412897. 

ISSN: 0379-5721. 

UN University. 1982. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, v. 4, no. 4, Oct. 

1982. Tokyo: United Nations University. Pages: 81. Descriptors: 

Cretinism; Statistical Data; Health Statistics; China; Malnutrition; 

Mexico; Breast-Feeding; Myanmar; Child Development; Nutrition; 

Maternal Welfare; Family; Child Nutrition; Nutrition Statistics; Food; 

International Trade; Trade Statistics; Protein Research; Fish; 

Conferences; Infant Feeding; Developing Countries; Vitamins; Water 

Hyacinth. Notes: charts, diagram, ill., maps, tables. Notes: Includes 

bibliographical references. Miscellaneous documents. ISBN: 

9280804618; 9789280804614. OCLC: 78567245. 

UN. Department of Technical Cooperation for Development. 1986. 

Ground Water in Continental Asia (Central, Eastern, Southern, South- 

Eastern Asia). New York: UN. Pages: 391. Descriptors: Groundwater; 

Water Resources; Maps; Asia; East Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia; 

Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Cambodia; India; 

Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Maldives; Mongolia; 

Nepal; Pakistan; Republic Of Korea; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; 

Siberia; Ussr; Viet Nam; Hydrogeology; Hydrology; Government 

publication; International government publication. Notes: viii; maps, 

tables. Notes: At head of title: Department of Technical Co-operation 

for Development. “Annex: Ground-water projects in continental Asia 

sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme”: p. 390- 

391. Includes bibliographical references. Includes UN map no. 3323: 

Asia (Mar. 1985); UN map no. 3323.1x: [Asia]: surface configuration; 

UN map no. 3323.2x: [Asia]: geologic structure; UN map no. 3323.3x: 

[Asia]: rainfall; UN map no. 3323.4x: [Asia]: population; UN map no. 

3319: Afghanistan (Feb. 1985); UN map no. 3323.5: Afghanistan: 

hydrogeology (June 1985); UN map no. 3323.6x: Bangladesh: mean 

annual rainfall and major rivers; UN map no. 3323.7x: Bangladesh: 

September 2008 271


depth to main aquifer; UN map no. 3323.8x: Bangladesh: 

potentiometric surface, June 1979; UN map no. 3323.9x: Bangladesh: 

depth to water, June 1979; UN map no. 3323.10x: Bangladesh: 

transmissivity of wells, tapping main aquifer; UN map no. 3323.11x: 

Bangladesh: total dissolved solids, dry season, 1978; UN map no. 

3323.12: Bhutan: geological sketch (Apr. 1985); UN map no. 

3323.14x: Burma: rainfall distribution; UN map no. 3323.13: Burma: 

geological sketch (Apr. 1985); UN map no. 3323.15x: Burma: 

hydrogeological map of the dry zone; UN map no. 3323.29x: China: 

hydrogeology; UN map no. 3323.16: Democratic Kampuchea: 

geological-lithological sketch (May 1985); UN map no. 3323.17: India: 

main ground-water units (May 1985); UN map no. 3323.18x: India: 

average annual rainfall; UN map no. 3323.21x: Lao People's 

Democratic Republic: summary geology; UN map no. 3323.22x: Lao 

People's Democratic Republic: hydrographic basins; UN map no. 

3323.23x: Malaysia: simplified hydrogeological map; UN map no. 

3323.24x: Malaysia: areas of hydrological investigations in Sarawak; 

UN map no. 1692 rev. 1: Maldives (Apr. 1982); UN map no. 3215: 

Mongolia (Jan. 1983); UN map no. 3323.25x: Nepal: geological map; 

UN map no. 3112: Pakistan: administrative divisions (Aug. 1980); UN 

map no. 3323.26x: Pakistan: physiography; UN map no. 3323.27x: 

Pakistan: aquifers of Punjab, Sind and north-west frontier provinces; 

UN map no. 3323.28x: Pakistan: aquifers of Baluchistan; UN map no. 

3323.21x: Korean peninsula: geology; UN map no. 3323.20x: Republic 

of Korea: ground-water resources; UN map no. 3323.30x: [Singapore: 

geology]; UN map no. 3323.31x: [Singapore: sketch map and section 

of the Quarternary basin in the eastern part of Singapore]; UN map 

no. 3323.32x: Sri Lanka: wet and dry zones; UN map no. 3323.33x: 

Sri Lanka: geology; UN map no. 3323.34x: Sri Lanka: system “A” 

project area; UN map no. 3323.35x: Thailand: physiographic 

provinces; UN map no. 3323.36x: Thailand: main aquifers; UN map 

no. 3323.37: Outline of the hydrological zones of the Asian part of the 

USSR (May 1985); UN map no. 3323.38x: Viet Nam: hydrological 

regions. UN sales no.: 86.II.A.2. Contains: Maps (in UN documents). 

General Info: Distribution: General. ISSN/ISBN: 9211041759; 

9789211041750; Stock no: 86.II.A.2. OCLC: 123533779. 

September 2008 272


UN. Economic and Social Council (1995: New York and Geneva). 1996. 

Report of the Economic and Social Council for the Year 1995. New 

York: UN. Pages: 184. Descriptors: Transport; Communications; 

Economic Development; External Debt; Agricultural Development; 

Women In Development; Resources Mobilization; Economic 

Cooperation Among Developing Countries; Africa; Human Rights; 

Cambodia; Cuba; Lebanon; Iran (Islamic Republic Of); Haiti; 

Myanmar; Afghanistan; Sudan; Bosnia And Herzegovina; Rwanda; 

Burundi; Democratic Republic Of The Congo; Equatorial Guinea; 

Operational Activities; Organizational Change; Drought; 

Desertification; Science And Technology; Narcotic Drugs; Drug 

Control; Disaster Relief; Disaster Prevention; Humanitarian Assistance; 

Health Hazards; Decolonization; Programmes Of Action; Women's 

Rights; Women's Advancement; Youth; Ageing Persons; Disabled 

Persons; Indigenous Peoples; Refugees; Human Settlements; Social 

Development; Crime Prevention; Criminal Justice; Sustainable 

Development; Sustainable Agriculture; Water Supply; Sanitation; 

Natural Resources; Population; International Migration; Conferences; 

International Trade; Regional Cooperation; Environmental Protection; 

Hazardous Wastes; Territories Occupied By Israel; Permanent 

Sovereignty; Aids Prevention; Coordination Within Un System; Inter- 

Agency Cooperation; Statistics; Information Systems; Non- 

Governmental Organizations; Election Of Members; Work 

Organization; Agenda; Subsidiary Bodies; Work Programme; 

International Years; International Decades; Un. Economic And Social 

Council- Activities (1995); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, 

substantive sess.: Geneva); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, 

high-level segment: Geneva); UN. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL- 

WORK PROGRAMME (1996-1997); UN. Commission on Human Rights; 

UN. Centre for Human Rights; UN High Commissioner for Refugees; 

World Food Programme. Committee on Food Aid Policies and 

Programmes; UN University; UN Commission on Crime Prevention and 

Criminal Justice (4th sess.: 1995: Vienna); UN Congress on the 

Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (9th: 1995: 

Cairo); International Conference on Population and Development 

(1994: Cairo); UN Conference on International Migration and 

Development (Proposed); World Conference against Racism, Racial 

September 2008 273


Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2001: Durban, 

South Africa); Meeting of Experts on the United Nations Programme in 

Public Administration and Finance (12th: 1995: New York); 

Government publication; International government publication; 

Internet resource (url). Notes: viii; tables. Title Subject: International 

Year of Older Persons (1999) UN New Agenda for the Development of 

Africa in the 1990s (1991) Decade for Action to Combat Racism and 

Racial Discrimination (3rd: 1993-2002) World Youth Programme of 

Action to the Year 2000 and Beyond (1995) International Decade for 

Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-2000) Declaration on the Granting of 

Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960) International 

Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990); Notes: UN 

Job no.: N9617196 E. Material type: Annual/sessional reports (UN). 

Issued under agenda item 12, agenda document A/50/251. General 

Info: Distribution: General. ISSN: 0082-8203. OCLC: 84598802. 

UN. ESCAP. 1998. Towards Efficient Water use in Urban Areas in Asia 

and the Pacific. New York: UN. Pages: 146. Descriptors: Water 

Consumption; Water Management; Urban Areas; Water Reuse; Water 

Statistics; Asia And The Pacific; Water Conservation; Water Pollution; 

Singapore; Water Supply; Phnom Penh (Cambodia); Cambodia; China; 

Hong Kong; Manila (Philippines); Philippines; Sri Lanka; Sewage 

Disposal; Iran (Islamic Republic Of); Maldives; Thailand; Myanmar; 

Regional Seminar on Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas in Asia and 

the Pacific (1997: Singapore); Conference publication; Government 

publication; International government publication. Notes: vi; graphs, 

tables. Notes: UN sales no.: 98.II.F.60. Material type: Sales 

publications (UN). Material type: Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final 

reports). General Info: Distribution: General. ISBN: 9211198461; 

9789211198461; Stock no: 98.II.F.60. OCLC: 82701263. 

UN. ESCAP. 1996. Water Pricing Policies and Structures and 

Investment Promotion in the Water Sector in Asia and the Pacific. New 

York: UN. Pages: 209. Descriptors: Water Prices; Bangladesh; 

Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; 

Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Republic Of Korea; 

Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam; Water Supply; Investment 

September 2008 274


Promotion; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Russian Federation; 

Uzbekistan; Asia And The Pacific; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: ix; tables. Notes: UN 

sales no.: 97.II.F.11. Material type: Sales publications (UN). General 

Info: Distribution: General. ISBN: 9211197406; 9789211197402; 

Stock no: 97.II.F.11 Series 0082-8130. OCLC: 82644272. 

UN. ESCAP. 1993. Water Resources Journal. June 1993. Bangkok: UN. 

Pages: 85. Descriptors: Irrigation; India; Water Management; 

Mongolia; Hydroelectric Power; Pakistan; Hydraulic Engineering; 

Drought; Cyclones; Floods; Asia And The Pacific; China; Hong Kong; 

Japan; Republic Of Korea; Myanmar; Philippines; Thailand; Viet Nam; 

Water Prices; Runoff; Mathematical Models. Notes: charts, graphs, 

maps, tables. Notes: Reports and studies. OCLC: 79030775. 

UN. ESCAP. 1991. The use of Microcomputers in Selected Fields of 

Water Resources Development. New York: UN. Pages: 347. 

Descriptors: Water Resources Development; Bangladesh; China; 

India; Viet Nam; Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; 

Urban Water Supply; Sewerage; Water Supply; Iran (Islamic Republic 

Of); Water Management; Water Policy; Computer Applications; 

Microcomputers; Mathematical Models; Data Processing; Conferences; 

Seminar on the Use of Microcomputers in Water Resources 

Development (1989: Bangkok); Government publication; International 

government publication. Notes: xii; ill., charts, graphs, tables. Notes: 

Material type: Misc. General Info: Distribution: General. OCLC: 

79192857. 

UN. ESCAP. Committee on Natural Resources (7th sess.). 1981. 

Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the Committee on Natural 

Resources. New York: UN. Descriptors: Australia; Bangladesh; 

Myanmar; China; Indonesia; Japan; Nepal; New Zealand; Philippines; 

Samoa; Sri Lanka; Ussr; Water Resources; Water Resources 

Development; Asia And The Pacific; Industry; River Basin 

Development; Rural Water Supply; Water Consumption; Work 

Programme; Terms Of Reference; Recommendations; UN. ESCAP. 

Committee On Natural Resources- Work Programme (1980-1981); Un. 

September 2008 275


Escap. Committee On Natural Resources- Work Programme (1982- 

1983); Un. Escap. Committee on Natural Resources- Terms of 

Reference; Un. Escap. Committee on Natural Resources (7th Sess.: 

1980: Bangkok)- Recommendations; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: viii, 146: figures, tables. 

Notes: UN sales no.: 81.II.F.10. Material type: Annual/sessional 

reports (UN). Material type: Sales publications (UN). General Info: 

Distribution: General. Other Titles: CNR [ESCAP]. (7th sess.). 

Proceedings. UN Stock no: 81.II.F.10. OCLC: 83881107. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1995-09-21. Water Transport: Shipping, Ports 

and Inland Waterways: Note. Bangkok: UN. Pages: 30. Descriptors: 

Inland Water Transport; Ports; Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; India; 

Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Papua New 

Guinea; Thailand; Viet Nam; Maritime Transport; Merchant Marine; 

Shipping Policy; Maritime Safety; Multimodal Transport; Shipping 

Statistics; Statistical Data; Asia And The Pacific; Cargo Ships; 

Container Ships. Notes: i; graphs, tables. Notes: Issued under agenda 

item 4, agenda document E/ESCAP/CTC/(2)/L.1. Miscellaneous 

documents. Responsibility: by the Secretariat. OCLC: 81697987; 

123415586. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1982-10-13. Review of Developments in 

Inland Waterways: Note. Bangkok: UN. Pages: 15. Descriptors: Inland 

Water Transport; Bangladesh; Myanmar; China; India; Indonesia; Lao 

People's Democratic Republic; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; 

Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Transport Statistics; Statistical Data; 

Asia And The Pacific. Notes: graphs, tables. Notes: Issued under 

agenda item 4, agenda document E/ESCAP/STC/6/L.1. Miscellaneous 

documents. Responsibility: by the Secretariat. OCLC: 78932963; 

123397448. 

UN. ESCAP and UNDP. 1991. Conversion of Dumb Barges to Push- 

Towing Barges. New York: UN. Pages: 372. Descriptors: Inland Water 

Transport; Asia And The Pacific; Bangladesh; China; India; Myanmar; 

Thailand; Viet Nam; Barges; Cargo Handling. Notes: xvi; ill., graphs, 

September 2008 276


maps, tables. Notes: At head of title: United Nations Development 

Programme. Miscellaneous documents. OCLC: 84510934; 123435152. 

UNDP. Administrator. 1994. Assistance to the Union of Myanmar: 

Note. New York: UN. Pages: 13. Descriptors: Country Programmes; 

Development Assistance; Primary Health Care; Aids Prevention; Water 

Supply; Sanitation; Primary Education; Food Security; Sustainable 

Development; Myanmar; Project Evaluation; Programme Management; 

UNDP- Programme management; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: tables. Notes: UN Job 

no.: N9419301 E. Material type: Misc. Issued under agenda item 5, 

agenda document DP/1994/L.2. General Info: Distribution: General. 

Responsibility: by the Administrator. OCLC: 82871107. 

UNDP. Governing Council (26th sess.: 1979: New York). 1979. 

“Country and Intercountry Programming and Projects: [UNDP].” 

Descriptors: Country Programmes; Caribbean Region; Barbados; 

Benin; Bhutan; Myanmar; Ghana; Guinea; India; Kuwait; Liberia; 

Morocco; Mozambique; Papua New Guinea; Sao Tome And Principe; 

Saudi Arabia; Suriname; Swaziland; Trinidad And Tobago; Yemen; 

Development Assistance; Technical Cooperation; Development 

Finance; Democratic People's Republic Of Korea; Intercountry 

Programmes; Least Developed Countries; Asia And The Pacific; 

Indicative Planning Figures; Developing Island Countries; Oceania; 

Antigua And Barbuda; Saint Kitts And Nevis; Anguilla; Saint Lucia; 

Dominica; Saint Vincent And The Grenadines; Guatemala; Programme 

Management; Decolonization; Global Programmes; Disease Control; 

Diarrhoeal Diseases; Rice Research; Cotton; Research And 

Development; Fertilizer Use; Training Programmes; Water Supply; 

Sanitation; Programme Implementation; Locusts; Emergency Relief; 

Project Finance; Pest Management; GovDoc: DP/DEC/79/6. Notes: 

Named Corp: UNDP- Programme management. Notes: Adopted at the 

635th meeting, 8 June 1979. Material type: Resolutions/decisions 

(UN). General Info: Distribution: General. In: Governing Council of the 

United Nations Development Programme: report on the 26th session, 

6 June-16 July 1979. - E/1979/40. - 1979. - p. 140-142. - (ESCOR, 

1979, Suppl. no. 10). OCLC: 123526448. 

September 2008 277


UNDP and UN. ESCAP. 1992. Guidelines for the Determination of 

Standard High and Low Water Levels (SHWL & SLWL). New York: UN. 

Pages: 163. Descriptors: Inland Water Transport; Rhine River; Mekong 

River; Bangladesh; China; India; Thailand; Myanmar; Hydrology; 

Inland Waters; Standards. Notes: vii; ill., charts, graphs, maps, tables. 

Notes: At head of title: United Nations Development Programme. - 

Bibliography: p. 118-120. Miscellaneous documents. OCLC: 80929149; 

123383459. 

UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre; Mekong River 

Commission; UN. ESCAP and UNEP. Regional Office for Asia and the 

Pacific. 2001. International Consultation on the Transfer and 

Implementation of Environmentally Sound Technologies for Water 

Quality Management in the Mekong River Basin: Regional Consultation 

with Stakeholders to Identify Needs and Actions, November 14-16, 

2000 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; November 20, 2000, in Bangkok, 

Thailand. Osaka; Shiga, Japan: UNEP International Environmental 

Technology Centre. Pages: 86. Descriptors: Water Quality; Mekong 

River; River Basin Development; Water Quality Management; Mekong 

River Basin; Environmentally Sound Technology; Cambodia; Lao 

People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam; 

Eutrophication; Lakes; China; Waste Management; Urban 

Development; Technology Transfer; Consultations; International 

Consultation on the Transfer and Implementation of Environmentally 

Sound Technologies for Water Quality Management in the Mekong 

River Basin: Regional Consultation; with Stakeholders to Identify 

Needs and Action (2000: Phnom Penh and Bangkok); Conference 

publication; Government publication; International government 

publication. Notes: iv; ill., charts, graphs, maps, tables. Notes: 

Organized by UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre in 

cooperation with the Mekong River Commission; supported by ESCAP 

and the UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Includes 

bibliographical references. Sales no. not printed. UN sales no.: 

01.III.D.29. Material type: Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final 

reports). Material type: Addresses, essays, etc. General Info: 

Distribution: General (not for deposit). Other Titles: Transfer and 

implementation of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) for 

September 2008 278


water quality management in the Mekong River Basin: Regional 

Consultation with Stakeholders to Identify Needs and Action. ISBN: 

9280719823; 9789280719826; UN Stock no: 01.III.D.29. OCLC: 

153315728. 

UNICEF. 1987. Project Plans of Action: Water Supply and 

Environmental Sanitation (1987-1990). Rangoon: Government of the 

Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma in cooperation with the United 

Nations Children's Fund. Descriptors: Water-supply- Burma- 

International cooperation; Sanitation- Burma- International 

cooperation; Community development- Burma; Rural development 

projects- Burma. Notes: 1 v. [various pagings); 28 cm. Notes: Spiral 

binding. OCLC: 221361458. 

UNICEF Myanmar. 1998. Universal Salt Iodization in Myanmar, from 

Sea Water to IDD Elimination. Yangon: UNICEF, Myanmar. Pages: 23. 

Descriptors: Iodine deficiency diseases- Burma; Iodized salt- Burma; 

NAL: RA645.I55 U54 1998; Bibliography. Notes: [6] leaves of plates: 

ill. (some col.), col. maps; 30 cm. OCLC: CAT30935353. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1991-02-11. Country Programme 

Recommendation: Myanmar. New York: UN. Descriptors: Children; 

Women; Socio-Economic Indicators; Country Programmes; Water 

Supply; Sanitation; Child Development; Child Health; Nutrition 

Programmes; Immunization; Primary Health Care; Education; 

Statistical Data; Myanmar; Programme Management; 

Recommendations; Financing; Unicef--Programme Management; 

Unicef--Financing. Notes: 19 p. Notes: Consists of recommendation of 

the Executive Director of UNICEF. UN development projects. OCLC: 

82808310. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1987-02-19. Country Programme 

Recommendation: Burma. New York: UN. Pages: 26. Descriptors: 

Basic Services; Children; Nutrition; Drinking Water; Sanitation; 

Primary Education; Immunization; Oral Rehydration; Primary Health 

Care; Literacy Programmes; Non-Formal Education; Women In 

Development; Country Programmes; Statistical Data; Socio-Economic 

September 2008 279


Indicators; Maps; Myanmar; Recommendations; Programme 

Management; Financing; Unicef--Programme Management. Notes: 

map, tables. Notes: Includes UN map no. 3107 rev. 1: Burma (Apr. 

1981). - Consists of recommendation of the Executive Director of 

UNICEF. UN development projects. UN maps included in documents. 

OCLC: 79373883. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1987. Country Programme 

Recommendation: Burma. New York: UN. Pages: 26. Descriptors: 

Basic Services; Children; Nutrition; Drinking Water; Sanitation; 

Primary Education; Immunization; Oral Rehydration; Primary Health 

Care; Literacy Programmes; Non-Formal Education; Women In 

Development; Country Programmes; Statistical Data; Socio-Economic 

Indicators; Maps; Myanmar; Recommendations; Programme 

Management; Financing; UNICEF- Programme management; 

Government publication; International government publication. Notes: 

map, tables. Notes: Includes UN map no. 3107 rev. 1: Burma (Apr. 

1981). Consists of recommendation of the Executive Director of 

UNICEF. Material type: Development projects. Contains: Maps (in UN 

documents). OCLC: 123445293. 

United Nations Development Programme and World Meteorological 

Organization. 1968. Burma: Expansion of Meteorological and 

Hydrological Services, Report. Geneva: United Nations Development 

Programme: World Meteorological Organization. Pages: 31. 

Descriptors: Meteorological services- Burma- International 

cooperation; Hydrometeorological services- Burma- International 

cooperation; Technical assistance- Burma; Economic development 

projects- Burma- Costs- Statistics; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: ill., maps; 28 cm. Other 

Titles: Expansion of meteorological and hydrological services. Burma; 

Responsibility: prepared for the Government of Burma by the World 

Meteorological Organization acting as executing agency for the United 

Nations Development Programme. OCLC: 50050587. 

United Nations Sittang River Valley Survey Mission. 1964. Report on 

Sittang Valley Water Resources Development. Rangoon, Burma: 

September 2008 280


United Nations Sittang River Valley Survey Mission. Descriptors: Water 

resources development- Burma- Sittang River Valley. Notes: 1 

portfolio (2 v.): ill., maps; 34 cm. Notes: “September 1964.” OCLC: 

45428050. 

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 

Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 1995. “Guidebook to Water Resources, Use 

and Management in Asia and the Pacific; Volume One, Water 

Resources and Water use.” Water Resources Series. United Nations, 

New York, NY. Volume 74, Pages 305. Descriptors: Afghanistan; Asia; 

Australasia; Australia; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Borneo; Brunei; Burma; 

Cambodia; Caroline Islands; China; Cook Islands; drainage; Far East; 

Fiji; French Polynesia; ground water; Guam; hydrology; Indian Ocean 

Islands; Indian Peninsula; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Kiribati; Korea; 

Laos; Malay Archipelago; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; Mariana Islands; 

Marshall Islands; Melanesia; Micronesia; Middle East; Mongolia; Nauru 

Island; Nepal; New Zealand; Oceania; Pacific region; Pakistan; Palau; 

Papua New Guinea; patterns; Philippine Islands; Polynesia; runoff; 

Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; surface water; 

Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; water management; 

water quality; water resources; water use; waterways. Notes: 

References: 66; illus. incl. 154 tables. ISSN: 0082-8130. 

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 

Pacific, New York, NY, United States. 1997. Geology and Mineral 

Resources of Myanmar. International (III): United Nations Economic 

and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. Atlas of 

Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region. Volume: 12, Language: 

English. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; coal; coal seams; economic geology 

maps; export; Far East; gems; geologic maps; ground water; hot 

springs; import; industrial minerals; lithofacies; lithostratigraphy; 

magmatism; maps; metal ores; metallogeny; mineral deposits, 

genesis; mineral exploration; mineral resources; mines; mining; 

mining geology; mining legislation; oil and gas fields; petroleum; 

sedimentary rocks; springs; tectonics; thermal waters. Notes: 

References: 191; illus. incl. sects., strat. cols., 32 tables, geol. sketch 

September 2008 281


maps; MP: Scale: 1:1,500,000; 1:1,500,000. type: Geologic map; 

economic geology map. ISBN: 9211196825. 

United Nations and Dept. of Technical Cooperation for Development. 

1986. Ground Water in Continental Asia (Central, Eastern, Southern, 

South-Eastern Asia). New York: United Nations. Pages: 391. 

Descriptors: Groundwater- Asia; Groundwater; Water Resources; 

Maps; Asia; East Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia; Afghanistan; 

Bangladesh; Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Cambodia; India; Lao People's 

Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Maldives; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; 

Republic Of Korea; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Siberia; Ussr; Viet 

Nam; Hydrogeology; Hydrology; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: viii; [1] folded leaf of 

plates: ill. 28 cm. Responsibility: Department of Technical Co- 

Operation for Development. ISBN: 9211041759; 9789211041750. 

LCCN: 87-106389. OCLC: 14269367. 

United Nations and Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 

Pacific. 1995. Assessment of Water Resources and Water Demand by 

User Sectors in Myanmar. New York: United Nations. Pages: 54. 

Descriptors: Water resources development- Burma; Water-supply- 

Burma; Water consumption- Burma; Government publication; 

International government publication. Notes: ix; ill., maps; 30 cm. 

Notes: At head of title: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and 

the Pacific. “ST/ESCAP/1573”--T.p. verso. “Sales. No. E.95.II.F.13”-- 

T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN: 9211196787; 

9789211196788. OCLC: 35405064. 

United States; Agency for International Development and Metcalf & 

Eddy. 1965. Report on Immediate Improvements to Water Distribution 

System, Rangoon, Burma. Boston: Metcalf & Eddy Engineers. 

Descriptors: Water resources development- Burma; Water-supply- 

Burma; Water use- Burma; Water consumption- Burma. Notes: 1 v. 

(various pagings); 29 cm. Notes: Prepared for National Housing & 

Town and Country Development Board, Union of Burma and United 

States Agency for International Development. OCLC: 22439674. 

September 2008 282


Upadhyay, S. K., Ahuja, V. K. and Sri Ram, V. 1983. “Focal Mechanism 

Solutions and Dynamic Parameters of Earthquakes in the Eastern 

Himalayas and Northern Burma.” Tectonophysics. 10 Apr. Volume 93, 

Issue 3/4, Pages 233-244. Descriptors: Tectonics; Burma; Himalayas; 

Indian plate; Faults; Seismology. Abstract: Focal-mechanism solutions 

of four earthquakes in the eastern Himalayas and northern Burma are 

determined using the first motion of compressional waves. Two 

possible solutions thus obtained for each event reveal a steeply 

dipping fault with predominantly strike-slip motion. The stress 

directions inferred from the focal mechanism solutions are interpreted 

in light of predictions using plate tectonics theory, i.e., the 

underthrusting of the Indian plate in the Burma region in an easterly 

direction. Dynamic parameters (seismic moment, apparent stress, and 

average dislocations) are obtained using the corrected spectra of Love 

waves. The earthquakes are found to possess low seismic moment and 

apparent stress values. A comparison of these estimates with values 

for intraplate earthquakes is made. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

USSR. Selkhozpromexport; UN; UNDP and Burma. 1977. Development 

of the Sittang River Valley: Yenwe-Pyuntaza Project. Moscow: 

Selkhozpromexport. Descriptors: Agricultural Development; Maps; 

Water Resources Development; Project Activities; Myanmar; Project 

Management; Undp--Programme Management. Notes: Prepared by 

Selkhozpromexport for the United Nations acting as executing agency 

for UNDP. 3 parts in 14 volumes: charts, maps; ans, tables. Project 

symbol: BUR-68-513. Government. UN development projects. 

Responsibility: Selkhozpromexport. OCLC: 82119060; 123416233. 

Valmet Barge Feeder Boris Polevoy. 1984. Shipbuilding & Marine 

Engineering International. Volume 107, page 192 (4 pp., gen. arr. 

plan, 8 fig.). Descriptors: Boris polevoy. Abstract: A Soviet shipping 

company operates Seabee type barge carriers, carrying 1070 dwt 

Danube barges between the Black Sea and India, the Bay of Bengal, 

and Burma. The first of a pair of feeder vessels to supplement these 

long-distance barge carriers has now been delivered; this vessel is 

V 

September 2008 283


capable of carrying either 6 Danube barges or 12 LASH barges, and 

can also operate as a ro-ro or conventional container vessel. The twinscrew 

ship is propelled by a pair of 7560-bhp Diesel engines, and there 

is an 80-kN bow thruster. Principal dimensions are:-length oa/bp 

158.9/141.2m; breadth 31.0m; depth 15.4m; draught 

operating/trimmed down 4.4/9.3m; deadweight 8800 t; Speed 23.4 

knots. ISSN: 0262-463X. 

van Spilbergen, Joris; Balbi, Gasparo; Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali, et 

al. 1606. Indiæ Orientalis. Pars Septima, Nauigationes Duas: Primam, 

Trium Annorum, à Georgio Spilbergio, Trium Nauium Præfecto, Ann. 

1601, Ex Selandia in Indiam Orientalem Susceptam: Alteram, Nouem 

Annorum,à Casparo Balby, Gemmario Veneto, Anno. 1579, Ex Alepo 

Babyloniam Versus, & Inde Porro Ad Regnum Pegu Vsque 

Continuatam, Continens: Omnium, Quæ Illi Quidem Ad Annum 1604, 

Huic Vero Ad Annum 1588, Vsque Acciderunt, Commemoratione: 

Regum Item, Locorum, Populorum, Rituumque Variorum Descriptione 

Addita. Francofurti: Typis VVolffgangi Richteri, Place: Germany. 

Descriptors: Mon (Southeast-Asiatic people)- Early works to 1800; 

Voyages and travels- Early works to 1800; Water-marks- Specimens; 

Spilbergen, Joris van, 1568?-1620; Sri Lanka- Description and travel- 

Early works to 1800; Sri Lanka- Discovery and exploration- Early 

works to 1800; Burma- Description and travel- Early works to 1800; 

Burma- Discovery and exploration- Early works to 1800; Syria- 

Description and travel- Early works to 1800. Notes: [4], 126, [2] p., 

[22] leaves of plates (some folded): ill. (engravings), maps; rt. 32 cm. 

(fol.); References: Church, E.D. Discovery,; 216. Genre/Form: 

Exploration literature- Germany- Frankfurt am Main- 17th century. 

Travel literature- Germany (West)- Frankfurt am Main- 17th century. 

Engravings- Germany (West)- Frankfurt am Main- 17th century. 

Notes: Sole ed., 2nd issue. Signatures: (:)2, A-Q4, a-b4, c-d2, e-f4, 

g6 (Q4 and g6 blanks). Engraved t.p. border, dedication vignette with 

coat of arms of Johann Adam, Archbishop of Mayence, ornaments. 

Sidenotes. Separate t.p. to plates, sig. a1r: Icones, hoc est: Veræ 

variorvm popvlorvm et regvm ... Contains: 1. An account of a voyage 

made under the command of Joris van Spilbergen to Ceylon in 1601- 

1604: p. 1-42. It was first published at Delft; was translated into 

September 2008 284


German, for the German ed. of: India Orientalis, by Gotthardt Artus, 

and again into Latin for the present ed. these translations are much 

abridged and mutilated. 2. The relation of the voyage of Gasparo 

Balbi, a Venetian, to the kingdom of Pegu, via Syria, in 1579-1588: p. 

43-126. This translation was made from the Italian ed., published at 

Venice under the title: Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali ... Other Titles: 

Nauigationes duas. 1606; India Orientalis. Pars 7. Indiæ Orientalis. 

Pars 7. Indiæ Orientalis. Pars VII. Icones, hoc est, Veræ variorvm 

popvlorvm et regvm ... Veræ variorvm popvlorvm et regvm ... 

Responsibility: auctore M. Gotardo Arthvs Dantiscano; omnia 

elegantissimis in æs incisis iconibus illustrata & in lucem emissa, à 

Ioanne Theodoro et Ioanne Israële de Bry ... OCLC: 81988425. 

Vandewiele, G. L., Chong-Yu, Xu and Ni-Lar-Win. 1992. “Methodology 

and Comparative Study of Monthly Water Balance Models in Belgium, 

China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology. 2005. Volume 134, Issue 1- 

4, Pages 315-347. Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow and basins; 

rainfall/runoff; water balance; river discharge; areal precipitation; 

evapotranspiration. Geographic: Belgium China Burma. Abstract: A set 

of new monthly rainfall runoff models is defined, for use in river 

catchments smaller than about 4000km2, without appreciable frost or 

natural or artificial lakes. The input series are areal precipitation and 

potential evapotranspiration. The output is riverflow. The number of 

parameters used in the description of the hydrological phenomena in 

the catchment, is in most cases three or four. The statistical 

methodology used for calibrating the models of given catchments is 

described; it reduces essentially to regression analysis, including 

residual analysis, sensitivity to calibration period and extrapolation 

test. Automatic calibration is used, excluding subjective elements. 

ISSN: 0022-1694. 

Varady, Robert G. 1982. Draft Environmental Profile of Burma. 

Washington, D.C. : [United States National Committee for Man and the 

Biosphere, Dept. of State], 1982. Notes: "National Park Service 

Contract No. CX-0001-0-0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere 

Secretariat, Department of State, Washington, D.C." "June 1982." 

Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center, Office of Arid Lands 

September 2008 285


Studies, University of Arizona; Robert G. Varady, compiler. viii, 233 

pages: ill., maps. Environmental protection -- Burma. Environmental 

impact analysis -- Burma. Natural resources -- Burma. OCLC: 

12151724. 

Vaziri, M. 2006. “Sustainable Development of Urban Water Resources: 

An Appraisal for Asian Monsoon Region.” Asian J. Water Enviro. Pollut. 

Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 43-50. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: 

Droughts; Economics; Flooding; Meteorology; Monsoons; Sustainable 

development; Urban areas; Wastewater treatment; Water resources; 

Water wells; air flow; summer; sustainability; taxonomy; water 

demand; winter. Abstract: The challenges of water resources 

sustainable development are enormous in the Asian monsoon region. 

Meteorological behaviour in this region is signified by its warm and 

moist winds, northwest monsoon, blowing from the sea to the land 

during summer and bringing heavy rains in India and South East Asia. 

On the contrary, the northeast monsoon occurs when cold and dry 

winter air flows out of the interior of Asia from the northeast and bring 

the cool and dry winter season. This unique cyclic behaviour often 

results in several months of drought followed by a period of flooding, 

demanding robust water resources management at regional as well as 

local scales. The objective of this study was to assess water resources 

sustainable development for selected urban areas in the Asian 

monsoon region during the last decade. Using centralized databases of 

international agencies, for the period of 1993 to 1998, urban 

information pertinent to water resources were collected, analyzed and 

modelled. The study database consisted of information regarding 

urban water accessibility, consumption, price, wastewater treatment, 

and other pertinent social, environmental and economic indicators. 

Due to data inaccessibility, incompleteness and missing, less than 20 

cities from Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, 

Myanmar, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South 

Korea, Thailand and Vietnam were selected for detailed analysis. The 

statistical analyses for the selected cities showed interesting results 

and relations in connection with urban water resources sustainable 

development of Asian monsoon region. For the period of 1993 to 1998, 

elasticity of database indicators were developed. Using elasticities, a 

September 2008 286


composite urban water resources sustainability index was suggested. 

The elasticities and index were used in taxonomy of the selected cities, 

and reflected considerable variations in urban water demand and 

supply development. The study confirmed the significance of urban 

areas water resources sustainability challenges of the 21st century for 

the Asian monsoon region. Database: Environmental Sciences and 

Pollution Mgmt. ISSN: 0972-9860. 

Verma, R. K. and Krishna Kumar, G. V. R. 1987. “Seismicity and the 

Nature of Plate Movement Along the Himalayan Arc, Northeast India 

and Arakan-Yoma: A Review.” Tectonophysics. 1 Mar. Volume 134, 

Issue 1-3, Pages 153-175. Descriptors: Seismicity; Himalayas; India; 

Tectonics; Source mechanisms; Faults; Burma; Seismology. Abstract: 

The seismicity along the entire Himalayas and northern Burma is 

studied in detail. In addition to the main boundary fault and the main 

central thrust, several very active transverse features are described, 

which appear to behave like steeply dipping fracture zones. Along the 

Arakan-Yoma the relation between seismicity and subduction of the 

Indian lithosphere to the east is evaluated. Focal mechanism solutions 

are analyzed for the Himalayas. Orientation of P-axes for all thrust 

solutions is described. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

Verma, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, M. and Ahluwalia, M. S. 1976. 

“Seismicity, Gravity, and Tectonics of Northeast India and Northern 

Burma.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Oct. Volume 

66, Issue 5, Pages 1683-1694. Descriptors: Tibetan plate; Tectonics; 

Burma; India; Seismicity; Plate tectonics; Indian plate; Himalayas; 

Dauki fault; Burmese plate; Seismology; Earthquake Risk. Abstract: 

Practically the whole of northeastern India and northern Burma is 

characterized as an anomalous gravity field as well as an area of high 

seismicity. The Bouguer anomaly in the region varies from +44mgals 

over Shillong Plateau to -255mgals near North Lakhimpur in Assam 

Valley. Isostatic anomaly (Hayford) varies from +100 to -130mgals in 

these areas. Over Arakan-Yoma and the Burmese plains, the isostatic 

anomalies vary from -20mgals to -100mgals. Regions of high 

seismicity in the area include the eastern Himalaya (including Assam 

syntaxis), Arakan-Yoma including the folded belt of Tripura, Irrawaddy 

September 2008 287


basin, Shillong Plateau, Dauki fault and the northern part of Bengal 

basin. The abnormal gravity and seismicity are related to large-scale 

tectonic movements that have taken place in the area mostly during 

the Cretaceous and Cenozoic times, due to interaction of the Indian, 

Tibetan, and Burmese plates. The high seismicity indicates that the 

movements are continuing. The seismic zone underlying Burma is 

approximately V shaped and dips toward the east underneath Arakan- 

Yoma. Most of the intermediate-focus earthquakes in Burma underlie 

the area characterized by negative isostatic anomalies, indicating the 

probable existence of a subduction zone underneath the Arakan-Yoma 

and the Burmese plains. The Shillong Plateau has a history of vertical 

uplift since Cretaceous times. Provided this statement is true, the uplift 

of the plateau preceded Himalayan tectonics starting 20 to 30m.y. 

before continental India made solid contact with the Eurasian plate. 

The plateau is characterized by large positive isostatic anomalies as 

well as high seismicity. The positive isostatic anomalies may be due to 

intrusion or incorporation of basic material from the mantle into the 

crust underlying the plateau. These intrusions may have taken place 

through deep seated faults such as the Dauki and could be responsible 

for its uplift as well. ISSN: 0037-1106. 

Verma, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, M. and Nag, A. K. 1980. “Seismicity and 

Tectonics in South China and Burma,” Tectonophysics. 1 Apr. Volume 

64, Issue 1/2, Pages 85-96. Descriptors: Tibet; tectonics; Seismicity; 

Burma; People's Republic of China; Plate tectonics; Focal mechanisms; 

People's Republic of China earthquakes; Seismology. Abstract: A 

seismicity map of southwest-south China, eastern Burma, and 

adjoining areas lying between latitudes 19 degree and 35 degree N, 

and between longitudes 91 degree and 108 degree E for the period 

1900-1975 (except the period 1952-1954) is presented using all 

available data. The relationship between seismicity and tectonics of the 

area has been studied. On the basis of analysis, it is suggested that 

the seismicity in the region is well-defined by several arcuate fracture 

belts surrounding the Assam wedge. Intense seismic activity is 

observed along the Burmese arc, Assam wedge, Hengtuan ranges, 

Kang Ting and Red River faults, Kang Tien ranges, and western 

Szechwan province. Twenty-five new focal mechanism solutions for 

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earthquakes in south China and the adjoining areas have been 

determined. These, in conjunction with the results obtained through 

earlier studies, suggest the dominance of thrust and normal faulting in 

the Burmese arc as well as in the Himalayan region, while normal 

faulting predominates in the mountainous regions in south China. The 

Kang Ting and Red River faults are mostly associated with strike-slip 

faulting. The results indicate that, in Burma, the seismic slip vectors 

are directed towards the east from the Arakan-Yoma side and towards 

the west from the Shan plateau side, thus creating a V-shaped seismic 

zone underlying the Irrawaddy plains. Focal mechanism solutions of 

Himalayan earthquakes located north as well as south of the Indus 

suture zone indicate that the Indian plate is underthrusting the Tibetan 

plateau towards the north, whereas the latter is underthrusting the 

Indian plate towards the south. It further appears that, following the 

convergence of the Indian and the Eurasian plates, the Tibetan and 

surrounding landmass is moving east to southeast. This, in turn, 

seems to create strike-slip faulting along giant faults in eastern Tibet 

and south China. ISSN: 0040-1951. 

Verma, Rishendra and Jaiswal, T. N. 1998. “Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 

Vaccines.” Vaccine. 7. Volume 16, Issue 11-12, Pages 1184-1192. 

Descriptors: Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines; immune responses. 

Abstract: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), an economically important 

disease of cattle and buffaloes, is caused by Pasteurella multocida 

(6:B). Vaccination against this disease is widely practised. Plain broth 

bacterins, or alum precipitated and aluminium hydroxide gel vaccines 

are administered twice a year since these vaccines offer an immunity 

of 4–6 months. Many countries use oil adjuvant vaccine (OAV), which 

gives both a higher degree and a longer duration of immunity up to 1 

year. A double emulsion and multiple emulsion vaccine consisting of a 

thin viscosity have also been experimentally developed that gave an 

immunity parallel to OAV. Recently, a live vaccine developed from a 

fallow deer strain (B:3,4) has been used in Myanmar that offers an 

immunity for more than a year but is not free from constraints. The 

present review provides information on HS vaccines developed from 

time to time using whole bacteria or their components. The kinetics 

and isotype of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses have 

September 2008 289


also been poorly understood so far, and hence information on their 

role in protection against HS is reviewed. 

LaViolette, Paul E. 1967. “Temperature, Salinity, and Density of the 

World's Seas: Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea.” Naval Oceanographic 

Office, Nstl Station, Mississippi. Aug. Descriptors: (*Oceanographic 

Data; Indian Ocean); Surface Temperature; Climate; Salinity; Periodic 

Variations; Rainfall; Drainage; Wind; Transport Properties; Ocean 

Currents; Physical Properties; Density; Weather; Meteorology Physical 

And Dynamic Oceanography. Abstract: The values and variations of 

temperature, salinity, and density in the Bay of Bengal and the 

Andaman Sea depend largely on the monsoonal regime. In addition, 

because of the semienclosed geography of the region, water masses 

outside the area can influence the bay waters only from the south. The 

wind, rain, and land drainage cause a year-round low-salinity surface 

layer to form. Toward the end of the northeast monsoon, the surface 

waters in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea become warmer and 

more saline, reaching the year's maximum for temperature and 

salinity in May. As the southwest monsoon approaches the east coast 

of India, the warm, highly stratified surface layers cool, tumble and 

mix thoroughly. Upwelling is a prominent feature of both monsoons. 

During the northeast monsoon it is prevalent along the coasts of 

Burma and eastern India, whereas during the southwest monsoon it 

occurs along the coasts of southwestern India and the Malay 

Peninsula. (Author). Distribution Statement: Approved for public 

release. DTIC Accession Number: AD0820709. 


Volker A. Editor: Keller, R. 1983. “Rivers of Southeast Asia: Their 

Regime, Utilization and Regulation.” International Association of 

Hydrological Sciences; IAHS Publication 140. Pages: 127-138. 

Descriptors: Hydrology; Meteorology and Climatology; hydrological 

regime; Irrawaddy; Chao Phya; Mekong; Red River. Abstract: Deals 

mainly with the hydrological regime, utilization and possible regulation 

of large rivers such as the Irrawaddy (Burma), Chao Phya (Thailand), 

Mekong (an international river), and the Red River (Vietnam). 

Emphasis is given to the effects of human intervention in the river 

September 2008 290


valleys and deltas on the river regime.-from Author. Abstract: 

Southeast Asia is a region with copious rainfall, large rivers and a high 

population density. The population is concentrated in the lower river 

valleys and deltas where lowland rice, the staple diet is produced. 

Therefore river flooding and high rainfall play an important role in 

agricultural water supply. The annual average per capita volume of 

water available is 4,000 cu m, which is below the world average and 

about equal to that for Europe. The intimate relationship between man 

and rivers in southeast Asia is due both to these facts and to the warm 

climate. The paper deals mainly with the hydrological regime, 

utilization and possible regulation of large rivers such as the Irrawaddy 

(Burma), Chao Phya (Thailand), Mekong (an international river), and 

the Red River (Vietnam); some smaller rivers are also considered. 

Emphasis is given to the effects of human intervention in the river 

valleys and deltas on the river regime. Some of these effects are: 1) 

possible rise of flood levels due to embarking, 2) possible rise of river 

levels due to embanking, 3) elimination of silt creating a situation 

where agricultural lands are being deprived of the fertilizing effect of 

silt, and 4) elimination of the beneficial flushing and rinsing effects of 

the floods removing dirt, waste products and human disposal. Notes: 

Special Features: 9 figs, 5 refs. OCLC: 0486679. 

Volker, A. Boekelman, R. H. de Haas, A. W., et al. 1993. “Hydrology 

and Water Management of Deltaic Areas.” Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. 

Balkema. Volume: 93-5, Descriptors: Africa; aquifers; Argentina; Asia; 

Burma; case studies; coastal environment; deltaic environment; 

deltas; discharge; drainage basins; ecology; ecosystems; Egypt; 

estuarine environment; Europe; Far East; floods; geologic hazards; 

ground water; human activity; hydrology; Irrawaddy Delta; land use; 

marshes; Mekong Delta; mires; Netherlands; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Nile 

Delta; North Africa; Parana River; planning; policy; pollution; 

preventive measures; protection; reclamation; Rhine River; salt-water 

intrusion; sea-level changes; soils; South America; surface water; 

urban environment; Vietnam; water management; water quality; 

water resources; water supply; West Africa; Western Europe. Notes: 

Includes seven appendices; References: 195; illus. ISBN: 

9054101687. 

September 2008 291


Vorosmarty, Charles J., Ericson, Jason P., Dingman, S. Lawrence, 

Ward, Larry G. and Meybeck, Michel. 2007. “Future Impacts of 

Freshwater Resource Management; Sensitivity of Coastal Deltas; 

Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future; Predictions for 

the 21st Century.” IAHS-AISH Publication. International Association of 

Hydrological Sciences. Volume 314, Pages 231-238. Descriptors: 

Andaman Sea; Asia; Burma; coastal environment; deltaic 

environment; deltas; economics; environmental management; Far 

East; fresh water; geologic hazards; hydrocarbons; hydrology; Indian 

Ocean; Irrawaddy Delta; land subsidence; landform evolution; organic 

compounds; risk assessment; sea-level changes; sedimentation; water 

management; water resources; watersheds. References: 19; illus. incl. 

3 tables, sketch map. Abstract: We present an assessment of 

contemporary and future effective sea-level rise (ESLR) using a sample 

of 40 deltas distributed worldwide. For any delta, ESLR is a net rate 

defined by eustatic sea-level rise, natural gross rates of fluvial 

sediment deposition and subsidence, and accelerated subsidence due 

to groundwater and hydrocarbon extraction. Present-day ESLR, 

estimated from geospatial data and a simple model of deltaic 

dynamics, ranges from 0.5 to 12.5 mm year (super -1). Reduced 

accretion of fluvial sediment from upstream siltation of reservoirs and 

freshwater consumptive irrigation losses are primary determinants of 

ESLR in nearly 70% of the deltas, while for only 12% eustatic sea-level 

rise predominates. Future scenarios indicate a much larger impact on 

deltas than previously estimated. Serious challenges to human 

occupancy of deltas worldwide are conveyed by upland watershed 

factors, which have been studied less comprehensively than the 

climate change and sea-level rise question. ISBN: 1901502145. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Baltassat, J. M., Legchenko, A., Chatenoux, B. and 

Mathieu, F. Affiliation: J.M. Vouillamoz, Institut de Recherche pour le 

Développement, Indo-French Cell for Water Science, Indian Institute of 

Science, Bangalore, India E-mail: Jean-Michel.Vouillamoz@ird.fr. 

2007. “Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize Coastal 

Aquifer in Myanmar.” J. Appl. Geophys. 2007. Volume 61, Issue 2, 

Pages 142-154 Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Electricity; 

Geophysical techniques; vertical electrical sounding; coastal aquifer; 

September 2008 292


water quality; hydrogeology; geophysical survey; site investigation; 

magnetic survey; electron spin resonance; phreatic zone; borehole 

logging; drilling; pumping; electrical conductivity; electrical resistivity. 

References: Number: 23; Geographic: Myanmar Southeast Asia Asia 

Eurasia. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal 

aquifers can be highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The 

characterization of these aquifers can be improved by hydrogeological 

and complementary geophysical surveys. Such an integrated approach 

is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar 

(previously named Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is 

conducted to know better the targeted aquifers. Then, 25 sites are 

selected to characterize aquifers through borehole drillings and 

pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance 

soundings (MRS) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried 

out. Geophysical results are compared to hydrogeological data, and 

geophysical parameters are used to characterize aquifers using 

conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and 

economical impacts of geophysics, a methodology is proposed to 

characterize non-consolidated coastal aquifers. Depth and thickness of 

saturated zone is determined by means of MRS in 68% of the sites 

(evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined 

storativity estimated with MRS is ± 6% (evaluated over 7 pumping 

tests) whereas the average accuracy of transmissivity estimation with 

MRS is ± 45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). To reduce 

uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with 

MRS is used as a fixed parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of 

groundwater electrical conductivity evaluation from 15 VES is enough 

to estimate the risk of water salinity. In addition, the maximum depth 

of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical resistivity 

and is between 20 and 80 m at the study area. ISSN: 0926-9851. 

Vuoristo, K. -V. 1994. “Kaakkois-Aasian Erityistalousalueet 

Translated.” Title: “The Special Economic Zones and Regions in 

Southeast Asia.” Terra. 2005. Volume 106, Issue 2, Pages 96-104. 

Descriptors: Water; international cooperation; developing region; 

economic zone; regional development; export processing zone; special 

economic zone; trade; foreign direct investment; industrial 

September 2008 293


development. Geographic: Asia- (Southeast). Abstract: A lot of 

economic zones and regions have been established during last decades 

in the Asean member countries in order to improve industrial regional 

development and foreign trade and to get foreign direct investments to 

Southeast Asia. Some development projects cross the state borders. 

They are known as triangles or quandrangles, and most of them are 

still not in operation. One regional project (The Golden Quadrangle) 

will be developed in cooperation between an Asean (Afta-) country 

(Thailand) and three non-member neighbours (Myanmar, Laos, China). 

The most interesting inter-state economic region is The Southern 

Triangle (Singapore-Johore-Batam) around the globally important 

“Straits of Malaka'. Most of these economic regions are however areas 

or zones which are situated in one country or province. In this article, 

the different types of economic triangles and regions are presented 

and analyzed, especially the most important ones. ISSN: 0040-3741. 

W 

Wain, Barry. 2004. “The Mekong's Toothless Guardian.” FER. Far 

Eastern Economic Review. Dow Jones & Company Inc. Aug 26, 2004: 

Aug 26. Volume 167, Issue 34, Pages 50. Descriptors: Asia & the 

Pacific; Natural resources; Short articles; Rivers; Resource 

management; Conservation; Water resources. Notes: Geographic: 

Mekong River Asia. Abstract: Efforts to ensure that the Mekong isn't 

ruined by development are hampered by the lack of an umbrella 

organization with authority over the entire river. The Mekong River 

Commission, formed by Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in 

1995 to coordinate the management and conservation of the Mekong 

basin, has some obvious flaws: China isn't a member. Nor is Burma, 

also along the river's upper reaches. ISSN: 0014-7591. 

Walker, Andrew. 1999. The Legend of the Golden Boat: Regulation, 

Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and 

Burma. Richmond: Curzon. Pages: 232. Descriptors: Boundaries- 

Mekong River Region; Ethnology- Mekong River Region; Inland water 

transportation- Mekong River; Trade regulation- Laos; Trade 

regulation- Thailand; Trade regulation- China; Trade regulation- 

September 2008 294


Burma; Mekong River Region- Commerce; Southeast Asia- Commerce. 

Notes: xviii; [4] leaves of plates: ill., maps; 25 cm. Notes: Includes 

bibliographical references (p. 196-224) and index. ISBN: 0700710744; 

9780700710744. OCLC: 42682034. 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington D C. 1966. “Health Data 

Publications no. 30. Burma (Union of Burma).” JAN. Descriptors: Public 

Health; Burma; Transportation; Government (Foreign); Natural 

Resources; Demography; Diseases; Communication And Radio 

Systems; Maps; Animals; Infectious Diseases; Medical Services; 

Nutrition; Agriculture; Geography; Southeast Asia; Epidemiology; 

Plants(Botany); Sanitary Engineering; Disease Vectors; Medicine And 

Medical Research. Abstract: Contents: Geography, area, and 

population; Socio-economic; Government and education; Resources 

and commerce; Transportation and communications; Diet, nutrition, 

and food sanitation; Housing and water supplies; Sewage waste, 

garbage disposal; Plants of medical importance; Animals of medical 

importance; Diseases of Burma; Community health services; Medical 

personnel and facilities. Notes: Distribution Statement: Approved for 

public release. DTIC: ADA001424. 

Wang, Dandan; Yuan, Xiping and Gan, Shu. 2008. Study on Land 

Cover Remote Sensing Monitoring and LUCC Analysis in Frontier Small 

River Basin. Barcelona, Spain: Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Engineers Inc., Piscataway, NJ. Pages: 3482-3485. 2007 IEEE 

International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 

2007. Conference: Jun 23-28 2007. Descriptors: Remote sensing; 

Geographic information systems; Land use; River basin projects. 

Abstract: Selected WanDing river basin as a case study which is 

located in Yunnan frontier area, based on comprehensive integrated 

application of remote sensing and GIS technology, this research used 

interpretation method to extract study area's land use/land cover 

information in 2004, and adopted spectrum direct comparison method 

to extract its land use/land cover change information from 1990 to 

2004. In consideration of the small river basin's special character that 

its land cover or landscape not only has spatial integrity of surface 

unit, and internal characteristic similarity, but also has some difference 

September 2008 295


in land use forms and intensions between different neighboring 

nations, in order to obtain LUCC information in this study area, this 

research analyzed each land use type's quantity, spatial distribution 

characteristic and their land use/land cover change's quantity, spatial 

distribution characteristic, land use change degree characteristic etc, 

emphasized on those characteristics' difference between different 

neighboring nations. Finally, took the area in china in this basin as 

example, discussed and analyzed the main driving factors which 

caused its land use/land cover change, and their influence process. 

The preliminary results indicate that: 1) remote sensing monitoring 

and GIS processing technology is necessary, progressive, and scientific 

when apply to this kind of special area, and after field sampling 

analysis we could come to conclusion that the interpretation precision 

of this study area's monitoring result comes near to 90%; 2) the 

landscape pattern in 2004 was that the percentage of woodland was 

the biggest one (47.35%), the next was farmland (30.68%), the 

remaining lawn, water area, construction land and unused land were 

14.14%, 1.06%, 4.43%, and 2.34% respectively; 3) contrasted the 

land use structure status belongs to our country and Burma in this 

basin, we can find that there exited obvious difference in land use 

forms and its effect in 2004, the most obvious representation was 

construction land use, its proportion in our country was 6.34%,while 

3.62% in Burma, this phenomena shows that the urbanization level 

was higher in our country, and our land use degree was greater than 

that of our neighboring country; 4) it can be concluded from LUCC 

monitoring result that, from 1990 to 2004, the total area whose land 

use type had changed in this basin up to 25.81Km2, reached 12.06% 

of the whole basin's area, it indicates that, the land use changed 

greatly, the most prominent performance was that construction land 

expanded to a large degree, its grow index up to 6.02% per year, the 

spatial distribution of this expansion main occurred along important 

road regions on the edge of WanDing economic development zone, 

and expanded at the cost of occupying a mass of farmland. The next 

prominent performance was that water area and woodland reduced in 

a large-scale. 5) contrasted and analyzed the two neighboring 

countries' LUCC in this basin, we can conclude that, except water area 

and construction land changed in a consistent way, the others were all 

September 2008 296


presented a different tendency, this distinction fully presents land use 

difference between the two countries; 6) made analysis to nature 

factors and humanities factors which affects land use and land cover 

change in the part of china in this basin, it indicates that, the special 

climate and terrain landform natural factors, the rapid growth of 

population and economical, the progress of social product level and 

technical, and the guidance function to land use by system and policy 

were the main driving forces, within them, the driving function of 

social economy factor was dominant. International geoscience and 

remote sensing symposium (IGARSS). ISBN: 1424412129. 

“Water Legislation in Asia and the Far East; Part I: Afghanistan, 

Brunei, Burma, Republic of China, Hong Kong, Iran, Japan, New 

Zealand, Philippines and Thailand. Number 31, Water Resources 

Series, ECAFE, Bangkok.” 1969. Journal of Hydrology, 6. Volume 8, 

Issue 2, Pages 243-243. ISSN: 0022-1694. 

Water resources data sheet for Myanmar. 2008. United Nations. Food 

and Agriculture Organization (FAO). “FAO's estimation of the main 

elements of the water balance are presented in a Microsoft Excel 

worksheet.” This worksheet can be downloaded at: 

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_res/myanmar/myanmar 

_wr.xls 

Waters, Dale C. 1995. Food Aid and Security: The Hunger 

Professionals' Dilemma. Corporate Author: National War College, 

Washington, DC. Report Date: Jan 1995. Report Classification: 

Unclassified. Abstract: (U) Traditional views of world hunger that 

propel the actions of global relief agencies are increasingly 

dysfunctional in the chaotic security environment of the post-Cold War 

world. The current crop of starving children are not random victims of 

drought or other "acts of God." They are not just starving, they are 

being starved. They are the targets of man-made famines, the victims 

of savage tribal and ethnic warfare. Those providing aid to the starving 

are finding out that food alone is not enough. Without security- 

without lasting political solutions- food is just another weapon to 

sustain the conflicts and magnify the suffering. If emerging realities 

show a direct connection between effective security and effective 

humanitarian aid, then the organizations that can enforce security and 

those that provide aid must learn to work together. And that is the 

September 2008 297


rub. To a significant degree, international relief groups and the armies 

and security forces of the world operate with different world views -- 

one focused on relieving human suffering regardless of cause, and the 

other devoted to protecting the security and interests of individual 

nation-states. The aid givers and security providers contemplate each 

other across this ideological chasm with open suspicion and thinly 

veiled hostility. Nonetheless, global realities are driving them together. 

The following discussion will look at how these groups differ, the 

chaotic situation compelling their cooperation, and some suggestions 

for practical ways to further their common interests. Distribution 




Wellner, P. 1994. “A Pipeline Killing Field: Exploitation of Burma's 

Natural Gas.” Ecologist. 2005. Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 189-193. 

Descriptors: Water; natural gas; gas production; cultural impact; 

energy investment; investment source; pipeline; social impact; 

environmental impact; hydrocarbon exploration; gas industry. 

Abstract: Burma received independence from Britain in 1948 but has 

been under military rule since 1962 when the military seized power 

from the democratic government. The military leaders in need of funds 

for their operations have in the past sold timber and fishing 

concessions to foreign companies. Multinationals have also been 

invited to prospect freely for oil. Economical workable quantities of 

reserves seemed for some time to be unlikely leading some companies 

to pull out until the discovery of natural gas in the Yadama field. This 

gas field is expected to be on line by 1998. To enable transportation a 

gas pipeline is being constructed from the Andaman Sea across 

Tenasserim to Thailand. Its construction has resulted in the forcible 

displacement of villages, deforestation and enforced labour. This paper 

investigates the source of both moral and financial support for these 

abuses from both governments and multinationals. ISSN: 0261-3131. 

Wijayananda, N. P. and Cronan, D. S. 1994. “The Geochemistry and 

Mineralogy of Marine Sediments from the Eastern Indian Ocean.” 

Marine Geology. 3. Volume 117, Issue 1-4, Pages 275-285. Abstract: 

Chemical, mineralogical and smear slide analyses of marine sediments 

from the eastern Indian Ocean have revealed at least eight sediment 

September 2008 298


groups in the region. The Bay of Bengal contains sediments derived 

from the Himalayan Range, Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka and West 

Burma. Sediments from the Indian subcontinent are carried south, 

passing the eastern abyssal plain of Sri Lanka and then turn west. This 

sediment path can be identified by A1, Fe and smectite distributions. 

The principal sediment source to the Andaman Sea is the Irrawaddy 

River. In the Central Indian and Wharton Basins, hydrogenous 

sediments contain additional material slumped from Java and Sumatra 

and wind blown from Western Australia. ISSN: 0025-3227. 

Wilson, John G. and Brennan, Edward. 1987. Structural Control of Gold 

Mineralisation at a Plate Boundary; the Kyauk Pahto Photogeological 

Case History North-Central Burma; Pacific Rim Congress 87; an 

International Congress on the Geology, Structure, Mineralisation and 

Economics of the Pacific Rim. Australia: Australas. Inst. Min. and 

Metall. Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Pacific Rim Congress 87; an 

International Congress on the Geology, Structure, Mineralisation and 

Economics of the Pacific Rim, Gold Coast, Queensl. Australia 

Conference: Aug. 26-29,1987. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; controls; 

economic geology; Far East; faults; fractures; geophysical surveys; 

gold ores; hydrothermal alteration; Kyauk Pahto; Landsat; metal ores; 

metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; mineralization; 

photogeology; remote sensing; Sagaing Fault; satellite methods; 

seismicity; structural controls; surveys. Notes: IGC, international 

geological congress; References: 4; illus. incl. sketch map. ISBN: 

0949106151. OCLC: 1988-031511. 

Wilson, T. and Reid, J. A. 1949. “Malaria among Prisoners of War in 

Siam (“F” Force).” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical 

Medicine and Hygiene. 11. Volume 43, Issue 3, Pages 257-272. ISSN: 

0035-9203. 

WIN, K., KYI, T. and HMUN, T. “Changes of Ph in Gyogon Paddy Soils 

Under Water-Logged Condition.” Notes: Source: Union of Burma 

Journal of Life Sciences. Volume 2, no. 1 (JAN 1969): 11-15. Notes: 

Bibliography: P. 15. Subj Category: Soils and Fertilizers. ISSN: 0503- 

2377. 

September 2008 299


WIN, K.H.I.N., KYI, T.I.N. and HMUN, T.R. 1969. “Changes of Ph in 

Gyogon Paddy Soils Under Water-Logged Condition.” Descriptors: 

Burma; Condition; Gyogon; Paddy-M; Ph; Soils; Under; Waterlogged. 

Union of Burma Journal of Life Sciences. Volume 2(1): 11-15. 

Illustrations. Abstract: a study on changes of ph values of Gyogon 

paddy growing soil for 3 yr showed a steady rise of ph from 4.26-4.98 

and 5.45 to 6.26. Ph values increased with duration of submergence; 

it reached peak values at 120 days and declined on non-submergence. 

ISSN: 0503-2377. 

Win, U. 1987. “Irrigation in Burma: An Overview.” Int. J. Water 

Resour. Dev. Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 193-200. Descriptors: 

Irrigation- Burma; Water Resources - Reviews; Data Processing - 

Natural Sciences Applications; Economics. Abstract: Spatial and 

temporal variations in the availability of water for cultivation has given 

rise to the critical importance of irrigation in the Burmese economy. 

Recently Burma has increased its investment by 25 to 30 million 

dollars for irrigation development projects. Since the projects have 

been mainly focused on medium and large-scale operations, Burma 

has encountered problems such as the inadequacy of basic data, 

shortage of skilled laborers and inadequacy of financial resources. 

Existing underutilized systems and low acreage under multiple 

cropping suggest a need for emphasis on vertical expansion rather 

than horizontal extension. ISSN: 0790-0627. 

Win, U. Aung, U. Kyaw and Oo, U. Thet. 1992. “Myanmar; Water 

Quality Monitoring Activities and Irrigation Water Quality in some 

Areas; Groundwater Quality and Monitoring in Asia and the Pacific.” 

United Nations, New York, NY. Water Resources Series. 1992. Volume: 

70, Pages: 195-201. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; ground 

water; irrigation; monitoring; water quality; water resources. 

References: 22. ISBN: 9211195950. OCLC: 1994-018698. 

Wongwanich, Thanis and Burrett, Clive. 1995. “The Upper Ordovician 

Deeper Water Stromatolites of Thailand and its Correlation in SE Asia; 

Proceedings of the International Symposium; Geology of Southeast 

Asia and Adjacent Areas.” Journal of Geology, Series B. Geological 

September 2008 300


Survey of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam. Volume 1995, Issue 5-6, Pages 

172-173. Descriptors: algae; Asia; biogenic structures; Burma; 

correlation; deep-water environment; Far East; IGCP; Linwe 

Formation; microfossils; Naungkangi Group; Nyaungbaw Formation; 

Ordovician; Pa Kae Formation; Paleozoic; Pindaya Group; Plantae; 

Satun Thailand; sedimentary structures; Shan State Burma; Southeast 

Asia; stromatolites; Thailand; Upper Ordovician. Notes: International 

Geological Correlation Programme; IGCP Project No. 306, 321, 359. 

ISSN: 0866-7381. 

Wood, Gordon D. 1996. “The Importance of Palynology and 

Palynofacies in Geochemical and Thermal Maturation Modeling; 

Geoscience for the Community; 13th Australian Geological Convention 

[Modified].” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Volume 41, 

Pages 481. Descriptors: Asia; biofacies; Burma; carbon; case studies; 

Cenozoic; Chindwin Basin; correlation; Cretaceous; depositional 

environment; Eocene; exploitation; Far East; hydrogen; Indian 

Peninsula; Jatta Gypsum; kerogen; macerals; Mesozoic; microfossils; 

models; Neogene; organic carbon; organic compounds; organic 

materials; outcrops; Pakistan; Paleogene; palynomorphs; petroleum; 

petroleum exploration; Pleistocene; Pliocene; provenance; 

Quaternary; reflectance; reworking; Robat Pakistan; source rocks; 

South America; Tertiary; thermal maturity; Upper Cretaceous; 

vitrinite. ISSN: 0729-011X. 

Wooltorton, F. L. 1944. A Foundation Problem in Burma. Highway 

Research Board. Highway Research Board Proceedings. Descriptors: 

Chemical analysis; Climate; Climatic conditions; Field tests; 

Foundation problems; Foundations; Insitu methods; Loading; Loads; 

Measurement; Permeability; Pressure; Shrinkage; Shrinkage tests; 

Swelling soils. Abstract: an unusual phenomenon of swelling pressure 

of soils is described, including its effect on structures, the methods 

used in studying the problem, and recommendations to minimize its 

action. The type, formation and chemical analyses of the soil and the 

climatic conditions are given and their relationship discussed. The 

value of in situ permeability and shrinkage tests and observations is 

stressed. A minimum rather than a maximum safe loading is 

September 2008 301


recommended for the soils in question and if the transmitted loading is 

less than the effective swelling pressure of the soil allowance should be 

made for the stresses induced by soil movements. Notes: Vol 24, pp 

441-444, 1 Table, 5 References. OCLC: 00237981. 

World Bank; Asia Projects Dept and International Development 

Association. 1973. Appraisal of an Inland Water Transport Project, 

Burma. Washington, D.C: International Bank for Reconstruction and 

Development [and] International Development Association. 

Descriptors: Inland water transportation- Burma; Government 

publication; International government publication. Notes: 1 v. (various 

pagings): ill. 28 cm. + 1 folded col. map. Notes: Title from cover. “May 

31, 1973.” Prepared by: Asia Projects Dept. OCLC: 223193486. 

World Meteorological Organization; Burma and United Nations 

Development Programme. 1968. Expansion of Meteorological and 

Hydrological Services; Geneva: United Nations Development 

Programme. Descriptors: Meteorology- Research- Burma; Hydrology- 

Research- Burma. Notes: 28 p. illus. 28 cm. Notes: At head of title: 

Burma. Responsibility: report prepared for the Government of Burma 

by the World Meteorological Organization acting as executing agency 

for the United Nations Development Programme. Published by O.N.U., 

Programme pour le Développement et Organisation Météorologique 

Mondiale, 1968. Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized Aug 

3, 2007. LCCN: 70-476169. OCLC: 82680. 

World Meteorological Organization; Burma and United Nations 

Development Programme. 1900-1983. Expansion of Meteorological 

and Hydrological Services. Geneva: United Nations Development 

Programme. Descriptors: Meteorological research- Burma; Hydrology- 

Research- Burma; Government publication; International government 

publication; Microfiche. Notes: 28 pages illus. 28 cm. Notes: At head 

of title: Burma. Reproduction: Microfiche. New York, N.Y., New York 

Public Library, 19--. Responsibility: report prepared for the 

Government of Burma by the World Meteorological Organization acting 

as executing agency for the United Nations Development Programme. 

LCCN: nuc 87-813523. OCLC: 22504777. 

September 2008 302


World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Development 

Programme. 1968. Burma, Expansion of Meteorological and 

Hydrological Services; Report Prepared for the Government of Burma 

by the World Meterological Organization Acting as Executing Agency 

for the United Nations Development Programme. Geneva: United 

Nations Development Programme; World Meteorological Organization. 

Descriptors: Meteorology- Research; Hydrology- Burma- Research; 

Meteorology- Burma. Notes: 30 p. illus. 28 cm. LCCN: 70-476169. 

OCLC: 63228325. 

Wyszogrodzka, Anna Julia. 1984. Multiple Pathogen Inoculation and 

Selection For Gummy Stem Blight Resistance In Cucumbers (Cucumis, 

Didymella, Screening). The University of Wisconsin Madison. DAI. 

Volume: 45, 04B, Pages: 142-1077. Descriptors: Agriculture, Plant 

Pathology. Abstract: Methodology was developed for simultaneous 

inoculation of cucumber seedlings with Pseudomonas syringae pv. 

lachrymans, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Colletotrichum orbiculare 

race 1 and Cladosporium cucumerinum and sequential inoculation with 

Corynespora cassiicola under controlled environments. Localized 

inoculation of selected sites on two-day-postemergent cotyledons with 

P. syringae pv. lachrymans (2.2 x 10('4) colony forming units 

delivered into a toothpick wound), with P. cubensis (50 zoospores in 1 

(mu)l of water), with C. orbiculare (200 spores in 5 (mu)l of water) 

and with C. cucumerinum (2000 spores in 10 (mu)l of water delivered 

on the apical growing point), followed by 48 hr incubation at 20 C, 

100% RH in the dark and 24 hr in a 20 C lighted growth chamber, 

resulted in interaction phenotypes permitting differentiation between 

resistant and susceptible cucumber cultivars GY14, Wisconsin SMR18, 

GY3 and Straight 8. No induced resistance was observed in GY14 when 

C. cassiicola was inoculated (1000 spores in 5 (mu)l of water followed 

by 48 hr incubation at 24 C, 100% RH in the dark) 72 hr after 

inoculation with the above pathogens. Resistance to gummy stem 

blight (Didymella bryoniae) was not detected among 1208 cucumber 

lines of diverse origin when cotyledons of four-day-old seedlings were 

inoculated with an aqueous suspension of 5000 spores of D. bryoniae 

delivered to freshly crushed tissue, followed by 48 hr incubation at 20 

C, 100% RH in the dark. Among 49 lots evaluated for gummy stem 

September 2008 303


blight in the field, cv. Homegreen #2 and PI 200818 from Burma were 

resistant. Earliness in fruit maturity was positively correlated with 

susceptibility to gummy stem blight (r = 0.424). Cucumber accessions 

differed in the incidence of stem and hypocotyl cankers. In greenhouse 

grown plants at the 2nd-3rd leaf stage, differentiation of resistant lines 

was obtained by spraying plants with an aqueous suspension of 

10('6)/ml D. bryoniae spores followed by 48 hr incubation at 20 C, 

100% RH in the dark. One cycle of mass selection in Homegreen #2 

resulted in improved gummy stem blight resistance. Notes: Degree: 

PH.D. OCLC: AAG8410804. 

Xu Zongxue, Gong Tongliang and Liu Changming. 2007. “Detection of 

Decadal Trends in Precipitation Across the Tibetan Plateau; 

Methodology in Hydrology.” IAHS-AISH Publication. International 

Association of Hydrological Sciences, [Louvain]. Volume 311, Pages 

271-276. Descriptors: Asia; atmospheric precipitation; Bhutan; 

Brahmaputra River; Burma; China; climate; climate change; data 

bases; data processing; Far East; geographic information systems; 

Himalayas; hydrology; India; Indian Peninsula; information systems; 

land use; Lhasa China; meteorology; mountains; Nepal; seasonal 

variations; Sikkim India; Tibetan Plateau; water resources; Xizang 

China. Notes: CD: PIHSD9; FE: References: 10; illus. incl. sketch 

maps. ISBN: 1901502930. 

Yamamoto, K., Fukuda, Y., Nakaegawa, T. and Nishijima J. Affiliation: 

K. Yamamoto, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, 

Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 

Country: Japan E-mail:,yamamoto@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 2007. 

“Landwater Variation in Four Major River Basins of the Indochina 

Peninsula as Revealed by GRACE.” Earth, Planets and Space. 2007. 

Volume 59, Issue 4, Pages 193-200. Descriptors: Applications: 

hydrosphere; estimation method; gravity field; hydrological modeling; 

numerical model; river basin; satellite imagery; water storage. Notes: 

References: Number: 26; Geographic: Asia Central Region [Thailand] 

Chao Phraya Basin Eurasia Indochina Irrawaddy River Mekong Basin 

Myanmar Salween Basin Southeast Asia Thailand. Abstract: We 

estimated mass variations in four major river basins - the Mekong, 

September 2008 304


Irrawaddy, Salween and Chao Phraya river basins - of the Indochina 

Peninsula using the newly released GRACE (Gravity Recovery and 

Climate Experiment) monthly gravity field solutions of UTCSR RL02 

(University of Texas at Austin, Center for Space Research Release 02), 

JPL RL02 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Release 02) and GFZ RL03 

(GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Release 03). The estimated 

variations were compared with that calculated from a numerical model. 

The results show that there is a good agreement between the GRACE 

estimations and the model calculation for the Mekong and Irrawaddy 

basins, while the aggreement for the Salween and Chao Phraya basins 

is poor, mainly due to the spatial scale of the areas concerned. The 

comparison over the combined area of the four river basins shows 

fairly good agreement, although there are small quantitative 

discrepancies. The amplitudes of the annual signals of the GRACE 

solutions are 0.9- to 1.4-fold larger than that of the hydrological 

model, and the phases are delayed about 1 month compared with the 

model signal. The phase differences are probably due to improper 

treatments of the groundwater storage process in the hydrological 

model, suggesting that the GRACE data possibly provide constraints to 

the model parameters. ISSN: 1343-8832. 

Yan, X., Ohara, T. and Akimoto H. Affiliation: X. Yan, Frontier Res. 

System Global Change, Yokohama, Japan. E-mail: 

yanxy@jamstec.go.jp. 2003. “Development of Region-Specific 

Emission Factors and Estimation of Methane Emission from Rice Fields 

in the East, Southeast and South Asian Countries.” Global Change Biol. 

2005. Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 237-254 Additional Info: United 

Kingdom. Descriptors: Global Ecology; Biogeochemical cycles; rice; 

agricultural emission; methane; geographical distribution; estimation 

method. References: Number: 83. Abstract: Rice cultivation areas in 

East, Southeast and South Asia account for 89% of the world total, 

and field measurements of methane (CH4) emission from rice 

cultivation have been widely performed in this area. In this paper, we 

assembled most of the measurements and developed region-specific 

CH4 emission factors. Efforts were made in order to regionalize rice 

fields by climate and soil properties, and to incorporate the effect of 

organic input and water regime on emission. Data on rice cultivation 

September 2008 305


areas of 1995 were collected at subdivision level (province, state, 

prefecture, etc.). Total emission from these areas was estimated at 

25.1 Tg CH4 year-1, of which 7.67 Tg was emitted from China and 

5.88 Tg from India. Irrigated and rainfed rice fields contributed 70.4 

and 27.5% to the total emission, respectively. Deepwater rice fields 

had a very small share. A high-resolution and quality emission 

distribution map was constructed as the emission was directly 

estimated at province level and below that, a 30-second land-use 

dataset was used in order to translate the emission to grid format. As 

the rice cultivation area in the study region accounts for 89% of the 

world total, extrapolating the estimate to the global scale indicates a 

global emission of 28.2 Tg CH4 year-1. The estimate was compared 

with country reports made by local scientists. For some countries - 

such as Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, 

Pakistan and the Philippines - the results of this estimate agree 

reasonably well with their country reports (CV


and the pressure 500-800 MPa. Jadeite ore is closely related to 

glaucophane schist. ISSN: 1005-9539. 

Yang, Zhixian and Zhang, Peizhen. 1997. “Seismic Hazard Assessment 

in the Boundary Region of Indo-China: First Phase of Implementation 

of the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in 

Continental Asia.” Earthquake Research in China. Volume 11, Issue 3, 

Pages 323-340. Descriptors: People's Republic of China; ground 

motion attenuation; India; earthquake hazard analysis; Bangladesh; 

Burma; Vietnam; Tibetan plateau; Himalayan region; Indian plate; 

Eurasian plate; Earthquake catalogs; Acceleration; maximum ground; 

Tectonics; Indo-China; seismic source zones. Abstract: The primary 

goal of the demonstration project endorsed by the Scientific and 

Technical Committee for IDNDR in 1992 is to ensure that national 

agencies are able to assess seismic hazard in a regionally coordinated 

fashion by using advanced methods. China, as a Regional Center of 

Central Southern Asia, has contacted with countries of the region to 

realistically practice seismic hazard assessments of continental Asia. A 

test area located in the collision boundary between the Indian and 

Eurasian plates was chosen to examine the seismic hazard assessment 

approach in the regional coordinates. The seismotectonics and three 

versions of seismic sources of the test area are described in this 

paper; and under the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program 

(GSHAP) guidelines an earthquake catalogue of the test area was 

assembled. Because of the incompleteness of earthquake data in 

different countries, we adopt different time windows for different 

magnitude intervals in order to obtain the seismicity parameters of 

sources. By using a computer program (FRISK88M), we compute peak 

ground acceleration with 10% excess probability in the coming 50 

years for the test area. The result is roughly consistent with the 

Chinese National Seismic Zonation Map. ISSN: 0891-4176. 

Zangaki. 1889. [Album of Photographs of Burma, India and Egypt]. 

Descriptors: Buddhist temples- Burma; Carts & wagons; Castles & 

palaces- Burma; Churches- India; Clubhouses- India; Dancers- 

Z 

September 2008 307


Burma; Forts & fortifications- Burma- Mandalay; Forts & fortifications- 

India; Gardens- India; Markets- India; Men- Clothing & dress; Monks- 

Burma; Monuments & memorials; Mosques- India; Nuns- Burma; 

Pagodas- Burma; Palms; Railroad stations- India; Sailing ships- 

Egyptian; Schools- Burma; Taj Mahal (Agra, India); Tombs & 

sepulchral monuments- India; Water buffaloes; Wells- Egypt; Women- 

Burma- Clothing & dress; Graphic; Photograph. Abstract: Views in 

Burma: Mandalay: fort and moat, and the King Thibaw's classroom in 

the fort; the palace; pagodas; pagodas and monasteries at Wunsho, 

Rangoon and other locations, and including view of Phomsee school, 

and monks with begging bowls; individuals and groups, including 

group from Sagiang, a Burmese princess in court costume, Shan 

woman, Kachin woman, Hunthol (?) woman, women and girls including 

one identified as “Sussanah, the artist's wife”; a Burmese nun; men, a 

father and child; women cleaning rice; men and water buffalo at oil 

cake factory; water buffalo-drawn carts; dancers who performed for 

Prince Albert Victor… Notes: 1 album (68 photographic prints); Named 

Person: Thibaw, King of Burma, fl.1875-1885- Homes and haunts. 

Genre/Form: Albums. Group portraits. Portraits. Albumen prints. 

Photographic prints. Silver gelatin prints. Notes: Title devised by 

cataloger. Photographic prints are mounted on heavy paper in a halfleather-bound 

album. “Early photos of the East” in pencil on inside 

cover. Two images depict dancers who performed for Prince Albert 

Victor who visited Burma beginning late 1889. See Rees, H.R.H. The 

Duke of Clarence and Avondale in Southern India, 1891. Most are 

captioned in English on page below photographs. Those that lack 

captions are silver gelatin prints which may have been added to the 

album later. Some are numbered and captioned in English in negative; 

images by “Zangaki,” have photographer's name, captions in French 

and numbers in negative. General Info: Admission is granted through 

application to the Office of Special Collections. Transfer from Dance 

Collection, 1985. Other Titles: Early photos of the east. OCLC: 

81220913. 

Zaw, Khin. 2004. “Geological Setting and Formation of the Bawdwin 

Deposit, Northern Shan State, Myanmar; a Silver-Rich, Volcanic- 

Hosted Polymetallic Massive Sulfide Deposit; Dynamic Earth; Past, 

September 2008 308


Present and Future.” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. 

Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Volume 73, 

Pages 139. Descriptors: Asia; Bawdwin Deposit; Burma; Cambrian; 

Far East; hydrothermal vents; igneous rocks; intrusions; isotope 

ratios; isotopes; marine environment; massive deposits; massive 

sulfide deposits; metal ores; mineral deposits, genesis; Paleozoic; 

pipes; polymetallic ores; rhyolitic composition; S-34/S-32; Shan State 

Burma; silver ores; stable isotopes; sulfur; volcanic rocks; 

volcaniclastics. ISSN: 0729-011X. 

Zaw, Khin. 2002. “Sediment-Hosted Gold Mineralisation at 

Kyaukpahto, Kawlin-Wuntho District, Northern Myanmar; Geoscience 

2002; Expanding Horizons; Abstracts of the 16th Australian Geological 

Convention.” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Geological 

Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Volume 67, Pages 349. 

Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; alkanes; Asia; Burma; carbon 

dioxide; Cenozoic; clastic rocks; disseminated deposits; Eocene; 

epithermal processes; Far East; faults; fluid inclusions; fractures; gold 

ores; hydrocarbons; inclusions; Kawlin-Wuntho mining district; 

Kyaukpahto Burma; laser ablation; laser methods; Male Formation; 

metal ores; methane; mineral deposits, genesis; Miocene; Neogene; 

northern Burma; organic compounds; Paleogene; Sagaing Fault; 

sandstone; sedimentary rocks; strike-slip faults; sulfides; sulfur; 

Tertiary; transfer faults. Notes: References: 2. ISSN: 0729-011X. 

Zaw, Khin. 1998. “Geological Evolution of Selected Granitic Pegmatites 

in Myanmar (Burma); Constraints from Regional Setting, Lithology, 

and Fluid-Inclusion Studies.” Int. Geol. Rev. Winston & Son, Silver 

Spring, MD. Jul. Volume 40, Issue 7, Pages 647-662. Descriptors: 

Asia; beryl; Burma; dikes; Far East; fluid inclusions; gems; geologic 

thermometry; granites; granitic composition; hydrothermal conditions; 

igneous rocks; inclusions; intrusions; kaolin deposits; lithofacies; 

metal ores; mineral deposits, genesis; mineral exploration; 

mineralization; ore-forming fluids; P-T conditions; pegmatite; 

petrography; plutonic rocks; ring silicates; S-type granites; silicates; 

structural controls; tin ores; tungsten ores; veins. Notes: References: 

71; illus. incl. 3 tables. Abstract: Pegmatite deposits commonly occur 

September 2008 309


in the 1500 km long, N-S-trending, tungsten-tin-bearing granitoid belt 

in Myanmar. Pegmatites are emplaced as veins and dikes that cut 

granitoid, migmatite, gneiss, gneiss, and schist. The pegmatite veins 

and dikes are mostly 2 to 5 meters wide and 30 to 150 meters long, 

and some are traceable over a distance of 300 meters. The pegmatites 

are composed of quartz, orthoclase, albite, microcline microperthite, 

and muscovite, with minor biotite, tourmaline, beryl, garnet, topaz, 

lepidolite, magnetite, wolframite, cassiterite, and rare columbite. They 

are commonly zoned, feldspars and muscovite being more abundant in 

the center and quartz more common at the margin. The zoning pattern 

is rather distinct in the pegmatite body, where tourmaline is present. 

The light-colored felsic minerals are confined to the core zone and the 

dark-colored tourmaline crystals to the outer zone. Numerous fluid 

inclusions have been found in quartz, topaz, and beryl. Most of the 

inclusions are rounded to elliptical, with a variable degree of liquid 

filling. All inclusions are aqueous, two-phase (liquid and vapor) 

inclusions with no daughter minerals. Homogenization temperatures of 

173 fluid inclusions were measured in this study. Geothermometric 

studies indicate that the pegmatites were formed over a 

homogenization temperature range of 230 degrees to 410 degrees C. 

Salinities of fluid inclusions in pegmatite minerals yielded from 1.0 to 

10.8 NaCl equiv. wt%. Topaz and quartz single crystals (several cm 

across) from the Sakangyi pegmatite provide an opportunity to extract 

the fluids trapped in these minerals. The Na/K ratios of the fluid 

inclusions in two topaz samples were 3.0 to 4.9, and those of two 

quartz samples were 2.9 to 10.5, suggesting the presence of 

substantial potassium in the pegmatite-forming fluids. In this study, 

evidence for phase separation of the pegmatite-forming fluids was not 

observed. The post-magmatic, hydrothermal fluids responsible for the 

pegmatite veins evidently emanated from cooling S-type granitoids, 

with which they are spatially associated. ISSN: 0020-6814. 

Zhang, J. and Zang, S. 1986. “Characteristics of Earthquake 

Distribution and the Mechanism of Earthquakes in the Boundary Area 

between Burma, India and China.” Acta Seismologica Sinica. Aug. 

Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 240-253. Descriptors: India; earthquakes; 

faults; People's Republic of China; Burma; Source mechanisms; Burma 

September 2008 310


earthquakes; India earthquakes; People's Republic of China 

earthquakes; Seismology. Abstract: The spatial distribution was 

studied of the earthquakes of m subscript b greater than or equal to 

4.0 which occurred in the region from January 1965 to October 1981. 

Fault plane solutions for 38 earthquakes occurring in the same period 

have also been determined. ISSN: 1000-9116. 

Zhu, B. Q., Mao, C. X., Lugmair, G. W. and Macdougall, J. D. 1983. 

“Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Plio- Pleistocene 

Volcanic Rocks Near the Indo-Eurasian Collisional Margin at 

Tengchong, China.” Earth & Planetary Science Letters. 2005. Volume 

65, Issue 2, Pages 263-275. Descriptors: Mineralogy. Notes: Notes: 

Special Feature: 10 figs, 2 maps. Abstract: In Yunnan Province, China, 

regional extensional stresses associated with the collision between 

India and Asia have formed a series of downfaulted N-S-trending 

basins. Near Tengchong, in extreme W Yunnan, close to the Burma 

border, one of these basins is characterized by volcanism which began 

in the Pliocene (approx 7 m.y. B.P.) and has continued until historic 

times. This suite ranges in composition from basalt to dacite, with 

most lavas being K- rich. Five chemical groups are recognized, which 

are broadly consistent with previous groupings made on the basis of 

geological and age data. The main series of lavas was derived by 

partial melting of a metasomatized and heterogeneous mantle source, 

with crustal and possibly sea-water components probably related to 

prior subduction beneath Asia. An andesite-dacite series with 

similarities to Tibetan calc-alkaline lavas shows clear indications of 

assimilated crust and crystal fractionation. There is no evidence for a 

strongly depleted subcontinental mantle such as has been recognized 

elsewhere. ISSN: 0012-821X. 

Zhu, B-Q, Mao, C-X, Lugmair, G. W. and Macdougall, J. D. 1983. 

“Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Plio-Pleistocene 

Volcanic Rocks Near the Indo-Eurasian Collisional Margin at 

Tengchong, China.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 11. Volume 

65, Issue 2, Pages 263-275. ISSN: 0012-821X. 

September 2008 311


Ziegler, Jean and UN. Commission on Human Rights. Special 

Rapporteur on the Right to Food. 2003. The Right to Food: Report. 

Geneva: UN. Descriptors: Right To Food; Food Security; Right To 

Drinking Water; Guidelines; Hunger; Malnutrition; Food Policy; Case 

Studies; Niger; Bangladesh; Brazil; Human Rights Violations; 

Zimbabwe; Myanmar; Territories Occupied By Israel; 

Recommendations; FAO; UN. Committee on Economic, Social and 

Cultural Rights; World Food Summit: Five Years Later (2002: Rome); 

Government publication; International government publication; 

Internet resource. Abstract: Reports on the Special Rapporteur's 

activities to promote greater awareness and implementation of the 

right to food; focuses on the development of International Guidelines 

on the Right to Food, under the auspices of FAO, and a new General 

Comment no. 15 on the right to water by the Committee on Economic, 

Social and Cultural Rights; describes the process in place for receiving 

and responding to allegations of violations of the right to food; ends 

with conclusions and recommendations. Notes: 23 p. Title Subject: 

International Guidelines on the Right to Food (Draft) International 

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966); Notes: 

Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-23). UN Job no.: G0311070 

E. Material type: Reports/studies. Issued under agenda item 10, 

agenda document E/CN.4/2003/1. OCLC: 81285490. 

September 2008 312

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